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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinil_fossils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinil_fossils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Trinil fossils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinil_fossils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_with_Peking_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_with_Peking_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Comparisons with Peking Man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_with_Peking_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_discoveries_on_Java" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_discoveries_on_Java"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other discoveries on Java</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_discoveries_on_Java-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missing_link_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missing_link_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Missing link theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missing_link_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclassification_as_Homo_erectus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclassification_as_Homo_erectus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reclassification as <i>Homo erectus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclassification_as_Homo_erectus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-discovery_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-discovery_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-discovery analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-discovery_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-discovery analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-discovery_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Date_of_the_fossils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_of_the_fossils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Date of the fossils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_of_the_fossils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_specimen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_specimen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Type specimen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_specimen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Material culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Control_of_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Control of fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Java Man</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javamens" title="Javamens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Javamens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A9" title="إنسان جاوة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنسان جاوة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus_erectus" title="Homo erectus erectus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Homo erectus erectus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitekantrop" title="Pitekantrop – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pitekantrop" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa_L%C3%A2ng_(h%C3%B2a-chio%CC%8Dh)" title="Jawa Lâng (hòa-chio̍h) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jawa Lâng (hòa-chio̍h)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Питекантроп – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Питекантроп" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Пітэкантрап – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пітэкантрап" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_de_Java" title="Home de Java – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Home de Java" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Питекантроп – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Питекантроп" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1vsk%C3%BD_%C4%8Dlov%C4%9Bk" title="Jávský člověk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jávský člověk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java-Mensch" title="Java-Mensch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Java-Mensch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus_erectus" title="Homo erectus erectus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homo erectus erectus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javako_gizaki" title="Javako gizaki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Javako gizaki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="انسان جاوه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان جاوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_de_Java" title="Homme de Java – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homme de Java" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duine_I%C3%A1va" title="Duine Iáva – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duine Iáva" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_de_Xava" title="Home de Xava – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Home de Xava" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%94_%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B8" title="자바 원인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자바 원인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Պիթեկանթրոպոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիթեկանթրոպոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5" title="जावा मानव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जावा मानव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanski_%C4%8Dovjek" title="Javanski čovjek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Javanski čovjek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_di_Java" title="Homo di Java – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homo di Java" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia_Jawa" title="Manusia Jawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manusia Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uomo_di_Giava" title="Uomo di Giava – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uomo di Giava" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="אדם ג'אווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם ג'אווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manungsa_Jawa" title="Manungsa Jawa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manungsa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5" title="ಜಾವ ಮಾನವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾವ ಮಾನವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="პითეკანთროპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პითეკანთროპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Питекантроп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Питекантроп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Питекантроп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Питекантроп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitekantropas" title="Pitekantropas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pitekantropas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="ജാവാ മനുഷ്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാവാ മനുഷ്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia_Jawa" title="Manusia Jawa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manusia Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javamens" title="Javamens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Javamens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF%E5%8E%9F%E4%BA%BA" title="ジャワ原人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャワ原人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitekantroplar" title="Pitekantroplar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pitekantroplar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96" title="ਜਾਵਾ ਮਨੁੱਖ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਵਾ ਮਨੁੱਖ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homem_de_Java" title="Homem de Java – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homem de Java" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus_erectus" title="Homo erectus erectus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Homo erectus erectus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Питекантроп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Питекантроп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Java Man" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek_trinilsk%C3%BD" title="Človek trinilský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Človek trinilský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Јавански човек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јавански човек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanski_%C4%8Dovjek" title="Javanski čovjek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Javanski čovjek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaavanihminen" title="Jaavanihminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaavanihminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taong_Java" title="Taong Java – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taong Java" 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href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cava_insan%C4%B1" title="Cava insanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cava insanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Пітекантроп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пітекантроп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جاوامین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاوامین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus_erectus" title="Homo erectus erectus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Homo erectus erectus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo_han_Java" title="Tawo han Java – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tawo han Java" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E7%8C%BF%E4%BA%BA" title="爪哇猿人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爪哇猿人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Java Man<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.12676923077px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg/220px-Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg/330px-Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg/440px-Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The <a href="/wiki/Syntype" title="Syntype">syntype</a> fossils of Java Man (<i>H. e. erectus</i>), at <a href="/wiki/Naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis">Naturalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Homo" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo"><i>Homo</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subspecies: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="subspecies"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b>H. e. erectus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Trinomial_nomenclature" title="Trinomial nomenclature">Trinomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="trinomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Homo erectus erectus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Java Man</b> (<i><b>Homo erectus erectus</b></i>, formerly also <i><b>Anthropopithecus erectus</b> or</i> <i><b>Pithecanthropus erectus</b></i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Early_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Early human">early human</a> fossil discovered in 1891 and 1892 on the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> (Indonesia). Estimated to be between 700,000 and 1,490,000 years old, it was, at the time of its discovery, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> fossil ever found, and it remains the <a href="/wiki/Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimen</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>. </p><p>Led by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dubois" title="Eugène Dubois">Eugène Dubois</a>, the excavation team uncovered a <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Calvaria_(skull)" title="Calvaria (skull)">skullcap</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">thighbone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinil" title="Trinil">Trinil</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Solo_River" title="Solo River">Solo River</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>. Arguing that the fossils represented the "<a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil#Missing_links" title="Transitional fossil">missing link</a>" between apes and humans, Dubois gave the species the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anthropopithecus" title="Anthropopithecus">Anthropopithecus</a> erectus</i>, then later renamed it <i>Pithecanthropus erectus</i>. The fossil aroused much controversy. Within a decade of the discovery almost eighty books or articles had been published on Dubois's finds. Despite Dubois's argument, few accepted that Java Man was a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">transitional form</a> between apes and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200070_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200070-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some dismissed the fossils as <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a> and others as <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">modern humans</a>, whereas many scientists considered Java Man as a primitive side branch of evolution not related to modern humans at all. In the 1930s Dubois made the claim that <i>Pithecanthropus</i> was built like a "giant <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbon</a>", a much misinterpreted attempt by Dubois to prove that it was the "missing link". Eventually, similarities between Java Man and <i>Sinanthropus pekinensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>) led <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a> to rename both <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> in 1950, placing them directly in the human <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">evolutionary tree</a>. </p><p>To distinguish Java Man from other <i>Homo erectus</i> populations, some scientists began to regard it as a subspecies, <i>Homo erectus erectus</i>, in the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Early_hominids_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early hominids in Southeast Asia">Other fossils</a> found in the first half of the twentieth century in Java at <a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto" title="Mojokerto">Mojokerto</a>, all older than those found by Dubois, are also considered part of the species <i>Homo erectus</i>. The fossils of Java Man have been housed at the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Geologie_en_Mineralogie" title="Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie">Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis">Naturalis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> since 1900. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discoveries">History of discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> had argued that <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans#History_of_the_theory" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">humanity evolved in Africa</a>, because this is where <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great apes</a> like <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> lived. Though Darwin's claims have since been vindicated by the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record, they were proposed without any fossil evidence. Other scientific authorities disagreed with him, like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, who thought of a similar <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a> around the same time as Darwin. Because both Lyell and Wallace believed that <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> were more closely related to gibbons or another great ape (the <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a>), they identified <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> as the cradle of humanity because this is where these apes lived. Dutch anatomist <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dubois" title="Eugène Dubois">Eugène Dubois</a> favored the latter theory, and sought to confirm it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200058–59_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200058–59-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinil_fossils">Trinil fossils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trinil fossils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:224px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_1.png/215px-The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_1.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_1.png/323px-The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_1.png/430px-The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1474" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dubois" title="Eugène Dubois">Eugène Dubois</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_section" title="Stratigraphic section">stratigraphic section</a> of the site where he found Java Man. The femur and skullcap appear at level D between a "<a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">lapilli</a>" stratum (C) and a "<a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a>" (E).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:224px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pithecanthropus-erectus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pithecanthropus-erectus.jpg/189px-Pithecanthropus-erectus.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pithecanthropus-erectus.jpg/284px-Pithecanthropus-erectus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pithecanthropus-erectus.jpg/378px-Pithecanthropus-erectus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The three main fossils of Java Man found in 1891–92: a <a href="/wiki/Calvaria_(skull)" title="Calvaria (skull)">skullcap</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molar</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">thighbone</a>, each seen from two different angles.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In October 1887, Dubois abandoned his academic career and left for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) to look for the fossilized ancestor of modern man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200058de_Vos2004270_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200058de_Vos2004270-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having received no funding from the Dutch government for his eccentric endeavor – since no one at the time had ever found an early human fossil while looking for it – he joined the Dutch East Indies Army as a military surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200059_["unorthodox"_venture;_was_refused_government_funding;_hired_as_medical_officer]_and_61_["he_was_the_first_person_to_set_out_on_a_deliberate_search_for_fossils_of_human_ancestors"]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200059_["unorthodox"_venture;_was_refused_government_funding;_hired_as_medical_officer]_and_61_["he_was_the_first_person_to_set_out_on_a_deliberate_search_for_fossils_of_human_ancestors"]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his work duties, it was only in July 1888 that he began to <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavate</a> caves in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200061_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200061-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having quickly found abundant fossils of large mammals, Dubois was relieved of his military duties (March 1889), and the colonial government assigned two engineers and fifty convicts to help him with his excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200061–62_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200061–62-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he failed to find the fossils he was looking for on Sumatra, he moved on to Java in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen198941–43_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen198941–43-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Again assisted by convict laborers and two army corporals, Dubois began searching along the <a href="/wiki/Solo_River" title="Solo River">Solo River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Trinil" title="Trinil">Trinil</a> in August 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His team soon excavated a <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molar</a> (Trinil 1) and a <a href="/wiki/Calvaria_(skull)" title="Calvaria (skull)">skullcap</a> (Trinil 2). Its characteristics were a long <a href="/wiki/Human_cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Human cranium">cranium</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_keel" title="Sagittal keel">sagittal keel</a> and heavy browridge. Dubois first gave them the name <i><a href="/wiki/Anthropopithecus" title="Anthropopithecus">Anthropopithecus</a></i> ("man-ape"), as the chimpanzee was sometimes known at the time. He chose this name because a similar tooth found in the <a href="/wiki/Siwalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwalik Hills">Siwalik Hills</a> in India in 1878 had been named <i>Anthropopithecus</i>, and because Dubois first assessed the cranium to have been about 700 cubic centimetres (43 cu in), closer to apes than to humans. </p><p>In August 1892, a year later, Dubois's team found a long <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> (thighbone) shaped like a human one, suggesting that its owner had stood upright. The femur bone was found 50 feet (approx. 15 meters) from the original find one year earlier. Believing that the three fossils belonged to a single individual, "probably a very aged female", Dubois renamed the specimen <i>Anthropopithecus erectus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272_[citation_from_an_assessment_Dubois_made_in_1893]SwisherCurtisLewin200061_[name_''Anthropopithecus'']_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272_[citation_from_an_assessment_Dubois_made_in_1893]SwisherCurtisLewin200061_[name_''Anthropopithecus'']-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in late 1892, when he determined that the cranium measured about 900 cubic centimetres (55 cu in), did Dubois consider that his specimen was a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">transitional form</a> between apes and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200067_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200067-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he thus renamed it <i>Pithecanthropus erectus</i> ("upright ape-man"), borrowing the genus name <i><a href="/wiki/Pithecanthropus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithecanthropus">Pithecanthropus</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>, who had coined it a few years earlier to refer to a supposed "missing link" between apes and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200066–7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200066–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specimen has also been known as Pithecanthropus 1.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparisons_with_Peking_Man">Comparisons with Peking Man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparisons with Peking Man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></div> <p>In 1927, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Davidson_Black" title="Davidson Black">Davidson Black</a> identified two fossilized teeth he had found in <a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a> near <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> as belonging to an ancient human, and named his specimen <i>Sinanthropus pekinensis</i>, now better known as <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200075_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200075-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1929, the first of several skullcaps was found on the same site, and it appeared similar but slightly larger than Java Man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200844–45_[date_of_discovery]SwisherCurtisLewin2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200844–45_[date_of_discovery]SwisherCurtisLewin2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Weidenreich" title="Franz Weidenreich">Franz Weidenreich</a>, who replaced Black in China after the latter's death in 1933, argued that <i>Sinanthropus</i> was also a transitional fossil between apes and humans, and was in fact so similar to Java's <i>Pithecanthropus</i> that they should both belong to the family <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>. Eugène Dubois categorically refused to entertain this possibility, dismissing Peking Man as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a>, closer to humans than the <i>Pithecanthropus</i>, and insisting that Pithecanthropus belonged to its own <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (biology)">superfamily</a>, the Pithecanthropoidea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200074–76_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200074–76-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_discoveries_on_Java">Other discoveries on Java</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other discoveries on Java"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto_child" title="Mojokerto child">Mojokerto child</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></div> <p>After the discovery of Java Man, Berlin-born paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinrich_Ralph_von_Koenigswald" title="Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald">G. H. R. von Koenigswald</a> recovered several other early human fossils in Java. Between 1931 and 1933 von Koenigswald discovered fossils of <a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a> from sites along the <a href="/wiki/Bengawan_Solo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengawan Solo River">Bengawan Solo River</a> on <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, including several skullcaps and cranial fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, von Koenigswald discovered a juvenile skullcap known as the <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto_child" title="Mojokerto child">Mojokerto child</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200042_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200042-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering the Mojokerto child skull cap to be closely related to humans, von Koenigswald wanted to name it <i>Pithecanthropus modjokertensis</i> (after Dubois's specimen), but Dubois protested that Pithecanthropus was not a human but an "ape-man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Von Koenigswald also made several discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a>, Central Java, where more fossils of early humans were discovered between 1936 and 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the discoveries was <a href="/wiki/Sangiran_2" title="Sangiran 2">a skullcap of similar size</a> to that found by Dubois at the Trinil 2 site. Von Koenigswald's discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a> convinced him that all these skulls belonged to <a href="/wiki/Early_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Early human">early humans</a>. Dubois again refused to acknowledge the similarity. Ralph von Koenigswald and Franz Weidenreich compared the fossils from Java and Zhoukoudian and concluded that Java Man and Peking Man were closely related.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dubois died in 1940, still refusing to recognize their conclusion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200076–79_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200076–79-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and official reports remain critical of the Sangiran site's poor presentation and interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_interpretations">Early interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1922 reconstruction of a Java Man skull, due to Trinil 2 being only a cranium, Dubois who believed Java man was transitional between apes and humans, drew the reconstruction with an ape-like jaw but a brain larger than apes'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Java_man.jpg/220px-Java_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Java_man.jpg/330px-Java_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Java_man.jpg/440px-Java_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>1922 reconstruction of a Java Man skull, due to Trinil 2 being only a cranium, Dubois who believed Java man was transitional between apes and humans, drew the reconstruction with an ape-like jaw but a brain larger than apes'</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 50 years after Dubois's find, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_von_Koenigswald" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph von Koenigswald">Ralph von Koenigswald</a> recollected that, "No other paleontological discovery has created such a sensation and led to such a variety of conflicting scientific opinions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200069,_citing_von_Koenigswald's_''Meeting_Prehistoric_Man''_(1956)_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200069,_citing_von_Koenigswald's_''Meeting_Prehistoric_Man''_(1956)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Pithecanthropus</i> fossils were so immediately controversial that by the end of the 1890s, almost 80 publications had already discussed them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200070_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200070-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Taung_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Taung child">Taung child</a> – the 2.8 million-year-old remains of an <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i> – were discovered in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> in 1924, Dubois's and Koenigswald's discoveries were the oldest hominid remains ever found. Some scientists of the day suggested<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Dubois's Java Man was a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil#Missing_links" title="Transitional fossil">potential intermediate form</a> between modern humans and the common ancestor we share with the other <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great apes</a>. The current consensus of anthropologists is that the direct ancestors of modern humans were African populations of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i>), rather than the Asian populations of the same species exemplified by Java Man and <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetheringtonReid2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAAja8FTPF6QCpgPA64_64]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetheringtonReid2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAAja8FTPF6QCpgPA64_64]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missing_link_theory">Missing link theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Missing link theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dubois first published his find in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-Athena_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athena-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dubois's central claim was that <i>Pithecanthropus</i> was a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional form">transitional form</a> between apes and humans, a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil#Missing_links" title="Transitional fossil">missing link</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272SwisherCurtisLewin200069_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272SwisherCurtisLewin200069-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many disagreed. Some critics claimed that the bones were those of an upright walking ape, or that they belonged to a primitive human.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This judgment made sense at a time when an <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">evolutionary view of humanity</a> had not yet been widely accepted, and scientists tended to view hominid fossils as racial variants of modern humans rather than as ancestral forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200054_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200054-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Dubois let a number of scientists examine the fossils in a series of conferences held in Europe in the 1890s, they started to agree that Java Man may be a transitional form after all, but most of them thought of it as "an extinct side branch" of the human tree that had indeed descended from apes, but not evolved into humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272–73_["extinct_side_branch_of_human_evolution"]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272–73_["extinct_side_branch_of_human_evolution"]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation eventually imposed itself and remained dominant until the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer2008258_["While_at_the_turn_of_the_century_a_linear_model_of_human_evolution_was_widely_accepted,_from_around_1910_to_the_1940s,_the_dominant_model_placed_fossil_hominids_like_Java_Man,_Peking_Man,_and_the_Neanderthals_on_side_branches_of_the_family_tree._These_'cousins'_were_understood_to_have_become_extinct,_replaced_by_our_unknown_direct_ancestors."]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer2008258_["While_at_the_turn_of_the_century_a_linear_model_of_human_evolution_was_widely_accepted,_from_around_1910_to_the_1940s,_the_dominant_model_placed_fossil_hominids_like_Java_Man,_Peking_Man,_and_the_Neanderthals_on_side_branches_of_the_family_tree._These_'cousins'_were_understood_to_have_become_extinct,_replaced_by_our_unknown_direct_ancestors."]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siamang_140807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Siamang_140807.jpg/220px-Siamang_140807.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Siamang_140807.jpg/330px-Siamang_140807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Siamang_140807.jpg/440px-Siamang_140807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1919" /></a><figcaption>The gibbon's ability to stand and walk upright made <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dubois" title="Eugène Dubois">Eugène Dubois</a> believe it was closely related to humans. This is one of the reasons why he once claimed that Java Man looked like a "giant gibbon".</figcaption></figure> <p>Dubois was bitter about this and locked the fossil up in a trunk until 1923 when he showed it to Ales Hrdlicka from the Smithsonian Institution.<sup id="cite_ref-Athena_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athena-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to critics who refused to accept that Java Man was a "missing link", in 1932 Dubois published a paper arguing that the Trinil bones looked like those of a "giant gibbon".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152SwisherCurtisLewin200068Gould1993134_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152SwisherCurtisLewin200068Gould1993134-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dubois's use of the phrase has been widely misinterpreted as a retraction,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152–56SwisherCurtisLewin200068_["The_second_popular_and_persistent_myth_about_Dubois_and_his_supposed_reaction_to_the_anthropological_world's_largely_negative_assessment_of_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_putative_missing_link...._It_is_true..._that_Dubois's_proposition_found_little_support_among_professional_anthropologists&nbsp;..._But_the_rest_of_the_story,_about_Dubois's_supposed_withdrawal_and_craziness,_is_apocryphal..."]Gould1993134_["And_now..._I_may_finally_correct_the_last_and_most_insidious_claim_of_the_standard_legend—[that]_Dubois..._redesignates_his_once-proud_ancestor_as_nothing_but_a_giant_gibbon."]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152–56SwisherCurtisLewin200068_["The_second_popular_and_persistent_myth_about_Dubois_and_his_supposed_reaction_to_the_anthropological_world's_largely_negative_assessment_of_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_putative_missing_link...._It_is_true..._that_Dubois's_proposition_found_little_support_among_professional_anthropologists&nbsp;..._But_the_rest_of_the_story,_about_Dubois's_supposed_withdrawal_and_craziness,_is_apocryphal..."]Gould1993134_["And_now..._I_may_finally_correct_the_last_and_most_insidious_claim_of_the_standard_legend—[that]_Dubois..._redesignates_his_once-proud_ancestor_as_nothing_but_a_giant_gibbon."]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was intended an argument to support his claim that <i>Pithecanthropus</i> was a transitional form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993136_["Dubois's_ingenious_attempt_to_retain_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_direct_human_ancestor_has_been_widely_misread_in_a_precisely_opposite_manner_as_an_ultimate_surrender,_almost_comical_in_its_transmogrification_of_a_human_forebear_into_a_giant_gibbon."]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993136_["Dubois's_ingenious_attempt_to_retain_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_direct_human_ancestor_has_been_widely_misread_in_a_precisely_opposite_manner_as_an_ultimate_surrender,_almost_comical_in_its_transmogrification_of_a_human_forebear_into_a_giant_gibbon."]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dubois, evolution occurred by leaps, and the ancestors of humanity had doubled their <a href="/wiki/Brain-to-body_mass_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-to-body mass ratio">brain-to-body ratio</a> on each leap.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993133–34_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993133–34-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prove that Java Man was the "missing link" between apes and humans, he therefore had to show that its brain-to-body ratio was double that of apes and half that of humans. The problem was that Java Man's cranial capacity was 900 cubic centimeters, about two-thirds of modern humans'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_["Dubois_desperately_wanted_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_direct_ancestor_under_his_evolutionary_view._But_the_brain_of_Java_Man_ranked_with_embarrassing_bulk_at_some_900&nbsp;cm3,_or_two-thirds_human_volume."]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_["Dubois_desperately_wanted_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_direct_ancestor_under_his_evolutionary_view._But_the_brain_of_Java_Man_ranked_with_embarrassing_bulk_at_some_900&nbsp;cm3,_or_two-thirds_human_volume."]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many scientists who believed that modern humans evolved "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Out_of_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Out of Asia (page does not exist)">Out of Asia</a>", Dubois thought that gibbons were closest to humans among the great apes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200074_["In_common_with_other_anthropologists_of_the_time,_Dubois_believed_that_the_human_stock_was_rooted_in_some_kind_of_gibbonlike_ancestor."]_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200074_["In_common_with_other_anthropologists_of_the_time,_Dubois_believed_that_the_human_stock_was_rooted_in_some_kind_of_gibbonlike_ancestor."]-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To preserve the proportions predicted by his theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">brain evolution</a>, Dubois argued that Java Man was shaped more like a gibbon than a human. Imagined "with longer arms and a greatly expanded chest and upper body", the Trinil creature became a gigantic ape of about 100 kilograms (220 lb), but "double cephalization of the anthropoid apes in general and half that of man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_[the_second_citation_is_from_Dubois's_paper]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_[the_second_citation_is_from_Dubois's_paper]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was therefore halfway on the path to becoming a modern human.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152–156SwisherCurtisLewin200074_["Because_Dubois_applied_the_name_'Giant_Gibbon'_to_this_creature,_many_people_took_it_to_mean_that_..._he_no_longer_considered_his_''Pithecanthropus''_to_be_linked_to_human_ancestry._..._By_describing_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_giant_gibbon,_Dubois_simply_meant_that_it_was_closer_to_gibbons_than_to_humans_in_body_form._And,_he_pointed_out,_gibbons_and_humans_share_many_anatomical_features_that_relate_to_humans'_habitually_and_gibbons'_occasionally_upright_mode_of_walking."]Gould1993134–35_["Dubois_used_the_proportions_of_a_gibbon_to_give_''Pithecanthropus''_a_brain_at_exactly_half_our_level,_thereby_rendering_his_man_of_Java_..._as_the_direct_ancestor_of_all_modern_humans._He_argued_about_gibbons_to_exalt_''Pithecanthropus'',_not_to_demote_the_greatest_discovery_of_his_life."],_135–36_[citing_from_Dubois's_1932_paper:_"''Pithecanthropus''_was_not_a_man,_but_a_gigantic_genus_allied_to_the_gibbons,_however_superior_to_the_gibbons_on_account_of_its_ex" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152–156SwisherCurtisLewin200074_["Because_Dubois_applied_the_name_'Giant_Gibbon'_to_this_creature,_many_people_took_it_to_mean_that_..._he_no_longer_considered_his_''Pithecanthropus''_to_be_linked_to_human_ancestry._..._By_describing_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_giant_gibbon,_Dubois_simply_meant_that_it_was_closer_to_gibbons_than_to_humans_in_body_form._And,_he_pointed_out,_gibbons_and_humans_share_many_anatomical_features_that_relate_to_humans'_habitually_and_gibbons'_occasionally_upright_mode_of_walking."]Gould1993134–35_["Dubois_used_the_proportions_of_a_gibbon_to_give_''Pithecanthropus''_a_brain_at_exactly_half_our_level,_thereby_rendering_his_man_of_Java_..._as_the_direct_ancestor_of_all_modern_humans._He_argued_about_gibbons_to_exalt_''Pithecanthropus'',_not_to_demote_the_greatest_discovery_of_his_life."],_135–36_[citing_from_Dubois's_1932_paper:_"''Pithecanthropus''_was_not_a_man,_but_a_gigantic_genus_allied_to_the_gibbons,_however_superior_to_the_gibbons_on_account_of_its_e"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Dubois concluded his 1932 paper: "I still believe, now more firmly than ever, that the <i>Pithecanthropus</i> of Trinil is the real 'missing link.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989156Gould1993136SwisherCurtisLewin200074_[all_three_sources_cite_Dubois's_phrase_to_show_that_he_never_abandoned_the_claim_that_Java_Man_was_a_"missing_link"]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989156Gould1993136SwisherCurtisLewin200074_[all_three_sources_cite_Dubois's_phrase_to_show_that_he_never_abandoned_the_claim_that_Java_Man_was_a_"missing_link"]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reclassification_as_Homo_erectus">Reclassification as <i>Homo erectus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reclassification as Homo erectus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></div> <p>Based on Weidenreich's work and on his suggestion that <i>Pithecanthropus erectus</i> and <i>Sinanthropus pekinensis</i> were connected through a series of <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbreeding">interbreeding</a> populations, German biologist <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a> reclassified them both as being part of the same species: <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochon200466–67_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochon200466–67-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mayr presented his conclusion at the <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Symposium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Spring Harbor Symposium">Cold Spring Harbor Symposium</a> in 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200898._The_original_paper_is_[[#CITEREFMayr1950|Mayr_1950]]_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200898._The_original_paper_is_[[#CITEREFMayr1950|Mayr_1950]]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this resulted in Dubois's <i>erectus</i> species being reclassified under the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Homo</i>. As part of the reclassification, Mayr included not only <i>Sinanthropus</i> and <i>Pithecanthropus</i>, but also <i>Plesianthropus</i>, <i>Paranthropus</i>, <i>Javanthropus</i>, and several other genera as <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>, arguing that all human ancestors were part of a single genus (<i>Homo</i>), and that "never one more than one species of man existed on the earth at any one time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelisle2007298,_citing_Mayr's_1950_paper_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelisle2007298,_citing_Mayr's_1950_paper-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "revolution in taxonomy", Mayr's single-species approach to human evolution was quickly accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochon200467_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochon200467-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shaped <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">paleoanthropology</a> in the 1950s and lasted into the 1970s, when the African genus <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> was accepted into the human <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">evolutionary tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200898_["the_"single-species"_thesis_to_which_he_was_committed_became_the_theoretical_foundation_for_paleoanthropology_for_years_to_come"]BoazCiochon200467_["was_to_sweep_anthropology_in_the_1950s"&nbsp;..._"Thus_was_born_the_single-species_hypothesis,_a_powerful_model_that_endured_until_the_late_1970s_when_fossil_discoveries_in_Africa_disproved_it,_at_least_for_the_early_part_of_the_hominid_fossil_record"]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200898_["the_"single-species"_thesis_to_which_he_was_committed_became_the_theoretical_foundation_for_paleoanthropology_for_years_to_come"]BoazCiochon200467_["was_to_sweep_anthropology_in_the_1950s"&nbsp;..._"Thus_was_born_the_single-species_hypothesis,_a_powerful_model_that_endured_until_the_late_1970s_when_fossil_discoveries_in_Africa_disproved_it,_at_least_for_the_early_part_of_the_hominid_fossil_record"]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s a tendency developed to regard the Javanese variety of <i>H. erectus</i> as a subspecies, <i>Homo erectus erectus</i>, with the Chinese variety being referred to as <i>Homo erectus pekinensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-discovery_analysis">Post-discovery analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-discovery analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_of_the_fossils">Date of the fossils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Date of the fossils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy (archaeology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_Plate_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_Plate_1.png/330px-The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_Plate_1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_Plate_1.png/495px-The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_Plate_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_Plate_1.png/660px-The_most_ancient_skeletal_remains_of_man_Plate_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>The locality of the <i>Pithecanthropus</i> find, on the <a href="/wiki/Solo_River" title="Solo River">Solo River</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Trinil" title="Trinil">Trinil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. The two white squares show where the femur (left) and the skullcap (right) were discovered. Their discovery near flowing water was one of the many sources of controversy that surrounded the fossils.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_Erectus_shell_with_geometric_incisions_circa_500,000_BP,_Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center,_Netherlands_(with_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Homo_Erectus_shell_with_geometric_incisions_circa_500%2C000_BP%2C_Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center%2C_Netherlands_%28with_detail%29.jpg/330px-Homo_Erectus_shell_with_geometric_incisions_circa_500%2C000_BP%2C_Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center%2C_Netherlands_%28with_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Homo_Erectus_shell_with_geometric_incisions_circa_500%2C000_BP%2C_Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center%2C_Netherlands_%28with_detail%29.jpg/495px-Homo_Erectus_shell_with_geometric_incisions_circa_500%2C000_BP%2C_Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center%2C_Netherlands_%28with_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Homo_Erectus_shell_with_geometric_incisions_circa_500%2C000_BP%2C_Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center%2C_Netherlands_%28with_detail%29.jpg/660px-Homo_Erectus_shell_with_geometric_incisions_circa_500%2C000_BP%2C_Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center%2C_Netherlands_%28with_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3083" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pseudodon_shell_DUB1006-fL" title="Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL">Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL</a>, found near Java Man and dated to circa 500,000 BP, contains the earliest known geometric engravings. From <a href="/wiki/Trinil" title="Trinil">Trinil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. Now in the <a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center" title="Naturalis Biodiversity Center">Naturalis Biodiversity Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Joordens2015_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joordens2015-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Dubois's complete collection of fossils were transferred between 1895 and 1900 to what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis">Naturalis</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main fossil of Java Man, the skullcap cataloged as "Trinil 2", has been dated <a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">biostratigraphically</a>, that is, by correlating it with a group of fossilized animals (a "<a href="/wiki/Faunal_assemblage" title="Faunal assemblage">faunal assemblage</a>") found nearby on the same <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(geology)" title="Horizon (geology)">geological horizon</a>, which is itself compared with assemblages from other layers and classified chronologically. Ralph von Koenigswald first assigned Java Man to the <a href="/wiki/Trinil_Fauna" title="Trinil Fauna">Trinil Fauna</a>, a faunal assemblage that he composed from several Javanese sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004275_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004275-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded that the skullcap was about 700,000 years old, thus dating from the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaifu_et_al.2010145de_Vos2004274–75_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaifu_et_al.2010145de_Vos2004274–75-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though this view is still widely accepted, in the 1980s a group of Dutch <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontologists</a> used Dubois's collection of more than 20,000 animal fossils to reassess the date of the layer in which Java Man was found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaifu_et_al.2010145_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaifu_et_al.2010145-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using only fossils from Trinil, they called that new faunal assemblage the <a href="/wiki/Trinil_H._K._Fauna" title="Trinil H. K. Fauna">Trinil H. K. Fauna</a>, in which H. K. stands for <i>Haupt Knochenschicht</i>, or "main fossil-bearing layer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004275–76_[explanation_of_the_Trinil_H._K._Fauna]Zaim2010103_[Trinil_H._K._Fauna,_citing_[[#CITEREFde_Vos_et_al.1982|de_Vos_et_al._1982]]_and_[[#CITEREFde_VosSondaar1994|de_Vos_&amp;_Sondaar_1994]]]_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004275–76_[explanation_of_the_Trinil_H._K._Fauna]Zaim2010103_[Trinil_H._K._Fauna,_citing_[[#CITEREFde_Vos_et_al.1982|de_Vos_et_al._1982]]_and_[[#CITEREFde_VosSondaar1994|de_Vos_&amp;_Sondaar_1994]]]-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This assessment dates the fossils of Java Man to between 900,000 and 1,000,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennell2010155_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennell2010155-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, work published in 2014 gives a "maximum age of 0.54 ± 0.10 million years and a minimum age of 0.43 ± 0.05 million years" for Ar-Ar and luminescence dating of sediment in human-predated shell material from Trinil.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work continues on assessing the dating of this complex site. </p><p>Other fossils attest to the even earlier presence of <i>H. erectus</i> in Java. <a href="/wiki/Sangiran_2" title="Sangiran 2">Sangiran 2</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">its discovery site</a>) may be as old as 1.66 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> (million years). The controversial <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto_child" title="Mojokerto child">Mojokerto child</a>, which Carl C. Swisher and <a href="/wiki/Garniss_Curtis" title="Garniss Curtis">Garniss Curtis</a> once dated to 1.81 ± 0.04 Ma, has now been convincingly re-dated to a maximum age of 1.49 ± 0.13 Ma, that is, 1.49 million years with a margin of error of plus or minus 130,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennell2009155_["The_maximum_age_of_this_specimen_is_thus_1.49_million_years,_and_not_1.81_million_years,_as_implied_by_[[#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994|Swisher_et_al._1994]]"]Ciochon2010112_["As_the_relocated_discovery_bed_proved_to_be_~20&nbsp;m_above_the_horizon_that_[[#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994|Swisher_et_al._1994]]_dated,_the_skull_is_certainly_younger_than_had_been_previously_reported"_([[#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006|Huffman_et_al._2006]])"]Rabett201226_["the_1994_estimate_of_its_age_has_now_been_credibly_refuted_([[#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006|Huffman_et_al._2006]])"]Dennell2010266_["the_recent_re-discovery_of_the_precise_provenance_of_the_Mojokerto_cranium_that_is_now_dated_to_a_maximum_of_1.49_Ma_([[#CITEREFMorwood_et_al.2003|Morwood_et_al._2003]])_clarifies_long-standing_uncertainties_over_the_age_of_this_important_specimen"]_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennell2009155_["The_maximum_age_of_this_specimen_is_thus_1.49_million_years,_and_not_1.81_million_years,_as_implied_by_[[#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994|Swisher_et_al._1994]]"]Ciochon2010112_["As_the_relocated_discovery_bed_proved_to_be_~20&nbsp;m_above_the_horizon_that_[[#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994|Swisher_et_al._1994]]_dated,_the_skull_is_certainly_younger_than_had_been_previously_reported"_([[#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006|Huffman_et_al._2006]])"]Rabett201226_["the_1994_estimate_of_its_age_has_now_been_credibly_refuted_([[#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006|Huffman_et_al._2006]])"]Dennell2010266_["the_recent_re-discovery_of_the_precise_provenance_of_the_Mojokerto_cranium_that_is_now_dated_to_a_maximum_of_1.49_Ma_([[#CITEREFMorwood_et_al.2003|Morwood_et_al._2003]])_clarifies_long-standing_uncertainties_over_the_age_of_this_important_specimen"]-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_specimen">Type specimen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Type specimen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fossils found in Java are considered the <a href="/wiki/Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimen</a> for <i>H. erectus</i>. Because the fossils of Java Man were found "scattered in an <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial deposit">alluvial deposit</a>" – they had been laid there by the flow of a river – detractors doubted that they belonged to the same species, let alone the same individual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200834_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200834-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>, for instance, argued in 1895 that the femur was that of a gibbon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993135-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dubois had difficulty convincing his critics, because he had not attended the excavation, and could not explain specifically enough the exact location of the bones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200069_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200069-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Trinil thighbone looks very much like that of a modern human, it might have been a "<a href="/wiki/Reworked_fossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Reworked fossil">reworked fossil</a>", that is, a relatively young fossil that was deposited into an older layer after its own layer had been eroded. For this reason, there is still dissent about whether all the Trinil fossils represent the same species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennell2009159–61_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennell2009159–61-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Java_Man.jpg/220px-Java_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Java_Man.jpg/330px-Java_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Java_Man.jpg/440px-Java_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>A 1922 reconstruction of the skull of Java Man (based on Trinil 2).</figcaption></figure> <p>Java Man was about 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and his thighbones show that he <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walked erect</a> like modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The femur is thicker than that of a modern human, indicating he was engaging in a lot of running.<sup id="cite_ref-Athena_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athena-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull was characterized by thick bones and a retreating forehead. The large teeth made the jaw large and jutting, with the lower lips overhanging the lower margin of the mandible, giving the impression of no chin. The <a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraorbital ridge">browridges</a> were straight and massive. At 900 cm<sup>3</sup>, his <a href="/wiki/Brain_size" title="Brain size">cranial capacity</a> was smaller than that of later <i>H. erectus</i> specimens. However, he had humanlike teeth with large canines.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judging from anatomical and archeological aspects as well as Java Man's ecological role, meat from vertebrates was likely an important part of their diet. Java Man, like other <i>Homo erectus</i>, was probably a rare species.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that Java Man used shell tools to cut meat.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java Man's dispersal through Southeast Asia coincides with the extirpation of the giant turtle <i><a href="/wiki/Megalochelys" title="Megalochelys">Megalochelys</a></i>, possibly due to overhunting as the turtle would have been an easy, slow-moving target which could have been stored for quite some time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>H. erectus</i> arrived in Eurasia approximately 1.8 million years ago, in an event considered to be the first African exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that the Java population of <i>H. erectus</i> lived in an ever-wet forest habitat. More specifically the environment resembled a <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a>, but was likely regularly inundated ("hydromorphic savanna"). The plants found at the Trinil excavation site included grass (<a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Indigofera" title="Indigofera">Indigofera</a></i>, which are typical of lowland rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_fire">Control of fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Control of fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">control of fire by <i>Homo erectus</i></a> is generally accepted by archaeologists to have begun some 400,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-James_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with claims regarding earlier evidence finding increasing scientific support.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burned wood has been found in layers that carried the Java Man fossils in <a href="/wiki/Trinil" title="Trinil">Trinil</a>, dating to around from 500,000 to 830,000 BP. However, because Central Java is a volcanic region, the charring may have resulted from natural fires, and there is no conclusive proof that <i>Homo erectus</i> in Java controlled fire.<sup id="cite_ref-James_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that Java Man was aware of the use of fire,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the frequent presence of natural fires may have allowed Java Man "opportunistic use [... that] did not create an archeologically visible pattern".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/28px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/42px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/56px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropopithecus" title="Anthropopithecus">Anthropopithecus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites" title="List of fossil sites">List of fossil sites</a> <i>(with link directory)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a>: Pleistocene Java was part of this large peninsula attached to the Asian continent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinil_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinil tiger">Trinil tiger</a>: an extinct mammal found in the same site as Java Man</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i>: the mysterious giant java man whose fossils were found in Sangiran</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200070-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200070_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200070_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200058–59-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200058–59_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200058de_Vos2004270-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200058de_Vos2004270_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 58; <a href="#CITEREFde_Vos2004">de Vos 2004</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200059_["unorthodox"_venture;_was_refused_government_funding;_hired_as_medical_officer]_and_61_["he_was_the_first_person_to_set_out_on_a_deliberate_search_for_fossils_of_human_ancestors"]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200059_["unorthodox"_venture;_was_refused_government_funding;_hired_as_medical_officer]_and_61_["he_was_the_first_person_to_set_out_on_a_deliberate_search_for_fossils_of_human_ancestors"]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 59 ["unorthodox" venture; was refused government funding; hired as medical officer] and 61 ["he was the first person to set out on a deliberate search for fossils of human ancestors"].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200061-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200061_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200061–62-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200061–62_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen198941–43-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen198941–43_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheunissen1989">Theunissen 1989</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301721/Java-man">"Java Man (extinct hominid)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Java+Man+%28extinct+hominid%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F301721%2FJava-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272_[citation_from_an_assessment_Dubois_made_in_1893]SwisherCurtisLewin200061_[name_''Anthropopithecus'']-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272_[citation_from_an_assessment_Dubois_made_in_1893]SwisherCurtisLewin200061_[name_''Anthropopithecus'']_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vos2004">de Vos 2004</a>, p. 272 [citation from an assessment Dubois made in 1893]; <a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 61 [name <i>Anthropopithecus</i>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200067-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200067_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mai, Larry L., Marcus Young Owl, M. Patricia Kersting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ured-douala.com/download/The_Cambridge_Dictionary_of_Human_Biology_And_Evolution.pdf"><i>The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution</i></a>, Cambridge University Press 2005, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200066–7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200066–7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, pp. 66–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/trinil-2">"Images of Trinil 2"</a>. 25 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Images+of+Trinil+2&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanorigins.si.edu%2Fevidence%2Fhuman-fossils%2Ffossils%2Ftrinil-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200075-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200075_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200844–45_[date_of_discovery]SwisherCurtisLewin2000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200844–45_[date_of_discovery]SwisherCurtisLewin2000_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmalzer2008">Schmalzer 2008</a>, pp. 44–45 [date of discovery]; <a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200074–76-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200074–76_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, pp. 74–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzTattersall2005" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Jeffrey H.; Tattersall, Ian (2005). <i>The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia)</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 450.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Fossil+Record%2C+Craniodental+Morphology+of+Genus+Homo+%28Africa+and+Asia%29&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rft.au=Tattersall%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200042-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200042_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989161–62_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheunissen1989">Theunissen 1989</a>, pp. 161–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=593">"Sangiran Early Man Site"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sangiran+Early+Man+Site&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fpg.cfm%3Fcid%3D31%26id_site%3D593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200076–79-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200076–79_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, pp. 76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Committee2002" class="citation cs2">UNESCO World Heritage Committee (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2002/whc-02-conf202-17reve.pdf"><i>State of conservation of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, pp. 29–30</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+conservation+of+properties+inscribed+on+the+World+Heritage+List&rft.pages=29-30&rft.date=2002&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2F2002%2Fwhc-02-conf202-17reve.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200069,_citing_von_Koenigswald's_''Meeting_Prehistoric_Man''_(1956)-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200069,_citing_von_Koenigswald's_''Meeting_Prehistoric_Man''_(1956)_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 69, citing von Koenigswald's <i>Meeting Prehistoric Man</i> (1956).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2005">Schwartz 2005</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetheringtonReid2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAAja8FTPF6QCpgPA64_64]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetheringtonReid2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAAja8FTPF6QCpgPA64_64]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHetheringtonReid2010">Hetherington & Reid 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAja8FTPF6QC&pg=PA64">64</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Athena-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Athena_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Athena_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Athena_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100514083346/http://www.athenapub.com/13dubox1.htm">"The Discovery of Java Man in 1891"</a>. <i>Athena Review</i>. Vol. 4, no. 1: Homo erectus. p. 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athenapub.com/13dubox1.htm">the original</a> on 2010-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athena+Review&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Java+Man+in+1891&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%3A+Homo+erectus&rft.pages=15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.athenapub.com%2F13dubox1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272SwisherCurtisLewin200069-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272SwisherCurtisLewin200069_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vos2004">de Vos 2004</a>, p. 272; <a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vos2004">de Vos 2004</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200054-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200054_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272–73_["extinct_side_branch_of_human_evolution"]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vos2004272–73_["extinct_side_branch_of_human_evolution"]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vos2004">de Vos 2004</a>, pp. 272–73 ["extinct side branch of human evolution"].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer2008258_["While_at_the_turn_of_the_century_a_linear_model_of_human_evolution_was_widely_accepted,_from_around_1910_to_the_1940s,_the_dominant_model_placed_fossil_hominids_like_Java_Man,_Peking_Man,_and_the_Neanderthals_on_side_branches_of_the_family_tree._These_'cousins'_were_understood_to_have_become_extinct,_replaced_by_our_unknown_direct_ancestors."]-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer2008258_["While_at_the_turn_of_the_century_a_linear_model_of_human_evolution_was_widely_accepted,_from_around_1910_to_the_1940s,_the_dominant_model_placed_fossil_hominids_like_Java_Man,_Peking_Man,_and_the_Neanderthals_on_side_branches_of_the_family_tree._These_'cousins'_were_understood_to_have_become_extinct,_replaced_by_our_unknown_direct_ancestors."]_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmalzer2008">Schmalzer 2008</a>, p. 258 ["While at the turn of the century a linear model of human evolution was widely accepted, from around 1910 to the 1940s, the dominant model placed fossil hominids like Java Man, Peking Man, and the Neanderthals on side branches of the family tree. These 'cousins' were understood to have become extinct, replaced by our unknown direct ancestors."].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152SwisherCurtisLewin200068Gould1993134-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152SwisherCurtisLewin200068Gould1993134_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheunissen1989">Theunissen 1989</a>, p. 152; <a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 68; <a href="#CITEREFGould1993">Gould 1993</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152–56SwisherCurtisLewin200068_["The_second_popular_and_persistent_myth_about_Dubois_and_his_supposed_reaction_to_the_anthropological_world's_largely_negative_assessment_of_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_putative_missing_link...._It_is_true..._that_Dubois's_proposition_found_little_support_among_professional_anthropologists&nbsp;..._But_the_rest_of_the_story,_about_Dubois's_supposed_withdrawal_and_craziness,_is_apocryphal..."]Gould1993134_["And_now..._I_may_finally_correct_the_last_and_most_insidious_claim_of_the_standard_legend—[that]_Dubois..._redesignates_his_once-proud_ancestor_as_nothing_but_a_giant_gibbon."]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152–56SwisherCurtisLewin200068_["The_second_popular_and_persistent_myth_about_Dubois_and_his_supposed_reaction_to_the_anthropological_world's_largely_negative_assessment_of_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_putative_missing_link...._It_is_true..._that_Dubois's_proposition_found_little_support_among_professional_anthropologists&nbsp;..._But_the_rest_of_the_story,_about_Dubois's_supposed_withdrawal_and_craziness,_is_apocryphal..."]Gould1993134_["And_now..._I_may_finally_correct_the_last_and_most_insidious_claim_of_the_standard_legend—[that]_Dubois..._redesignates_his_once-proud_ancestor_as_nothing_but_a_giant_gibbon."]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheunissen1989">Theunissen 1989</a>, pp. 152–56; <a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 68 ["The second popular and persistent myth about Dubois and his supposed reaction to the anthropological world's largely negative assessment of <i>Pithecanthropus</i> as a putative missing link.... It is true... that Dubois's proposition found little support among professional anthropologists ... But the rest of the story, about Dubois's supposed withdrawal and craziness, is apocryphal..."]; <a href="#CITEREFGould1993">Gould 1993</a>, p. 134 ["And now... I may finally correct the last and most insidious claim of the standard legend—[that] Dubois... redesignates his once-proud ancestor as nothing but a giant gibbon."].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993136_["Dubois's_ingenious_attempt_to_retain_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_direct_human_ancestor_has_been_widely_misread_in_a_precisely_opposite_manner_as_an_ultimate_surrender,_almost_comical_in_its_transmogrification_of_a_human_forebear_into_a_giant_gibbon."]-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993136_["Dubois's_ingenious_attempt_to_retain_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_direct_human_ancestor_has_been_widely_misread_in_a_precisely_opposite_manner_as_an_ultimate_surrender,_almost_comical_in_its_transmogrification_of_a_human_forebear_into_a_giant_gibbon."]_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould1993">Gould 1993</a>, p. 136 ["Dubois's ingenious attempt to retain <i>Pithecanthropus</i> as a direct human ancestor has been widely misread in a precisely opposite manner as an ultimate surrender, almost comical in its transmogrification of a human forebear into a giant gibbon."].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993133–34-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993133–34_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould1993">Gould 1993</a>, pp. 133–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_["Dubois_desperately_wanted_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_direct_ancestor_under_his_evolutionary_view._But_the_brain_of_Java_Man_ranked_with_embarrassing_bulk_at_some_900&nbsp;cm3,_or_two-thirds_human_volume."]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_["Dubois_desperately_wanted_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_direct_ancestor_under_his_evolutionary_view._But_the_brain_of_Java_Man_ranked_with_embarrassing_bulk_at_some_900&nbsp;cm3,_or_two-thirds_human_volume."]_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould1993">Gould 1993</a>, p. 135 ["Dubois desperately wanted <i>Pithecanthropus</i> as a direct ancestor under his evolutionary view. But the brain of Java Man ranked with embarrassing bulk at some 900 cm3, or two-thirds human volume."].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200074_["In_common_with_other_anthropologists_of_the_time,_Dubois_believed_that_the_human_stock_was_rooted_in_some_kind_of_gibbonlike_ancestor."]-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200074_["In_common_with_other_anthropologists_of_the_time,_Dubois_believed_that_the_human_stock_was_rooted_in_some_kind_of_gibbonlike_ancestor."]_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 74 ["In common with other anthropologists of the time, Dubois believed that the human stock was rooted in some kind of gibbonlike ancestor."].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_[the_second_citation_is_from_Dubois's_paper]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_[the_second_citation_is_from_Dubois's_paper]_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould1993">Gould 1993</a>, p. 135 [the second citation is from Dubois's paper].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152–156SwisherCurtisLewin200074_["Because_Dubois_applied_the_name_'Giant_Gibbon'_to_this_creature,_many_people_took_it_to_mean_that_..._he_no_longer_considered_his_''Pithecanthropus''_to_be_linked_to_human_ancestry._..._By_describing_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_giant_gibbon,_Dubois_simply_meant_that_it_was_closer_to_gibbons_than_to_humans_in_body_form._And,_he_pointed_out,_gibbons_and_humans_share_many_anatomical_features_that_relate_to_humans'_habitually_and_gibbons'_occasionally_upright_mode_of_walking."]Gould1993134–35_["Dubois_used_the_proportions_of_a_gibbon_to_give_''Pithecanthropus''_a_brain_at_exactly_half_our_level,_thereby_rendering_his_man_of_Java_..._as_the_direct_ancestor_of_all_modern_humans._He_argued_about_gibbons_to_exalt_''Pithecanthropus'',_not_to_demote_the_greatest_discovery_of_his_life."],_135–36_[citing_from_Dubois's_1932_paper:_"''Pithecanthropus''_was_not_a_man,_but_a_gigantic_genus_allied_to_the_gibbons,_however_superior_to_the_gibbons_on_account_of_its_e"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989152–156SwisherCurtisLewin200074_["Because_Dubois_applied_the_name_'Giant_Gibbon'_to_this_creature,_many_people_took_it_to_mean_that_..._he_no_longer_considered_his_''Pithecanthropus''_to_be_linked_to_human_ancestry._..._By_describing_''Pithecanthropus''_as_a_giant_gibbon,_Dubois_simply_meant_that_it_was_closer_to_gibbons_than_to_humans_in_body_form._And,_he_pointed_out,_gibbons_and_humans_share_many_anatomical_features_that_relate_to_humans'_habitually_and_gibbons'_occasionally_upright_mode_of_walking."]Gould1993134–35_["Dubois_used_the_proportions_of_a_gibbon_to_give_''Pithecanthropus''_a_brain_at_exactly_half_our_level,_thereby_rendering_his_man_of_Java_..._as_the_direct_ancestor_of_all_modern_humans._He_argued_about_gibbons_to_exalt_''Pithecanthropus'',_not_to_demote_the_greatest_discovery_of_his_life."],_135–36_[citing_from_Dubois's_1932_paper:_"''Pithecanthropus''_was_not_a_man,_but_a_gigantic_genus_allied_to_the_gibbons,_however_superior_to_the_gibbons_on_account_of_its_ex">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheunissen1989">Theunissen 1989</a>, pp. 152–156; <a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 74 ["Because Dubois applied the name 'Giant Gibbon' to this creature, many people took it to mean that ... he no longer considered his <i>Pithecanthropus</i> to be linked to human ancestry. ... By describing <i>Pithecanthropus</i> as a giant gibbon, Dubois simply meant that it was closer to gibbons than to humans in body form. And, he pointed out, gibbons and humans share many anatomical features that relate to humans' habitually and gibbons' occasionally upright mode of walking."]; <a href="#CITEREFGould1993">Gould 1993</a>, pp. 134–35 ["Dubois used the proportions of a gibbon to give <i>Pithecanthropus</i> a brain at exactly half our level, thereby rendering his man of Java ... as the direct ancestor of all modern humans. He argued about gibbons to exalt <i>Pithecanthropus</i>, not to demote the greatest discovery of his life."], 135–36 [citing from Dubois's 1932 paper: "<i>Pithecanthropus</i> was not a man, but a gigantic genus allied to the gibbons, however superior to the gibbons on account of its exceedingly large brain volume and distinguished at the same time by its faculty of assuming an erect attitude and gait. It had the double cephalization of the anthropoid apes in general and half that of man."] and 136 [... "Dubois never said that <i>Pithecanthropus</i> was a gibbon (and therefore the lumbering, almost comical dead end of the legend), rather, he reconstructed Java Man with the proportions of a gibbon in order to inflate the body weight and transform his beloved creature into a direct human ancestor—its highest possible status—under his curious theory of evolution."].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989156Gould1993136SwisherCurtisLewin200074_[all_three_sources_cite_Dubois's_phrase_to_show_that_he_never_abandoned_the_claim_that_Java_Man_was_a_"missing_link"]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheunissen1989156Gould1993136SwisherCurtisLewin200074_[all_three_sources_cite_Dubois's_phrase_to_show_that_he_never_abandoned_the_claim_that_Java_Man_was_a_"missing_link"]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheunissen1989">Theunissen 1989</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFGould1993">Gould 1993</a>, p. 136; <a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 74 [all three sources cite Dubois's phrase to show that he never abandoned the claim that Java Man was a "missing link"].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochon200466–67-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochon200466–67_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoazCiochon2004">Boaz & Ciochon 2004</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200898._The_original_paper_is_[[#CITEREFMayr1950|Mayr_1950]]-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200898._The_original_paper_is_[[#CITEREFMayr1950|Mayr_1950]]_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmalzer2008">Schmalzer 2008</a>, p. 98. The original paper is <a href="#CITEREFMayr1950">Mayr 1950</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelisle2007298,_citing_Mayr's_1950_paper-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelisle2007298,_citing_Mayr's_1950_paper_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelisle2007">Delisle 2007</a>, p. 298, citing Mayr's 1950 paper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochon200467-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoazCiochon200467_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoazCiochon2004">Boaz & Ciochon 2004</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200898_["the_"single-species"_thesis_to_which_he_was_committed_became_the_theoretical_foundation_for_paleoanthropology_for_years_to_come"]BoazCiochon200467_["was_to_sweep_anthropology_in_the_1950s"&nbsp;..._"Thus_was_born_the_single-species_hypothesis,_a_powerful_model_that_endured_until_the_late_1970s_when_fossil_discoveries_in_Africa_disproved_it,_at_least_for_the_early_part_of_the_hominid_fossil_record"]-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200898_["the_"single-species"_thesis_to_which_he_was_committed_became_the_theoretical_foundation_for_paleoanthropology_for_years_to_come"]BoazCiochon200467_["was_to_sweep_anthropology_in_the_1950s"&nbsp;..._"Thus_was_born_the_single-species_hypothesis,_a_powerful_model_that_endured_until_the_late_1970s_when_fossil_discoveries_in_Africa_disproved_it,_at_least_for_the_early_part_of_the_hominid_fossil_record"]_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmalzer2008">Schmalzer 2008</a>, p. 98 ["the "single-species" thesis to which he was committed became the theoretical foundation for paleoanthropology for years to come"]; <a href="#CITEREFBoazCiochon2004">Boaz & Ciochon 2004</a>, p. 67 ["was to sweep anthropology in the 1950s" ... "Thus was born the single-species hypothesis, a powerful model that endured until the late 1970s when fossil discoveries in Africa disproved it, at least for the early part of the hominid fossil record"].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartono1975" class="citation book cs1">Sartono, S. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejsyIZMsC9oC&pg=PA327">"Implications arising from Pithecanthropus VIII"</a>. In Russell H. Tuttle (ed.). <i>Paleoanthropology: Morphology and Paleoecology</i>. Mouton & Co. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7699-4"><bdi>978-90-279-7699-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Implications+arising+from+Pithecanthropus+VIII&rft.btitle=Paleoanthropology%3A+Morphology+and+Paleoecology&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Mouton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7699-4&rft.aulast=Sartono&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejsyIZMsC9oC%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joordens2015-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joordens2015_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoordensd’ErricoWesselinghMunro2015" class="citation journal cs1">Joordens, Josephine C. A.; d’Errico, Francesco; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Munro, Stephen; de Vos, John; Wallinga, Jakob; Ankjærgaard, Christina; Reimann, Tony; Wijbrans, Jan R.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mücher, Herman J. 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K. Fauna]; <a href="#CITEREFZaim2010">Zaim 2010</a>, p. 103 [Trinil H. K. Fauna, citing <a href="#CITEREFde_Vos_et_al.1982">de Vos et al. 1982</a> and <a href="#CITEREFde_VosSondaar1994">de Vos & Sondaar 1994</a>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennell2010155-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennell2010155_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennell2010">Dennell 2010</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoordens2015" class="citation journal cs1">Joordens, J. C. A.; et al. (12 February 2015) [Epub: 2014 Dec 3]. "Homo erectus at Trinil on Java used shells for tool production and engraving". <i>Nature</i>. <b>518</b> (7538): 228–31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.518..228J">2015Natur.518..228J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13962">10.1038/nature13962</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25470048">25470048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4461751">4461751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Homo+erectus+at+Trinil+on+Java+used+shells+for+tool+production+and+engraving&rft.volume=518&rft.issue=7538&rft.pages=228-31&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4461751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25470048&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.518..228J&rft.aulast=Joordens&rft.aufirst=J.+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennell2009155_["The_maximum_age_of_this_specimen_is_thus_1.49_million_years,_and_not_1.81_million_years,_as_implied_by_[[#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994|Swisher_et_al._1994]]"]Ciochon2010112_["As_the_relocated_discovery_bed_proved_to_be_~20&nbsp;m_above_the_horizon_that_[[#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994|Swisher_et_al._1994]]_dated,_the_skull_is_certainly_younger_than_had_been_previously_reported"_([[#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006|Huffman_et_al._2006]])"]Rabett201226_["the_1994_estimate_of_its_age_has_now_been_credibly_refuted_([[#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006|Huffman_et_al._2006]])"]Dennell2010266_["the_recent_re-discovery_of_the_precise_provenance_of_the_Mojokerto_cranium_that_is_now_dated_to_a_maximum_of_1.49_Ma_([[#CITEREFMorwood_et_al.2003|Morwood_et_al._2003]])_clarifies_long-standing_uncertainties_over_the_age_of_this_important_specimen"]-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennell2009155_["The_maximum_age_of_this_specimen_is_thus_1.49_million_years,_and_not_1.81_million_years,_as_implied_by_[[#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994|Swisher_et_al._1994]]"]Ciochon2010112_["As_the_relocated_discovery_bed_proved_to_be_~20&nbsp;m_above_the_horizon_that_[[#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994|Swisher_et_al._1994]]_dated,_the_skull_is_certainly_younger_than_had_been_previously_reported"_([[#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006|Huffman_et_al._2006]])"]Rabett201226_["the_1994_estimate_of_its_age_has_now_been_credibly_refuted_([[#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006|Huffman_et_al._2006]])"]Dennell2010266_["the_recent_re-discovery_of_the_precise_provenance_of_the_Mojokerto_cranium_that_is_now_dated_to_a_maximum_of_1.49_Ma_([[#CITEREFMorwood_et_al.2003|Morwood_et_al._2003]])_clarifies_long-standing_uncertainties_over_the_age_of_this_important_specimen"]_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennell2009">Dennell 2009</a>, p. 155 ["The maximum age of this specimen is thus 1.49 million years, and not 1.81 million years, as implied by <a href="#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994">Swisher et al. 1994</a>"]; <a href="#CITEREFCiochon2010">Ciochon 2010</a>, p. 112 ["As the relocated discovery bed proved to be ~20 m above the horizon that <a href="#CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994">Swisher et al. 1994</a> dated, the skull is certainly younger than had been previously reported" (<a href="#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006">Huffman et al. 2006</a>)"]; <a href="#CITEREFRabett2012">Rabett 2012</a>, p. 26 ["the 1994 estimate of its age has now been credibly refuted (<a href="#CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006">Huffman et al. 2006</a>)"]; <a href="#CITEREFDennell2010">Dennell 2010</a>, p. 266 ["the recent re-discovery of the precise provenance of the Mojokerto cranium that is now dated to a maximum of 1.49 Ma (<a href="#CITEREFMorwood_et_al.2003">Morwood et al. 2003</a>) clarifies long-standing uncertainties over the age of this important specimen"].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200834-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalzer200834_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmalzer2008">Schmalzer 2008</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1993135-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould1993135_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould1993">Gould 1993</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200069-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwisherCurtisLewin200069_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000">Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2000</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennell2009159–61-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennell2009159–61_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennell2009">Dennell 2009</a>, pp. 159–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorm2012" class="citation journal cs1">Storm, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251700566">"A carnivorous niche for Java Man? A preliminary consideration of the abundance of fossils in Middle Pleistocene Java"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences">Comptes Rendus Palevol</a></i>. <b>11</b> (2–3): 191–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2011.04.002">10.1016/j.crpv.2011.04.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Palevol&rft.atitle=A+carnivorous+niche+for+Java+Man%3F+A+preliminary+consideration+of+the+abundance+of+fossils+in+Middle+Pleistocene+Java&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=191-202&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2011.04.002&rft.aulast=Storm&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F251700566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoiDriwantoro2007" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Kildo; Driwantoro, Dubel (January 2007). 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Frank (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4051846">"The Oldest Gibbon Fossil (Hylobatidae) from Insular Southeast Asia: Evidence from Trinil, (East Java, Indonesia), Lower/Middle Pleistocene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLoS ONE</a></i>. <b>9</b> (6). e99531. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...999531I">2014PLoSO...999531I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0099531">10.1371/journal.pone.0099531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4051846">4051846</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24914951">24914951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Oldest+Gibbon+Fossil+%28Hylobatidae%29+from+Insular+Southeast+Asia%3A+Evidence+from+Trinil%2C+%28East+Java%2C+Indonesia%29%2C+Lower%2FMiddle+Pleistocene&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e99531&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4051846%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24914951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0099531&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...999531I&rft.aulast=Ingicco&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=de+Vos%2C+John&rft.au=Huffman%2C+O.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4051846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1989" class="citation journal cs1">James, Steven R. (February 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212084645/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf">"Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203705">10.1086/203705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146473957">146473957</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Hominid+Use+of+Fire+in+the+Lower+and+Middle+Pleistocene%3A+A+Review+of+the+Evidence&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1989-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146473957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ksu.edu.sa%2Farchaeology%2FPublications%2FHearths%2FHominid%2520Use%2520of%2520Fire%2520in%2520the%2520Lower%2520and%2520Middle%2520Pleistocene.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke" class="citation web cs1">Luke, Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120402162548.htm">"Evidence That Human Ancestors Used Fire One Million Years Ago"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-27</span></span>. <q>An international team led by the University of Toronto and Hebrew University has identified the earliest known evidence of the use of fire by human ancestors. Microscopic traces of wood ash, alongside animal bones and stone tools, were found in a layer dated to one million years ago</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evidence+That+Human+Ancestors+Used+Fire+One+Million+Years+Ago&rft.aulast=Luke&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F04%2F120402162548.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kenneth (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire#.UpHIM2tYCSN">"Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking With Fire"</a>. <i>Discover</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Find+Earliest+Evidence+of+Humans+Cooking+With+Fire&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2013%2Fmay%2F09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire%23.UpHIM2tYCSN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Alsberg, Paul (2013). <i>In Quest of Man: A Biological Approach to the Problem of Man's Place in Nature</i>. Elsevier. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483151557" title="Special:BookSources/9781483151557"><bdi>9781483151557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Quest+of+Man%3A+A+Biological+Approach+to+the+Problem+of+Man%27s+Place+in+Nature&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781483151557&rft.aulast=Alsberg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoebroeksaVilla2011" class="citation journal cs1">Roebroeksa, Wil; Villa, Paola (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069174">"On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>108</b> (13): 5209–14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.5209R">2011PNAS..108.5209R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1018116108">10.1073/pnas.1018116108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069174">3069174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21402905">21402905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=On+the+earliest+evidence+for+habitual+use+of+fire+in+Europe&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=5209-14&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3069174%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21402905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1018116108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108.5209R&rft.aulast=Roebroeksa&rft.aufirst=Wil&rft.au=Villa%2C+Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3069174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoazCiochon2004" class="citation cs2">Boaz, Noel T.; Ciochon, Russell L. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dragonbonehillic00boaz"><i>Dragon Bone Hill: An Ice-Age Saga of Homo Erectus</i></a>, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515291-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515291-3"><bdi>978-0-19-515291-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragon+Bone+Hill%3A+An+Ice-Age+Saga+of+Homo+Erectus&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515291-3&rft.aulast=Boaz&rft.aufirst=Noel+T.&rft.au=Ciochon%2C+Russell+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdragonbonehillic00boaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiochon2010" class="citation cs2">Ciochon, Russell L. (2010), "Divorcing Hominins from the <i>Stegodon–Ailuropoda</i> Fauna: New Views on the Antiquity of Hominins in Asia", in John G. Fleagle; et al. (eds.), <i>Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia</i>, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 111–26, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-9036-2_8">10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9035-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9035-5"><bdi>978-90-481-9035-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divorcing+Hominins+from+the+Stegodon%E2%80%93Ailuropoda+Fauna%3A+New+Views+on+the+Antiquity+of+Hominins+in+Asia&rft.btitle=Out+of+Africa+I%3A+The+First+Hominin+Colonization+of+Eurasia&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Vertebrate+Paleobiology+and+Paleoanthropology+Series&rft.pages=111-26&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-9036-2_8&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9035-5&rft.aulast=Ciochon&rft.aufirst=Russell+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9036-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9036-2">978-90-481-9036-2</a> (online).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelisle2007" class="citation cs2">Delisle, Richard G. (2007), <i>Debating Humankind's Place in Nature, 1860–2000: The Nature of Paleoanthropology</i>, Advances in Human Evolution Series, Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson Prentice Hall, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-177390-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-177390-5"><bdi>978-0-13-177390-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+Humankind%27s+Place+in+Nature%2C+1860%E2%80%932000%3A+The+Nature+of+Paleoanthropology&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River+%28NJ%29&rft.series=Advances+in+Human+Evolution+Series&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-13-177390-5&rft.aulast=Delisle&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennell2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dennell" title="Robin Dennell">Dennell, Robin.</a> (2009), <i>The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia</i>, Cambridge World Archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84866-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84866-4"><bdi>978-0-521-84866-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palaeolithic+Settlement+of+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+World+Archaeology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84866-4&rft.aulast=Dennell&rft.aufirst=Robin.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61310-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61310-1">978-0-521-61310-1</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennell2010" class="citation cs2">Dennell, Robin (2010), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Out of Africa I': Current Problems and Future Prospects", in John G. Fleagle; et al. (eds.), <i>Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia</i>, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 247–74, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-9036-2_15">10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_15</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9035-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9035-5"><bdi>978-90-481-9035-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Out+of+Africa+I%27%3A+Current+Problems+and+Future+Prospects&rft.btitle=Out+of+Africa+I%3A+The+First+Hominin+Colonization+of+Eurasia&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Vertebrate+Paleobiology+and+Paleoanthropology+Series&rft.pages=247-74&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-9036-2_15&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9035-5&rft.aulast=Dennell&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9036-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9036-2">978-90-481-9036-2</a> (online).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay.</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eightlittlepiggi00goul"><i>Eight Little Piggies: Reflections in Natural History</i></a>, New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03416-5"><bdi>978-0-393-03416-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Little+Piggies%3A+Reflections+in+Natural+History&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03416-5&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feightlittlepiggi00goul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetheringtonReid2010" class="citation cs2">Hetherington, Renée; Reid, Robert G. B. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAja8FTPF6QC"><i>The Climate Connection: Climate Change and Modern Human Evolution</i></a>, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19770-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19770-0"><bdi>978-0-521-19770-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Climate+Connection%3A+Climate+Change+and+Modern+Human+Evolution&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19770-0&rft.aulast=Hetherington&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rft.au=Reid%2C+Robert+G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAja8FTPF6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14723-1">978-0-521-14723-1</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman_et_al.2006" class="citation cs2">Huffman, O. Frank; Zaim, Y.; Kappelman, J.; Ruez, D. R. Jr.; de Vos, J.; Rizal, Y.; et al. (2006), "Relocation of the 1936 Mojokerto skull discovery site near Perning, East Java", <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>, <b>50</b> (4): 431–51, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.468.1840">10.1.1.468.1840</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2005.11.002">10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.11.002</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16386780">16386780</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Relocation+of+the+1936+Mojokerto+skull+discovery+site+near+Perning%2C+East+Java&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=431-51&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.468.1840%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16386780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2005.11.002&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=O.+Frank&rft.au=Zaim%2C+Y.&rft.au=Kappelman%2C+J.&rft.au=Ruez%2C+D.+R.+Jr.&rft.au=de+Vos%2C+J.&rft.au=Rizal%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaifu_et_al.2010" class="citation cs2">Kaifu, Yousuke; Indriati, Etty; Aziz, Fachroel; Kurniawan, Iwan; Baba, Hisao (2010), "Cranial Morphology and Variation of the Earliest Indonesian Hominids", in Christopher J. Norton; David R. Braun (eds.), <i>Asian Paleoanthropology: From Africa to China and Beyond</i>, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 143–57, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-9094-2_11">10.1007/978-90-481-9094-2_11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9093-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9093-5"><bdi>978-90-481-9093-5</bdi></a>, (online)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cranial+Morphology+and+Variation+of+the+Earliest+Indonesian+Hominids&rft.btitle=Asian+Paleoanthropology%3A+From+Africa+to+China+and+Beyond&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Vertebrate+Paleobiology+and+Paleoanthropology+Series&rft.pages=143-57&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-9094-2_11&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9093-5&rft.au=Kaifu%2C+Yousuke&rft.au=Indriati%2C+Etty&rft.au=Aziz%2C+Fachroel&rft.au=Kurniawan%2C+Iwan&rft.au=Baba%2C+Hisao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr1950" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Mayr, Ernst.</a> (1950), "Taxonomic Categories in Fossil Hominids", <i>Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology</i>, <b>15</b>: 109–18, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fsqb.1950.015.01.013">10.1101/sqb.1950.015.01.013</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14942702">14942702</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Symposia+on+Quantitative+Biology&rft.atitle=Taxonomic+Categories+in+Fossil+Hominids&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=109-18&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fsqb.1950.015.01.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14942702&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Ernst.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorwood_et_al.2003" class="citation cs2">Morwood, Michael J.; O'Sullivan, P.; Susanto, E. E.; Aziz, F. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.uq.edu.au/ojs/index.php/aa/article/view/526/1690">"Revised age for Mojokerto 1, an early <i>Homo erectus</i> cranium from East Java, Indonesia"</a>, <i>Australian Archaeology</i>, <b>57</b>: 1–4, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03122417.2003.11681757">10.1080/03122417.2003.11681757</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55510294">55510294</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Revised+age+for+Mojokerto+1%2C+an+early+Homo+erectus+cranium+from+East+Java%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03122417.2003.11681757&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55510294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morwood&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=O%27Sullivan%2C+P.&rft.au=Susanto%2C+E.+E.&rft.au=Aziz%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.uq.edu.au%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Faa%2Farticle%2Fview%2F526%2F1690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabett2012" class="citation cs2">Rabett, Ryan J. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=coFA6_r4PTUC"><i>Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic: Hominin Dispersal and Behaviour during the Late Quaternary</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01829-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01829-7"><bdi>978-1-107-01829-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Adaptation+in+the+Asian+Palaeolithic%3A+Hominin+Dispersal+and+Behaviour+during+the+Late+Quaternary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01829-7&rft.aulast=Rabett&rft.aufirst=Ryan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcoFA6_r4PTUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmalzer2008" class="citation cs2">Schmalzer, Sigrid. (2008), <i>The People's Peking Man: Popular Science and Human Identity in Twentieth-Century China</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73859-8"><bdi>978-0-226-73859-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Peking+Man%3A+Popular+Science+and+Human+Identity+in+Twentieth-Century+China&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73859-8&rft.aulast=Schmalzer&rft.aufirst=Sigrid.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73860-4">978-0-226-73860-4</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2005" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (2005), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redapeorangutans00schw"><i>The Red Ape: Orangutans and Human Origins</i></a></span>, Cambridge, MA: Westview, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4064-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4064-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-4064-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Ape%3A+Orangutans+and+Human+Origins&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4064-7&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredapeorangutans00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwisherCurtisLewin2000" class="citation cs2">Swisher, Carl C. III; <a href="/wiki/Garniss_H._Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Garniss H. Curtis">Curtis, Garniss H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lewin" title="Roger Lewin">Lewin, Roger</a> (2000), <i>Java Man: How Two Geologists Changed Our Understanding of Human Evolution</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78734-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-78734-3"><bdi>978-0-226-78734-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java+Man%3A+How+Two+Geologists+Changed+Our+Understanding+of+Human+Evolution&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-78734-3&rft.aulast=Swisher&rft.aufirst=Carl+C.+III&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Garniss+H.&rft.au=Lewin%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwisher_et_al.1994" class="citation cs2">Swisher, Carl C. III; <a href="/wiki/Garniss_H._Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Garniss H. Curtis">Curtis, Garniss H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Teuku_Jacob" title="Teuku Jacob">Jacob, Teuku</a>; Getty, A. G.; Suprijo, A.; Widiasmoro (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221922/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14874480.html">"Age of the earliest known hominin in Java, Indonesia"</a>, <i>Science</i>, <b>263</b> (5150): 1118–21, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...263.1118S">1994Sci...263.1118S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.8108729">10.1126/science.8108729</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8108729">8108729</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14874480.html">the original</a> on 2014-07-14 – via <a href="/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Age+of+the+earliest+known+hominin+in+Java%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=263&rft.issue=5150&rft.pages=1118-21&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8108729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.8108729&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Sci...263.1118S&rft.aulast=Swisher&rft.aufirst=Carl+C.+III&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Garniss+H.&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Teuku&rft.au=Getty%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Suprijo%2C+A.&rft.au=Widiasmoro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-14874480.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheunissen1989" class="citation cs2">Theunissen, Bert (1989), <i>Eugène Dubois and the Ape-Man from Java</i>, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55608-081-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55608-081-4"><bdi>978-1-55608-081-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eug%C3%A8ne+Dubois+and+the+Ape-Man+from+Java&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-55608-081-4&rft.aulast=Theunissen&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55608-082-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55608-082-4">1-55608-082-4</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vos2004" class="citation cs2">de Vos, John. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/215474">"The Dubois collection: a new look at an old collection"</a>, <i>Scripta Geologica</i>, <b>4</b>: 267–85, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0922-4564">0922-4564</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scripta+Geologica&rft.atitle=The+Dubois+collection%3A+a+new+look+at+an+old+collection&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=267-85&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0922-4564&rft.aulast=de+Vos&rft.aufirst=John.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.naturalis.nl%2Frecord%2F215474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vos_et_al.1982" class="citation cs2">de Vos, John; Sartono, S.; Hardjasasmita, S.; Sondaar, P. Y. (1982), "The fauna from Trinil, type locality of <i>Homo erectus</i>: a reinterpretation", <i>Geologie en Mijnbouw</i>, <b>61</b>: 207–11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geologie+en+Mijnbouw&rft.atitle=The+fauna+from+Trinil%2C+type+locality+of+Homo+erectus%3A+a+reinterpretation&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=207-11&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=de+Vos&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sartono%2C+S.&rft.au=Hardjasasmita%2C+S.&rft.au=Sondaar%2C+P.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_VosSondaar1994" class="citation cs2">de Vos, John; Sondaar, P. Y. (1994), "Dating hominid sites in Indonesia", <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (magazine)">Science</a></i>, <b>266</b> (5191): 1726–27, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...266.1726D">1994Sci...266.1726D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7992059">10.1126/science.7992059</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7992059">7992059</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Dating+hominid+sites+in+Indonesia&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=5191&rft.pages=1726-27&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7992059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7992059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Sci...266.1726D&rft.aulast=de+Vos&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sondaar%2C+P.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaim2010" class="citation cs2">Zaim, Yahdi (2010), "Geological Evidence for the Earliest Appearance of Hominins in Indonesia", in John G. Fleagle; et al. (eds.), <i>Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia</i>, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 97–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-9036-2_7">10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9035-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9035-5"><bdi>978-90-481-9035-5</bdi></a>, (online)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geological+Evidence+for+the+Earliest+Appearance+of+Hominins+in+Indonesia&rft.btitle=Out+of+Africa+I%3A+The+First+Hominin+Colonization+of+Eurasia&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Vertebrate+Paleobiology+and+Paleoanthropology+Series&rft.pages=97-110&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-9036-2_7&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9035-5&rft.aulast=Zaim&rft.aufirst=Yahdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513024229/http://www.athenapub.com/13intro-he.htm">"Introduction: The long journey of an ancient human ancestor"</a>. <i>Athena Review</i>. Vol. 4, no. 1: Homo erectus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athenapub.com/13intro-he.htm">the original</a> on 2010-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athena+Review&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+long+journey+of+an+ancient+human+ancestor&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%3A+Homo+erectus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.athenapub.com%2F13intro-he.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_Man&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Java_Man" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Java Man">Java Man</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li></ul> <div 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style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">A. ramidus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">A. anamensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Humans and<br />proto-humans<br />(<i>Homo</i>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penghu_1" title="Penghu 1">H. tsaichangensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. e. erectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human"><i>H. s. sapiens</i> (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Pa_Ling_Cave" title="Tam Pa Ling Cave">Tam Pa Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (→ <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>)<sup>?</sup> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> → <i>archaic Homo sapiens</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Diet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#The_cooking_hypothesis" title="Control of fire by early humans">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li> <li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Behavior <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li> <li>Life history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline">Human timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_theorists" title="Category:Human evolution theorists">Theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_books" title="Category:Human evolution books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Early_settlements" title="Neolithic">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">Time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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