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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Russia,<a href="#cite_note-22">[b]</a> or the Russian Federation,<a href="#cite_note-23">[c]</a> is a country spanning <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">largest country in the world by area</a>, extending across <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Russia" title="Time in Russia">eleven time zones</a> and sharing <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">land borders with fourteen countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[d]</a> It is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">ninth-most populous country</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">Europe's most populous country</a>. Russia is a highly urbanised country including 16 population centres with over a million inhabitants. Its capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">largest city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> is Russia's second-largest city and <a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Society and culture in Saint Petersburg">its cultural capital</a>. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Russian Federation</div><div class="ib-country-names">Российская Федерация (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Russia"><img alt="Flag of Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Russia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: Государственный гимн Российской Федерации Gosudarstvennyy gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii "<a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="State Anthem of the Russian Federation">State Anthem of the 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href="/wiki/File:Russian_Federation_(orthographic_projection)_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg/220px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg/330px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg/440px-Russian_Federation_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_All_Territorial_Disputes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="537"></a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Recognised territory of Russia is shown in dark green; claimed but internationally unrecognised territory is shown in light green.<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Russia-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Map_of_Russia-en.svg/220px-Map_of_Russia-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Map_of_Russia-en.svg/330px-Map_of_Russia-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Map_of_Russia-en.svg/440px-Map_of_Russia-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="500"></a>Show region with labels</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Europe-Russia.svg/220px-Europe-Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Europe-Russia.svg/330px-Europe-Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Europe-Russia.svg/440px-Europe-Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a>Show map of Europe</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Russia&params=55_45_21_N_37_37_02_E_type:city">55°45′21″N 37°37′02″E / 55.75583°N 37.61722°E / 55.75583; 37.61722</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official and national language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><a href="#cite_note-Chevalier-2006-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Recognised regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data">35 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia#Official_languages" title="Languages of Russia">regional official languages</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021; including Russia and Crimea)<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>71.7% <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a></li><li>3.2% <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkir</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechen</a></li><li>11.3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">other</a></li><li>11.6% not reported</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-FOM_2024-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOM_2024_Tables-8">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>64.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Christianity</a> <ul><li>61.8% <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>2.6% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">21.2% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Russia" title="Irreligion in Russia">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">9.5% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space;">1.4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">other</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Buddhism</a>)<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></li><li style="white-space;">3.5% undeclared</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a><a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuzio-2016-12">[11]</a> dictatorship<a href="#cite_note-Krzywdzinski-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-o730-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin" title="Mikhail Mishustin">Mikhail Mishustin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Federal Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1157</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Principality of Moscow</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1282</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 January 1547</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 November 1721</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">Monarchy abolished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Declaration of State Sovereignty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 June 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Russian Federation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1993</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State formed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1999</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,098,246 km2 (6,601,670 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> (within internationally recognised borders)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> (including swamps)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 146,150,789<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></li> <li>(including Crimea)<a href="#cite_note-gks.ru-popul-18">[17]</a></li> <li><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 143,679,916</li> <li>(excluding Crimea)</li></ul> </div> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">9th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">187th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $6.909 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RU-19">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $47,299<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RU-19">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">43rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $2.184 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RU-19">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $14,953<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.RU-19">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">65th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 36.0<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.821<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-21">[20]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">56th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E2%82%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="₽">₽</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">RUB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 to +12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">+7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:RU" title="ISO 3166-2:RU">RU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%D1%80%D1%84" title=".рф">.рф</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">.su</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> led the unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> in 1547. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_explorers" title="List of Russian explorers">Russian explorers</a>, developing into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, which remains the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">third-largest empire in history</a>. However, with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Russian Empire">was abolished</a> and eventually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>—the world's first constitutionally <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the Russian SFSR established the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> with three other <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republics</a>, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the <a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">expense of millions of lives</a>, the Soviet Union underwent <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">rapid industrialisation in the 1930s</a> and later played a decisive role for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies in World War II">Allies in World War II</a> by leading large-scale efforts on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>. With the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, it competed with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ideological_dominance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideological dominance">ideological dominance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">international influence</a>. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">most significant Russian technological achievements</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">first human-made satellite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">first human expedition into outer space</a>. In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> as the Russian Federation. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">A new constitution</a> was adopted, which established a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential system</a>. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">under whom</a> the country has experienced <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> and become an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>. <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Russia has been militarily involved</a> in a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia#Russian_Federation_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="List of wars involving Russia">conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">its war with Georgia</a> in 2008 and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">its war with Ukraine</a> since 2014, which has involved the internationally unrecognised <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexations</a> of Ukrainian territory including <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Crimea in 2014</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">four other regions in 2022</a> during <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">an ongoing invasion</a>. Russia is a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent member of the United Nations Security Council</a>; a member state of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU/EEU</a>. It possesses the <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">largest stockpile of nuclear weapons</a> and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">third-highest military expenditure</a>. Russia is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>. Internationally, Russia <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Russia" title="International rankings of Russia">ranks very low</a> in measurements of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">freedom of the press</a>; the country also has <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">high levels of perceived corruption</a>. As of 2024, Russia has a <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">high-income economy</a> which ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">eleventh in the world by nominal GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">fourth at purchasing power parity</a>, relying on <a href="/wiki/Russia_as_an_energy_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia as an energy superpower">its vast mineral and energy resources</a>; the world's second-largest for <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">oil production</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">natural gas production</a>. Russia is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">32 UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_history">2.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Kievan_Rus'">2.2 Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow">2.3 Grand Duchy of Moscow</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Tsardom_of_Russia">2.4 Tsardom of Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Imperial_Russia">2.5 Imperial Russia</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Great_power_and_development_of_society,_sciences,_and_arts">2.5.1 Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Great_liberal_reforms_and_capitalism">2.5.2 Great liberal reforms and capitalism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Constitutional_monarchy_and_World_War">2.5.3 Constitutional monarchy and World War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Revolution_and_civil_war">2.6 Revolution and civil war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Soviet_Union">2.7 Soviet Union</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Command_economy_and_Soviet_society">2.7.1 Command economy and Soviet society</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Stalinism_and_modernization">2.7.2 Stalinism and modernization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#World_War_II_and_United_Nations">2.7.3 World War II and United Nations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Superpower_and_Cold_War">2.7.4 Superpower and Cold War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Khrushchev_Thaw_reforms_and_economic_development">2.7.5 Khrushchev Thaw reforms and economic development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Period_of_developed_socialism_or_Era_of_Stagnation">2.7.6 Period of developed socialism or Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Perestroika,_democratization_and_Russian_sovereignty">2.7.7 Perestroika, democratization and Russian sovereignty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Independent_Russian_Federation">2.8 Independent Russian Federation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Transition_to_a_market_economy_and_political_crises">2.8.1 Transition to a market economy and political crises</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Modern_liberal_constitution,_international_cooperation_and_economic_stabilization">2.8.2 Modern liberal constitution, international cooperation and economic stabilization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Movement_towards_a_modernized_economy,_political_centralization_and_democratic_backsliding">2.8.3 Movement towards a modernized economy, political centralization and democratic backsliding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Invasion_of_Ukraine">2.8.4 Invasion of Ukraine</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Biodiversity">3.2 Biodiversity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Political_divisions">4.1 Political divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.2 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Military">4.3 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Human_rights">4.4 Human rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Corruption">4.5 Corruption</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Law_and_crime">4.6 Law and crime</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Transport_and_energy">5.1 Transport and energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Agriculture_and_fishery">5.2 Agriculture and fishery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Science_and_technology">5.3 Science and technology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Space_exploration">5.3.1 Space exploration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Tourism">5.4 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Language">6.1 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Religion">6.2 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Education">6.3 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Health">6.4 Health</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Holidays">7.1 Holidays</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Art_and_architecture">7.2 Art and architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Music">7.3 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Literature_and_philosophy">7.4 Literature and philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Cuisine">7.5 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Mass_media_and_cinema">7.6 Mass media and cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Sports">7.7 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Sources">11 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, the English name Russia first appeared in the 14th century, borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Latin language">Medieval Latin</a>: Russia, used in the 11th century and frequently in 12th-century British sources, in turn derived from Russi, 'the Russians' and the suffix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ia#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ia">-ia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> In modern historiography, this state is usually denoted as <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> after its capital city.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> Another Medieval Latin name for Rus' was <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> In Russian, the current name of the country, Россия (Rossiya), comes from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> name for Rus', Ρωσία (Rosía).<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> A new form of the name Rus', Росия (Rosiya), was borrowed from the Greek term and first attested in 1387.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The name Rossiia appeared in Russian sources in the late 15th century, but until the end of the 17th century the country was more often referred to by its inhabitants as Rus', the Russian land (Russkaia zemlia), or the Muscovite state (Moskovskoe gosudarstvo), among other variations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hellberg-Hirn-1998-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[30]</a> In 1721, Peter the Great changed the name of the state from <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Русское царство, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Russkoye tsarstvo) or Tsardom of Muscovy (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Московское царство, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Moskovskoye tsarstvo)<a href="#cite_note-Monahan2016-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magocsi2010-36">[32]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (Rossiiskaia imperiia).<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[30]</a> There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. The noun and adjective русский, russkiy refers to ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. The adjective российский, rossiiskiy denotes <a href="/wiki/Russian_citizenship_law" title="Russian citizenship law">Russian citizens</a> regardless of ethnicity. The same applies to the more recently coined noun россиянин, rossiianyn, "Russian" in the sense of citizen of the Russian state.<a href="#cite_note-Hellberg-Hirn-1998-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, the word Rus' is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a>, who were a <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a> tribe, and where the three original members of the <a href="/wiki/Rurikid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurikid">Rurikid</a> dynasty came from.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> word for Swedes, ruotsi, has the same origin.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> Later archeological studies mostly confirmed this theory.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History of Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek colonies">Ancient Greek colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic expansion">Turkic expansion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Siberia" title="Prehistory of Siberia">Prehistory of Siberia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">Proto-Uralic homeland</a></div> The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> period in the early <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>. About 2 million years ago, representatives of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a> in southern Russia.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a> tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon dated">Radiocarbon dated</a> specimens from <a href="/wiki/Denisova_Cave" title="Denisova Cave">Denisova Cave</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> estimate the oldest <a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovan</a> specimen lived 195–122,700 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> Fossils of <a href="/wiki/Denny_(hybrid_hominin)" title="Denny (hybrid hominin)">Denny</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic human</a> hybrid that was half <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> Russia was home to some of the last surviving Neanderthals, from about 45,000 years ago, found in <a href="/wiki/Mezmaiskaya_cave" title="Mezmaiskaya cave">Mezmaiskaya cave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> The first trace of an <a href="/wiki/Ust%27-Ishim_man" title="Ust'-Ishim man">early modern human</a> in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in <a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">anatomically modern humans</a>, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at <a href="/wiki/Kostyonki%E2%80%93Borshchyovo" title="Kostyonki–Borshchyovo">Kostyonki–Borshchyovo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Sungir" title="Sungir">Sungir</a>, dating back to 34,600 years ago—both in <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">western Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> Humans reached <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Arctic Russia</a> at least 40,000 years ago, in <a href="/wiki/Mamontovaya_Kurya" title="Mamontovaya Kurya">Mamontovaya Kurya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> populations from Siberia genetically similar to <a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> were an important genetic contributor to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Native Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/320px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 320px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/320px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg" data-width="320" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/480px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/640px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bronze Age spread of <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe pastoralist</a> ancestry between 3300 and 1500 BC,<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a> of southern Siberia</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a> places the Volga-Dnieper region of southern Russia and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> Early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> of Ukraine and Russia spread <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> ancestry and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> across large parts of Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">Nomadic pastoralism</a> developed in the Pontic–Caspian steppe beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Belinskij-1999-55">[51]</a> Remnants of these steppe civilizations were discovered in places such as <a href="/wiki/Ipatovo_kurgan" title="Ipatovo kurgan">Ipatovo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Belinskij-1999-55">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mounted-56">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arkaim" title="Arkaim">Arkaim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> which bear the earliest known traces of <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">horses in warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mounted-56">[52]</a> The genetic makeup of speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic language family">Uralic</a> language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> that began at least 3,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Oium" title="Oium">Oium</a> existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a>, which was a Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> that succeeded the Greek colonies,<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Eurasian Avars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, who were of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic origin</a>, ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> After them came the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> The ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples">Slavic tribes</a> that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia (approximately between modern <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Petersburg">Saint-Petersburg</a>) in two waves: one moving from <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a> towards present-day <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a> and another from <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> Prior to Slavic migration, that territory was populated by <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugrian">Finno-Ugrian</a> peoples. From the 7th century onwards, the incoming East Slavs slowly assimilated the native Finno-Ugrians.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kievan_Rus'">Kievan Rus'</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png/220px-Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2659"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png/220px-Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png/330px-Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png/440px-Kievan-rus-1015-1113-%28en%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Liubech" title="Council of Liubech">Council of Liubech</a> in 1097</figcaption></figure> The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic <a href="/wiki/From_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="From the Varangians to the Greeks">to the Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Caspian</a> Seas. According to the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, a Varangian from the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>, was elected ruler of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> in 862. In 882, his successor <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">Oleg</a> ventured south and conquered <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, which had been previously paying tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-66">[62]</a> Rurik's son <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Igor</a> and Igor's son <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sviatoslav I of Kiev">Sviatoslav</a> subsequently subdued all local <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate,<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> and launched several military expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonian_expedition_of_the_Rus%27" title="Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus'">Byzantium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_expeditions_of_the_Rus%27" title="Caspian expeditions of the Rus'">Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> (980–1015) and his son <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> (1019–1054) constitute the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> of Kiev, which saw <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Kievan_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Kievan Rus'">the acceptance of</a> Orthodox Christianity from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>, and the creation of the first East Slavic written <a href="/wiki/Legal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal code">legal code</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-66">[62]</a> The age of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a> that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> in the north-east, the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Galicia-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia-Volhynia">Galicia-Volhynia</a> in the south-west.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-66">[62]</a> By the 12th century, Kiev lost its pre-eminence and Kievan Rus' had fragmented into different principalities.<a href="#cite_note-Channon-1995-71">[67]</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bogolyubsky" title="Andrey Bogolyubsky">Andrey Bogolyubsky</a> sacked Kiev in 1169 and made <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> his base,<a href="#cite_note-Channon-1995-71">[67]</a> leading to political power being shifted to the north-east.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-66">[62]</a> Led by Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a>, Novgorodians repelled the invading <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Neva" title="Battle of the Neva">Battle of the Neva</a> in 1240,<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Germanic crusaders</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Ice" title="Battle on the Ice">Battle on the Ice</a> in 1242.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Kievan Rus' finally fell to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a> of 1237–1240, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kiev_(1240)" title="Siege of Kiev (1240)">sacking of Kiev</a> and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-66">[62]</a> The invaders, later known as <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, formed the state of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, which ruled over Russia for the next two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Only the Novgorod Republic escaped foreign occupation after it agreed to pay tribute to the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-66">[62]</a> Galicia-Volhynia would later be absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Poland</a>, while the Novgorod Republic continued to prosper in the north. In the northeast, the Byzantine-Slavic traditions of Kievan Rus' were adapted to form the Russian autocratic state.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-66">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg/220px-Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg/220px-Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg/330px-Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg/440px-Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a> blessing <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sergius_Lavra" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Sergius Lavra">Trinity Sergius Lavra</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a>, depicted in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lissner" title="Ernst Lissner">Ernst Lissner</a></figcaption></figure> The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>, initially a part of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a>: 11–20 While still under the domain of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the region in the early 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> gradually becoming the leading force in the "gathering of the Russian lands".<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-3-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> When the seat of the Metropolitan of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence increased.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Moscow's last rival, the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a>, prospered as the chief <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> centre and the easternmost port of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> Led by Prince <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a> of Moscow, the united army of Russian principalities inflicted <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Eastern_Europe_during_Turco-Mongol_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conflicts in Eastern Europe during Turco-Mongol rule">a milestone defeat</a> on the Mongol-Tatars in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a> in 1380.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-66">[62]</a> Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tver" title="Principality of Tver">Tver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-3-77">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan III">Ivan III</a> ("the Great") threw off the control of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> and consolidated the whole of northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion, and was the first Russian ruler to take the title "Grand Duke of all Rus'". After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, Moscow <a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">claimed succession to the legacy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. Ivan III married <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Palaiologina" title="Sophia Palaiologina">Sophia Palaiologina</a>, the niece of the last <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine XI">Constantine XI</a>, and made the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a> his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-3-77">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III</a> united all of Russia by annexing the last few independent <a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">Russian states</a> in the early 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsardom_of_Russia">Tsardom of Russia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_IV_by_anonim_(18th_c.,_GIM).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ivan_IV_by_anonim_%2818th_c.%2C_GIM%29.jpg/170px-Ivan_IV_by_anonim_%2818th_c.%2C_GIM%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="732"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ivan_IV_by_anonim_%2818th_c.%2C_GIM%29.jpg/170px-Ivan_IV_by_anonim_%2818th_c.%2C_GIM%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ivan_IV_by_anonim_%2818th_c.%2C_GIM%29.jpg/255px-Ivan_IV_by_anonim_%2818th_c.%2C_GIM%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ivan_IV_by_anonim_%2818th_c.%2C_GIM%29.jpg/340px-Ivan_IV_by_anonim_%2818th_c.%2C_GIM%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV">Ivan IV</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Grand Prince of Moscow</a> from 1533 to 1547, then <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">Tsar of Russia</a> until his death in 1584.</figcaption></figure> In development of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Third Rome</a> ideas, the grand duke <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV">Ivan IV</a> ("the Terrible") was officially crowned the first <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">tsar</a> of Russia in 1547. The tsar <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> a new code of laws (<a href="/wiki/Sudebnik_of_1550" title="Sudebnik of 1550">Sudebnik of 1550</a>), established the first Russian feudal representative body (the <a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a>), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-3-77">[73]</a> During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Kazan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a> in southwestern Siberia. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> against the coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> (later the united <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>), the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">Kingdom of Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> In 1572, an invading army of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> were <a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">thoroughly defeated</a> in the crucial <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molodi" title="Battle of Molodi">Battle of Molodi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedor_chertezh.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fedor_chertezh.jpeg/220px-Fedor_chertezh.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fedor_chertezh.jpeg/220px-Fedor_chertezh.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fedor_chertezh.jpeg/330px-Fedor_chertezh.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fedor_chertezh.jpeg/440px-Fedor_chertezh.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Feodor Godunov's map of Russia, as published by <a href="/wiki/Hessel_Gerritsz" title="Hessel Gerritsz">Hessel Gerritsz</a> in 1614</figcaption></figure> The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a> in 1598, and in combination with the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1601%E2%80%9303" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1601–03">famine of 1601–1603</a>, led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a> in the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, taking advantage, occupied parts of Russia, extending into the capital Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Minin" title="Kuzma Minin">Kuzma Minin</a> and prince <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pozharsky" title="Dmitry Pozharsky">Dmitry Pozharsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of the Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siberia-90">[86]</a> In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a>, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a>; whose acceptance of this offer led to another <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War</a>. Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, leaving the eastern part, (<a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>) under Russian rule.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of vast Siberia continued, hunting for valuable furs and ivory. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_explorers" title="List of Russian explorers">Russian explorers</a> pushed eastward primarily along the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_River_Routes" title="Siberian River Routes">Siberian River Routes</a>, and by the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi Peninsula</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a>, and on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Siberia-90">[86]</a> In 1648, <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Dezhnyov">Semyon Dezhnyov</a> became the first European to navigate through the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Russia">Imperial Russia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png/310px-Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png/310px-Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png" data-width="310" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png/465px-Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png/620px-Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Russia" title="Territorial evolution of Russia">territorial evolution</a> of Russia from the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">coronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a> to the death of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a></figcaption></figure> Under <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721), securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, <a href="/wiki/Government_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Government reform of Peter the Great">sweeping reforms were made</a>, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-2-93">[89]</a> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a> (1725–1727), followed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a> (1727–1730), and <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna</a>. The reign of Peter I's daughter <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a> in 1741–1762 saw Russia's participation in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763). During the conflict, Russian troops overran <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, reaching Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> by pro-Prussian <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III of Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a> ("the Great"), who ruled in 1762–1796, presided over the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russian Age of Enlightenment</a>. She extended Russian political control over the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">annexed most of its territories into Russia</a>, making it the most populous country in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> In the south, after the successful <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish Wars">Russo-Turkish Wars</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">annexing Crimea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> As a result of victories over <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a>, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">conquered the Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Catherine's successor, her son <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_reputation_of_Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Personality and reputation of Paul I of Russia">unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I's</a> (1801–1825) <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">wresting of Finland</a> from the weakened Sweden in 1809,<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> from the Ottomans in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> In North America, the Russians became the first Europeans to <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">reach and colonise Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> In 1803–1806, the <a href="/wiki/First_Russian_circumnavigation" title="First Russian circumnavigation">first Russian circumnavigation</a> was made.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> In 1820, <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen#First_Russian_Antarctic_expedition" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">a Russian expedition</a> discovered the continent of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_power_and_development_of_society,_sciences,_and_arts">Great power and development of society, sciences, and arts</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/220px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="762"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/220px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/330px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg/440px-Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s retreat from Moscow by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Adam" title="Albrecht Adam">Albrecht Adam</a> (1851)</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. The <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold <a href="/wiki/Russian_winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian winter">Russian winter</a> led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> faced utter destruction. Led by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> ousted Napoleon and drove throughout Europe in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>, ultimately entering Paris.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> controlled Russia's delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, which defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> The officers who pursued Napoleon into Western Europe brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia, and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a> of 1825.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> At the end of the conservative reign of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> (1825–1855), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe, was disrupted by defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_liberal_reforms_and_capitalism">Great liberal reforms and capitalism</h4></div> Nicholas's successor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> (1855–1881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipation reform of 1861</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> colluded over <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and its neighbouring territories in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander II was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Assassination of Alexander II of Russia">assassinated</a> in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> The reign of his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> (1881–1894) was less liberal but more peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_monarchy_and_World_War">Constitutional monarchy and World War</h4></div> Under last Russian emperor, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> (1894–1917), the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a> was triggered by the humiliating failure of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">Russian Constitution of 1906</a>), including granting <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedoms of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">assembly</a>, the legalisation of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Duma (Russian Empire)">State Duma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_civil_war">Revolution and civil war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Russian Empire">Dissolution of the Russian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg/220px-Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="3281"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg/220px-Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg/330px-Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg/440px-Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovs</a> were <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of the Romanov family">executed</a> by the Bolsheviks in 1918.</figcaption></figure> In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia entered World War I</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>'s declaration of war on Russia's ally <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> allies.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> In 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusilov Offensive">Brusilov Offensive</a> of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">high casualties</a>, and rumors of corruption and treason. All this formed the climate for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, carried out in two major acts.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-5-119">[115]</a> In early 1917, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> was <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">forced to abdicate</a>; he and his family were imprisoned and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_the_Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of the Romanov family">later executed</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>. On 19 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6 January], 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">All-Russian Central Executive Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-5-119">[115]</a> An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a>, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-5-119">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> and the Bolsheviks with its <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In the aftermath of signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> that concluded hostilities with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>; Bolshevist Russia surrendered most of its western territories, which hosted 34% of its population, 54% of its industries, 32% of its agricultural land, and roughly 90% of its coal mines.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5275" data-file-height="3525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> speaks in Moscow, 1920, with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> leaning against the podium.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied powers</a> launched an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">military intervention</a> in support of anti-communist forces.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">White Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> Millions became <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Russian famine of 1921–1922">Russian famine of 1921–1922</a> claimed up to five million victims.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History of the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg/330px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg/440px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Location of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> (red) within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1936</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Command_economy_and_Soviet_society">Command economy and Soviet society</h4></div> On 30 December 1922, Lenin and his aides <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">formed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, by joining the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> into a single state with the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian</a> republics.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Eventually internal border changes and annexations during World War II created a union of <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">15 republics</a>; the largest in size and population being the Russian SFSR, which dominated the union politically, culturally, and economically.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Lenin's death</a> in 1924, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Troikas_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Troikas in the Soviet Union">troika</a> was designated to take charge. Eventually <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a>, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, the main proponent of <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a>, was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929,<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> and Stalin's idea of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_One_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in One Country">Socialism in One Country</a> became the official line.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stalinism_and_modernization">Stalinism and modernization</h4></div> Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization in the USSR">industrialisation of the largely rural country</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization in the USSR">collectivisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in the USSR">its agriculture</a>. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">penal labour camps</a>, including many political convicts for their suspected or real opposition to Stalin's rule;<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> and millions were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported and exiled</a> to remote areas of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought,<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–1933">Soviet famine of 1932–1933</a>; which killed 5.7<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> to 8.7 million, 3.3 million of them in the Russian SFSR.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The Soviet Union, ultimately, made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse within a short span of time.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_and_United_Nations">World War II and United Nations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1228"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two teen girls assemble <a href="/wiki/PPD-40" title="PPD-40">PPD-40</a> submachine guns during the siege of Leningrad in 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5332" data-file-height="3543"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, the largest and bloodiest battle in the history of warfare, ended in 1943 with a decisive Soviet victory against the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German army</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on 17 September 1939 with its <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> in accordance with a secret protocol within the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> The Soviet Union later <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">invaded Finland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">occupied and annexed the Baltic states</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">parts of Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a>: 91–95 On 22 June 1941, Germany <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> opening the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, the largest theater of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a>: 7 Eventually, some 5 million <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops were captured by the Nazis;<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a>: 272 the latter deliberately <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">starved to death or otherwise killed</a> 3.3 million Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a>, and a vast number of civilians, as the "<a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a>" sought to fulfil <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a>: 175–186 Although the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in the winter of 1942–1943,<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> and then in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> in the summer of 1943.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Another German failure was the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 1944–1945 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">captured Berlin</a> in May 1945.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> In August 1945, the Red Army <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invaded Manchuria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">ousted the Japanese</a> from Northeast Asia, contributing to the Allied victory over Japan.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> The 1941–1945 period of World War II is known in Russia as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the <a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a>, which was the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a>: 27 During the war, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">Soviet civilian and military death were about 26–27 million</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> accounting for about half of all <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a>: 295 The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet economy</a> and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="Soviet famine of 1946–1947">Soviet famine of 1946–1947</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower.<a href="#cite_note-Reiman-2016-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superpower_and_Cold_War">Superpower and Cold War</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2239"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/440px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Alliance (World War II)">Big Three</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in February 1945, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></figcaption></figure> After World War II, according to the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> occupied parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and the eastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Dependent communist governments were installed in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> satellite states.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> After becoming the world's second <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> the Soviet Union established the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> alliance,<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, with the rivalling United States and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khrushchev_Thaw_reforms_and_economic_development">Khrushchev Thaw reforms and economic development</h4></div> After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin's death</a> in 1953 and a short period of <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective rule</a>, the new leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> denounced <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Stalin</a> and launched the policy of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>, releasing many political prisoners from the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> labour camps.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter missiles</a> in Turkey and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">missiles in Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, thus starting the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> Russian <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a> crewed spacecraft on <a href="/wiki/Cosmonautics_Day" title="Cosmonautics Day">12 April 1961</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Period_of_developed_socialism_or_Era_of_Stagnation">Period of developed socialism or Era of Stagnation</h4></div> Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivity of leadership">collective rule</a> ensued, until <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a>. The 1965 <a href="/wiki/Kosygin_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosygin reform">Kosygin reform</a> aimed for partial <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet economy">Soviet economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> In 1979, after a <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">communist-led revolution</a> in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> In May 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan</a>, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perestroika,_democratization_and_Russian_sovereignty">Perestroika, democratization and Russian sovereignty</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_greets_a_young_boy_while_touring_Red_Square_during_the_Moscow_Summit_in_the_USSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Ronald_Reagan_greets_a_young_boy_while_touring_Red_Square_during_the_Moscow_Summit_in_the_USSR.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_greets_a_young_boy_while_touring_Red_Square_during_the_Moscow_Summit_in_the_USSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2643"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Ronald_Reagan_greets_a_young_boy_while_touring_Red_Square_during_the_Moscow_Summit_in_the_USSR.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_greets_a_young_boy_while_touring_Red_Square_during_the_Moscow_Summit_in_the_USSR.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Ronald_Reagan_greets_a_young_boy_while_touring_Red_Square_during_the_Moscow_Summit_in_the_USSR.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_greets_a_young_boy_while_touring_Red_Square_during_the_Moscow_Summit_in_the_USSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Ronald_Reagan_greets_a_young_boy_while_touring_Red_Square_during_the_Moscow_Summit_in_the_USSR.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_greets_a_young_boy_while_touring_Red_Square_during_the_Moscow_Summit_in_the_USSR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1988)" title="Moscow Summit (1988)">Moscow Summit</a>, 31 May 1988</figcaption></figure> From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> (openness) and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> (restructuring) in an attempt to end the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">period of economic stagnation</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)" title="Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)">democratise the government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> chose to secede from the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> On 17 March, a <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">referendum</a> was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a <a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">renewed federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> In June 1991, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> became the first directly elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> in Russian history when he was <a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">elected</a> President of the Russian SFSR.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> In August 1991, <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">a coup d'état attempt</a> by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> On 25 December 1991, following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> emerged.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Russian_Federation">Independent Russian Federation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">History of Russia (1991–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Presidency of Boris Yeltsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Presidency of Dmitry Medvedev">Presidency of Dmitry Medvedev</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_a_market_economy_and_political_crises">Transition to a market economy and political crises</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath,_7_May_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath%2C_7_May_2000.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath%2C_7_May_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="4429"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath%2C_7_May_2000.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath%2C_7_May_2000.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath%2C_7_May_2000.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath%2C_7_May_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath%2C_7_May_2000.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath%2C_7_May_2000.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> takes the oath of office as president on his <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="First inauguration of Vladimir Putin">first inauguration</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> looking over, 2000.</figcaption></figure> The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">privatisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">market and trade liberalisation</a> were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "<a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> The privatisation largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government, which led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social services—the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> plummeted while the <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rate</a> skyrocketed,<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> and millions plunged into poverty;<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> while extreme corruption,<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">a constitutional crisis</a> which ended violently through military force. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_liberal_constitution,_international_cooperation_and_economic_stabilization">Modern liberal constitution, international cooperation and economic stabilization</h4></div> In December, a <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">referendum</a> was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> insurrections.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> From the time <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen</a> separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">intermittent guerrilla war</a> was fought between the rebel groups and Russian forces.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorist attacks against civilians</a> were carried out by Chechen separatists, claiming the lives of thousands of Russian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-195">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia assumed responsibility for settling the latter's external debts.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> In 1992, most consumer price controls were eliminated, causing extreme inflation and significantly devaluing the rouble.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a>, which resulted in a further GDP decline.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Movement_towards_a_modernized_economy,_political_centralization_and_democratic_backsliding">Movement towards a modernized economy, political centralization and democratic backsliding</h4></div> On 31 December 1999, President Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned,<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Putin then won the <a href="/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election" title="2000 Russian presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> and defeated the Chechen insurgency in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> Putin won a <a href="/wiki/2004_Russian_presidential_election" title="2004 Russian presidential election">second presidential term</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Price_of_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Price of petroleum">High oil prices</a> and a rise in foreign investment saw the <a href="/wiki/Russian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian economy">Russian economy</a> and living standards improve significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Ellyatt-2021-205">[200]</a> Putin's rule increased stability, while transforming Russia into an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism#Examples" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> In 2008, Putin took the post of prime minister, while <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> was <a href="/wiki/2008_Russian_presidential_election" title="2008 Russian presidential election">elected President</a> for one term, to hold onto power despite legal <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a>;<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> this period has been described as a "<a href="/wiki/Medvedev%E2%80%93Putin_tandemocracy" title="Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy">tandemocracy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/220px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1038"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/220px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/330px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/440px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a> as of 30 September 2022 at the time their <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">annexation was declared</a></figcaption></figure> Following a <a href="/wiki/2008_Russo-Georgian_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis">diplomatic crisis</a> with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> took place during 1–12 August 2008, resulting in Russia recognising two separatist states in the territories that it <a href="/wiki/Occupied_territories_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied territories of Georgia">occupies in Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> It was the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">European war</a> of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasion_of_Ukraine">Invasion of Ukraine</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a> that contextualizes different points of view. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In early 2014, following <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">a pro-Western revolution</a> in Ukraine, Russia <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed Crimea</a> from neighbouring Ukraine after a <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">disputed referendum</a> on the status of Crimea was staged under Russian occupation.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> The annexation generated an insurgency in the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> region of Ukraine, supported by Russian military intervention as part of <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">an undeclared war against Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> Russian mercenaries and military forces, with the support of local separatist militias, waged a <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">war in eastern Ukraine</a> against the new Ukrainian government after the Russian government fostered anti-government and <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian protests</a> in the region,<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> although most residents had opposed secession from Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> In a major escalation of the conflict, Russia launched a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a> on 24 February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> The invasion marked the largest <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional war</a> in Europe since World War II,<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> and was met with <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">international condemnation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">expanded sanctions</a> against Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-2022-220">[215]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_(2024-05-15)_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg/220px-Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg/220px-Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg/330px-Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg/440px-Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_%282024-05-15%29_14.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Putin with <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Shoigu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Gerasimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Belousov" title="Andrey Belousov">Belousov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunus-bek_Yevkurov" title="Yunus-bek Yevkurov">Yevkurov</a> and commanders of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Military_districts_of_Russia" title="Military districts of Russia">military districts</a> on 15 May 2024</figcaption></figure> As a result, Russia was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in March,<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> and was suspended from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> in April.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> In September, following successful Ukrainian counteroffensives,<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> Putin announced a "<a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">partial mobilisation</a>", Russia's first mobilisation since <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> By the end of September, Putin proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_southeastern_Ukraine_by_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of southeastern Ukraine by the Russian Federation">annexation of four Ukrainian regions</a>, the largest annexation in Europe since World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Landay-2022-225">[220]</a> Putin and Russian-installed leaders signed treaties of accession, internationally unrecognized and widely <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/4" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4">denounced as illegal</a>, despite the fact that Russian forces have been unable to fully occupy any of the four regions.<a href="#cite_note-Landay-2022-225">[220]</a> A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a <a href="/wiki/State_sponsor_of_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="State sponsor of terrorism">state sponsor of terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> In addition, Russia was declared a terrorist state by Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> Hundreds of thousands of people are <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War">estimated to have been killed or injured</a> as a result of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> The war in Ukraine has further exacerbated Russia's <a href="/wiki/Demographic_crisis_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic crisis of Russia">demographic crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> In June 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a>, a private military contractor fighting for Russia in Ukraine, declared an <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">open rebellion against the Russian Ministry of Defense</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, before beginning a march on Moscow. However, after negotiations between Wagner and the Belarusian government, the rebellion was called off.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> The leader of the rebellion, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Prigozhin" title="Yevgeny Prigozhin">Yevgeny Prigozhin</a>, later <a href="/wiki/2023_Wagner_Group_plane_crash" title="2023 Wagner Group plane crash">died in a plane crash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/290px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/290px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png" data-width="290" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/435px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png/580px-Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a> of Russia</figcaption></figure> Russia's vast landmass stretches over the easternmost part of Europe and the northernmost part of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-234">[229]</a> It spans the northernmost edge of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>; and has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_length_of_coastline" title="List of countries by length of coastline">fourth-longest coastline</a>, of over 37,653 km (23,396 mi).<a href="#cite_note-236">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> Russia lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/41st_parallel_north" title="41st parallel north">41°</a> and <a href="/wiki/82nd_parallel_north" title="82nd parallel north">82° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/19th_meridian_east" title="19th meridian east">19° E</a> and <a href="/wiki/169th_meridian_west" title="169th meridian west">169° W</a>, extending some 9,000 km (5,600 mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000 km (1,600 to 2,500 mi) north to south.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,<a href="#cite_note-239">[g]</a> and has the same surface area as <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">southernmost regions</a>, which share a significant portion of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> (containing <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a>, which at 5,642 m (18,510 ft) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_region" title="List of elevation extremes by region">highest peak</a> in Russia and Europe);<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains">Sayan Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>; and in the <a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Mountains" title="East Siberian Mountains">East Siberian Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> (containing <a href="/wiki/Klyuchevskaya_Sopka" title="Klyuchevskaya Sopka">Klyuchevskaya Sopka</a>, which at 4,750 m (15,584 ft) is the highest <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active volcano</a> in Eurasia).<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Topo-242">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary between Europe and Asia">traditional boundary between Europe and Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urals-243">[236]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe#Elevation" title="Extreme points of Europe">lowest point in Russia and Europe</a>, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Depression" title="Caspian Depression">Caspian Depression</a> reaches some 29 metres (95.1 ft) below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> Russia, as one of the world's only three countries <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_bordering_on_two_or_more_oceans" title="List of countries bordering on two or more oceans">bordering three oceans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-234">[229]</a> has links with a great number of seas.<a href="#cite_note-245">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> Its major islands and archipelagos include <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya">Severnaya Zemlya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Siberian_Islands" title="New Siberian Islands">New Siberian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> (four of which are <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">disputed with Japan</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arctic-247">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Diomede_Islands" title="Diomede Islands">Diomede Islands</a>, administered by Russia and the United States, are just 3.8 km (2.4 mi) apart;<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunashir_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunashir Island">Kunashir Island</a> of the Kuril Islands is merely 20 km (12.4 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Chapple-2019-2">[2]</a> Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-234">[229]</a> has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Topo-242">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>, the largest and most prominent among Russia's fresh water bodies, is the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake, containing over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water.<a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Ladoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Onega</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">northwestern Russia</a> are two of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_lakes_of_Europe" title="List of largest lakes of Europe">largest lakes in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-234">[229]</a> Russia is second only to Brazil by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_renewable_water_resources" title="List of countries by total renewable water resources">total renewable water resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> in western Russia, widely regarded as Russia's national river, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe#Rivers_of_Europe_by_length" title="List of rivers of Europe">longest river</a> in Europe; and forms the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a> in the continent.<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> The Siberian rivers of <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena River">Lena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur</a> are among the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">longest rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/300px-Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="792"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/300px-Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/450px-Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/600px-Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> of Russia</figcaption></figure> The size of Russia and the remoteness of many of its areas from the sea result in the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> throughout most of the country, except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountain ranges in the south and east obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and Pacific oceans, while the <a href="/wiki/European_Plain" title="European Plain">European Plain</a> spanning its west and north opens it to influence from the Atlantic and Arctic oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-254">[246]</a> Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a>, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a>, where the Northern <a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> is located with the record low temperature of −71.2 °C or −96.2 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Arctic-247">[239]</a> and more moderate winters elsewhere. Russia's vast coastline along the Arctic Ocean and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Arctic_islands" title="Russian Arctic islands">Russian Arctic islands</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-254">[246]</a> The coastal part of <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> on the Black Sea, most notably <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, and some coastal and interior strips of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> possess a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> with mild and wet winters.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-254">[246]</a> In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-254">[246]</a> The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some southernmost slivers of Siberia, possess a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[247]</a> Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons, winter and summer; as spring and autumn are usually brief.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-254">[246]</a> The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Russia" title="Climate change in Russia">Climate change in Russia</a> is causing more frequent <a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildfires in Russia">wildfires</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a> and thawing the country's large expanse of <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife of Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Russia" title="List of ecoregions in Russia">List of ecoregions in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1037"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yugyd_Va_National_Park" title="Yugyd Va National Park">Yugyd Va National Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-urals-243">[236]</a></figcaption></figure> Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">polar deserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, forest tundra, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">mixed and broadleaf forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_steppe" title="Forest steppe">forest steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, semi-desert, and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-climate-259">[251]</a> About half of Russia's territory is forested,<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> and it has the world's largest area of forest,<a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-2021-260">[252]</a> which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-2021-260">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a> Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, 2,200 species of <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, about 3,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, 7,000–9,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and 20,000–25,000 species of fungi. Russian <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> is composed of <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Russia" title="List of mammals of Russia">320 species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, over <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Russia" title="List of birds of Russia">732 species</a> of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_fish_of_Russia" title="List of freshwater fish of Russia">343 species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> (high <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a>), approximately 1,500 species of <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">saltwater fishes</a>, 9 species of <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">cyclostomata</a>, and approximately 100–150,000 <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> (high endemism).<a href="#cite_note-climate-259">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> Approximately 1,100 rare and endangered plant and animal species are included in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Data_Book_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Red Data Book of the Russian Federation">Russian Red Data Book</a>.<a href="#cite_note-climate-259">[251]</a> Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area.<a href="#cite_note-climate-259">[251]</a> They include 45 <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">biosphere reserves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> 64 <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Russia" title="National parks of Russia">national parks</a>, and 101 <a href="/wiki/Zapovednik" title="Zapovednik">nature reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> Although in decline, the country still has many ecosystems which are still considered <a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">intact forest</a>; mainly in the northern taiga areas, and the subarctic tundra of Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a> Russia had a <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally.<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics of Russia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_(18-06-2023)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%2818-06-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%2818-06-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="924"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%2818-06-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%2818-06-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="142" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%2818-06-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/213px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%2818-06-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%2818-06-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/284px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%2818-06-2023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Russian Federation">President</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Mishustin_(2020-07-09).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikhail_Mishustin_%282020-07-09%29.jpg/142px-Mikhail_Mishustin_%282020-07-09%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="2524"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikhail_Mishustin_%282020-07-09%29.jpg/142px-Mikhail_Mishustin_%282020-07-09%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="142" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikhail_Mishustin_%282020-07-09%29.jpg/213px-Mikhail_Mishustin_%282020-07-09%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mikhail_Mishustin_%282020-07-09%29.jpg/284px-Mikhail_Mishustin_%282020-07-09%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin" title="Mikhail Mishustin">Mikhail Mishustin</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Russian Federation">Prime Minister</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg/310px-Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg/310px-Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg.png" data-width="310" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg/465px-Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg/620px-Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A chart of the Russian political system</figcaption></figure> Russia, by constitution, is a <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">symmetric federal</a> republic with a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a>, wherein <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">the president</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-(Article_80,_%C2%A7_1)-267">[259]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">prime minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> It is structured as a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, with the federal government composed of three branches:<a href="#cite_note-DeRouen-2005-268">[260]</a> <ul><li>Legislative: The <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Federal Assembly of Russia</a>, made up of the 450-member <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> and the 170-member <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DeRouen-2005-268">[260]</a> adopts <a href="/wiki/Federal_law" title="Federal law">federal law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declares war</a>, approves treaties, has the <a href="/wiki/Power_of_the_purse" title="Power of the purse">power of the purse</a> and the power of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeachment</a> of the president.<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a></li> <li>Executive: The president is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>, and appoints the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a> (Cabinet) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.<a href="#cite_note-(Article_80,_%C2%A7_1)-267">[259]</a> The president may issue <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_the_President_of_Russia" title="Decree of the President of Russia">decrees of unlimited scope</a>, so long as they do not contradict the constitution or federal law.<a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court</a> and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president,<a href="#cite_note-DeRouen-2005-268">[260]</a> interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a></li></ul> The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term and may be elected no more than twice.<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[i]</a> Ministries of the government are composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system#Eurasia" title="Dominant-party system">dominant</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Russia" title="List of political parties in Russia">political party in Russia</a>, and has been described as "<a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big tent</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">party of power</a>".<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">administrations of Vladimir Putin</a>, Russia has experienced <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a>,<a href="#cite_note-277">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a> and has been described as an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian dictatorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuzio-2016-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krzywdzinski-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a> Putin's policies are generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_divisions">Political divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions of Russia</a></div> Russia, by 1993 constitution, is a <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">symmetric (with the possibility of an asymmetric configuration) federation</a>. Unlike the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">asymmetric model</a> of the RSFSR, where only republics were "subjects of the federation", the current constitution raised the status of other regions to the level of republics and made all regions equal with the title "subject of the federation". The regions of Russia have reserved areas of competence, but no regions have sovereignty, do not have the status of a sovereign state, do not have the right to indicate any sovereignty in their constitutions and do not have the right to secede from the country. The laws of the regions cannot contradict federal laws.<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a><a href="#cite_note-disputed-282">[j]</a> have equal representation—two delegates each—in the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of the Federal Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-283">[273]</a> They do, however, differ in the degree of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomy</a> they enjoy.<a href="#cite_note-284">[274]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">federal districts of Russia</a> were established by Putin in 2000 to facilitate central government control of the federal subjects.<a href="#cite_note-285">[275]</a> Originally seven, currently there are eight federal districts, each headed by an envoy appointed by the president.<a href="#cite_note-286">[276]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_(2022),_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_%282022%29%2C_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg/600px-Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_%282022%29%2C_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="282"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_%282022%29%2C_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg/600px-Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_%282022%29%2C_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg.png" data-width="600" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_%282022%29%2C_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg/900px-Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_%282022%29%2C_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_%282022%29%2C_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg/1200px-Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_%282022%29%2C_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Federal subjects </th> <th>Governance </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> 46 <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">oblasts</a></div> </td> <td>The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres.<a href="#cite_note-287">[277]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 22 <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics</a></div> </td> <td>Each is nominally autonomous—home to a specific <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">ethnic minority</a>, and has its own constitution, language, and legislature, but is represented by the federal government in international affairs.<a href="#cite_note-288">[278]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 9 <a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">krais</a></div> </td> <td>For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-289">[279]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 4 <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">autonomous okrugs</a></div> </td> <td>Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area", and "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority.<a href="#cite_note-290">[280]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 3 <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">federal cities</a></div> </td> <td>Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> in Russian-occupied Ukraine).<a href="#cite_note-291">[281]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 1 autonomous oblast</div> </td> <td>The only autonomous oblast is the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[282]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Foto_de_fam%C3%ADlia_dos_L%C3%ADderes_do_G20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/2019_Foto_de_fam%C3%ADlia_dos_L%C3%ADderes_do_G20.jpg/220px-2019_Foto_de_fam%C3%ADlia_dos_L%C3%ADderes_do_G20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/2019_Foto_de_fam%C3%ADlia_dos_L%C3%ADderes_do_G20.jpg/220px-2019_Foto_de_fam%C3%ADlia_dos_L%C3%ADderes_do_G20.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/2019_Foto_de_fam%C3%ADlia_dos_L%C3%ADderes_do_G20.jpg/330px-2019_Foto_de_fam%C3%ADlia_dos_L%C3%ADderes_do_G20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/2019_Foto_de_fam%C3%ADlia_dos_L%C3%ADderes_do_G20.jpg/440px-2019_Foto_de_fam%C3%ADlia_dos_L%C3%ADderes_do_G20.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Putin with G20 counterparts in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. It maintains diplomatic relations with 190 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">United Nations member states</a>, four <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">partially-recognised states</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Observers_and_non-members" title="Member states of the United Nations">United Nations observer states</a>; along with <a href="/wiki/Russian_embassies" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian embassies">144 embassies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[283]</a> Russia is one of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">five permanent members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. The country is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-l454-295">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[286]</a> though its status as a modern great power has been questioned following the struggles it has faced while invading Ukraine starting in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-f495-297">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-y247-298">[288]</a> Russia is also a former <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Reiman-2016-161">[157]</a> Russia is a member of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a>. Russia also takes a leading role in organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-299">[289]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[290]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective Security Treaty Organisation">CSTO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[291]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-302">[292]</a> and <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[293]</a> Russia maintains close relations <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">with neighbouring Belarus</a>, which is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a>, a supranational confederation of the two states.<a href="#cite_note-304">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Russia–Serbia relations">historically close ally</a> of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity.<a href="#cite_note-305">[295]</a> India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">strategic and diplomatic relationship</a> since the Soviet era.<a href="#cite_note-306">[296]</a> Russia wields influence across the <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitically</a> important <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard".<a href="#cite_note-307">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[298]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg/220px-Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg/220px-Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg/330px-Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg/440px-Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Russia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Countries on Russia's "<a href="/wiki/Unfriendly_countries_list" title="Unfriendly countries list">Unfriendly countries list</a>". The list includes countries that have imposed <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctions against Russia</a> for its invasion of Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> In the 21st century, Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. Military intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> include <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">a war with Georgia</a> in 2008 and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">a war with Ukraine</a> beginning in 2014. Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, most significantly through military intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a> violations, along with electoral interference, have been used to increase perceptions of Russian power.<a href="#cite_note-309">[299]</a> Russia's relations with <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">neighbouring Ukraine</a> and the Western world—especially the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO–Russia relations">NATO</a>—have collapsed; especially since the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the beginning of a full-scale invasion in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-310">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[301]</a> Relations between Russia and China have significantly <a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Russian relations">strengthened bilaterally and economically</a>; due to shared political interests.<a href="#cite_note-312">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and Russia share a complex <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">strategic, energy, and defence relationship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[303]</a> Russia maintains <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">cordial relations</a> with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally.<a href="#cite_note-314">[304]</a> Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-315">[305]</a> Asia-Pacific,<a href="#cite_note-316">[306]</a> Africa,<a href="#cite_note-317">[307]</a> the Middle East,<a href="#cite_note-318">[308]</a> and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-319">[309]</a> According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, two-thirds of the world's population live in countries such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> or <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> that are neutral or leaning towards Russia.<a href="#cite_note-320">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukhoi_Design_Bureau,_054,_Sukhoi_Su-57_(49581303977).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sukhoi_Design_Bureau%2C_054%2C_Sukhoi_Su-57_%2849581303977%29.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Design_Bureau%2C_054%2C_Sukhoi_Su-57_%2849581303977%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sukhoi_Design_Bureau%2C_054%2C_Sukhoi_Su-57_%2849581303977%29.jpg/220px-Sukhoi_Design_Bureau%2C_054%2C_Sukhoi_Su-57_%2849581303977%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sukhoi_Design_Bureau%2C_054%2C_Sukhoi_Su-57_%2849581303977%29.jpg/330px-Sukhoi_Design_Bureau%2C_054%2C_Sukhoi_Su-57_%2849581303977%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sukhoi_Design_Bureau%2C_054%2C_Sukhoi_Su-57_%2849581303977%29.jpg/440px-Sukhoi_Design_Bureau%2C_054%2C_Sukhoi_Su-57_%2849581303977%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-57" title="Sukhoi Su-57">Sukhoi Su-57</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fifth-generation_fighter" title="Fifth-generation fighter">fifth-generation fighter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[312]</a></figcaption></figure> The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Aerospace Force">Aerospace Forces</a>—and there are also two independent arms of service: the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Missile_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Missile Troops">Strategic Missile Troops</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Airborne Troops">Airborne Troops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&action=edit">[update]</a>, the military have around a million active-duty personnel, which is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">fifth-largest</a>, and about 2–20 million <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserve personnel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[314]</a> It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to be <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">drafted</a> for a year of service in the Armed Forces.<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> Russia is among the five <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">recognised</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear-weapons states</a>, with the world's <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">largest stockpile of nuclear weapons</a>; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-325">[315]</a> Russia possesses the second-largest fleet of <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[316]</a> and is one of the only three countries operating <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bombers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[317]</a> Russia maintains the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">third-highest military expenditure</a>, spending $109 billion in 2023, corresponding to around 5.9% of its GDP.<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-2020-328">[318]</a> In 2021 it was the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_arms_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by arms exports">second-largest arms exporter</a>, and had a large and entirely indigenous <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">defence industry</a>, producing most of its own military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-329">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_(Yekaterinburg,_February_24,_2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_%28Yekaterinburg%2C_February_24%2C_2022%29.jpg/220px-Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_%28Yekaterinburg%2C_February_24%2C_2022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_%28Yekaterinburg%2C_February_24%2C_2022%29.jpg/220px-Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_%28Yekaterinburg%2C_February_24%2C_2022%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_%28Yekaterinburg%2C_February_24%2C_2022%29.jpg/330px-Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_%28Yekaterinburg%2C_February_24%2C_2022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_%28Yekaterinburg%2C_February_24%2C_2022%29.jpg/440px-Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_%28Yekaterinburg%2C_February_24%2C_2022%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022, <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_protests_in_Russia_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Anti-war protests in Russia (2022–present)">anti-war protests</a> broke out across Russia. The protests have been met with widespread repression, leading to about 15,000 people being arrested.<a href="#cite_note-330">[320]</a></figcaption></figure> Violations of human rights in Russia have been increasingly reported by leading democracy and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_group" title="Human rights group">human rights groups</a>. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-331">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[322]</a> Since 2004, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has ranked Russia as "not free" in its <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> survey.<a href="#cite_note-333">[323]</a> Since 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> has ranked Russia as an "authoritarian regime" in its <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>, ranking it 144th out of 167 countries in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-334">[324]</a> In regards to <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">media freedom</a>, Russia was ranked 155th out of 180 countries in <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>' <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> for 2022.<a href="#cite_note-335">[325]</a> The Russian government has been widely criticised by political dissidents and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_defender" title="Human rights defender">human rights activists</a> for <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">unfair elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-336">[326]</a> crackdowns on <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Vladimir_Putin_in_Russia" title="Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia">opposition political parties and protests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-337">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_undesirable_organizations_law" title="Russian undesirable organizations law">persecution of non-governmental organisations</a> and enforced suppression and <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_Russia" title="List of journalists killed in Russia">killings of independent journalists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-339">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[331]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">censorship</a> of mass media and <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Russia" title="Internet censorship in Russia">internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[332]</a> Muslims, especially <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafis</a>, have faced persecution in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-343">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[334]</a> To quash the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">insurgency in the North Caucasus</a>, Russian authorities have been accused of indiscriminate killings,<a href="#cite_note-345">[335]</a> arrests, forced disappearances, and torture of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-346">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[337]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, some Salafis along with facing government harassment based on their appearance, have had their homes blown up in counterinsurgency operations.<a href="#cite_note-348">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[339]</a> Chechens and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_prisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian prisons">Russian prisons</a> reportedly take more abuse than other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-350">[340]</a> During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia has set up <a href="/wiki/Russian_filtration_camps_for_Ukrainians" title="Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians">filtration camps</a> where many Ukrainians are subjected to abuses and forcibly sent to Russia; the camps have been compared to <a href="/wiki/Filtration_camp_system_in_Chechnya" title="Filtration camp system in Chechnya">those used in the Chechen Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[342]</a> Political repression also increased following the start of the invasion, with <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">laws adopted</a> that establish punishments for "discrediting" the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-353">[343]</a> Russia has introduced several restrictions on <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Russia">LGBT rights</a>, including a 2020 ban on same-sex marriage and the designation of LGBT+ organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_LGBT_Network" title="Russian LGBT Network">Russian LGBT Network</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Foreign_agent" title="Foreign agent">foreign agents</a>".<a href="#cite_note-354">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption in Russia</a></div> Russia's political system has been variously described as a <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-356">[346]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-357">[347]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[348]</a> It was the lowest rated European country in <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> for 2023, ranking 141th out of 180 countries.<a href="#cite_note-359">[349]</a> Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem.<a href="#cite_note-360">[350]</a> It affects various sectors, including the economy,<a href="#cite_note-361">[351]</a> business,<a href="#cite_note-362">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">public administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-363">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">law enforcement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-364">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">healthcare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-365">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-367">[357]</a> and the military.<a href="#cite_note-368">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_crime">Law and crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime in Russia</a></div> The primary and fundamental statement of laws in Russia is the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Russian Federation">Constitution of the Russian Federation</a>. Statutes, like the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Civil Code">Russian Civil Code</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Criminal Code">Russian Criminal Code</a>, are the predominant legal sources of Russian law.<a href="#cite_note-369">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[361]</a> Russia has the world's second-largest illegal arms trade market, after the United States, is ranked first in Europe and 32nd globally in the Global Organized Crime Index, and is among the countries with the highest number of people in prison.<a href="#cite_note-372">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[364]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy of Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economic history of the Russian Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/220px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/220px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/330px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/440px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">Moscow International Business Centre</a> in Moscow. The city has one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">largest urban economies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[365]</a></figcaption></figure> Russia has a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, following a <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">turbulent transition</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Soviet planned model</a> during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Eco_info2-376">[366]</a> Much of the country's economic activity is centered on its abundant and varied natural resources, particularly <a href="/wiki/Russian_oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oil industry">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">natural gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[367]</a> Russia is classified by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-378">[368]</a> with the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">ninth-largest economy</a> by nominal GDP and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">sixth-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>; by some measures, its economy ranks fourth or fifth in the world by PPP.<a href="#cite_note-379">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Services</a> account for roughly 54% of total GDP, followed by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a> (33%), while the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural sector">agricultural sector</a> is the smallest, at less than 4% of total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-380">[370]</a> Russia has a labour force of roughly 70 million, which is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">eight-largest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[371]</a> and a low official <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> of 4.1%.<a href="#cite_note-382">[372]</a> Russia is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">thirteenth-largest exporter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">21st-largest importer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[374]</a> It relies heavily on revenues from oil and gas-related taxes and export tariffs, which accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022,<a href="#cite_note-385">[375]</a> and up to 60% of its exports in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-386">[376]</a> Russia has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_external_debt" title="List of countries by external debt">lowest levels of external debt</a> among major economies,<a href="#cite_note-387">[377]</a> and had the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign-exchange_reserves" title="List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves">fifth-largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange reserves</a>, valued at over $601 billion,<a href="#cite_note-388">[378]</a> although half of that is frozen abroad, and a significant amount is believed to have been spent on the Ukrainian war. <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">Inequality of household income and wealth</a> is among the highest among developed countries,<a href="#cite_note-389">[379]</a> and there are considerable regional disparities in economic development.<a href="#cite_note-390">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[381]</a> After over a decade of post-Soviet rapid economic growth, backed by high oil prices and a surge in foreign exchange reserves and investment,<a href="#cite_note-Ellyatt-2021-205">[200]</a> Russia's economy was damaged by a wave of <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">international sanctions imposed</a> in 2014 following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[382]</a> In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country has faced <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-393">[383]</a> becoming the most sanctioned country in the world,<a href="#cite_note-394">[384]</a> in a move described as an "all-out economic and financial war" to isolate the Russian economy from the Western financial system.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-2022-220">[215]</a> Due to <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">the resulting negative impact</a>, the Russian government has stopped publishing a raft of economic data since April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-395">[385]</a> Although Russia has maintained relative economic stability and growth—driven primarily by high military spending, household consumption, and capital investment—economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect on the Russian economy.<a href="#cite_note-396">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_and_energy">Transport and energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VL_85-022_container_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/VL_85-022_container_train.jpg/220px-VL_85-022_container_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/VL_85-022_container_train.jpg/220px-VL_85-022_container_train.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/VL_85-022_container_train.jpg/330px-VL_85-022_container_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/VL_85-022_container_train.jpg/440px-VL_85-022_container_train.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> is the longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[389]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Russia" title="Rail transport in Russia">Railway transport in Russia</a> is mostly controlled by the state-run <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a>. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size" title="List of countries by rail transport network size">third-longest</a>, exceeding 87,000 km (54,100 mi).<a href="#cite_note-400">[390]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&action=edit">[update]</a>, Russia has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size" title="List of countries by road network size">fifth-largest road network</a>, with over 1.5 million km of roads,<a href="#cite_note-401">[391]</a> although its road density is among the world's lowest, due in part to its vast land area.<a href="#cite_note-402">[392]</a> Russia's inland waterways are the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_waterways_length" title="List of countries by waterways length">longest</a>, totaling 102,000 km (63,380 mi).<a href="#cite_note-403">[393]</a> Russia has over <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Russia" title="List of airports in Russia">900 airports</a>,<a href="#cite_note-404">[394]</a> ranking seventh in the world, of which the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Russia" title="List of the busiest airports in Russia">busiest</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport" title="Sheremetyevo International Airport">Sheremetyevo International Airport</a> in Moscow. Russia's largest port is the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Novorossiysk" title="Port of Novorossiysk">Port of Novorossiysk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> along the Black Sea.<a href="#cite_note-405">[395]</a> Russia was widely described <a href="/wiki/Russia_as_an_energy_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia as an energy superpower">as an energy superpower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[396]</a> It has the world's largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">proven gas reserves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-407">[397]</a> the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Coal_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal reserves">coal reserves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-408">[398]</a> the eighth-largest <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-409">[399]</a> and the largest <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_reserves" title="Oil shale reserves">oil shale reserves</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-410">[400]</a> Russia is also the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">leading natural gas exporter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-411">[401]</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">second-largest natural gas producer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-412">[402]</a> and the second-largest oil <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">producer</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">exporter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-413">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[404]</a> Russia's oil and gas production led to deep economic relationships with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, China, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">former Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-415">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-IEA-416">[406]</a> For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of the total gas demand for the EU (including the United Kingdom) increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-IEA-416">[406]</a> In the mid-2000s, the share of the oil and gas sector in GDP was around 20%, and in 2013 it was 20–21% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-417">[407]</a> The share of oil and gas in Russia's exports (about 50%) and federal budget revenues (about 50%) is large, and the dynamics of Russia's GDP are highly dependent on oil and gas prices,<a href="#cite_note-418">[408]</a> but the share in GDP is much less than 50%. According to the first such comprehensive assessment published by the Russian statistics agency Rosstat in 2021, the maximum total share of the oil and gas sector in Russia's GDP—including extraction, refining, transport, sale of oil and gas, all goods and services used, and all supporting activities—amounts to 19.2% in 2019 and 15.2% in 2020; this is comparable to the share of GDP in Norway and Kazakhstan, and much lower than the share of GDP in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-419">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[413]</a> Russia is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production" title="List of countries by electricity production">fourth-largest electricity producer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[414]</a> Natural gas is by far the largest source of energy, comprising over half of all <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> and 42% of electricity consumption.<a href="#cite_note-425">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-426">[416]</a> Russia was the first country to develop civilian nuclear power, building the world's <a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">first nuclear power plant</a> in 1954;<a href="#cite_note-427">[417]</a> it remains a pioneer in nuclear energy technology and is considered a world leader in <a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast neutron reactors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-428">[418]</a> Russia is the world's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">fourth-largest nuclear energy producer</a>, which accounts for one-fourth of total electricity generation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-426">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-429">[419]</a> Russian energy policy aims to expand the role of nuclear energy and develop new reactor technology.<a href="#cite_note-:4-428">[418]</a> Russia ratified the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-430">[420]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Russia" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia">greenhouse gas emissions</a> are the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions">fourth-largest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-431">[421]</a> Coal still accounts for nearly one-fifth of electricity generation (17.64%).<a href="#cite_note-:3-426">[416]</a> Russia is the <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity#World_hydroelectric_capacity" title="Hydroelectricity">fifth-largest hydroelectric producer</a> as of 2022,<a href="#cite_note-432">[422]</a> with hydro power also contributing to almost a fifth of total electricity generation (17.54%).<a href="#cite_note-:3-426">[416]</a> The use and development of other <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> resources remains negligible, as Russia is among the few countries without strong governmental or public support for expanding these energy resources.<a href="#cite_note-:5-429">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_fishery">Agriculture and fishery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_Tomsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wheat_Tomsk.jpg/220px-Wheat_Tomsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wheat_Tomsk.jpg/220px-Wheat_Tomsk.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wheat_Tomsk.jpg/330px-Wheat_Tomsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wheat_Tomsk.jpg/440px-Wheat_Tomsk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wheat in <a href="/wiki/Tomsk_Oblast" title="Tomsk Oblast">Tomsk Oblast</a>, Siberia</figcaption></figure> Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force.<a href="#cite_note-agriculturebritannica-433">[423]</a> It has the world's <a href="/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country" title="Land use statistics by country">third-largest cultivated area</a>, at 1,265,267 square kilometres (488,522 sq mi). However, due to the harshness of its environment, only about 13.1% of its land is <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">agricultural</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> with an additional 7.4% being <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-434">[424]</a> The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "<a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a>" of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-435">[425]</a> More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is used <a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">industrial crops</a>, vegetables, and fruits.<a href="#cite_note-agriculturebritannica-433">[423]</a> The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies well over half the cropland.<a href="#cite_note-agriculturebritannica-433">[423]</a> Russia is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">largest exporter of wheat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-436">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[427]</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">largest producer of barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">buckwheat</a>, among the largest exporters of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">sunflower oil</a>, and the leading producer of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[428]</a> Various analysts of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.<a href="#cite_note-439">[429]</a> Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">maintains</a> the world's <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">sixth-largest fishing industry</a>; capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-440">[430]</a> It is home to the world's finest caviar, the <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)" title="Beluga (sturgeon)">beluga</a>; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.<a href="#cite_note-agriculturebritannica-433">[423]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology in Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Timeline of Russian innovation</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_scientists" title="List of Russian scientists">List of Russian scientists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_inventors" title="List of Russian inventors">List of Russian inventors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_(1787,_RAN).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg/170px-M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg/170px-M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg/255px-M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg/340px-M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_%281787%2C_RAN%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> (1711–1765), <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> scientist, inventor, poet and artist</figcaption></figure> Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> in 2019, with the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by research and development spending">tenth-highest budget</a>.<a href="#cite_note-441">[431]</a> It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers.<a href="#cite_note-442">[432]</a> Since 1904, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">Nobel Prize</a> were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-443">[433]</a> Russia ranked 60th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, down from 45th in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-444">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[435]</a> Since the times of <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Lobachevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Lobachevsky">Nikolay Lobachevsky</a>, who pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean geometry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pafnuty_Chebyshev" title="Pafnuty Chebyshev">Pafnuty Chebyshev</a>, a prominent tutor; Russian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_mathematicians" title="List of Russian mathematicians">mathematicians</a> became among the world's most influential.<a href="#cite_note-446">[436]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Mendeleev">Dmitry Mendeleev</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a>, the main framework of modern <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-447">[437]</a> Nine Soviet and Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal_winners" class="mw-redirect" title="Fields Medal winners">Fields Medal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Perelman" title="Grigori Perelman">Grigori Perelman</a> was offered the first ever Clay <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems" title="Millennium Prize Problems">Millennium Prize Problems</a> Award for his final proof of the <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Poincaré conjecture">Poincaré conjecture</a> in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-448">[438]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Popov</a> was among the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_radio" title="Invention of radio">inventors of radio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-449">[439]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Basov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Basov">Nikolai Basov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a> were co-inventors of <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-450">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Losev" title="Oleg Losev">Oleg Losev</a> made crucial contributions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor junction">semiconductor junctions</a>, and discovered <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-451">[441]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a> is considered one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiogeology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-452">[442]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> is known for his groundbreaking research in <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-453">[443]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> is known chiefly for his work in <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-454">[444]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> made fundamental contributions to many areas of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-455">[445]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a> was best known for having identified the <a href="/wiki/Vavilov_center" title="Vavilov center">centres</a> of origin of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">cultivated</a> plants.<a href="#cite_note-456">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko">Trofim Lysenko</a> was known mainly for <a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-457">[447]</a> Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Émigrés">émigrés</a>. <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky" title="Igor Sikorsky">Igor Sikorsky</a> was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_pioneers" title="List of aviation pioneers">aviation pioneer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-458">[448]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a> was the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">iconoscope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a> television systems.<a href="#cite_note-459">[449]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> was the central figure in the field of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> for his work in shaping the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-460">[450]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">George Gamow</a> was one of the foremost advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory.<a href="#cite_note-461">[451]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_exploration">Space exploration</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/220px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2010"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/220px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/330px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/440px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>, Russian <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> that operated in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> is Russia's national space agency. The country's achievements in the field of <a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">space technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a>, the father of theoretical <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a>, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Korolyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Korolyov">Sergey Korolyov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a>, and many others who contributed to the success of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a> in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-462">[452]</a>: 6–7, 333 In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>. Many other Soviet and Russian <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Space exploration records">space exploration records</a> ensued. In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a> became the first and youngest <a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">woman in space</a>, having flown a solo mission on <a href="/wiki/Vostok_6" title="Vostok 6">Vostok 6</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[453]</a> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> became the first human to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">spacewalk</a>, exiting the <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsule</a> during <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-464">[454]</a> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dog</a>, became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[455]</a> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a> became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial body</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-466">[456]</a> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a> brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-467">[457]</a> In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a> became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-468">[458]</a> In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a> became the first spacecraft to land on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-469">[459]</a>: 34–60 During the same period, <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod-1">Lunokhod 1</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Space exploration rover">space exploration rover</a>,<a href="#cite_note-470">[460]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a> became the world's first <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-471">[461]</a> Russia had 172 active satellites in space in April 2022, the world's third-highest.<a href="#cite_note-472">[462]</a> Between the final flight of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> program in 2011 and the 2020 <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">first crewed mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz rockets</a> were the only launch vehicles capable of transporting astronauts to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[463]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> launched in August 2023, was the first of the <a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> Moon exploration programme.<a href="#cite_note-474">[464]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg/220px-Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg/220px-Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg/330px-Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg/440px-Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a> in Saint Petersburg, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a>, Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits.<a href="#cite_note-unwto-475">[465]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Tourism_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)">Federal Agency for Tourism</a>, the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-476">[466]</a> Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 totaled $11.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-unwto-475">[465]</a> In 2019, travel and tourism accounted for about 4.8% of country's total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-477">[467]</a> In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, tourism declined precipitously in 2020, to just over 6.3 million foreign visitors.<a href="#cite_note-478">[468]</a> Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Ring_of_Russia" title="Golden Ring of Russia">Golden Ring of Russia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Theme_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme route">theme route</a> of ancient Russian cities; cruises on large rivers such as the Volga; hikes on mountain ranges such as the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-479">[469]</a> and journeys on the famous <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-480">[470]</a> Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Kremlin" title="Kazan Kremlin">Kazan Kremlin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius" title="Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius">Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius</a> and Lake Baikal.<a href="#cite_note-481">[471]</a> Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling modern <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a>; it retains classical and Soviet-era architecture while boasting high art, world class ballet, and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">modern skyscrapers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-482">[472]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, the imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, <a href="/wiki/White_Nights_Festival" title="White Nights Festival">white nights</a>, crisscrossing rivers and numerous canals.<a href="#cite_note-483">[473]</a> Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">State Russian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">State Hermitage</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery" title="Tretyakov Gallery">Tretyakov Gallery</a>; and for theatres such as the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a> are among the cultural landmarks of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-484">[474]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">List of cities and towns in Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">List of cities and towns in Russia by population</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png/300px-Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6441" data-file-height="4263"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png/300px-Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png" data-width="300" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png/450px-Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png/600px-Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Population density of Russian municipalities according to the 2021 census</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Ethnic groups across Russia</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png/200px-Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4836" data-file-height="2820"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png/200px-Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png/300px-Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png/400px-Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ethnic groups in Russia with a population of over one million according to the 2010 census</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Russians_by_Federal_Subjects_(2021_Census).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Percentage_of_Russians_by_Federal_Subjects_%282021_Census%29.png/200px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_Federal_Subjects_%282021_Census%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6576" data-file-height="3990"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Percentage_of_Russians_by_Federal_Subjects_%282021_Census%29.png/200px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_Federal_Subjects_%282021_Census%29.png" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Percentage_of_Russians_by_Federal_Subjects_%282021_Census%29.png/300px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_Federal_Subjects_%282021_Census%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Percentage_of_Russians_by_Federal_Subjects_%282021_Census%29.png/400px-Percentage_of_Russians_by_Federal_Subjects_%282021_Census%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2021 census</div></div></div></div></div> Russia had a population of 144.7 million in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">2021</a> (excluding Crimea and Sevastopol),<a href="#cite_note-gks.ru-popul-18">[17]</a> growing from 142.8 million in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010</a>.<a href="#cite_note-485">[475]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">most populous country</a> in Europe and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">ninth most populous</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-486">[476]</a> With a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">population density</a> of 8 inhabitants per square kilometre (21 inhabitants/sq mi), Russia is one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">most sparsely populated</a> countries,<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> with the vast majority of its people concentrated within its <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">western part</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[477]</a> The country is highly <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanization by country">urbanised</a>, with two-thirds of the population living in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">towns and cities</a>, Russia's population peaked at over 148 million in 1993, having subsequently declined due to its <a href="/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rate</a> exceeding its <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a>, which some analysts have called a <a href="/wiki/Demographic_crisis_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic crisis of Russia">demographic crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-488">[478]</a> In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years, and subsequently experienced annual population growth due to declining <a href="/wiki/Death_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rates">death rates</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Birth_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth rates">birth rates</a>, and increased immigration.<a href="#cite_note-489">[479]</a> However, these population gains have been reversed since 2020, as excessive deaths from the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">COVID-19 pandemic</a> resulted in the largest peacetime decline in its history.<a href="#cite_note-490">[480]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)">Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022</a>, the demographic crisis has deepened,<a href="#cite_note-491">[481]</a> owing to reportedly high military fatalities and renewed <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">emigration</a> caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts.<a href="#cite_note-492">[482]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> across Russia was estimated to be 1.42 children born per woman,<a href="#cite_note-493">[483]</a> which is below the <a href="/wiki/Replacement_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement rate">replacement rate</a> of 2.1 and among <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_total_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate">the lowest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-494">[484]</a> Subsequently, the nation has one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">oldest populations</a>, with a median age of 40.3 years.<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> Russia is a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational state</a> with many subnational entities associated with different minorities.<a href="#cite_note-495">[485]</a> There are over <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">193 ethnic groups nationwide</a>. In the 2010 census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, and the remaining 19% of the population were ethnic minorities;<a href="#cite_note-496">[486]</a> while over four-fifths of Russia's population was of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Europe">European descent</a>—of whom the vast majority were <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-497">[487]</a> with a substantial minority of <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-498">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[489]</a> According to the United Nations, Russia's <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">immigrant population</a> is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million;<a href="#cite_note-500">[490]</a> most of which are from <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-501">[491]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Russia" title="Template:Largest cities of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Russia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2024 estimate<a href="#cite_note-2024estimate-502">[492]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Russia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Russia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Russia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Russia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Russia by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Russia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Russia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Russia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Russia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Russia by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moscow"><noscript><img alt="Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/120px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/120px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg" data-alt="Moscow" data-width="120" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/180px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/240px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> <a href="/wiki/File:4A7A3069_Moika,_Saint_Petersburg_(35468573803).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Petersburg"><noscript><img alt="Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/120px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1829"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 67px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/120px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg" data-alt="Saint Petersburg" data-width="120" data-height="67" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/180px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/240px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,149,803</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,140,487 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Novosibirsk_skyline_in_winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Novosibirsk"><noscript><img alt="Novosibirsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Novosibirsk_skyline_in_winter.jpg/120px-Novosibirsk_skyline_in_winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Novosibirsk_skyline_in_winter.jpg/120px-Novosibirsk_skyline_in_winter.jpg" data-alt="Novosibirsk" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Novosibirsk_skyline_in_winter.jpg/180px-Novosibirsk_skyline_in_winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Novosibirsk_skyline_in_winter.jpg/240px-Novosibirsk_skyline_in_winter.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Yekaterinburg-2021-08_-_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yekaterinburg"><noscript><img alt="Yekaterinburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yekaterinburg-2021-08_-_1.jpeg/120px-Yekaterinburg-2021-08_-_1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yekaterinburg-2021-08_-_1.jpeg/120px-Yekaterinburg-2021-08_-_1.jpeg" data-alt="Yekaterinburg" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yekaterinburg-2021-08_-_1.jpeg/180px-Yekaterinburg-2021-08_-_1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yekaterinburg-2021-08_-_1.jpeg/240px-Yekaterinburg-2021-08_-_1.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,597,763</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,138,654 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,633,851</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,104,485 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,536,183</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,046,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,318,604</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,026,908 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk Krai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,205,473</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,018,898 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,204,985</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">887,365 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,177,058</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">861,098 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,163,304</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">667,956 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara Oblast</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,158,952</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">622,091 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Minority languages across Russia</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic,_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_(en).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic%2C_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_%28en%29.png/215px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic%2C_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="2036"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 215px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic%2C_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_%28en%29.png/215px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic%2C_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_%28en%29.png" data-alt="" data-width="215" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic%2C_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_%28en%29.png/323px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic%2C_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic%2C_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_%28en%29.png/430px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic%2C_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_%28en%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> spoken across Russia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/119px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 119px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/119px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="119" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/179px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/238px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> is <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">ethno</a>-<a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">linguistically</a> diverse.<a href="#cite_note-503">[493]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Russian is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> and the predominantly spoken language in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Chevalier-2006-4">[3]</a> It is the most spoken <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a> in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-language-504">[494]</a> Russian is one of two official languages aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>,<a href="#cite_note-505">[495]</a> as well as one of the six <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">official languages of the United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-language-504">[494]</a> Russia is a <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism#Europe" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> nation; approximately 100–150 minority languages are spoken across the country.<a href="#cite_note-506">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-507">[497]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">Russian Census of 2010</a>, 137.5 million across the country spoke Russian, 4.3 million spoke <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>, and 1.1 million spoke <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-508">[498]</a> The constitution gives the country's individual republics the right to <a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of official languages in Russia">establish their own state languages</a> in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.<a href="#cite_note-509">[499]</a> However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Russia" title="List of endangered languages in Russia">many languages becoming endangered</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[501]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d18.jpg/220px-Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="2128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d18.jpg/220px-Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d18.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d18.jpg/330px-Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d18.jpg/440px-Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d18.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a> in Moscow is the most iconic religious architecture of Russia.</figcaption></figure> Russia is constitutionally a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> that officially enshrines freedom of religion.<a href="#cite_note-:2-512">[502]</a> The largest religion is <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>, chiefly represented by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-513">[503]</a> which is legally recognised for its "special role" in the country's "history and the formation and development of its spirituality and culture."<a href="#cite_note-:2-512">[502]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> are recognised by Russian law as the "traditional" religions of the country constituting its "historical heritage".<a href="#cite_note-514">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[505]</a> Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia and is traditional among the majority of <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">peoples in the North Caucasus</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural" title="Idel-Ural">Volga-Ural</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-513">[503]</a> Large populations of Buddhists are found in <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky Krai</a>, and they are the vast majority of the population in <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-513">[503]</a> Many Russians practise other religions, including <a href="/wiki/Rodnovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodnovery">Rodnovery</a> (Slavic Neopaganism),<a href="#cite_note-516">[506]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism</a> (Scythian Neopaganism),<a href="#cite_note-517">[507]</a> other ethnic Paganisms, and inter-Pagan movements such as <a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-518">[508]</a> various movements of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-519">[509]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siberian_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian shamanism">Siberian shamanism</a><a href="#cite_note-520">[510]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophical</a> movements such as <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a>, and other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-521">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-522">[512]</a> Some religious minorities have faced oppression and some have been banned in the country;<a href="#cite_note-523">[513]</a> notably, in 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> were outlawed in Russia, facing persecution ever since, after having been declared an "extremist" and "nontraditional" faith.<a href="#cite_note-524">[514]</a> In 2012, the research organisation Sreda, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Justice (Russia)">Ministry of Justice</a>, published the Arena Atlas, an adjunct to the 2010 census, enumerating in detail the religious populations and nationalities of Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. The results showed that 47.3% of Russians declared themselves Christians—including 41% Russian Orthodox, 1.5% simply Orthodox or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 4.1% unaffiliated Christians, and less than 1% <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>—25% were <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">believers without affiliation to any specific religion</a>, 13% were <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>, 6.5% were Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlasIslam-525">[k]</a> 1.2% were followers of "traditional religions honouring gods and ancestors" (<a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Rodnovery</a>, other Paganisms, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian shamanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>), 0.5% were Buddhists, 0.1% were <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">religious Jews</a> and 0.1% were Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-513">[503]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3946" data-file-height="2610"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>, the most prestigious educational institution in Russia<a href="#cite_note-526">[515]</a></figcaption></figure> Russia has an adult <a href="/wiki/Literate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literate">literacy rate</a> of 100%,<a href="#cite_note-527">[516]</a> and has <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 17–18.<a href="#cite_note-Nuffic-2019-528">[517]</a> It grants <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a> to its citizens by constitution.<a href="#cite_note-CEPES-529">[518]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Education (Russia)">Ministry of Education of Russia</a> is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Higher_Education_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Russia)">Ministry of Education and Science of Russia</a> is responsible for science and higher education.<a href="#cite_note-Nuffic-2019-528">[517]</a> Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tertiary_education_attainment" title="List of countries by tertiary education attainment">sixth-highest proportion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary-level graduates</a> in terms of percentage of population, at 62.1%.<a href="#cite_note-530">[519]</a> It spent roughly 4.7% of its GDP on education in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-531">[520]</a> Russia's <a href="/wiki/Pre-school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-school">pre-school</a> education system is highly developed and optional,<a href="#cite_note-532">[521]</a> some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate.<a href="#cite_note-Nuffic-2019-528">[517]</a> An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level.<a href="#cite_note-Educationb-533">[522]</a> Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:<a href="#cite_note-CEPES-529">[518]</a> first-degree courses usually take five years.<a href="#cite_note-Educationb-533">[522]</a> The oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Russia" title="List of institutions of higher education in Russia">universities</a> in Russia are <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-534">[523]</a> There are ten highly prestigious <a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_universities_of_Russia" title="Template:Federal universities of Russia">federal universities</a> across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a> in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand.<a href="#cite_note-535">[524]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metallurg_Sochi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Metallurg_Sochi.jpg/220px-Metallurg_Sochi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Metallurg_Sochi.jpg/220px-Metallurg_Sochi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Metallurg_Sochi.jpg/330px-Metallurg_Sochi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Metallurg_Sochi.jpg/440px-Metallurg_Sochi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Metallurg, a Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a><a href="#cite_note-536">[525]</a></figcaption></figure> Russia, by constitution, guarantees free, <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program.<a href="#cite_note-537">[526]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Health (Russia)">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</a> oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-538">[527]</a> Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-539">[528]</a> Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations.<a href="#cite_note-540">[529]</a> Russia has one of the world's most female-biased <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratios</a>, with 0.859 males to every female,<a href="#cite_note-cia-10">[9]</a> due to its high male <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-541">[530]</a> In 2021, the overall <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">life expectancy in Russia</a> at birth was 70.06 years (65.51 years for males and 74.51 years for females),<a href="#cite_note-542">[531]</a> and it had a very low <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality rate</a> (5 per 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Live_birth_(human)" title="Live birth (human)">live births</a>).<a href="#cite_note-543">[532]</a> The principal cause of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases.<a href="#cite_note-544">[533]</a> <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> is a prevalent health issue in Russia; most adults are overweight or obese.<a href="#cite_note-545">[534]</a> However, Russia's historically high <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol consumption in Russia">alcohol consumption rate</a> is the biggest health issue in the country,<a href="#cite_note-546">[535]</a> as it remains <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">one of the world's highest</a>, despite a stark decrease in the last decade.<a href="#cite_note-547">[536]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_consumption_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco consumption by country">Smoking</a> is another health issue in the country.<a href="#cite_note-548">[537]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">high suicide rate</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">on the decline</a>,<a href="#cite_note-549">[538]</a> remains a significant social issue.<a href="#cite_note-550">[539]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian culture">Russian culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/220px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6728" data-file-height="5598"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/220px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/330px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/440px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a> in Moscow, at night</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian writers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">philosophers</a> have played an important role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">European literature</a> and thought.<a href="#cite_note-McLean-1962-551">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-552">[541]</a> The Russians have also greatly influenced classical music,<a href="#cite_note-553">[542]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">ballet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-554">[543]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">sport</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Riordan-1993-555">[544]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">painting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-556">[545]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulgakova-2012-557">[546]</a> The nation has also made pioneering <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_inventions_and_technology_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records">contributions to science and technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-558">[547]</a><a href="#cite_note-559">[548]</a> Russia is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">32 UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, 21 out of which are cultural; while 31 more sites lie on the tentative list.<a href="#cite_note-560">[549]</a> The large global <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a> has also played a major role in spreading Russian culture throughout the world. Russia's national symbol, the <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a>, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">its coat of arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">heraldry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-3-77">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Bear" title="Russian Bear">Russian Bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Mother Russia</a> are often used as <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personifications</a> of the country.<a href="#cite_note-561">[550]</a><a href="#cite_note-562">[551]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matryoshka_dolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Matryoshka dolls">Matryoshka dolls</a> are considered a cultural icon of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-563">[552]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Sails_(tradition)" title="Scarlet Sails (tradition)">Scarlet Sails</a> being celebrated along the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a> in Saint Petersburg</figcaption></figure> Russia has eight—public, patriotic, and religious—official holidays.<a href="#cite_note-564">[553]</a> The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russian Orthodox Christmas</a> on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays.<a href="#cite_note-565">[554]</a> <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Fatherland_Day" title="Defender of the Fatherland Day">Defender of the Fatherland Day</a>, dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February.<a href="#cite_note-566">[555]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. The annual celebration of women has become so popular, especially among Russian men, that Moscow's flower vendors often see profits of "15 times" more than other holidays.<a href="#cite_note-567">[556]</a> <a href="/wiki/May_Day#Russia" title="May Day">Spring and Labour Day</a>, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May.<a href="#cite_note-568">[557]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Day (Russia)">Victory Day</a>, which honours Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a>, is celebrated on 9 May as an annual <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="Moscow Victory Day Parade">large parade</a> in Moscow's Red Square;<a href="#cite_note-569">[558]</a> and marks the famous <a href="/wiki/Immortal_Regiment" title="Immortal Regiment">Immortal Regiment</a> civil event.<a href="#cite_note-570">[559]</a> Other patriotic holidays include <a href="/wiki/Russia_Day" title="Russia Day">Russia Day</a> on 12 June, celebrated to commemorate Russia's <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">declaration of sovereignty</a> from the collapsing Soviet Union;<a href="#cite_note-571">[560]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unity_Day_(Russia)" title="Unity Day (Russia)">Unity Day</a> on 4 November, commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow_(1612)" title="Battle of Moscow (1612)">1612 uprising</a> which marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)">Polish occupation of Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-572">[561]</a> There are many popular non-public holidays. <a href="/wiki/Old_New_Year" title="Old New Year">Old New Year</a> is celebrated on 14 January.<a href="#cite_note-573">[562]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a> is an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday.<a href="#cite_note-574">[563]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmonautics_Day" title="Cosmonautics Day">Cosmonautics Day</a> on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space.<a href="#cite_note-575">[564]</a> Two major Christian holidays are Easter and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-576">[565]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian artists">Russian artists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_architects" title="List of Russian architects">List of Russian architects</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/218px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21059"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 218px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/218px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="218" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/327px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/436px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Karl Bryullov</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii" title="The Last Day of Pompeii">The Last Day of Pompeii</a> (1833)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:130px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg/218px-Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 218px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg/218px-Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="218" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg/327px-Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg/436px-Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> served as the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_all_the_Russias" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of all the Russias">Emperor of Russia</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Early Russian painting is <a href="/wiki/Russian_icons" title="Russian icons">represented in icons</a> and vibrant <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>. In the early 15th century, the master icon painter <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a> created some of Russia's most treasured religious art.<a href="#cite_note-Art-577">[566]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Arts" title="Russian Academy of Arts">Russian Academy of Arts</a>, which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-2-93">[89]</a> In the 18th century, academicians <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Argunov" title="Ivan Argunov">Ivan Argunov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Levitzky" title="Dmitry Levitzky">Dmitry Levitzky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Borovikovsky" title="Vladimir Borovikovsky">Vladimir Borovikovsky</a> became influential.<a href="#cite_note-578">[567]</a> The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Briullov" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Briullov">Karl Briullov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Ivanov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov">Alexander Ivanov</a>, both of whom were known for <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> historical canvases.<a href="#cite_note-579">[568]</a><a href="#cite_note-580">[569]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a>, another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of <a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">marine art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-581">[570]</a> In the 1860s, a group of critical <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a>), led by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kramskoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kramskoy">Ivan Kramskoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasiliy_Perov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasiliy Perov">Vasiliy Perov</a> broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings.<a href="#cite_note-582">[571]</a> The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a>; represented by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Vrubel" title="Mikhail Vrubel">Mikhail Vrubel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-583">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-584">[573]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_avant-garde" title="Russian avant-garde">Russian avant-garde</a> flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; and globally influential artists from this era were <a href="/wiki/El_Lissitzky" title="El Lissitzky">El Lissitzky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-585">[574]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Natalia Goncharova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-586">[575]</a> The history of <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian architecture</a> begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">church architecture of Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-587">[576]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a>, for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture#Legacy" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-588">[577]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Fioravanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotle Fioravanti">Aristotle Fioravanti</a> and other Italian architects brought <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> trends into Russia.<a href="#cite_note-589">[578]</a> The 16th century saw the development of the unique <a href="/wiki/Tent-like_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Tent-like church">tent-like churches</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">onion dome</a> design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture.<a href="#cite_note-590">[579]</a> In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, gradually paving the way for the <a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Naryshkin baroque">Naryshkin baroque</a> of the 1680s.<a href="#cite_note-591">[580]</a> After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles. The 18th-century taste for <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> architecture led to the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">works</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Rastrelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Rastrelli">Bartolomeo Rastrelli</a> and his followers. The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century; <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bazhenov" title="Vasily Bazhenov">Vasily Bazhenov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matvey_Kazakov" title="Matvey Kazakov">Matvey Kazakov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Starov" title="Ivan Starov">Ivan Starov</a>, created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed.<a href="#cite_note-Art-577">[566]</a> During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-592">[581]</a> Under Alexander I, <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> became the de facto architectural style.<a href="#cite_note-593">[582]</a> The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Neo-Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revival">Russian Revival</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-594">[583]</a> In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Russian_neoclassical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neoclassical revival">Russian neoclassical revival</a> became a trend.<a href="#cite_note-595">[584]</a> Prevalent styles of the late 20th century were <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_architecture_in_Russia" title="Art Nouveau architecture in Russia">Art Nouveau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-596">[585]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-597">[586]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Socialist Classicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-598">[587]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_(1840-1893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/170px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2466"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/170px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/255px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/340px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> (1840–1893), in a 1893 painting by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Dmitriyevich_Kuznetsov_(painter)" title="Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov (painter)">Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov</a></figcaption></figure> Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-4-599">[588]</a> In the 19th century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a> along with other members of <a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Handful" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mighty Handful">The Mighty Handful</a>, who were later succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Belyayev_circle" title="Belyayev circle">Belyayev circle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-600">[589]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Musical_Society" title="Russian Musical Society">Russian Musical Society</a> led by composers <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rubinstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Rubinstein">Nikolay Rubinstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-601">[590]</a> The later tradition of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-1998-4-599">[588]</a> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Edison_Denisov" title="Edison Denisov">Edison Denisov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-music2-602">[591]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sviridov" title="Georgy Sviridov">Georgy Sviridov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-603">[592]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-music2-602">[591]</a> During the Soviet era, <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two <a href="/wiki/Bard_(Soviet_Union)" title="Bard (Soviet Union)">balladeers</a>—<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vysotsky" title="Vladimir Vysotsky">Vladimir Vysotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a>,<a href="#cite_note-music2-602">[591]</a> and performers such as <a href="/wiki/Alla_Pugacheva" title="Alla Pugacheva">Alla Pugacheva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-604">[593]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a>, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.<a href="#cite_note-music2-602">[591]</a> By the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">rock music</a> became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as <a href="/wiki/Aria_(band)" title="Aria (band)">Aria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_(band)" title="Aquarium (band)">Aquarium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-605">[594]</a> <a href="/wiki/DDT_(band)" title="DDT (band)">DDT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-606">[595]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kino_(band)" title="Kino (band)">Kino</a>;<a href="#cite_note-607">[596]</a> the latter's leader <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tsoi" title="Viktor Tsoi">Viktor Tsoi</a>, was in particular, a gigantic figure.<a href="#cite_note-608">[597]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_pop" title="Russian pop">Pop music</a> has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as <a href="/wiki/T.A.T.u." title="T.A.T.u.">t.A.T.u.</a><a href="#cite_note-609">[598]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_philosophy">Literature and philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian philosophy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilya_Efimovich_Repin_(1844-1930)_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_(1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ilya_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_%281887%29.jpg/133px-Ilya_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_%281887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1711"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 133px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ilya_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_%281887%29.jpg/133px-Ilya_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_%281887%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="133" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ilya_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_%281887%29.jpg/200px-Ilya_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_%281887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ilya_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_%281887%29.jpg/266px-Ilya_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Portrait_of_Leo_Tolstoy_%281887%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (1828–1910), is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time, with works such as <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-610">[599]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/151px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 151px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/151px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="151" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/227px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/302px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> (1821–1881), one of the great novelists of all time, whose masterpieces include <a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment" title="Crime and Punishment">Crime and Punishment</a><a href="#cite_note-611">[600]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed.<a href="#cite_note-McLean-1962-551">[540]</a> It can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, when epics and chronicles in <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> were composed.<a href="#cite_note-612">[601]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, literature had grown in importance, with works from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Denis Fonvizin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavrila_Derzhavin" title="Gavrila Derzhavin">Gavrila Derzhavin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Nikolay Karamzin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-literature-613">[602]</a> From the early 1830s, during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Golden Age of Russian Poetry</a>, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.<a href="#cite_note-614">[603]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> permitted a flowering of poetic talent: <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Vasily Zhukovsky</a> and later his protégé <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> came to the fore.<a href="#cite_note-615">[604]</a> Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Nekrasov" title="Nikolay Nekrasov">Nikolay Nekrasov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Konstantinovich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy">Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Fyodor Tyutchev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Fet" title="Afanasy Fet">Afanasy Fet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-literature-613">[602]</a> The first great Russian novelist was <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-616">[605]</a> Then came <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a>, who mastered both short stories and novels.<a href="#cite_note-617">[606]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> soon became internationally renowned. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a> wrote prose satire,<a href="#cite_note-618">[607]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Leskov" title="Nikolai Leskov">Nikolai Leskov</a> is best remembered for his shorter fiction.<a href="#cite_note-619">[608]</a> In the second half of the century <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist.<a href="#cite_note-620">[609]</a> Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Krylov" title="Ivan Krylov">Ivan Krylov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-621">[610]</a> non-fiction writers such as the critic <a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Vissarion Belinsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-622">[611]</a> and playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Griboyedov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Griboyedov">Aleksandr Griboyedov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ostrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Ostrovsky">Aleksandr Ostrovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-623">[612]</a><a href="#cite_note-624">[613]</a> The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Silver Age of Russian Poetry">Silver Age of Russian Poetry</a>. This era had poets such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Balmont" title="Konstantin Balmont">Konstantin Balmont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-625">[614]</a> It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kuprin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Kuprin">Aleksandr Kuprin</a>, Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Andreyev" title="Leonid Andreyev">Leonid Andreyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a>.<a href="#cite_note-literature-613">[602]</a> After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">white émigré</a> parts. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a> became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>, who laid the foundations of this style.<a href="#cite_note-626">[615]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a> was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era.<a href="#cite_note-627">[616]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ostrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Ostrovsky">Nikolay Ostrovsky</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/How_the_Steel_Was_Tempered" title="How the Steel Was Tempered">How the Steel Was Tempered</a> has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Influential émigré writers include <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-628">[617]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>; who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers.<a href="#cite_note-629">[618]</a> Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps.<a href="#cite_note-630">[619]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian philosophy</a> has been greatly influential. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> is known as one of the fathers of <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-631">[620]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> is referred to as the father of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-632">[621]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> was the most important theorist of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-633">[622]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a>'s writings have significantly inspired scholars.<a href="#cite_note-634">[623]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a> gained international following as the leading theoretician of <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>, and co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-635">[624]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-636">[625]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, on the other hand, founded <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-637">[626]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zinoviev" title="Alexander Zinoviev">Alexander Zinoviev</a> was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-638">[627]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a>, known for his <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics".<a href="#cite_note-639">[628]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mint_bread_kvas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/220px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="1971"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/220px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/330px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mint_bread_kvas.jpg/440px-Mint_bread_kvas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a> is an ancient and traditional Russian beverage.</figcaption></figure> Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation; and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. Crops of <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, wheat, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> provide the ingredients for various breads, <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a> and cereals, as well as for many drinks. <a href="/wiki/Bread_in_Europe#Finland_and_Russia" title="Bread in Europe">Bread</a>, of many varieties,<a href="#cite_note-640">[629]</a> is very popular across Russia.<a href="#cite_note-641">[630]</a> Flavourful soups and stews include <a href="/wiki/Shchi" title="Shchi">shchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Borsch">borsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukha" title="Ukha">ukha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solyanka" title="Solyanka">solyanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Okroshka" title="Okroshka">okroshka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">Smetana</a> (a heavy <a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">sour cream</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a> are often added to soups and salads.<a href="#cite_note-642">[631]</a><a href="#cite_note-643">[632]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirozhki" title="Pirozhki">Pirozhki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-644">[633]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blini" title="Blini">blini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-645">[634]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">syrniki</a> are native types of <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-646">[635]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beef_Stroganoff" title="Beef Stroganoff">Beef Stroganoff</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Volokh-1983-647">[636]</a>: 266 <a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev" title="Chicken Kiev">Chicken Kiev</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Volokh-1983-647">[636]</a>: 320 <a href="/wiki/Pelmeni" title="Pelmeni">pelmeni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-648">[637]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shashlyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shashlyk">shashlyk</a> are popular meat dishes.<a href="#cite_note-649">[638]</a> Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls (<a href="/wiki/Golubtsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Golubtsy">golubtsy</a>) usually filled with meat.<a href="#cite_note-650">[639]</a> Salads include <a href="/wiki/Olivier_salad" title="Olivier salad">Olivier salad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-651">[640]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinegret" title="Vinegret">vinegret</a>,<a href="#cite_note-652">[641]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dressed_herring" title="Dressed herring">dressed herring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-653">[642]</a> Russia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_drinks" title="List of national drinks">national non-alcoholic drink</a> is <a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">kvass</a>,<a href="#cite_note-654">[643]</a> and the national alcoholic drink is <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>; its production in Russia (and elsewhere) dates back to the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-655">[644]</a> The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,<a href="#cite_note-656">[645]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Russia" title="Beer in Russia">beer</a> is the most popular alcoholic beverage.<a href="#cite_note-657">[646]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a> has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-658">[647]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">Tea has been popular in Russia</a> for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-659">[648]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_media_and_cinema">Mass media and cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">Media of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg/170px-2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg/170px-2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg/255px-2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg/340px-2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ostankino_Tower" title="Ostankino Tower">Ostankino Tower</a> in Moscow, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding structures">tallest freestanding structure</a> in Europe<a href="#cite_note-660">[649]</a></figcaption></figure> There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a>, <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency)" title="Sputnik (news agency)">Sputnik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-661">[650]</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a> is the most popular medium in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-662">[651]</a> Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include <a href="/wiki/Radio_Rossii" title="Radio Rossii">Radio Rossii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesti_FM" title="Vesti FM">Vesti FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Echo of Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mayak" title="Radio Mayak">Radio Mayak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russkoye_Radio" title="Russkoye Radio">Russkoye Radio</a>. Of the 16,000 registered newspapers, <a href="/wiki/Argumenty_i_Fakty" title="Argumenty i Fakty">Argumenty i Fakty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda" title="Komsomolskaya Pravda">Komsomolskaya Pravda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moskovskij_Komsomolets" title="Moskovskij Komsomolets">Moskovskij Komsomolets</a> are popular. State-run <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia-1" title="Russia-1">Russia-1</a> are the leading news channels, while <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a> is the flagship of Russia's international media operations.<a href="#cite_note-bbcmedia-662">[651]</a> Russia has the <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Russia" title="Video games in Russia">largest video gaming market</a> in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-663">[652]</a> Russian and later <a href="/wiki/Soviet_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet cinema">Soviet cinema</a> was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Battleship_Potemkin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battleship Potemkin">The Battleship Potemkin</a>, which was named the <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_best" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films considered the best">greatest film of all time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Brussels World's Fair</a> in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-664">[653]</a><a href="#cite_note-665">[654]</a> Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors.<a href="#cite_note-666">[655]</a><a href="#cite_note-667">[656]</a> Eisenstein was a student of <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Lev Kuleshov</a>, who developed the groundbreaking <a href="/wiki/Soviet_montage_theory" title="Soviet montage theory">Soviet montage theory</a> of film editing at the world's first film school, the <a href="/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography" title="Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography">All-Union Institute of Cinematography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-668">[657]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Kino-Eye" title="Kino-Eye">Kino-Eye</a>" theory had a large effect on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism.<a href="#cite_note-669">[658]</a> Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including <a href="/wiki/Chapaev_(film)" title="Chapaev (film)">Chapaev</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cranes_Are_Flying" title="The Cranes Are Flying">The Cranes Are Flying</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ballad_of_a_Soldier" title="Ballad of a Soldier">Ballad of a Soldier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulgakova-2012-557">[546]</a> The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Bulgakova-2012-557">[546]</a> The comedies of <a href="/wiki/Eldar_Ryazanov" title="Eldar Ryazanov">Eldar Ryazanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Gaidai" title="Leonid Gaidai">Leonid Gaidai</a> of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today.<a href="#cite_note-670">[659]</a><a href="#cite_note-671">[660]</a> In 1961–68 <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Bondarchuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Bondarchuk">Sergey Bondarchuk</a> directed an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(film_series)" title="War and Peace (film series)">film adaptation</a> of Leo Tolstoy's epic <a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/The_most_expensive_film" class="mw-redirect" title="The most expensive film">the most expensive film</a> made in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Bulgakova-2012-557">[546]</a> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Motyl" title="Vladimir Motyl">Vladimir Motyl</a>'s <a href="/wiki/White_Sun_of_the_Desert" title="White Sun of the Desert">White Sun of the Desert</a> was released, a very popular film in a genre of <a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">ostern</a>; the film is traditionally watched by <a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonauts">cosmonauts</a> before any trip into space.<a href="#cite_note-672">[661]</a> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian cinema industry suffered large losses—however, since the late 2000s, it has seen growth once again, and continues to expand.<a href="#cite_note-673">[662]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sport in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Sharapova_(18405201199).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Maria_Sharapova_%2818405201199%29.jpg/220px-Maria_Sharapova_%2818405201199%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4483" data-file-height="3287"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Maria_Sharapova_%2818405201199%29.jpg/220px-Maria_Sharapova_%2818405201199%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Maria_Sharapova_%2818405201199%29.jpg/330px-Maria_Sharapova_%2818405201199%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Maria_Sharapova_%2818405201199%29.jpg/440px-Maria_Sharapova_%2818405201199%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sharapova" title="Maria Sharapova">Maria Sharapova</a>, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_tennis_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players">world No. 1</a> tennis player, was the world's highest-paid female athlete for 11 consecutive years.<a href="#cite_note-674">[663]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-675">[664]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_football_team" title="Soviet Union national football team">Soviet Union national football team</a> became the first European champions by winning <a href="/wiki/Euro_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 1960">Euro 1960</a>,<a href="#cite_note-676">[665]</a> and reached the finals of <a href="/wiki/Euro_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 1988">Euro 1988</a>.<a href="#cite_note-677">[666]</a> Russian clubs <a href="/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow" title="PFC CSKA Moscow">CSKA Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zenit_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenit Saint Petersburg">Zenit Saint Petersburg</a> won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Cup">UEFA Cup</a> in 2005 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-678">[667]</a><a href="#cite_note-679">[668]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian national football team">Russian national football team</a> reached the semi-finals of <a href="/wiki/Euro_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2008">Euro 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-680">[669]</a> Russia was the host nation for the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="2017 FIFA Confederations Cup">2017 FIFA Confederations Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-681">[670]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-682">[671]</a> However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions.<a href="#cite_note-683">[672]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Russia" title="Ice hockey in Russia">Ice hockey</a> is very popular in Russia, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team">Soviet national ice hockey team</a> dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence.<a href="#cite_note-Riordan-1993-555">[544]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport.<a href="#cite_note-684">[673]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian national basketball team">Russian national basketball team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2007" title="EuroBasket 2007">EuroBasket 2007</a>,<a href="#cite_note-685">[674]</a> and the Russian basketball club <a href="/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow" title="PBC CSKA Moscow">PBC CSKA Moscow</a> is among the most successful European basketball teams.<a href="#cite_note-686">[675]</a> The annual Formula One <a href="/wiki/Russian_Grand_Prix" title="Russian Grand Prix">Russian Grand Prix</a> was held at the <a href="/wiki/Sochi_Autodrom" title="Sochi Autodrom">Sochi Autodrom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sochi_Olympic_Park" title="Sochi Olympic Park">Sochi Olympic Park</a>, until its termination following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-687">[676]</a><a href="#cite_note-688">[677]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_Olympics" title="Russia at the Olympics">Russian athletes</a> have been one of the most successful contenders in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Riordan-1993-555">[544]</a> Russia is the leading nation in <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">rhythmic gymnastics</a>; and Russian <a href="/wiki/Synchronised_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronised swimming">synchronised swimming</a> is considered to be the world's best.<a href="#cite_note-689">[678]</a> <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a> is another popular sport in Russia, especially <a href="/wiki/Pair_skating" title="Pair skating">pair skating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice dancing">ice dancing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-690">[679]</a> Russia has produced numerous prominent tennis players.<a href="#cite_note-691">[680]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades.<a href="#cite_note-692">[681]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Summer Olympic Games">1980 Summer Olympic Games</a> were held in Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-693">[682]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics" title="2014 Winter Paralympics">2014 Winter Paralympics</a> were hosted in Sochi.<a href="#cite_note-694">[683]</a><a href="#cite_note-695">[684]</a> However, Russia has also had 43 <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic medals</a> stripped from its athletes due to <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">doping violations</a>, which is the most of any country, and nearly a third of the global total.<a href="#cite_note-696">[685]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline of Russia</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed by Russia</a> in 2014, remains <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_68/262" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262">internationally recognised</a> as a part of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Pifer-2020-1">[1]</a> Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, which were <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">annexed</a>—though are only partially occupied—in 2022, also remain <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/4" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4">internationally recognised</a> as a part of Ukraine. The southernmost <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> have been the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute" title="Kuril Islands dispute">territorial dispute</a> with Japan since their occupation by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Chapple-2019-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Россия, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Rossiya, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rɐˈsʲijə]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Российская Федерация, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The fourteen countries bordering Russia are:<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to the northwest; <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to the west, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>); <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> to the southwest; <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> to the south; <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> to the southeast. Russia also shares <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundaries</a> with Japan and the United States. Russia also shares borders with the two <a href="/wiki/Partially_recognized_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Partially recognized states">partially recognised</a> breakaway states of <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> that it occupies in Georgia. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Most notably the <a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">Russian apartment bombings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">Beslan school siege</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Russia has an additional 850 km (530 mi) of coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, which is the world's largest inland body of water, and has been variously classified as a sea or a lake.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Russia, by land area, is larger than the continents of <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, and Europe; although it covers a large part of the latter itself. Its land area could be roughly compared to that of South America. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Russia borders, clockwise, to its southwest: the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>, to its west: the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, to its north: the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a>, to its northeast: the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>, and to its southeast: the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/2020_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">constitutional amendments</a> were signed into law that limit the president to two terms overall rather than two consecutive terms, with this limit reset for current and previous presidents.<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-disputed-282"><a href="#cite_ref-disputed_282-0">^</a> Including bodies on territory disputed between Russia and Ukraine whose annexation has not been internationally recognised: the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a> and the federal city of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> since the annexation of Crimea in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-Pifer-2020-1">[1]</a> and territories set up following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</a> in 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-ArenaAtlasIslam-525"><a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlasIslam_525-0">^</a> The Sreda Arena Atlas 2012 did not count the populations of two federal subjects of Russia where the majority of the population is Muslim, namely <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, which together had a population of nearly 2 million, thus the proportion of Muslims was possibly slightly underestimated.<a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-513">[503]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pifer-2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pifer-2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pifer-2020_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPifer2020" class="citation web cs1">Pifer, Steven (17 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/17/crimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation/">"Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414045104/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/17/crimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimea%3A+Six+years+after+illegal+annexation&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft.aulast=Pifer&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Forder-from-chaos%2F2020%2F03%2F17%2Fcrimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapple-2019-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapple-2019_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapple-2019_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple2019" class="citation web cs1">Chapple, Amos (4 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/the-disputed-islands-where-world-war-2-never-ended/28402307.html">"The Kurile Islands: Why Russia And Japan Never Made Peace After World War II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173647/https://www.rferl.org/a/the-disputed-islands-where-world-war-2-never-ended/28402307.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. 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American Councils for International Education ACTR / ACCELS: 25–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.70163%2F0036-0252.1233">10.70163/0036-0252.1233</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43669126">43669126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Language+Journal&rft.atitle=Russian+as+the+National+Language%3A+An+Overview+of+Language+Planning+in+the+Russian+Federation&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-36&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.70163%2F0036-0252.1233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43669126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chevalier&rft.aufirst=Joan+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_DOI_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-russia.html">"What Languages Are Spoken in Russia?"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FTom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOM_2024-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOM_2024_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fom.ru/TSennosti/15011">"Русская православная церковь"</a> (in Russian). Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation). 2 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516060957/https://fom.ru/TSennosti/15011">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%9C+%28Public+Opinion+Foundation%29&rft.date=2024-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffom.ru%2FTSennosti%2F15011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOM_2024_Tables-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOM_2024_Tables_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fom.ru/posts/download/15011">"Русская православная церковь"</a> (in Russian). Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation). 2 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192150/https://fom.ru/posts/download/15011">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%9C+%28Public+Opinion+Foundation%29&rft.date=2024-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffom.ru%2Fposts%2Fdownload%2F15011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevchenko2018" class="citation news cs1">Shevchenko, Nikolay (21 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/arts/327646-kalmykia-buddhism-russia">"Check out Russia's Kalmykia: The only region in Europe where Buddhism rules the roost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russia_Beyond" title="Russia Beyond">Russia Beyond</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227211046/https://www.rbth.com/arts/327646-kalmykia-buddhism-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2018. 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Statistics Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804041700/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/files/world-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf#page=182">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Statistics+Pocketbook+2016+edition&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs.+Statistics+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fpublications%2Fpocketbook%2Ffiles%2Fworld-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf%23page%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Including 2,470,873 people living on the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexed Crimean Peninsula</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gks.ru-popul-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gks.ru-popul_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gks.ru-popul_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/OkPopul_Comp2024_Site.xlsx"><bdi lang="ru">Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2024 г. и в среднем за 2023 г. и компоненты её изменения</bdi></a> [Estimates of the resident population as of January 1, 2024 and averaged over 2023 and the components of change] (XLSX). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Russian Federal State Statistics Service</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406215805/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/OkPopul_Comp2024_Site.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024. 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Имя "Русь" в древнейшей западноевропейской языковой традиции (XI–XII века)"</a> [The name Rus' in the old tradition of Western European language (XI-XII centuries)]. <bdi lang="ru">Древняя Русь на международных путях: междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX–XII веков</bdi> [Old Rus' on international routes: interdisciplinary essays on cultural, trade, and political ties in the 9th–12th centuries] (in Russian). Languages of the Rus' culture. pp. 40, 42–45, 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7859-0085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7859-0085-1"><bdi>978-5-7859-0085-1</bdi></a>. 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The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86403-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86403-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Slavic+Nations%3A+Premodern+Identities+in+Russia%2C+Ukraine%2C+and+Belarus&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86403-9&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObolensky1971" class="citation book cs1">Obolensky, Dimitri (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantiumslavs0000obol">Byzantium & the Slavs</a>. 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The Penguin historical atlas of Russia. London: Penguin. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140513264" title="Special:BookSources/0140513264"><bdi>0140513264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+historical+atlas+of+Russia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0140513264&rft.aulast=Channon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Neva">"Battle of the Neva"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329054701/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Neva">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. 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Routledge. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009193828/http://www.reenactor.ru/ARH/PDF/Davies.pdf#page=20">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2017. 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Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606071001/https://countrystudies.us/russia/3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. 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"The Localized Geographies of Violence in the North Caucasus of Russia, 1999–2007". <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Association_of_American_Geographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the Association of American Geographers">Annals of the Association of American Geographers</a>. 101 (1). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 178–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00045608.2010.534713">10.1080/00045608.2010.534713</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27980166">27980166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52248942">52248942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=The+Localized+Geographies+of+Violence+in+the+North+Caucasus+of+Russia%2C+1999%E2%80%932007&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=178-201&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52248942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27980166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00045608.2010.534713&rft.aulast=O%27Loughlin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=W.+Witmer%2C+Frank+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMydans2004" class="citation web cs1">Mydans, Seth (15 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/world/as-expected-putin-easily-wins-a-second-term-in-russia.html">"As Expected, Putin Easily Wins a Second Term in Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817223858/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/world/as-expected-putin-easily-wins-a-second-term-in-russia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Expected%2C+Putin+Easily+Wins+a+Second+Term+in+Russia&rft.date=2004-03-15&rft.aulast=Mydans&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F15%2Fworld%2Fas-expected-putin-easily-wins-a-second-term-in-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellyatt-2021-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellyatt-2021_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellyatt-2021_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllyatt2021" class="citation web cs1">Ellyatt, Holly (11 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/11/russias-economy-under-president-putin-in-charts.html">"5 charts show Russia's economic highs and lows under Putin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173641/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/11/russias-economy-under-president-putin-in-charts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=5+charts+show+Russia%27s+economic+highs+and+lows+under+Putin&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft.aulast=Ellyatt&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F10%2F11%2Frussias-economy-under-president-putin-in-charts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kotkin, Stephen (2015). 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Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Putin+ever+present+as+Medvedev+becomes+president&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fmay%2F08%2Frussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Monaghan, Andrew (January 2012). "The vertikal: power and authority in Russia". <a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a>. 88 (1). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01053.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01053.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41428537">41428537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+vertikal%3A+power+and+authority+in+Russia&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01053.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41428537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarzlPetrov2021" class="citation book cs1">Harzl, B.C.; Petrov, R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ECBXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246">Unrecognized Entities: Perspectives in International, European and Constitutional Law</a>. Law in Eastern Europe. Brill. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49910-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49910-2"><bdi>978-90-04-49910-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECBXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022. 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No. 167. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_European_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for European Policy Studies">Centre for European Policy Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1333553">10.2139/ssrn.1333553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127834430">127834430</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1333553">1333553</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207214701/http://aei.pitt.edu/9382/2/9382.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2014. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753213-3"><bdi>978-0-19-753213-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1190722543">1190722543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=117&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1190722543&rft.isbn=978-0-19-753213-3&rft.aulast=Yekelchyk&rft.aufirst=Serhy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1190722543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeBenedictis2022" class="citation book cs1">DeBenedictis, Kent (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkaIEAAAQBAJ">Russian 'Hybrid Warfare' and the Annexation of Crimea: The Modern Application of Soviet Political Warfare</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4003-4"><bdi>978-0-7556-4003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+%27Hybrid+Warfare%27+and+the+Annexation+of+Crimea%3A+The+Modern+Application+of+Soviet+Political+Warfare&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-4003-4&rft.aulast=DeBenedictis&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkaIEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaleotti2023" class="citation book cs1">Galeotti, Mark (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmnGEAAAQBAJ">Putin Takes Crimea 2014: Grey-zone Warfare Opens the Russia-Ukraine Conflict</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-5385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-5385-1"><bdi>978-1-4728-5385-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putin+Takes+Crimea+2014%3A+Grey-zone+Warfare+Opens+the+Russia-Ukraine+Conflict&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-5385-1&rft.aulast=Galeotti&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmnGEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKofmanMigachevaNichiporukRadin2017" class="citation report cs1">Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1400/RR1498/RAND_RR1498.pdf">Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine</a> (PDF) (Report). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. pp. xii, xiii, 33–34, 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+Russia%27s+Operations+in+Crimea+and+Eastern+Ukraine&rft.place=Santa+Monica&rft.pages=xii%2C+xiii%2C+33-34%2C+48&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kofman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Migacheva%2C+Katya&rft.au=Nichiporuk%2C+Brian&rft.au=Radin%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Tkacheva%2C+Olesya&rft.au=Oberholtzer%2C+Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fresearch_reports%2FRR1400%2FRR1498%2FRAND_RR1498.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=news&id=258">"News – The views and opinions of South-Eastern regions residents of Ukraine: April 2014"</a>. kiis.com.ua. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kiis.com.ua&rft.atitle=News+%E2%80%93+The+views+and+opinions+of+South-Eastern+regions+residents+of+Ukraine%3A+April+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkiis.com.ua%2F%3Flang%3Deng%26cat%3Dnews%26id%3D258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2023" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (2023). The Russo-Ukrainian war: the return of history. New York, NY: WW Norton. pp. 123–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-324-05119-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-324-05119-0"><bdi>978-1-324-05119-0</bdi></a>. <q>... The relative ease with which Russian mercenaries, supported by local separatist forces, were able to capture and hold hostage the inhabitants of the Ukrainian Donbas, most of whom wanted to stay in Ukraine, has a number of explanations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Ukrainian+war%3A+the+return+of+history&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=123-26&rft.pub=WW+Norton&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-324-05119-0&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putin-orders-military-operations-in-eastern-ukraine-as-un-meets">"Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. 24 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224053027/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/putin-orders-military-operations-in-eastern-ukraine-as-un-meets">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+forces+launch+full-scale+invasion+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F2%2F24%2Fputin-orders-military-operations-in-eastern-ukraine-as-un-meets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbStarrKaufman2022" class="citation news cs1">Herb, Jeremy; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Starr" title="Barbara Starr">Starr, Barbara</a>; Kaufman, Ellie (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/24/politics/us-military-ukraine-russia/index.html">"US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227052443/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/24/politics/us-military-ukraine-russia/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+orders+7%2C000+more+troops+to+Europe+following+Russia%27s+invasion+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Herb&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Starr%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Ellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F02%2F24%2Fpolitics%2Fus-military-ukraine-russia%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2022" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/02/united-nations-russia-ukraine-vote">"UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302171009/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/02/united-nations-russia-ukraine-vote">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UN+votes+to+condemn+Russia%27s+invasion+of+Ukraine+and+calls+for+withdrawal&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmar%2F02%2Funited-nations-russia-ukraine-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-2022-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh-2022_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh-2022_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2022" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, Ben (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/22968949/russia-sanctions-swift-economy-mcdonalds">"The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411000846/https://www.vox.com/22968949/russia-sanctions-swift-economy-mcdonalds">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+unprecedented+American+sanctions+on+Russia%2C+explained&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F22968949%2Frussia-sanctions-swift-economy-mcdonalds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/the-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-of-europe">"The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe"</a> (Press release). Council of Europe. 16 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510214508/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/the-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-of-europe">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Federation+is+excluded+from+the+Council+of+Europe&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fportal%2F-%2Fthe-russian-federation-is-excluded-from-the-council-of-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115782">"UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council"</a>. United Nations. 7 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407164712/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115782">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=UN+General+Assembly+votes+to+suspend+Russia+from+the+Human+Rights+Council&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2022%2F04%2F1115782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/putin-announces-partial-mobilization-russian-military-ukraine-war-rcna48585">"Putin mobilizes more troops for Ukraine, threatens nuclear retaliation and backs annexation of Russian-occupied land"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. 21 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312142451/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/putin-announces-partial-mobilization-russian-military-ukraine-war-rcna48585">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Putin+mobilizes+more+troops+for+Ukraine%2C+threatens+nuclear+retaliation+and+backs+annexation+of+Russian-occupied+land&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fputin-announces-partial-mobilization-russian-military-ukraine-war-rcna48585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war">"Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 21 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114202406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/21/putin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Putin+announces+partial+mobilisation+and+threatens+nuclear+retaliation+in+escalation+of+Ukraine+war&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fsep%2F21%2Fputin-announces-partial-mobilisation-in-russia-in-escalation-of-ukraine-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landay-2022-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landay-2022_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landay-2022_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanday2022" class="citation news cs1">Landay, Jonathan (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-host-kremlin-ceremony-annexing-parts-ukraine-2022-09-29/">"Defiant Putin proclaims Ukrainian annexation as military setback looms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006084106/https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-host-kremlin-ceremony-annexing-parts-ukraine-2022-09-29/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Defiant+Putin+proclaims+Ukrainian+annexation+as+military+setback+looms&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.aulast=Landay&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fputin-host-kremlin-ceremony-annexing-parts-ukraine-2022-09-29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/european-lawmakers-declare-russia-state-sponsor-terrorism-2022-11-23/">"European Parliament declares Russia a state sponsor of terrorism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 23 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123121114/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/european-lawmakers-declare-russia-state-sponsor-terrorism-2022-11-23/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=European+Parliament+declares+Russia+a+state+sponsor+of+terrorism&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feuropean-lawmakers-declare-russia-state-sponsor-terrorism-2022-11-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiedler2022" class="citation web cs1">Fiedler, Tristan (18 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/as-the-third-country-to-estonia-declares-russia-a-terrorist-state/">"Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state"</a>. POLITICO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119101230/https://www.politico.eu/article/as-the-third-country-to-estonia-declares-russia-a-terrorist-state/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Estonian+parliament+declares+Russia+a+terrorist+state&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft.aulast=Fiedler&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fas-the-third-country-to-estonia-declares-russia-a-terrorist-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2023" class="citation news cs1">Hussain, Murtaza (9 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2023/03/09/ukraine-war-russia-iran-iraq/">"The War in Ukraine Is Just Getting Started"</a>. The Intercept.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=The+War+in+Ukraine+Is+Just+Getting+Started&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Murtaza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2023%2F03%2F09%2Fukraine-war-russia-iran-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/2024.07.09-061020/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2024/07/05/how-many-russian-soldiers-have-been-killed-in-ukraine">"How many Russian soldiers have been killed in Ukraine?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 5 July 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127275136" class="extiw" title="d:Q127275136">Q127275136</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2024/07/05/how-many-russian-soldiers-have-been-killed-in-ukraine">the original</a> on 9 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+many+Russian+soldiers+have+been+killed+in+Ukraine%3F&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fgraphic-detail%2F2024%2F07%2F05%2Fhow-many-russian-soldiers-have-been-killed-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-18/putin-s-war-escalation-is-hastening-demographic-crash-for-russia">"Putin's War Escalation Is Hastening Demographic Crash for Russia"</a>. Bloomberg. 18 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231122045038/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-18/putin-s-war-escalation-is-hastening-demographic-crash-for-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+War+Escalation+Is+Hastening+Demographic+Crash+for+Russia&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-10-18%2Fputin-s-war-escalation-is-hastening-demographic-crash-for-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-prigozhin-wagner-mutiny-ukraine-putin-898d750e843aeb105a3c220bb917f606">"Armed rebellion by Wagner chief Prigozhin underscores erosion of Russian legal system"</a>. AP News. 7 July 2023. 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Retrieved 9 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rebel+Russian+mercenaries+turn+back+short+of+Moscow+%27to+avoid+bloodshed%27&rft.date=2023-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fwagner-head-suggests-his-mercenaries-headed-moscow-take-army-leadership-2023-06-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-prigozhin-wagner-2c77567908c73e538f9f1c76ae406f8f">"Russia says it confirmed Wagner leader Prigozhin died in a plane crash"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Russia+says+it+confirmed+Wagner+leader+Prigozhin+died+in+a+plane+crash&rft.date=2023-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-prigozhin-wagner-2c77567908c73e538f9f1c76ae406f8f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_234-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_234-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/russia">"Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Kids" title="National Geographic Kids">National Geographic Kids</a>. 21 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173647/https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/russia">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. 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Retrieved 4 April 2022. <q>The lowest terrain in Europe, virtually lacking relief, stands at the head of the Caspian Sea; there the Caspian Depression reaches some 95 feet (29 metres) below sea level.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europe+%E2%80%93+Land&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FEurope%2FLand%23ref34534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn_E._Curtis1998" class="citation web cs1">Glenn E. Curtis, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/russia/22.htm">"Global Position and Boundaries"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Russia+on+the+road+to+dictatorship%3A+Internal+political+repercussions+of+the+attack+on+Ukraine&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F256753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18449%2F2022C30&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econstor.eu%2Fhandle%2F10419%2F256753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_D._Taylor2018" class="citation book cs1">Brian D. Taylor (2018). The Code of Putinism. 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The Federal Assembly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of Russia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074020/http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+of+Russia&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.+The+Federal+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ru%2Fen%2F10003000-06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKARTASHKINABASHIDZE2004" class="citation journal cs1">KARTASHKIN, V.A.; ABASHIDZE, A.KH. (2004). "Autonomy in the Russian Federation: Theory and Practice". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 10 (3). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>: 203–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1571811031310738">10.1163/1571811031310738</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24675138">24675138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Minority+and+Group+Rights&rft.atitle=Autonomy+in+the+Russian+Federation%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-220&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1571811031310738&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24675138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=KARTASHKIN&rft.aufirst=V.A.&rft.au=ABASHIDZE%2C+A.KH.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Petrov, Nikolai (March 2002). 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Retrieved 24 June 2022. <q>Together, Russia and Ukraine—sometimes referred to as the breadbasket of Europe—account for 29% of global wheat exports, 80% of the world's sunflower oil, and 40% of its barley.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.atitle=System+Shock%3A+Russia%27s+War+and+Global+Food%2C+Energy%2C+and+Mineral+Supply+Chains&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fevent%2Fsystem-shock-russias-war-and-global-food-energy-and-mineral-supply-chains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedetskyDurisin2020" class="citation news cs1">Medetsky, Anatoly; Durisin, Megan (23 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-22/russia-s-dominance-of-the-wheat-world-keeps-growing">"Russia's Dominance of the Wheat World Keeps Growing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a> Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Dominance+of+the+Wheat+World+Keeps+Growing&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.aulast=Medetsky&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft.au=Durisin%2C+Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-09-22%2Frussia-s-dominance-of-the-wheat-world-keeps-growing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/wheat/reporter/rus?redirect=true">"Wheat in Russia | OEC"</a>. OEC – The Observatory of Economic Complexity.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OEC+%E2%80%93+The+Observatory+of+Economic+Complexity&rft.atitle=Wheat+in+Russia+%26%23124%3B+OEC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foec.world%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fbilateral-product%2Fwheat%2Freporter%2Frus%3Fredirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf">"The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+importance+of+Ukraine+and+the+Russian+Federation+for+global+agricultural+markets+and+the+risks+associated+with+the+current+conflict&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fcb9236en%2Fcb9236en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustgarten2020" class="citation news cs1">Lustgarten, Abrahm (16 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html">"How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 15 June 2021. <q>Across Eastern Russia, wild forests, swamps and grasslands are slowly being transformed into orderly grids of soybeans, corn and wheat. It's a process that is likely to accelerate: Russia hopes to seize on the warming temperatures and longer growing seasons brought by climate change to refashion itself as one of the planet's largest producers of food</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Russia+Wins+the+Climate+Crisis&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft.aulast=Lustgarten&rft.aufirst=Abrahm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2020%2F12%2F16%2Fmagazine%2Frussia-climate-migration-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf">The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-130562-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-130562-1"><bdi>978-92-5-130562-1</bdi></a>. 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Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods. 8 (5): 166–182. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2251-6204">2251-6204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Journal+of+Language+Teaching+Methods&rft.atitle=Linguistic+Diversity+In+Russia+Is+A+Threat+To+Sovereignty+Or+A+Condition+Of+Cohesion%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=166-182&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2251-6204&rft.aulast=Bondarenko&rft.aufirst=Dmitry+V.&rft.au=Nasonkin%2C+Vladimir+V.&rft.au=Shagieva%2C+Rozalina+V.&rft.au=Kiyanova%2C+Olga+N.&rft.au=Barabanova%2C+Svetlana+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjltm.org%2Farticle-1-146-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-512">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_512-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_512-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/russia/">"Russia"</a>. United States Department of State. Retrieved 19 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Frussia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-513">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas2012_513-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas2012_513-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas2012_513-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas2012_513-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas2012_513-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docviewer.yandex.com/view/0/?*=rvAv5PGTc%2Fw%2BBFV6QOUZtaf5gYF7InVybCI6InlhLWRpc2stcHVibGljOi8vMWV1aDl5RDFpcnZKeVZNNSswWWFaZktqRFhoOXZDNWhldUlGTU5uQU4zQT0iLCJ0aXRsZSI6IlNyZWRhX2Jsb2tfcHJlc3Nfc20yLnBkZiIsInVpZCI6IjAiLCJub2lmcmFtZSI6ZmFsc2UsInRzIjoxNTI0NDg3NTUzMTcwfQ%3D%3D&page=1">"Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей"</a> [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF). Среда (Sreda). 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0+%28Sreda%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocviewer.yandex.com%2Fview%2F0%2F%3F%2A%3DrvAv5PGTc%252Fw%252BBFV6QOUZtaf5gYF7InVybCI6InlhLWRpc2stcHVibGljOi8vMWV1aDl5RDFpcnZKeVZNNSswWWFaZktqRFhoOXZDNWhldUlGTU5uQU4zQT0iLCJ0aXRsZSI6IlNyZWRhX2Jsb2tfcHJlc3Nfc20yLnBkZiIsInVpZCI6IjAiLCJub2lmcmFtZSI6ZmFsc2UsInRzIjoxNTI0NDg3NTUzMTcwfQ%253D%253D%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> See also the results' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena">main interactive mapping</a> and the static mappings: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg">"Religions in Russia by federal subject"</a> (Map). Ogonek. 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg">the original</a> on 21 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ogonek&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Russia+by+federal+subject&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5243&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc2.kommersant.ru%2FISSUES.PHOTO%2FOGONIOK%2F2012%2F034%2Fogcyhjk2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=census">All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010)</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=minust">Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ)</a>, the Public Opinion Foundation (Фонда Общественного Мнения) and presented among others by the Analytical Department of the Synodal Information Department of the Russian Orthodox Church. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224141716/http://russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Proekt-ARENA-Atlas-religij-i-nacional-nostej">"Проект АРЕНА: Атлас религий и национальностей"</a> [Project ARENA: Atlas of religions and nationalities]. Russian Journal. 10 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Proekt-ARENA-Atlas-religij-i-nacional-nostej">the original</a> on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%90%3A+%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruss.ru%2FMirovaya-povestka%2FProekt-ARENA-Atlas-religij-i-nacional-nostej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdeaux2003" class="citation book cs1">Bourdeaux, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA46">"Trends in Religious Policy"</a>. Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Taylor and Francis. pp. 46–52 [47]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857431377" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857431377"><bdi>978-1857431377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trends+in+Religious+Policy&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%2C+Russia+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=46-52+47&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1857431377&rft.aulast=Bourdeaux&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPP3ti4hysUC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2013" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Geraldine (2013). Believing in Russia: Religious Policy After Communism. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415490023" title="Special:BookSources/9780415490023"><bdi>9780415490023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Believing+in+Russia%3A+Religious+Policy+After+Communism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415490023&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeskov2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beskov, Andrey (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349573805">"Этнорелигиозное измерение современной русской идентичности: православие vs неоязычество"</a> [Ethno-Religious Dimension of Modern Russian Identity: Orthodoxy vs Neo-Paganism]. 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Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture. 13 (3): 314–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fjsrnc.39114">10.1558/jsrnc.39114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213692638">213692638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+Nature%2C+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Scythian+Neo-Paganism+in+the+Caucasus%3A+The+Ossetian+Uatsdin+as+a+%27Nature+Religion%27&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=314-332&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fjsrnc.39114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213692638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F338821308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andreeva, Julia Olegovna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806200229/https://www.kunstkamera.ru/files/lib/978-5-88431-204-3/978-5-88431-204-3_14.pdf">"Представления о народных традициях в движении 'Звенящие кедры России'"</a> [Representations of national traditions in the movement 'Ringing Cedars of Russia'] (PDF). In T. B. Shchepanskaya (ed.). Аспекты будущего по этнографическим и фольклорным материалам: сборник научных статей [Prospects of the future in ethnographic and folklore materials: Collection of scientific articles] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: <a href="/wiki/Kunstkamera" title="Kunstkamera">Kunstkamera</a>. pp. 231–245. 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Retrieved 31 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sochi+2014+Winter+Olympics+%E2%80%93+Athletes%2C+Medals+%26+Results&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Folympic-games%2Fsochi-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-695"><a href="#cite_ref-695">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014">"Sochi 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a>. 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Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Will+Russia+Be+Thrown+Out+of+the+Olympics+on+Monday%3F+A+Primer&rft.date=2019-12-08&rft.aulast=Keh&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Panja%2C+Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F08%2Fsports%2Folympics%2FWada-Russing-doping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/af2ef37e-cbf5-49ce-b05a-ecb5725f9769/ListordescriptionofCC-licensedContent_20220406.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security">Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>, the International Energy Agency.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Early_Slavs_and_Rus%27" title="Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'">Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1223%E2%80%931613)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)">Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1613%E2%80%931917)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)">Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bartlett, Roger P. A history of Russia (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia00bart">online</a></li> <li>Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. 2017. Russia Beyond Putin (<a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/daedalus/russia-beyond-putin">online</a></li> <li>Brown, Archie, ed. The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00brow">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutkiewiczRichardVladimir2016" class="citation book cs1">Dutkiewicz, P.; Richard, S.; Vladimir, K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vo7DCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">The Social History of Post-Communist Russia</a>. Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32846-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32846-9"><bdi>978-1-317-32846-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+History+of+Post-Communist+Russia&rft.series=Routledge+Contemporary+Russia+and+Eastern+Europe+Series&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32846-9&rft.aulast=Dutkiewicz&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Richard%2C+S.&rft.au=Vladimir%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvo7DCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Florinsky, Michael T. ed. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union (1961).</li> <li>Frye, Timothy. Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Weak-Strongman-Limits-Putins-Russia/dp/0691212465/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Greene, by Samuel A. and Graeme B. Robertson. Putin v. the People: the Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia (Yale UP, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Putin-v-People-Perilous-Politics/dp/0300238398/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hosking, Geoffrey A. Russia and the Russians: a history (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiarussianshi2ndehosk">online</a></li> <li>Kort, Michael. A Brief History of Russia (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofru0000kort">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealbyPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas; <a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Russia">"Russia" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 869–912.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=869-912&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lowe, Norman. Mastering Twentieth Century Russian History (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Mastering-Twentieth-Century-Russian-History/dp/0333963075/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Millar, James R. ed. Encyclopedia of Russian History (4 vol 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0001unse">online</a></li> <li>Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. A History of Russia (9th ed. 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia0000rias">9th edition 1993 online</a></li> <li>Rosefielde, Steven. Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Putins-Russia-Economy-Defense-Foreign/dp/9811212678/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Service, Robert. A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century (Harvard UP, 3rd ed., 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Modern-Russia-Tsarism-Twenty-First/dp/0674034937/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Russian Culture (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Contemporary-Russian-Culture-Encyclopedias/dp/0415758629/">excerpt</a>; 800 pp covering art, literature, music, film, media, crime, politics, business, and economics.</li> <li>Walker, Shauin. The Long Hangover: Putin's New Russia and the Ghosts Of the Past (2018, Oxford UP) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Long-Hangover-Putins-Russia-Ghosts/dp/0190659246">excerpt</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Russia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Russia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Russia" class="extiw" title="voy:Russia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Russia" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Russia">Russia</a></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ru/index_en.html">Official Russian governmental portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223744/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/RS.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> (archived 4 October 2013)</li></ul> General information <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Russia">Wikimedia Atlas of Russia</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/60189">Russia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/">Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022164202/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/russia.htm">Russia</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 22 October 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17839672">Russia</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia">Russia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=RU">Key Development Forecasts for Russia</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215070149/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552653">Post-Soviet Problems</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a> (archived 15 December 2012)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&oldid=1259203175">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russia&oldid=1259203175</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Russia&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 22:51 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Урысей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Урысей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Урысые – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Урысые" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB" title="ሩሲያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሩሲያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%A2" title="Ruoššâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ruoššâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Урыстәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Урыстәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܪܘܣܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܘܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռուսիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռուսիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusia" title="Arusia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arusia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ৰাছিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাছিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%BAsia" title="Rrúsia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rrúsia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risila" title="Risila – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Risila" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রাশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a" title="Lō͘-se-a – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәй Федерацияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Расія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Расія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Расея – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расея" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasia" title="Rasia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Rasia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Русия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Русия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུ་རུ་སུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུ་རུ་སུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Оросой холбоото улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оросой холбоото улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Раççей Федерацийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раççей Федерацийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhashiya" title="Rhashiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rhashiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روسيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روسيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruo%C5%A1%C5%A1a" title="Ruošša – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ruošša" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AB%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ރޫސީވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރޫސީވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_%C5%81ich%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biʼééʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusojska" title="Rusojska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rusojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93" title="ར་ཤི་ཡཱན་ཕེ་ཌི་རེ་ཤཱན – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ར་ཤི་ཡཱན་ཕེ་ཌི་རེ་ཤཱན" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venemaa" title="Venemaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venemaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossia" title="Rossia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Rossia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Россия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Россия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusio" title="Rusio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Ruslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosiya" title="Roosiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Roosiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%BAis" title="An Rúis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Rúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Roosh" title="Yn Roosh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Roosh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ruis" title="An Ruis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Ruis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Эрсече – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эрсече" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racia" title="Racia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Racia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="رۊسيه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊسيه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="રશિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રશિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2-l%C3%B2-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%82" title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngò-lò-sṳ̂" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Орсин Ниицән – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Орсин Ниицән" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="러시아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasha" title="Rasha – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rasha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABsia" title="Rūsia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Rūsia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ռուսաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska" title="Ruska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ruska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpaghara_Russia" title="Mpaghara Russia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mpaghara Russia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="রাশিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="রাশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%93%9B%E1%93%B4" title="ᐅᓛᓴ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᓛᓴ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruusiq_(nuna)" title="Uruusiq (nuna) – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uruusiq (nuna)" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Уæрæсе – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уæрæсе" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRashiya" title="IRashiya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IRashiya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRashiya" title="IRashiya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IRashiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssland" title="Rússland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rússland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan" title="Ruslan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusii" title="Ruusii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ruusii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ರಷ್ಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಷ್ಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия Федерация – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Россия Федерация" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B3" title="روٗس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="روٗس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%B4" title="Ruskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ruskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ресей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi" title="Russi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Russi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburusiya" title="Uburusiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uburusiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uburusiya" title="Uburusiya – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Uburusiya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusi" title="Urusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Urusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Рочму – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рочму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossia" title="Rossia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rossia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risi" title="Risi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Risi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risi" title="Risi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Risi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBsya" title="Rûsya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûsya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орусия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орусия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Россий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Россий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruscia" title="Ruscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ruscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Аьрасат – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аьрасат" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%8D" title="ປະເທດລັດເຊຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດລັດເຊຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%ABveja" title="Krīveja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Krīveja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievija" title="Krievija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Урусат – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Урусат" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9scia" title="Rùscia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rùscia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3slandj" title="Róslandj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Róslandj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%AD" title="Rusí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Rusí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%27a" title="Ven'a – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ven'a" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rukygu%27e" title="rukygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rukygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwasha" title="Rwasha – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Rwasha" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCssia" title="Rüssia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rüssia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroszorsz%C3%A1g" title="Oroszország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oroszország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Русија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Русија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosia" title="Rosia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rosia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="റഷ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഷ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russja" title="Russja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Russja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABhia" title="Rūhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rūhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუსეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="روسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC" title="ရုရှာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရုရှာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%B2%CC%A4-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Rússia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Россия мастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Россия мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Орос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ရုရှားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုရှားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossia" title="Rossia – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Rossia" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslaand" title="Ruslaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ruslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="रुस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="रुस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="ロシア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߌ߬ߙߌ߬ߛߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌ߬ߙߌ߬ߛߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Росси – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Росси" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslun" title="Ruslun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruslun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusha" title="Rusha – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Rusha" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Россий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Россий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8B%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଋଷିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଋଷିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raashiyaa" title="Raashiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raashiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rossiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਰੂਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रूस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रूस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ရသျားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ရသျားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روسیه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روسیه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosha" title="Rosha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rosha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Рочму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Рочму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="រុស្ស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រុស្ស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasia" title="Rasia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Rasia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosja" title="Rosja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρουσία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρουσία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rossiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiye" title="Rusiye – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rusiye" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABtia" title="Rūtia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Rūtia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russland" title="Russland – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Russland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya" title="Rusiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Rusiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Росія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Росія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Арассыыйа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арассыыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रास्या – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रास्या" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%AFi" title="Rusïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Rusïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9ssia" title="Rùssia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rùssia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roushie" title="Roushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslound" title="Ruslound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ruslound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashea" title="Rashea – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Rashea" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රුසියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රුසියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRashiya" title="IRashiya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IRashiya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rusko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%A1%D1%81%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Рѡсїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Рѡсїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyjo" title="Rusyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rusyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruushka" title="Ruushka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ruushka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ڕووسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Русија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Русија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rusija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Venäjä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="உருசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russie" title="Russie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Russie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းရတ်ႈသျႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းရတ်ႈသျႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="రష్యా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రష్యా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAsia" title="Rúsia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Rúsia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruccia" title="Ruccia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ruccia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="ሩስያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሩስያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Русия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Русия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABsia" title="Lūsia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lūsia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B2%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A2" title="ᏲᏂᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏲᏂᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashia" title="Rashia – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Rashia" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ರಷ್ಯಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ರಷ್ಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi%C3%BDa" title="Russiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Russiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Russia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshya" title="Roshya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Roshya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Россия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Россия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨑᨘᨔᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨑᨘᨔᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Росія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Росія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="روسىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="روسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozlozswh" title="Ngozlozswh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngozlozswh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B9sia" title="Rùsia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rùsia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4ma" title="Venäma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Venäma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nga" title="Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%A4n" title="Rusän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rusän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnemaa" title="Vinnemaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vinnemaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBsseye" title="Rûsseye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rûsseye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riisi" title="Riisi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Riisi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="俄罗斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaxiya" title="Rhaxiya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Rhaxiya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="רוסלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוסלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%8D%CC%81s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Rọ́síà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rọ́síà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俄羅斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusya" title="Rusya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rusya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rusland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Rosėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rosėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄罗斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%8D%E1%B9%A3ia" title="Rọṣia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Rọṣia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan" title="Ruslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rusia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urusij%C9%99t" title="Urusijət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Urusijət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 22:51 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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