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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Agricultural transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Domestication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Crops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centers_of_agricultural_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centers_of_agricultural_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Centers of agricultural origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Centers_of_agricultural_origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Centers of agricultural origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Centers_of_agricultural_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>New Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spread of agriculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spread_of_agriculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spread of agriculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_14_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_14_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Carbon 14 evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_14_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_mitochondrial_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_mitochondrial_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Analysis of mitochondrial DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_mitochondrial_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consequences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Social change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_revolutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_revolutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Subsequent revolutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_revolutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Diet and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Comparative chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neolithic Revolution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitiese_Omwenteling" title="Neolitiese Omwenteling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neolitiese Omwenteling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الثورة الزراعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة الزراعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_neol%C3%ADtica" title="Revolución neolítica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución neolítica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolit_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Neolit inqilabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neolit inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC" title="নব্যপ্রস্তর যুগীয় বিপ্লব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নব্যপ্রস্তর যুগীয় বিপ্লব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Неалітычная рэвалюцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неалітычная рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нэалітычная рэвалюцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэалітычная рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неолитна революция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неолитна революция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitska_revolucija" title="Neolitska revolucija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neolitska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveulzi_neolitik" title="Reveulzi neolitik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Reveulzi neolitik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Шэнэ шулуун зэбсэгэй хубисхал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шэнэ шулуун зэбсэгэй хубисхал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_neol%C3%ADtica" title="Revolució neolítica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució neolítica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitick%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Neolitická revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neolitická revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_neolitiske_revolution" title="Den neolitiske revolution – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den neolitiske revolution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithische_Revolution" title="Neolithische Revolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neolithische Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliitiline_revolutsioon" title="Neoliitiline revolutsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neoliitiline revolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Νεολιθική επανάσταση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεολιθική επανάσταση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_neol%C3%ADtica" title="Revolución neolítica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución neolítica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitika_revolucio" title="Neolitika revolucio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neolitika revolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraultza_neolitiko" title="Iraultza neolitiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iraultza neolitiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="انقلاب نوسنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب نوسنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_n%C3%A9olithique" title="Révolution néolithique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution néolithique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolityske_Revol%C3%BAsje" title="Neolityske Revolúsje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neolityske Revolúsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_neol%C3%ADtica" title="Revolución neolítica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución neolítica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="新石器革命 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="新石器革命" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%9D%EA%B8%B0_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="신석기 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신석기 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Neolithic Revolution" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitska_revolucija" title="Neolitska revolucija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neolitska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrokultivala_revoluciono" title="Agrokultivala revoluciono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Agrokultivala revoluciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Neolitikum" title="Revolusi Neolitikum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Neolitikum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_neolithic" title="Revolution neolithic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Revolution neolithic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landb%C3%BAna%C3%B0arbyltingin" title="Landbúnaðarbyltingin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landbúnaðarbyltingin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_neolitica" title="Rivoluzione neolitica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione neolitica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המהפכה הנאוליתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהפכה הנאוליתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნეოლითური რევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეოლითური რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неолиттік революция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неолиттік революция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volousyon_n%C3%A9olitik" title="Révolousyon néolitik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Révolousyon néolitik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluziun_neolitica" title="Revoluziun neolitica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Revoluziun neolitica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutatio_neolithica" title="Commutatio neolithica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Commutatio neolithica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C4%ABta_revol%C5%ABcija" title="Neolīta revolūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neolīta revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolito_revoliucija" title="Neolito revoliucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neolito revoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolui_Neolitica" title="Revolui Neolitica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Revolui Neolitica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitikus_forradalom" title="Neolitikus forradalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neolitikus forradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Неолитска револуција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неолитска револуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="നവീനശിലായുഗ വിപ്ലവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നവീനശിലായുഗ വിപ്ലവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Neolitik" title="Revolusi Neolitik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Neolitik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неолитын хувьсгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Неолитын хувьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithische_revolutie" title="Neolithische revolutie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neolithische revolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="न्हूगु ल्वहं युगया हिउपाः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्हूगु ल्वहं युगया हिउपाः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="新石器革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新石器革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_neolittiske_revolusjonen" title="Den neolittiske revolusjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den neolittiske revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordbruksrevolusjonen" title="Jordbruksrevolusjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jordbruksrevolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucion_Neolitica" title="Revolucion Neolitica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revolucion Neolitica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%90_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="د ډبرو د نوې دورې انقلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ډبرو د نوې دورې انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niolitik_Revaluushan" title="Niolitik Revaluushan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Niolitik Revaluushan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_neolityczna" title="Rewolucja neolityczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja neolityczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_neol%C3%ADtica" title="Revolução neolítica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução neolítica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_neolitic%C4%83" title="Revoluția neolitică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția neolitică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неолитическая революция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неолитическая революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_revolution" title="Neolithic revolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neolithic revolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitick%C3%A1_revol%C3%BAcia" title="Neolitická revolúcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Neolitická revolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitska_revolucija" title="Neolitska revolucija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neolitska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitska_revolucija" title="Neolitska revolucija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Neolitska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitska_revolucija" title="Neolitska revolucija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neolitska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanviljelyn_synty_L%C3%A4hi-id%C3%A4ss%C3%A4" title="Maanviljelyn synty Lähi-idässä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maanviljelyn synty Lähi-idässä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolitiska_revolutionen" title="Neolitiska revolutionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neolitiska revolutionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/290px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/435px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/580px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Map of Southwest Asia showing the main archaeological sites of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> period, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7500 BCE</span>, in the "<a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>"</figcaption></figure> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em;border-spacing:0;padding:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:World_history" title="Category:World history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <span style="font-size:120%">↑</span> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>) <span class="nowrap">  </span>(<small><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene epoch</a></b></i></small>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timelines_of_world_history" title="Timelines of world history">Timelines</a><br /><small><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic</a> – <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></b></small><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/10,000_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="10,000 BCE">10,000 BCE</a> – <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Present</a>)</small></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_human_antiquity" title="Discovery of human antiquity">Age of the human race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">Recorded history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>)</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">Earliest records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">Proto-writing</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Antiquity" title="History of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">South America</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania#Prehistory" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">South Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Postclassical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Middle Ages">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#500_to_1800" title="History of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Americas</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">South Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Medieval_history" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East#Medieval_Near_East" title="History of the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Modern" title="History of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America#Modern" title="History of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America#Modern" title="History of South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania#Modern_age" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia#Modern" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history#Modern" title="Outline of South Asian history">South Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Modern" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe#From_revolution_to_imperialism_(1789–1914)" title="History of Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">Postmodernity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span style="font-size:120%">↓</span> <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a> <span class="nowrap">  </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_history" title="Template:Human history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_history" title="Template talk:Human history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By technological eras</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Premodern / <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">Pre-industrial</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">lithic</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">Proto-industrialization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Third Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">Digital transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagination age">Imagination Age</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Ancient Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Ancient China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Hellenistic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By type of technology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computer hardware">History of computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering#History" title="Electrical engineering">History of electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufacturing">History of manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">History of maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">History of materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">History of simple machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology#History" title="Nuclear technology">History of nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technology timelines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_timelines" title="Category:Technology timelines">Complete list by category</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Article indices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline of prehistoric technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Neolithic Revolution</b>, also known as the <b>First Agricultural Revolution</b>, was the wide-scale transition of many <a href="/wiki/Human_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Human culture">human cultures</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period in <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> from a lifestyle of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a> to one of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">settlement</a>, making an increasingly large population possible.<sup id="cite_ref-SCNDR_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCNDR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These settled communities permitted humans to observe and experiment with plants, learning how they grew and developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new knowledge led to the domestication of plants into <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological data indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of various types of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and animals happened in separate locations worldwide, starting in the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geological epoch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> 11,700 years ago, after the end of the last Ice Age.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was humankind's first historically verifiable transition to agriculture. The Neolithic Revolution greatly narrowed the diversity of foods available, resulting in a decrease in the quality of human nutrition compared with that obtained previously from <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Armelagos2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armelagos2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Larsen2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but because food production became more efficient, it released humans to invest their efforts in other activities and was thus "ultimately necessary to the rise of modern civilization by creating the foundation for the later process of industrialization and sustained economic growth".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Neolithic Revolution involved much more than the adoption of a limited set of food-producing techniques. During the next millennia, it transformed the small and mobile groups of hunter-gatherers that had hitherto dominated <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human prehistory</a> into <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a> based in built-up villages and towns. These societies radically modified their <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> by means of specialized food-crop cultivation, with activities such as <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> which allowed the production of surplus food. Other developments that are found very widely during this era are the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">domestication of animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, polished stone tools, and rectangular houses. In many regions, the adoption of agriculture by prehistoric societies caused episodes of rapid population growth, a phenomenon known as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_demographic_transition" title="Neolithic demographic transition">Neolithic demographic transition</a>. </p><p>These developments, sometimes called the <b>Neolithic package</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided the basis for centralized administrations and political structures, hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depersonalized systems of knowledge (e.g. <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">writing</a>), <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">densely populated</a> settlements, specialization and <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>, more <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, the development of non-portable <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, and greater <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> developed in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a></span>); its emergence also heralded the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship of the aforementioned Neolithic characteristics to the onset of agriculture, their sequence of emergence, and their empirical relation to each other at various Neolithic sites remains the subject of academic debate. It is usually understood to vary from place to place, rather than being the outcome of universal laws of <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">social evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> had different <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">subsistence</a> requirements and lifestyles from agriculturalists. Hunter-gatherers were often highly mobile and migratory, living in temporary shelters and in small tribal groups, and having limited contact with outsiders. Their diet was well-balanced though heavily dependent on what the environment could provide each season. In contrast, because the <a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">surplus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">plannable supply</a> of food provided by agriculture made it possible to support larger population groups, agriculturalists lived in more permanent dwellings in more densely populated <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlements</a> than what could be supported by a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The agricultural communities' seasonal need to plan and coordinate <a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">resource</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Manpower">manpower</a> encouraged <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labour</a>, which gradually led to <a href="/wiki/Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">specialization of labourers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complex_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex societies">complex societies</a>. The subsequent development of <a href="/wiki/Trading_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Trading network">trading networks</a> to exchange surplus commodities and services brought agriculturalists into contact with outside groups, which promoted <a href="/wiki/Cultural_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural exchange">cultural exchanges</a> that led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">technological evolutions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, higher population and food abundance did not necessarily correlate with improved health. Reliance on a very limited variety of <a href="/wiki/Staple_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple crop">staple crops</a> can adversely affect health even while making it possible to feed more people. <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> is deficient in certain essential <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>) and is a poor source of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">phytic acid</a> it contains may inhibit <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">nutrient absorption</a>. Other factors that likely affected the health of early agriculturalists and their domesticated <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> would have been increased numbers of <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> and disease-bearing pests associated with human waste and contaminated food and water supplies. <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> may have increased crop yields but also would have promoted proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> in the local environment while grain storage attracted additional insects and <a href="/wiki/Rodents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents">rodents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agricultural_transition">Agricultural transition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Agricultural transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_grains" title="Ancient grains">Ancient grains</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/440px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/660px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/880px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of temperatures in the Post-Glacial period after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM) according to <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_cores" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland ice cores">Greenland ice cores</a>. The birth of agriculture corresponds to the period of quickly rising temperature at the end of the cold spell of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> and the beginning of the long and warm period of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/440px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/660px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg/880px-Centres_of_origin_and_spread_of_agriculture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world showing approximate centres of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory: the Fertile Crescent (11,000 BP), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9,000 BP) and the Papua New Guinea Highlands (9,000–6,000 BP), Central Mexico (5,000–4,000 BP), Northern South America (5,000–4,000 BP), sub-Saharan Africa (5,000–4,000 BP, exact location unknown), eastern North America (4,000–3,000 BP).<sup id="cite_ref-DiamondandBellwood2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiamondandBellwood2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg/290px-Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg/435px-Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg/580px-Associations_of_wild_cereals_and_other_wild_grasses_in_northern_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Associations of wild cereals and other wild grasses in Israel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Which ones are cerals, which ones are grasses? They are obviously similar, but what is this supposed to explain? (August 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>The term 'neolithic revolution' was invented by <a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">V. Gordon Childe</a> in his book <i>Man Makes Himself</i> (1936).<sup id="cite_ref-ManChilde_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManChilde-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Childe introduced it as the first in a series of agricultural revolutions in <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> history,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling it a "revolution" to denote its significance, the degree of change to communities adopting and refining agricultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of this process in different regions has been dated from 10,000 to 8,000 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barker2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thissen2002_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thissen2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and perhaps 8000 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Early Agricultural Site</a> of Papua New Guinea in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denham2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denham2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everywhere, this transition is associated with a change from a largely <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> way of life to a more <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settled</a>, agrarian one, with the <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of various plant and animal species – depending on the species locally available, and influenced by local culture. Archaeological research in 2003 suggests that in some regions, such as the Southeast Asian peninsula, the transition from hunter-gatherer to agriculturalist was not linear, but region-specific.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestication">Domestication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domestication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crops">Crops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once agriculture started gaining momentum, around 9000 BP, human activity resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> of cereal grasses (beginning with <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>), and not simply of those that favoured greater caloric returns through larger seeds. Plants with traits such as small seeds or bitter taste were seen as undesirable. Plants that rapidly shed their seeds on maturity tended not to be gathered at harvest, therefore not stored and not seeded the following season; successive years of harvesting spontaneously selected for strains that retained their edible seeds longer. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_slice1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orange_slice1.jpg/250px-Orange_slice1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Orange_slice1.jpg/375px-Orange_slice1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Orange_slice1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>An "Orange slice" sickle blade element with inverse, discontinuous retouch on each side, not denticulated. Found in large quantities at Qaraoun II and often with <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a> tools in the flint workshops of the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. Suggested by <a href="/wiki/James_Mellaart" title="James Mellaart">James Mellaart</a> to be older than the <a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> (around 8,400 cal. BP).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Zohary" title="Daniel Zohary">Daniel Zohary</a> identified several plant species as "pioneer crops" or <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_founder_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic founder crops">Neolithic founder crops</a>. He highlighted the importance of wheat, barley and rye, and suggested that domestication of <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicia_ervilia" title="Vicia ervilia">bitter vetch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a> came a little later. Based on analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> of domesticated plants, he preferred theories of a single, or at most a very small number of domestication events for each <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> that spread in an arc from the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> and later into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hillman" title="Gordon Hillman">Gordon Hillman</a> and Stuart Davies carried out experiments with varieties of wild wheat to show that the process of domestication would have occurred over a relatively short period of between 20 and 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the pioneering attempts failed at first and crops were abandoned, sometimes to be taken up again and successfully domesticated thousands of years later: <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, tried and abandoned in Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, made its way to Europe as weed seeds and was successfully domesticated in Europe, thousands of years after the earliest agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild lentils presented a different problem: most of the wild seeds do not germinate in the first year; the first evidence of lentil domestication, breaking dormancy in their first year, appears in the early Neolithic at <a href="/wiki/Jerf_el_Ahmar" title="Jerf el Ahmar">Jerf el Ahmar</a> (in modern Syria), and lentils quickly spread south to the <a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaGdud" title="Netiv HaGdud">Netiv HaGdud</a> site in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss2006_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of domestication allowed the founder crops to adapt and eventually become larger, more easily harvested, more dependable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in storage and more useful to the human population. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molino_neol%C3%ADtico_de_vaiv%C3%A9n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Molino_neol%C3%ADtico_de_vaiv%C3%A9n.jpg/220px-Molino_neol%C3%ADtico_de_vaiv%C3%A9n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Molino_neol%C3%ADtico_de_vaiv%C3%A9n.jpg/330px-Molino_neol%C3%ADtico_de_vaiv%C3%A9n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Molino_neol%C3%ADtico_de_vaiv%C3%A9n.jpg/440px-Molino_neol%C3%ADtico_de_vaiv%C3%A9n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic grindstone or <a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">quern</a> for processing grain</figcaption></figure> <p>Selectively propagated <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a>, wild barley and wild oats were cultivated at the early Neolithic site of <a href="/wiki/Gilgal_I" title="Gilgal I">Gilgal I</a>, where in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> archaeologists found caches of seeds of each in quantities too large to be accounted for even by <a href="/wiki/Intensive_gathering" title="Intensive gathering">intensive gathering</a>, at strata datable to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11,000 years ago. Some of the plants tried and then abandoned during the Neolithic period in the Ancient Near East, at sites like Gilgal, were later successfully domesticated in other parts of the world. </p><p>Once early farmers perfected their agricultural techniques like <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> (traced as far back as the 6th millennium BCE in <a href="/wiki/Khuzistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzistan">Khuzistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), their crops <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yielded</a> surpluses that needed storage. Most hunter-gatherers could not easily store food for long due to their migratory lifestyle, whereas those with a sedentary dwelling could store their surplus grain. Eventually <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a> were developed that allowed villages to store their seeds longer. So with more food, the population expanded and communities developed specialized workers and more advanced tools. </p><p>The process was not as linear as was once thought, but a more complicated effort, which was undertaken by different human populations in different regions in many different ways. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg/220px-Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg/330px-Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg/440px-Genetic_analysis_on_the_spread_of_barley_from_9000_to_2000_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>Genetic analysis on the spread of barley from 9,000 to 2,000 BP<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the world's most important crops, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, was domesticated in the Near East around 11,000 years ago (c. 9,000 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barley is a highly resilient crop, able to grow in varied and marginal environments, such as in regions of high altitude and latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeobotanical evidence shows that barley had spread throughout Eurasia by 2,000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further elucidate the routes by which barley cultivation was spread through Eurasia, genetic analysis was used to determine genetic diversity and population structure in extant barley taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic analysis shows that cultivated barley spread through Eurasia via several different routes, which were most likely separated in both time and space.<sup id="cite_ref-BHE_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHE-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock">Livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">Domestication of animals</a></div><p> When hunter-gathering began to be replaced by sedentary food production it became more efficient to keep animals close at hand. Therefore, it became necessary to bring animals permanently to their settlements, although in many cases there was a distinction between relatively sedentary farmers and nomadic herders.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> The animals' size, temperament, diet, mating patterns, and life span were factors in the desire and success in domesticating animals. Animals that provided milk, such as cows and goats, offered a source of protein that was renewable and therefore quite valuable. The animal's ability as a worker (for example ploughing or towing), as well as a food source, also had to be taken into account. Besides being a direct source of food, certain animals could provide leather, wool, hides, and fertilizer. Some of the earliest domesticated animals included <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the domestic dog">dogs</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, about 15,000 years ago),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sheep, goats, cows, and pigs.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Menare.jpg/220px-Menare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Menare.jpg/330px-Menare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Menare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Dromedary caravan in Algeria</figcaption></figure> <p>West Asia was the source for many animals that could be domesticated, such as sheep, goats and pigs. This area was also the first region to <a href="/wiki/Domesticate" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticate">domesticate</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">dromedary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fleisch" title="Henri Fleisch">Henri Fleisch</a> discovered and termed the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> industry from the <a href="/wiki/Bekaa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa Valley">Bekaa Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and suggested that it could have been used by the earliest <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a>. He dated this industry to the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> as it is evidently not <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1966_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopelandWescombe1966-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of these animals gave the region a large advantage in cultural and economic development. As the climate in the Middle East changed and became drier, many of the farmers were forced to leave, taking their domesticated animals with them. It was this massive emigration from the Middle East that later helped distribute these animals to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Afroeurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroeurasia">Afroeurasia</a>. This emigration was mainly on an east–west axis of similar climates, as crops usually have a narrow optimal climatic range outside of which they cannot grow for reasons of light or rain changes. For instance, wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates, just like tropical crops such as bananas do not grow in colder climates. Some authors, like <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>, have postulated that this east–west axis is the main reason why plant and animal domestication spread so quickly from the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> to the rest of Eurasia and North Africa, while it did not reach through the north–south axis of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> to reach the Mediterranean climates of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, where temperate crops were successfully imported by ships in the last 500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-diamond_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diamond-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the African <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu</a> of central Africa and the domesticated bovines of the fertile-crescent – separated by the dry sahara desert – were not introduced into each other's region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centers_of_agricultural_origin">Centers of agricultural origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Centers of agricultural origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vavilov_center" title="Vavilov center">Vavilov center</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_agriculture_in_West_Asia" title="Origins of agriculture in West Asia">Origins of agriculture in West Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/330px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/495px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/660px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The Neolithic is characterized by fixed human settlements and the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Invention of agriculture">invention of agriculture</a> from c. 10,000 BP. Reconstitution of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> housing in <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23,000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg/220px-Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg/330px-Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg/440px-Composite_Sickles_for_Cereal_Harvesting_at_23%2C000-Years-Old_Ohalo_II%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2289" /></a><figcaption>Composite sickles for cereal harvesting at 23,000-Years-Old</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Use-wear_analysis" title="Use-wear analysis">Use-wear analysis</a> of five <a href="/wiki/Sickle-gloss" title="Sickle-gloss">glossed</a> flint blades found at <a href="/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II">Ohalo II</a>, a 23,000-years-old fisher-hunter-gatherers' camp on the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, provides the earliest evidence for the use of composite cereal harvesting tools.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ohalo site is at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> and the Early <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a>, and has been attributed to both periods.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wear traces indicate that tools were used for harvesting near-ripe semi-green wild cereals, shortly before grains are ripe and disperse naturally.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studied tools were not used intensively, and they reflect two harvesting modes: flint knives held by hand and inserts hafted in a handle.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finds shed new light on cereal harvesting techniques some 8,000 years before the <a href="/wiki/Natufian" class="mw-redirect" title="Natufian">Natufian</a> and 12,000 years before the establishment of sedentary farming communities in the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the new finds accord well with evidence for the earliest ever cereal cultivation at the site and the use of stone-made grinding implements.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCH_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCH-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture appeared first in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> about 2,000 years later,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Later than what? (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> around 10,000–9,000 years ago. The region was the centre of domestication for three cereals (einkorn wheat, emmer wheat and barley), four legumes (lentil, pea, bitter vetch and chickpea), and flax. Domestication was a slow process that unfolded across multiple regions, and was preceded by centuries if not <a href="/wiki/Millennia" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennia">millennia</a> of pre-domestication cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finds of large quantities of seeds and a grinding stone at the <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II">Ohalo II</a>, dating to around 19,400 BP, has shown some of the earliest evidence for advanced planning of plants for food consumption and suggests that humans at Ohalo II processed the grain before consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-six_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a> is the oldest site of agriculture, with domesticated <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> dated to 10,800 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after came hulled, two-row barley – found domesticated earliest at <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan valley</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Iraq_ed-Dubb" title="Iraq ed-Dubb">Iraq ed-Dubb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other sites in the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a> that show early evidence of agriculture include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Faynan_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Faynan 16 (page does not exist)">Wadi Faynan 16</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netiv_Hagdud" class="mw-redirect" title="Netiv Hagdud">Netiv Hagdud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker2009_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cauvin" title="Jacques Cauvin">Jacques Cauvin</a> noted that the settlers of Aswad did not domesticate on site, but <i>"arrived, perhaps from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon">Anti-Lebanon</a>, already equipped with the seed for planting"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cauvin2000_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cauvin2000-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Eastern Fertile Crescent, evidence of cultivation of wild plants has been found in <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Golan" title="Chogha Golan">Choga Gholan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> dated to 12,000 BP, with domesticated emmer wheat appearing in 9,800 BP, suggesting there may have been multiple regions in the Fertile Crescent where cereal domestication evolved roughly contemporaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Qaraoun_culture" title="Qaraoun culture">Qaraoun culture</a> has been identified at around fifty sites in Lebanon around the source springs of the <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">River Jordan</a>, but never reliably dated.<sup id="cite_ref-PeltenburgWasse2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeltenburgWasse2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CopelandWescombe1966_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopelandWescombe1966-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs, and Steel</a></i>, Jared Diamond argues that the vast continuous east–west stretch of temperate climatic zones of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> gave peoples living there a highly advantageous geographical location that afforded them a head start in the Neolithic Revolution. Both shared the temperate climate ideal for the first agricultural settings, and both were near a number of easily <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticable</a> plant and animal species. In areas where continents aligned north–south such as the Americas and Africa, crops—and later domesticated animals—could not spread across tropical zones.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rice_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice domestication">Rice domestication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">Neolithic China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spatial_distribution_of_rice,_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png/290px-Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png/435px-Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png/580px-Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Spatial distribution of rice, millet and mixed farming sites in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">Neolithic China</a> (He <i>et al.</i>, 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-He2017_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">Neolithic China</a> can be separated into two broad regions, Northern China and Southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-He2017_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agricultural centre in northern China is believed to be the homelands of the early <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a>-speakers, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinglongwa">Xinglongwa</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">cultures</a>, clustered around the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-He2017_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the domestication centre for <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a> (<i>Setaria italica</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Broomcorn_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomcorn millet">broomcorn millet</a> (<i>Panicum miliaceum</i>), with early evidence of domestication approximately 8,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1093/aob/mcm048_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1093/aob/mcm048-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and widespread cultivation 7,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1093/aob/mcm048_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1093/aob/mcm048-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a> was also domesticated in northern China 4,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Siddiqi_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siddiqi-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a> also originated in China, being cultivated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer,_and_possible_language_family_homelands_(archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png/290px-Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png/435px-Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png/580px-Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>Possible <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">language family homelands</a>, and likely routes of early rice transfer (c. 3,500 to 500 BCE). The approximate coastlines during the early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> are shown in lighter blue. (Bellwood, 2011)<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The agricultural centres in southern China are clustered around the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> basin. Rice was domesticated in this region, together with the development of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy field</a> cultivation, between 13,500 and 8,200 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-He2017_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pnas1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2012_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2012-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two possible centres of domestication for rice. The first is in the lower <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>, believed to be the homelands of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">pre-Austronesians</a> and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kauhuqiao_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauhuqiao culture">Kauhuqiao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">cultures</a>. It is characterized by typical pre-Austronesian features, including stilt houses, jade carving, and boat technologies. Their diet were also supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleocharis_dulcis" title="Eleocharis dulcis">water chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foxnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxnut">foxnuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated pig">pig</a> domestication. The second is in the middle Yangtze River, believed to be the homelands of the early <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien">Hmong-Mien</a>-speakers and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan_culture" title="Pengtoushan culture">Pengtoushan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">cultures</a>. Both of these regions were heavily populated and had regular trade contacts with each other, as well as with early <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> speakers to the west, and early <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a> speakers to the south, facilitating the spread of rice cultivation throughout southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2012_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2012-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-He2017_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/320px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/480px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/640px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Chronological dispersal of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> (Bellwood <i>in</i> Chambers, 2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>The millet and rice-farming cultures also first came into contact with each other at around 9,000 to 7,000 BP, resulting in a corridor between the millet and rice cultivation centres where both rice and millet were cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-He2017_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around 5,500 to 4,000 BP, there was increasing migration into <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> from the early Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Dapenkeng_culture" title="Dapenkeng culture">Dapenkeng culture</a>, bringing rice and millet cultivation technology with them. During this period, there is evidence of large settlements and intensive rice cultivation in Taiwan and the <a href="/wiki/Penghu_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Penghu Islands">Penghu Islands</a>, which may have resulted in <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>. Bellwood (2011) proposes that this may have been the impetus of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a> which started with the migration of the Austronesian-speakers from Taiwan to the Philippines at around 5,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austronesians carried rice cultivation technology to <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> along with other domesticated species. The new tropical island environments also had new food plants that they exploited. They carried useful <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">plants and animals</a> during each colonization voyage, resulting in the rapid introduction of domesticated and semi-domesticated species throughout <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. They also came into contact with the early agricultural centres of <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan</a>-speaking populations of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>-speaking regions of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> by around 3,500 BP. They acquired further cultivated food plants like bananas and pepper from them, and in turn introduced Austronesian technologies like wetland cultivation and <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayliss-Smith2017_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayliss-Smith2017-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlenchAnderson2010_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchAnderson2010-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1st millennium CE, they also colonized <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, bringing Southeast Asian food plants, including rice, to <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaujard2011_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaujard2011-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WalterLebot2007_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalterLebot2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nile-River1.ogv/220px--Nile-River1.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Nile-River1.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nile-River1.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Nile-River1.ogv/Nile-River1.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Nile-River1.ogv/Nile-River1.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Nile-River1.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Nile-River1.ogv/Nile-River1.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Nile River Valley, Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p>On the African continent, three areas have been identified as independently developing agriculture: the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian highlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diamond_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diamond-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture in the Nile River Valley</a> is thought to have developed from the original Neolithic Revolution in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>. Many grinding stones are found with the early Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sebilian" title="Sebilian">Sebilian</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mechian (page does not exist)">Mechian</a> cultures and evidence has been found of a neolithic domesticated crop-based economy dating around 7,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Middle East, this evidence appears as a "false dawn" to agriculture, as the sites were later abandoned, and permanent farming then was delayed until 6,500 BP with the <a href="/wiki/Tasian_culture" title="Tasian culture">Tasian culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Badarian">Badarian</a> culture and the arrival of crops and animals from the Near East. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">Bananas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a>, which were first domesticated in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, most likely <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, were re-domesticated in Africa possibly as early as 5,000 years ago. Asian yams and <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> were also cultivated in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-diamond_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diamond-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous crop domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands is <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ensete" title="Ensete">ensete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noog" class="mw-redirect" title="Noog">noog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">finger millet</a> were also domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands. Crops domesticated in the Sahel region include <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">kola nut</a> was first domesticated in West Africa. Other crops domesticated in West Africa include <a href="/wiki/African_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="African rice">African rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diamond_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diamond-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture spread to Central and Southern Africa in the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> during the 1st millennium BCE to 1st millennium CE. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_in_2000_BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/World_in_2000_BC.svg/300px-World_in_2000_BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/World_in_2000_BC.svg/450px-World_in_2000_BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/World_in_2000_BC.svg/600px-World_in_2000_BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world in 2000 BCE, just after the end of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a>E, colour coded by cultural stage. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#90AD27; color:black;"> </span> simple farming societies</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F79321; color:black;"> </span> complex farming societies (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andes</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1072BA; color:white;"> </span> state societies (<a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoans">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Caral/Norte Chico</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uto-Aztecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uto-Aztecan">Proto-Uto-Aztecan</a></div> <p>The term "Neolithic" is not customarily used in describing cultures in the Americas. However, a broad similarity exists between Eastern Hemisphere cultures of the Neolithic and cultures in the Americas. <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> (corn), <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a> were among the earliest crops domesticated in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>: squash as early as 6000 BCE, beans no later than 4000 BCE, and maize beginning about 7000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">Potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a> were domesticated in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. In what is now the eastern United States, Native Americans domesticated <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumpweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumpweed">sumpweed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goosefoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Goosefoot">goosefoot</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BCE</span>. In the highlands of central Mexico, sedentary village life based on farming did not develop until the "formative period" in the second millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker2009p252_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2009p252-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Guinea">New Guinea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Guinea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></div> <p>Evidence of drainage ditches at <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a> on the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Highlands_Province" title="Western Highlands Province">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_Province" title="Southern Highlands Province">Southern Highlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> indicates cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> and a variety of other crops, dating back to 11,000 BP. Two potentially significant economic species, taro (<i><a href="/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Colocasia esculenta">Colocasia esculenta</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a></i> sp.), have been identified dating at least to 10,200 calibrated years before present (cal BP). Further evidence of <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> dates to 6,950 to 6,440 BCE. This was at the altitudinal limits of these crops, and it has been suggested that cultivation in more favourable ranges in the lowlands may have been even earlier. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">CSIRO</a> has found evidence that taro was introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands</a> for human use, from 28,000 years ago, making taro the earliest cultivated crop in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems to have resulted in the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea languages</a> from New Guinea east into the Solomon Islands and west into <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and adjacent areas of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. This seems to confirm the theories of <a href="/wiki/Carl_O._Sauer" title="Carl O. Sauer">Carl Sauer</a> who, in "Agricultural Origins and Dispersals", suggested as early as 1952 that this region was a centre of early agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_of_agriculture">Spread of agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spread of agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia,_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/290px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/435px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/580px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Spread of farming from Southwest Asia to Europe, between 9600 and 3800 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeologists trace the emergence of food-producing societies in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> region of southwest Asia at the close of the last glacial period around 12,000 BCE, and developed into a number of regionally distinctive cultures by the eighth millennium BCE. Remains of food-producing societies in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a> have been carbon-dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6500 BCE</span> at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi Cave</a>, and a number of mainland sites in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. Neolithic groups appear soon afterwards in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and south-central Europe. The Neolithic cultures of <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">southeastern Europe</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a>) show some continuity with groups in southwest Asia and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>). </p><p>Current evidence suggests that Neolithic material culture was introduced to Europe via western Anatolia. All Neolithic sites in Europe contain <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">ceramics</a>, and contain the plants and animals domesticated in Southwest Asia: <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. Genetic data suggest that no independent domestication of animals took place in Neolithic Europe, and that all domesticated animals were originally domesticated in Southwest Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468–69_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468–69-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only domesticate not from Southwest Asia was <a href="/wiki/Broomcorn_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomcorn millet">broomcorn millet</a>, domesticated in East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood200474,_118_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood200474,_118-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>-making dates to 5500 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Kujawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujawy">Kujawy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diffusion across Europe, from the Aegean to Britain, took about 2,500 years (8500–6000 BP). The Baltic region was penetrated a bit later, around 5500 BP, and there was also a delay in settling the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian plain">Pannonian plain</a>. In general, colonization shows a "saltatory" pattern, as the Neolithic advanced from one patch of fertile alluvial soil to another, bypassing mountainous areas. Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> dates show clearly that Mesolithic and Neolithic populations lived side by side for as much as a millennium in many parts of Europe, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> and along the Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468–72_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellwood200468–72-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_14_evidence">Carbon 14 evidence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Carbon 14 evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_matrilineal_distances_between_European_Neolithic_Linear_Pottery_Culture_populations_(5,500%E2%80%934,900_calibrated_BC)_and_modern_Western_Eurasian_populations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Genetic_matrilineal_distances_between_European_Neolithic_Linear_Pottery_Culture_populations_%285%2C500%E2%80%934%2C900_calibrated_BC%29_and_modern_Western_Eurasian_populations.jpg/290px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Genetic_matrilineal_distances_between_European_Neolithic_Linear_Pottery_Culture_populations_%285%2C500%E2%80%934%2C900_calibrated_BC%29_and_modern_Western_Eurasian_populations.jpg/435px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Genetic_matrilineal_distances_between_European_Neolithic_Linear_Pottery_Culture_populations_%285%2C500%E2%80%934%2C900_calibrated_BC%29_and_modern_Western_Eurasian_populations.jpg/580px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Ancient European Neolithic farmers were genetically closest to modern Near-Eastern/ Anatolian populations. The map shows genetic matrilineal distances between European Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear Pottery Culture">Linear Pottery Culture</a> populations (5,500–4,900 calibrated BP) and modern Western Eurasian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The spread of the Neolithic from the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Near East Neolithic</a> to Europe was first studied quantitatively in the 1970s, when a sufficient number of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon 14">Carbon 14</a> age determinations for early Neolithic sites had become available.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, Ammerman and <a href="/wiki/Cavalli-Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalli-Sforza">Cavalli-Sforza</a> discovered a linear relationship between the age of an Early Neolithic site and its distance from the conventional source in the Near East (<a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>), demonstrating that the Neolithic spread at an average speed of about 1 km/yr.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent studies (2005) confirm these results and yield the speed of 0.6–1.3 km/yr (at 95% confidence level).<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analysis_of_mitochondrial_DNA">Analysis of mitochondrial DNA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the original human <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">expansions out of Africa</a> 200,000 years ago, different prehistoric and historic migration events have taken place in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering that the movement of the people implies a consequent movement of their genes, it is possible to estimate the impact of these migrations through the genetic analysis of human populations.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agricultural and husbandry practices originated 10,000 years ago in a region of the Near East known as the Fertile Crescent.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the archaeological record this phenomenon, known as "Neolithic", rapidly expanded from these territories into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, whether this diffusion was accompanied or not by human migrations is greatly debated.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> – a type of maternally inherited DNA located in the cell cytoplasm – was recovered from the remains of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (PPNB) farmers in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and then compared to available data from other Neolithic populations in Europe and also to modern populations from South Eastern Europe and the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_77-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obtained results show that substantial human migrations were involved in the Neolithic spread and suggest that the first Neolithic farmers entered Europe following a maritime route through <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_77-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the spread of Neolithic farming cultures from the Near-East to Europe, with dates in year BCE."><img alt="Map of the spread of Neolithic farming cultures from the Near-East to Europe, with dates in year BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg/300px-Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg/450px-Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg/600px-Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="2114" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the spread of Neolithic farming cultures from the Near-East to Europe, with dates in year BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern distribution of the haplotypes of PPNB farmers"><img alt="Modern distribution of the haplotypes of PPNB farmers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg/300px-Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg/450px-Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg/600px-Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="1418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern distribution of the haplotypes of PPNB farmers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genetic distance between PPNB farmers and modern populations"><img alt="Genetic distance between PPNB farmers and modern populations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg/300px-Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg/450px-Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg/600px-Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="1669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Genetic distance between PPNB farmers and modern populations</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Expansion to South Asia</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Neolithic_sites_in_the_Near_East_and_South_Asia_10,000-3,800_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Early_Neolithic_sites_in_the_Near_East_and_South_Asia_10%2C000-3%2C800_BCE.jpg/288px-Early_Neolithic_sites_in_the_Near_East_and_South_Asia_10%2C000-3%2C800_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Early_Neolithic_sites_in_the_Near_East_and_South_Asia_10%2C000-3%2C800_BCE.jpg/432px-Early_Neolithic_sites_in_the_Near_East_and_South_Asia_10%2C000-3%2C800_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Early_Neolithic_sites_in_the_Near_East_and_South_Asia_10%2C000-3%2C800_BCE.jpg/576px-Early_Neolithic_sites_in_the_Near_East_and_South_Asia_10%2C000-3%2C800_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3808" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Early Neolithic sites in the Near East and South Asia 10,000–3,800 BP</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Establishment_of_Neolithic_sites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Establishment_of_Neolithic_sites.jpg/288px-Establishment_of_Neolithic_sites.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Establishment_of_Neolithic_sites.jpg/432px-Establishment_of_Neolithic_sites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Establishment_of_Neolithic_sites.jpg/576px-Establishment_of_Neolithic_sites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="1203" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Neolithic dispersal from the Near East to South Asia suggested by the time of establishment of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites as a function of distance from <a href="/wiki/Gesher_(archaeological_site)" title="Gesher (archaeological site)">Gesher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. The dispersal rate amounts to about 0.6 km per year<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The earliest Neolithic sites in South Asia are <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> dated to 7570–6200 <span title="Before Common Era">BCE</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>, dated to between 6500 and 5500 BP, in the <a href="/wiki/Kacchi_Plain" title="Kacchi Plain">Kachi plain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>, Pakistan; the site has evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats). </p><p>There is strong evidence for causal connections between the Near-Eastern Neolithic and that further east, up to the Indus Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1-6_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several lines of evidence that support the idea of connection between the Neolithic in the Near East and in the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1-6_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prehistoric site of Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (modern Pakistan) is the earliest Neolithic site in the north-west Indian subcontinent, dated as early as 8500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1-6_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90% barley and a small amount of wheat. There is good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh, but the wheat varieties are suggested to be of Near-Eastern origin, as the modern distribution of wild varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1-6_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A detailed satellite map study of a few archaeological sites in the Baluchistan and Khybar Pakhtunkhwa regions also suggests similarities in early phases of farming with sites in Western Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1-6_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pottery prepared by sequential slab construction, circular fire pits filled with burnt pebbles, and large granaries are common to both Mehrgarh and many Mesopotamian sites.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1-6_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The postures of the skeletal remains in graves at Mehrgarh bear strong resemblance to those at Ali Kosh in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1-6_79-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their scarcity, the Carbon-14 and archaeological age determinations for early Neolithic sites in Southern Asia exhibit remarkable continuity across the vast region from the Near East to the Indian Subcontinent, consistent with a systematic eastward spread at a speed of about 0.65 km/yr.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1-6_79-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-6-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about more recent theories and includes some outdated/rejected theories.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Neolithic_Revolution" title="Talk:Neolithic Revolution">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most prominent of several theories (not mutually exclusive) as to factors that caused populations to develop agriculture include: </p> <ul><li>The Oasis Theory, originally proposed by <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Pumpelly" title="Raphael Pumpelly">Raphael Pumpelly</a> in 1908, popularized by <a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">V. Gordon Childe</a> in 1928 and summarised in Childe's book <i>Man Makes Himself</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ManChilde_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManChilde-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory maintains that as the climate got drier due to the Atlantic depressions shifting northward, communities contracted to <a href="/wiki/Oases" class="mw-redirect" title="Oases">oases</a> where they were forced into close association with animals, which were then domesticated together with planting of seeds. However, this theory now has little support amongst archaeologists because subsequent climate data suggests that the region was getting wetter rather than drier.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hilly_Flanks" title="Hilly Flanks">Hilly Flanks</a> hypothesis, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Braidwood" title="Robert John Braidwood">Robert John Braidwood</a> in 1948, suggests that agriculture began in the hilly flanks of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>, where the climate was not drier as Childe had believed, and fertile land supported a variety of plants and animals amenable to domestication.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Feasting model by Brian Hayden<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that agriculture was driven by ostentatious displays of power, such as giving feasts, to exert dominance. This required assembling large quantities of food, which drove agricultural technology.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Demographic theories proposed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Sauer">Carl Sauer</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adapted by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Binford" title="Lewis Binford">Lewis Binford</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kent_Flannery" title="Kent Flannery">Kent Flannery</a> posit an increasingly sedentary population that expanded up to the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> of the local environment and required more food than could be gathered. Various social and economic factors helped drive the need for food.</li> <li>The evolutionary/intentionality theory, developed by <a href="/wiki/David_Rindos" title="David Rindos">David Rindos</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others, considers agriculture as an evolutionary adaptation of plants and humans. Starting with domestication by protection of wild plants, it resulted specialization of location and then complete domestication.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Richerson" title="Peter Richerson">Peter Richerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(anthropologist)" title="Robert Boyd (anthropologist)">Robert Boyd</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bettinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bettinger (page does not exist)">Robert Bettinger</a><sup id="cite_ref-Richersonetal2001_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richersonetal2001-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> make a case for the development of agriculture coinciding with an increasingly stable climate at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wright" title="Ronald Wright">Ronald Wright</a>'s book and Massey Lecture Series <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Progress" title="A Short History of Progress">A Short History of Progress</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popularized this hypothesis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Grinin" title="Leonid Grinin">Leonid Grinin</a> argues that whatever plants were cultivated, the independent invention of agriculture always occurred in special natural environments (e.g., South-East Asia). It is supposed that the cultivation of cereals started somewhere in the Near East: in the hills of Israel or Egypt. So Grinin dates the beginning of the agricultural revolution within the interval 12,000 to 9,000 BP, though in some cases the first cultivated plants or domesticated animals' bones are even of a more ancient age of 14–15 thousand years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_M._T._Moore" title="Andrew M. T. Moore">Andrew Moore</a> suggested that the Neolithic Revolution originated over long periods of development in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, possibly beginning during the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a>. In <i>"A Reassessment of the Neolithic Revolution"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hole" title="Frank Hole">Frank Hole</a> further expanded the relationship between plant and <a href="/wiki/Animal_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal domestication">animal domestication</a>. He suggested the events could have occurred independently during different periods of time, in as yet unexplored locations. He noted that no transition site had been found documenting the shift from what he termed immediate and delayed return social systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (September 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He noted that the full range of domesticated animals (<a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigs">pigs</a>) were not found until the sixth millennium BCE at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Ramad" title="Tell Ramad">Tell Ramad</a>. Hole concluded that "close attention should be paid in future investigations to the western margins of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> basin, perhaps as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, especially where <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a> carrying Pleistocene rainfall runoff flowed."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_change">Social change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_population_growth_(lin-log_scale).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/World_population_growth_%28lin-log_scale%29.png/320px-World_population_growth_%28lin-log_scale%29.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/World_population_growth_%28lin-log_scale%29.png/480px-World_population_growth_%28lin-log_scale%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/World_population_growth_%28lin-log_scale%29.png/640px-World_population_growth_%28lin-log_scale%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>World population (estimated) did not rise for a few millennia after the Neolithic revolution.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the significant technological advance and advancements in knowledge, arts and trade, the Neolithic revolution did not lead immediately to a rapid growth of population. Its benefits appear to have been offset by various adverse effects, mostly diseases and warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of agriculture has not necessarily led to unequivocal progress. The nutritional standards of the growing Neolithic populations were inferior to that of hunter-gatherers. Several ethnological and archaeological studies conclude that the transition to cereal-based diets caused a reduction in life expectancy and stature, an increase in infant mortality and infectious diseases, the development of chronic, inflammatory or degenerative diseases (such as obesity, <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a> and cardiovascular diseases) and multiple nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin deficiencies, <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron deficiency anemia">iron deficiency anemia</a> and mineral disorders affecting bones (such as <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a>) and teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-SandsMorris2009_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandsMorris2009-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OKeefeCordain2004_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OKeefeCordain2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shermer,_Michael_2001_p.250_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shermer,_Michael_2001_p.250-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average height for Europeans went down from 178 cm (5'10") for men and 168 cm (5'6") for women to 165 cm (5'5") and 155 cm (5'1") respectively, and it took until the twentieth century for average height for Europeans to return to the pre-Neolithic Revolution levels.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional view is that agricultural food production supported a denser population, which in turn supported larger sedentary communities, the accumulation of goods and tools, and specialization in diverse forms of new labor. Food surpluses made possible the development of a social elite who were not otherwise engaged in agriculture, industry or commerce, but dominated their communities by other means and monopolized decision-making. Nonetheless, larger societies made it more feasible for people to adopt diverse decision making and governance models.<sup id="cite_ref-Eagly99_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagly99-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jared Diamond (in <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Until_Yesterday" title="The World Until Yesterday">The World Until Yesterday</a></i>) identifies the availability of milk and cereal grains as permitting mothers to raise both an older (e.g. 3 or 4 year old) and a younger child concurrently. The result is that a population can increase more rapidly. Diamond, in agreement with feminist scholars such as <a href="/wiki/V._Spike_Peterson" title="V. Spike Peterson">V. Spike Peterson</a>, points out that agriculture brought about deep social divisions and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">gender inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This social reshuffle is traced by historical theorists, like Veronica Strang, through developments in theological depictions.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strang supports her theory through a comparison of aquatic deities before and after the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Lespugue" title="Venus of Lespugue">Venus of Lespugue</a> and the Greco-Roman deities such as <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a>: the former venerated and respected, the latter dominated and conquered. The theory, supplemented by the widely accepted assumption from Parsons that "society is always the object of religious veneration",<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that with the centralization of government and the dawn of the Anthropocene, roles within society became more restrictive and were rationalized through the conditioning effect of religion; a process that is crystallized in the progression from polytheism to monotheism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_revolutions">Subsequent revolutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Subsequent revolutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg/220px-Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg/330px-Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg/440px-Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Domesticated cow being milked in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sherratt" title="Andrew Sherratt">Andrew Sherratt</a> has argued that following upon the Neolithic Revolution was a second phase of discovery that he refers to as the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">secondary products revolution</a>. Animals, it appears, were first domesticated purely as a source of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherratt_1981_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherratt_1981-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Secondary Products Revolution occurred when it was recognised that animals also provided a number of other useful products. These included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">hides and skins (from undomesticated animals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> for soil conditioning (from all domesticated animals)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> (from sheep, llamas, alpacas, and <a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">Angora goats</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> (from goats, cattle, yaks, sheep, horses, and camels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">traction</a> (from oxen, <a href="/wiki/Onagers" class="mw-redirect" title="Onagers">onagers</a>, donkeys, horses, camels, and dogs)</li> <li>guarding and herding assistance (dogs)</li></ul> <p>Sherratt argued that this phase in agricultural development enabled humans to make use of the energy possibilities of their animals in new ways, and permitted permanent intensive subsistence farming and crop production, and the opening up of heavier soils for farming. It also made possible <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic pastoralism</a> in semi arid areas, along the margins of deserts, and eventually led to the domestication of both the <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">dromedary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherratt_1981_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherratt_1981-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overgrazing of these areas, particularly by herds of goats, greatly extended the areal extent of deserts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_health">Diet and health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Diet and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to foragers, Neolithic farmers' diets were higher in <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> but lower in <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">fibre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. This led to an increase in the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">carious</a> teeth<sup id="cite_ref-Larsen2006_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and slower growth in childhood <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and increased <a href="/wiki/Body_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fat">body fat</a></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Unclear if this is just for children or for the entire population. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and studies have consistently found that populations around the world became shorter after the transition to agriculture. This trend may have been exacerbated by the greater seasonality of farming diets and with it the increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> due to crop failure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the development of sedentary societies, disease spread more rapidly than it had during the time in which hunter-gatherer societies existed. Inadequate sanitary practices and the domestication of animals may explain the rise in deaths and sickness following the Neolithic Revolution, as diseases jumped from the animal to the human population. Some examples of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a> spread from animals to humans are <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient microbial genomics has shown that progenitors to human-adapted strains of <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enterica" title="Salmonella enterica">Salmonella enterica</a></i> infected up to 5,500 year old agro-pastoralists throughout Western Eurasia, providing molecular evidence for the hypothesis that the Neolithization process facilitated the emergence of Salmonella entericia.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In concordance with a process of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, the humans who first domesticated the big <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> quickly built up immunities to the diseases as within each generation the individuals with better immunities had better chances of survival. In their approximately 10,000 years of shared proximity with animals, such as cows, Eurasians and Africans became more resistant to those diseases compared with the indigenous populations encountered outside <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diamond_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diamond-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the population of most <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> have been completely wiped out by diseases. 90% or more of many populations of the Americas were <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">wiped out by European and African diseases</a> before recorded contact with European explorers or colonists. Some cultures like the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> did have a large domestic mammal, the <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a>, but llama milk was not drunk, nor did llamas live in a closed space with humans, so the risk of contagion was limited. According to bioarchaeological research, the effects of agriculture on dental health in Southeast Asian rice farming societies from 4000 to 1500 BP was not detrimental to the same extent as in other world regions.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_C._K._Wells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan C. K. Wells (page does not exist)">Jonathan C. K. Wells</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jay_T._Stock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jay T. Stock (page does not exist)">Jay T. Stock</a> have argued that the dietary changes and increased pathogen exposure associated with agriculture profoundly altered human biology and <a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">life history</a>, creating conditions where <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> favoured the allocation of resources towards <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> over <a href="/wiki/Somatic_effort" title="Somatic effort">somatic effort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_chronology">Comparative chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparative chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology_of_the_Neolithic_period" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template talk:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology_of_the_Neolithic_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #C0C0C0;background-color:#F5F5F5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></span> <span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #C0C0C0;background-color:#FDF5E6; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em;">BC</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> </th> <th>Middle <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> </th> <th>Low<br /><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Khuzistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzistan">Khuzistan</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">11000</span> </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Early Pottery</a><br />(18,000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">10000</span> </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="4"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Gesher_(archaeological_site)" title="Gesher (archaeological site)">Gesher</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a><br />(10,500 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="2">  </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="6"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="5"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="4"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">9000</span> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">8000</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a><br /><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b>Initial Neolithic</b><br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Pottery</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a><br />(8500–8000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">7000</span> </th> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Egyptian Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a><br />(7500 BC) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a><br />(7500–5500)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br />(7000 BC) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sabi_Abyad" title="Tell Sabi Abyad">Tell Sabi Abyad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chia_Jani" title="Chia Jani">Chia Jani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kosh" title="Ali Kosh">Ali Kosh</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">6500</span> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a><br /> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sabi_Abyad" title="Tell Sabi Abyad">Tell Sabi Abyad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Bonut" title="Chogha Bonut">Chogha Bonut</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Teppe_Zagheh" title="Teppe Zagheh">Teppe Zagheh</a> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a><br />(7000–5000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">6000</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaGolan" title="Sha'ar HaGolan">Sha'ar HaGolan</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 0<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tell_el-%27Oueili" title="Tell el-'Oueili">Tell el-'Oueili</a>) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Mish" title="Chogha Mish">Chogha Mish</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sang-i_Chakmak" title="Sang-i Chakmak">Sang-i Chakmak</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pottery in the Indian subcontinent">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh II</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">5600</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Faiyum_A_culture" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Faiyum A</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Amuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuq">Amuq</a> A </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Dabaghiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Dabaghiya (page does not exist)">Umm Dabaghiya</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a><br />(6000–4800 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Muhammad_Djafar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepe Muhammad Djafar">Tepe Muhammad Djafar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Sialk" title="Tepe Sialk">Tepe Sialk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">5200</span> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a><br />(5500–4500 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq B </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />24–22<br />  </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 1<br />(<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> 19–15)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 2<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hadji_Muhammed" title="Hadji Muhammed">Hadji Muhammed</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> 14–12) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> A </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarim_Tepe_(Iran)" title="Yarim Tepe (Iran)">Yarim Tepe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz_Tepe" title="Hajji Firuz Tepe">Hajji Firuz Tepe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">4800</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Merimde_culture" title="Merimde culture">Merimde</a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq C </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />22–20 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a> Late<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Gawra</a> 20 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepe_Sabz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepe Sabz (page does not exist)">Tepe Sabz</a> </td> <td rowspan="34" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kul_Tepe_Jolfa" title="Kul Tepe Jolfa">Kul Tepe Jolfa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">4500</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq D </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;">Gian Hasan<br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />19–17 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Gawra</a>)<br />19–18 </td> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Khazineh" title="Khazineh">Khazineh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> B </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><br /><span style="position:relative;top:1em">3800</span> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Badarian_culture" title="Badarian culture">Badarian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naqada_culture" title="Naqada culture">Naqada</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;" colspan="8"><i>Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Historical Ancient Near East</a></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Paleolithic revolution">Upper Paleolithic revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_spectrum_revolution" title="Broad spectrum revolution">Broad spectrum revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_revolution" title="Urban revolution">Urban revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">Industrial revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Taiz, Lincoln. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.br/j/txpp/a/TWxQX34RrdtTmTPpDPtgNhS/?format=pdf&lang=en">Agriculture, plant physiology, and human population growth: past, present, and future." Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology 25 (2013): 167-181</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SCNDR-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCNDR_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJean-Pierre_Bocquet-Appel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel (29 July 2011). "When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition". <i>Science</i>. <b>333</b> (6042): 560–561. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...333..560B">2011Sci...333..560B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1208880">10.1126/science.1208880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21798934">21798934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29655920">29655920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=When+the+World%27s+Population+Took+Off%3A+The+Springboard+of+the+Neolithic+Demographic+Transition&rft.volume=333&rft.issue=6042&rft.pages=560-561&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1208880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29655920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21798934&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...333..560B&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Bocquet-Appel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollardRosenbergTigor2015" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tigor, Robert (2015). <i>Worlds together, worlds apart</i>. Vol. 1 (concise ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-25093-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-25093-0"><bdi>978-0-393-25093-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+together%2C+worlds+apart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=concise&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-393-25093-0&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Clifford&rft.au=Tigor%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lewin" title="Roger Lewin">Lewin, Roger</a> (18 February 2009) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xryuw8sqNsoC">"35: The origin of agriculture and the first villagers"</a>. <i>Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction</i> (5 ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons (published 2009). p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5614-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5614-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-5614-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>[...] The Neolithic transition involved increasing sedentism and social complexity, which was usually followed by the gradual adoption of plant and animal domestication. In some cases, however, plant domestication preceded sedentism, particularly in the New World.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=35%3A+The+origin+of+agriculture+and+the+first+villagers&rft.btitle=Human+Evolution%3A+An+Illustrated+Introduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=250&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5614-1&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxryuw8sqNsoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130212172350/http://www.westfalen-blatt.de/nachricht/2012-11-25-klimaschutz-die-ziele-schmelzen-dahin/613/">"International Stratigraphic Chart"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westfalen-blatt.de/nachricht/2012-11-25-klimaschutz-die-ziele-schmelzen-dahin/613/">the original</a> on 12 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Stratigraphic+Chart&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westfalen-blatt.de%2Fnachricht%2F2012-11-25-klimaschutz-die-ziele-schmelzen-dahin%2F613%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armelagos2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armelagos2014_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmelagos2014" class="citation journal cs1">Armelagos, George J. (2014). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Tamed+11%2C400+Years+Ago%2C+Figs+Were+Likely+First+Domesticated+Crop&rft.date=2006-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F06%2F060602074522.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kent_V._Flannery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent V. Flannery">Flannery, Kent V.</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lY9Q4vnrCEC">"Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Ucko" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter John Ucko">Ucko, Peter John</a>; Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.). <i>The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (published 2007). p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36557-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36557-2"><bdi>978-0-202-36557-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>Our earliest evidence for this new technology comes [...] from the lowland steppe of Khuzistan. [...] Once irrigation appeared, the steppe greatly increased its carrying capacity and became, in fact, the dominant growth centre of the Zagros region between 5500 and 4000 B.C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+and+ecological+effects+of+early+domestication+in+Iran+and+the+Near+East&rft.btitle=The+Domestication+and+Exploitation+of+Plants+and+Animals&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36557-2&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Kent+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lY9Q4vnrCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawtonWilke1979" class="citation book cs1">Lawton, H. W.; Wilke, P. J. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e67tCAAAQBAJ">"Ancient Agricultural Systems in Dry Regions of the Old World"</a>. In Hall, A. E.; Cannell, G. H.; Lawton, H.W. (eds.). <i>Agriculture in Semi-Arid Environments</i>. Ecological Studies. Vol. 34 (reprint ed.). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2012). p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-67328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-67328-3"><bdi>978-3-642-67328-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>Archeological investigations on the Deh Luran Plain of Iran have provided a model for the internal dynamics of the culture sequence of prehistoric Khuzistan [...]. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09046-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09046-0"><bdi>978-1-107-09046-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaternary+of+the+Levant&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09046-0&rft.aulast=Enzel&rft.aufirst=Yehouda&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+Ofer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhSVDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownJonesPowellAllaby2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, T. A.; Jones, M. K.; Powell, W.; Allaby, R. G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/367/1/WRAP_Allaby_.pdf">"The complex origins of domesticated crops in the Fertile Crescent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 103–109. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009TEcoE..24..103B">2009TEcoE..24..103B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2008.09.008">10.1016/j.tree.2008.09.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19100651">19100651</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213102347/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/367/1/WRAP_Allaby_.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+complex+origins+of+domesticated+crops+in+the+Fertile+Crescent&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-109&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19100651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2008.09.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009TEcoE..24..103B&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft.au=Jones%2C+M.+K.&rft.au=Powell%2C+W.&rft.au=Allaby%2C+R.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F367%2F1%2FWRAP_Allaby_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithen2006" class="citation book cs1">Mithen, Steven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftericeglobalhu00mith/page/517"><i>After the ice : a global human history, 20.000–5.000 BC</i></a> (1. paperback ed.). 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Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-132-5"><bdi>978-1-84217-132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Ha%C3%AFdar+Boustani%2C+Flint+workshops+of+the+Southern+Beqa%27+valley+%28Lebanon%29%3A+preliminary+results+from+Qar%27oun%2A+in+Neolithic+revolution%3A+new+perspectives+on+southwest+Asia+in+light+of+recent+discoveries+on+Cyprus&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-132-5&rft.au=Peltenburg%2C+E.J.&rft.au=Wasse%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Council+for+British+Research+in+the+Levant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mKBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/overview_british_prehistory_01.shtml">"BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Overview: From Neolithic to Bronze Age, 8000–800 BC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512115703/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/overview_british_prehistory_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Ancient+History+in+depth%3A+Overview%3A+From+Neolithic+to+Bronze+Age%2C+8000%E2%80%93800+BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fbritish_prehistory%2Foverview_british_prehistory_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-He2017-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeLuZhangWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">He, Keyang; Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can; Huan, Xiujia (7 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317400332">"Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China"</a>. <i>The Holocene</i>. <b>27</b> (12): 1885–1898. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Holoc..27.1885H">2017Holoc..27.1885H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959683617708455">10.1177/0959683617708455</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133660098">133660098</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120221221/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317400332_Prehistoric_evolution_of_the_dualistic_structure_mixed_rice_and_millet_farming_in_China">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+evolution+of+the+dualistic+structure+mixed+rice+and+millet+farming+in+China&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1885-1898&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133660098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959683617708455&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Holoc..27.1885H&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Keyang&rft.au=Lu%2C+Houyuan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jianping&rft.au=Wang%2C+Can&rft.au=Huan%2C+Xiujia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F317400332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood2011-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bellwood, Peter (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81529950.pdf">"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal – from the Yangzi to the Equator"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rice</i>. <b>4</b> (3–4): 93–103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4...93B">2011Rice....4...93B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9068-9">10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44675525">44675525</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124042141/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81529950.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (17 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3524165">"Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (12): e52146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...752146Z">2012PLoSO...752146Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052146">10.1371/journal.pone.0052146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3524165">3524165</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23284907">23284907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Mixed+Farming+of+Millet+and+Rice+7800+Years+Ago+in+the+Middle+Yellow+River+Region%2C+China&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e52146&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3524165%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23284907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052146&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...752146Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Jianping&rft.au=Lu%2C+Houyuan&rft.au=Gu%2C+Wanfa&rft.au=Wu%2C+Naiqin&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Kunshu&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yayi&rft.au=Xin%2C+Yingjun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Can&rft.au=Kashkush%2C+Khalil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3524165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayliss-Smith2017-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bayliss-Smith2017_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayliss-SmithGolsonHughes2017" class="citation book cs1">Bayliss-Smith, Tim; 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ANU Press. pp. 239–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-116-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-116-4"><bdi>978-1-76046-116-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phase+4%3A+Major+Disposal+Channels%2C+Slot-Like+Ditches+and+Grid-Patterned+Fields&rft.btitle=Ten+Thousand+Years+of+Cultivation+at+Kuk+Swamp+in+the+Highlands+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.series=terra+australis&rft.pages=239-268&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-116-4&rft.aulast=Bayliss-Smith&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Golson%2C+Jack&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlk0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahdi1999-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi1999" class="citation book cs1">Mahdi, Waruno (1999). 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In <a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a>; Barrett, James H.; Boyle, Katherine V. (eds.). <i>The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring</i>. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 239–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-52-6"><bdi>978-1-902937-52-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728125533/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/Indian%20Ocean/Austronesians%20in%20East%20Africa%20offprint.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azania%3A+Archaeological+Research+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+first+migrants+to+Madagascar+and+their+introduction+of+plants%3A+linguistic+and+ethnological+evidence&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-189&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0067270X.2011.580142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55763047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beaujard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00706173%2Ffile%2FBeaujard.azania2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalterLebot2007-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WalterLebot2007_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalterLebot2007" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Annie; Lebot, Vincent (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMYkLkV4iyEC"><i>Gardens of Oceania</i></a>. IRD Éditions-CIRAD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86320-470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86320-470-5"><bdi>978-1-86320-470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardens+of+Oceania&rft.pub=IRD+%C3%89ditions-CIRAD&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86320-470-5&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft.au=Lebot%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMYkLkV4iyEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFageClarkOliver1975" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J. D.; Clark, John Desmond; Oliver, Roland Anthony (29 August 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAca1F3qG34C&dq=Africa,+neolithic&pg=PA70"><i>The Cambridge History of Africa</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521215923" title="Special:BookSources/9780521215923"><bdi>9780521215923</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975-08-29&rft.isbn=9780521215923&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Clark%2C+John+Desmond&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAca1F3qG34C%26dq%3DAfrica%2C%2Bneolithic%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1976" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Philip E. 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"Stone-Age Man on the Nile". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>235</b> (2): 30–41. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976SciAm.235b..30S">1976SciAm.235b..30S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0876-30">10.1038/scientificamerican0876-30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <q>With the benefit of hindsight we can now see that many Late Paleolithic peoples in the Old World were poised on the brink of plant cultivation and animal husbandry as an alternative to the hunter-gatherer's way of life</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Stone-Age+Man+on+the+Nile&rft.volume=235&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=30-41&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0876-30&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976SciAm.235b..30S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Philip+E.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannessen,_S.Hastorf,_C._A." class="citation book cs1">Johannessen, S.; Hastorf, C. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-41898-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-41898-7"><bdi>978-1-316-41898-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+South+Asia%3A+From+the+Indus+to+Asoka%2C+c.+6500+BCE%E2%80%93200+CE&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-316-41898-7&rft.aulast=Coningham&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Young%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS1-6-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS1-6_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1-6_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1-6_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1-6_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1-6_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1-6_79-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1-6_79-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1-6_79-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Archived</a> 16 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukurovSarsonGangal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (7 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012948">"The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (5): e95714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...995714G">2014PLoSO...995714G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0095714">10.1371/journal.pone.0095714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012948">4012948</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24806472">24806472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Near-Eastern+Roots+of+the+Neolithic+in+South+Asia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e95714&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4012948%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...995714G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24806472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0095714&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Shukurov&rft.aufirst=Anvar&rft.au=Sarson%2C+Graeme+R.&rft.au=Gangal%2C+Kavita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4012948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarre2005" class="citation book cs1">Scarre, Christopher (2005). 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838858">"Origin of measles virus: Divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries"</a>. <i>Virology Journal</i>. <b>7</b>: 52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-422X-7-52">10.1186/1743-422X-7-52</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838858">2838858</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20202190">20202190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virology+Journal&rft.atitle=Origin+of+measles+virus%3A+Divergence+from+rinderpest+virus+between+the+11th+and+12th+centuries&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838858%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20202190&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1743-422X-7-52&rft.aulast=Furuse&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+A.&rft.au=Oshitani%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyPosthEsquivel-GomezHübler2020" class="citation journal cs1">Key, Felix M.; Posth, Cosimo; Esquivel-Gomez, Luis R.; Hübler, Ron; Spyrou, Maria A.; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Furtwängler, Anja; Sabin, Susanna; Burri, Marta; Wissgott, Antje; Lankapalli, Aditya Kumar; Vågene, Åshild J.; Meyer, Matthias; Nagel, Sarah; Tukhbatova, Rezeda; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Chizhevsky, Andrey; Hansen, Svend; Belinsky, Andrey B.; Kalmykov, Alexey; Kantorovich, Anatoly R.; Maslov, Vladimir E.; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Vai, Stefania; Zavattaro, Monica; Riga, Alessandro; Caramelli, David; Skeates, Robin; Beckett, Jessica; Gradoli, Maria Giuseppina; Steuri, Noah; Hafner, Albert; Ramstein, Marianne; Siebke, Inga; Lösch, Sandra; Erdal, Yilmaz Selim; Alikhan, Nabil-Fareed; Zhou, Zhemin; Achtman, Mark; Bos, Kirsten; Reinhold, Sabine; Haak, Wolfgang; Kühnert, Denise; Herbig, Alexander; Krause, Johannes (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186082">"Emergence of human-adapted Salmonella enterica is linked to the Neolithization process"</a>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 324–333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatEE...4..324K">2020NatEE...4..324K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-020-1106-9">10.1038/s41559-020-1106-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186082">7186082</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32094538">32094538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+human-adapted+Salmonella+enterica+is+linked+to+the+Neolithization+process&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-333&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7186082%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatEE...4..324K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32094538&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-020-1106-9&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=Felix+M.&rft.au=Posth%2C+Cosimo&rft.au=Esquivel-Gomez%2C+Luis+R.&rft.au=H%C3%BCbler%2C+Ron&rft.au=Spyrou%2C+Maria+A.&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gunnar+U.&rft.au=Furtw%C3%A4ngler%2C+Anja&rft.au=Sabin%2C+Susanna&rft.au=Burri%2C+Marta&rft.au=Wissgott%2C+Antje&rft.au=Lankapalli%2C+Aditya+Kumar&rft.au=V%C3%A5gene%2C+%C3%85shild+J.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Nagel%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Tukhbatova%2C+Rezeda&rft.au=Khokhlov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Chizhevsky%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Svend&rft.au=Belinsky%2C+Andrey+B.&rft.au=Kalmykov%2C+Alexey&rft.au=Kantorovich%2C+Anatoly+R.&rft.au=Maslov%2C+Vladimir+E.&rft.au=Stockhammer%2C+Philipp+W.&rft.au=Vai%2C+Stefania&rft.au=Zavattaro%2C+Monica&rft.au=Riga%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Caramelli%2C+David&rft.au=Skeates%2C+Robin&rft.au=Beckett%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Gradoli%2C+Maria+Giuseppina&rft.au=Steuri%2C+Noah&rft.au=Hafner%2C+Albert&rft.au=Ramstein%2C+Marianne&rft.au=Siebke%2C+Inga&rft.au=L%C3%B6sch%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Erdal%2C+Yilmaz+Selim&rft.au=Alikhan%2C+Nabil-Fareed&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Zhemin&rft.au=Achtman%2C+Mark&rft.au=Bos%2C+Kirsten&rft.au=Reinhold%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Haak%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=K%C3%BChnert%2C+Denise&rft.au=Herbig%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7186082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalcrowHarrisTaylesIkehara-Quebral2013" class="citation journal cs1">Halcrow, S. E.; Harris, N. J.; Tayles, N.; Ikehara-Quebral, R.; Pietrusewsky, M. (2013). "From the mouths of babes: Dental caries in infants and children and the intensification of agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>150</b> (3): 409–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.22215">10.1002/ajpa.22215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23359102">23359102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=From+the+mouths+of+babes%3A+Dental+caries+in+infants+and+children+and+the+intensification+of+agriculture+in+mainland+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-420&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.22215&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23359102&rft.aulast=Halcrow&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Harris%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Tayles%2C+N.&rft.au=Ikehara-Quebral%2C+R.&rft.au=Pietrusewsky%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neolithic_Revolution&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bailey, Douglass. (2001). <i>Balkan Prehistory: Exclusions, Incorporation and Identity.</i> Routledge Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21598-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21598-6">0-415-21598-6</a>.</li> <li>Bailey, Douglass. (2005). <i>Prehistoric Figurines: Representation and Corporeality in the Neolithic.</i> Routledge Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33152-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33152-8">0-415-33152-8</a>.</li> <li>Balter, Michael (2005). <i>The Goddess and the Bull: Catalhoyuk, An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization.</i> New York: Free Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-4360-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-4360-9">0-7432-4360-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2004" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (2004). <i>First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies</i>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20566-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20566-7"><bdi>0-631-20566-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Farmers%3A+The+Origins+of+Agricultural+Societies&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-631-20566-7&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeolithic+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, editor and <a href="/wiki/Ofer_Bar-Yosef" title="Ofer Bar-Yosef">Ofer Bar-Yosef</a>, editor, <i>The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences</i>, Springer (21 October 2008), hardcover, 544 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8538-3">978-1-4020-8538-3</a>, trade paperback and Kindle editions are also available.</li> <li>Cohen, Mark Nathan (1977)<i>The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture.</i> New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02016-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02016-3">0-300-02016-3</a>.</li> <li>Diamond, Jared (2002). "Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and Animal Domestication". <i>Nature</i>, Vol 418.</li> <li>Harlan, Jack R. (1992). <i>Crops & Man: Views on Agricultural Origins</i> ASA, CSA, Madison, WI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819110723/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture03/r_3-1.html">Hort 306 - READING 3-1</a></li> <li>Wright, Gary A. (1971). "Origins of Food Production in Southwestern Asia: A Survey of Ideas" Current Anthropology, Vol. 12, No. 4/5 (Oct.–Dec. 1971), pp. 447–477</li> <li>Kuijt, Ian; Finlayson, Bill. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/06/19/0812764106.full.pdf">"Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley"</a>. PNAS, Vol. 106, No. 27, pp. 10966–10970.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_technology" title="Template:History of technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_technology" title="Template talk:History of technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>History of technology cultures</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_technology" title="Inca technology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>History of technology domains</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing" title="History of computing">History of computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering#History" title="Electrical engineering">History of electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">History of materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology#History_and_scientific_background" title="Nuclear technology">History of nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Big_History" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Big_History" title="Template:Big History"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_History" title="Template talk:Big History"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_History" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Big History"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Big_History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Themes and subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Cosmic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Time scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldilocks_principle" title="Goldilocks principle">Goldilocks principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Eight thresholds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1: <b>Creation</b> - <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a></li> <li>2: <b>Stars</b> - <a href="/wiki/Star#Formation_and_evolution" title="Star">creation of stars</a></li> <li>3: <b>Elements</b> - <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">creation of chemical elements</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">dying stars</a></li> <li>4: <b>Planets</b> - <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">formation of planets</a></li> <li>5: <b>Life</b> - <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution of life</a></li> <li>6: <b>Humans</b> - development of <i><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Homo sapiens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li>7: <b>Agriculture</b> - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li>8: <b>Modernity</b> - <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Web-based education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OER_Project" title="OER Project">Big History Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alvarez" title="Walter Alvarez">Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chaisson" title="Eric Chaisson">Eric Chaisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">David Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Spier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Spier (page does not exist)">Fred Spier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Snooks" title="Graeme Snooks">Graeme Snooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_History_(TV_series)" title="Big History (TV series)">Big History</a></i> (2013 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Early_settlements" title="Neolithic">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">Time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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