CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Interpersonal relationship - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"53a1e507-1e51-4ad2-aef2-0d12631f00b7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Interpersonal_relationship","wgTitle":"Interpersonal relationship","wgCurRevisionId":1256581542,"wgRevisionId":1256581542,"wgArticleId":161744,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Hebrew-language text", "Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles with excerpts","Articles needing additional references from May 2016","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Interpersonal relationships"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Interpersonal_relationship","wgRelevantArticleId":161744,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q223642","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Interpersonal relationship - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Interpersonal_relationship rootpage-Interpersonal_relationship skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Interpersonal+relationship" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Interpersonal+relationship" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Interpersonal+relationship" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Interpersonal+relationship" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intimate_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intimate_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Intimate relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intimate_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romantic_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Romantic relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Romance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Life stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Significant other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marital_relationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marital_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Marital relationship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marital_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Family relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parent–child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parent–child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Parent–child</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parent–child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siblings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siblings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Siblings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siblings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples_of_interpersonal_relationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples_of_interpersonal_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other examples of interpersonal relationship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples_of_interpersonal_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ways_that_interpersonal_relationships_begin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ways_that_interpersonal_relationships_begin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ways that interpersonal relationships begin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ways_that_interpersonal_relationships_begin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminating_a_relationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminating_a_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Terminating a relationship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminating_a_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathological_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathological_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pathological relationships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathological_relationships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pathological relationships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathological_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abusive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abusive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Abusive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abusive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codependent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codependent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Codependent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codependent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narcissistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcissistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Narcissistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcissistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Importance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Importance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Need_to_belong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Need_to_belong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Need to belong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Need_to_belong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Social exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relational_self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relational_self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Relational self</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relational_self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_and_dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_and_dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Power and dominance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_and_dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_satisfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_satisfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationship satisfaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_satisfaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship satisfaction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_satisfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theories_and_empirical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_and_empirical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Theories and empirical research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_and_empirical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minding_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minding_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Minding relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minding_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Popular perceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Interpersonal relationship</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="علاقات بين الأشخاص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علاقات بين الأشخاص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellaci%C3%B3n_interpersonal" title="Rellación interpersonal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rellación interpersonal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99xsl%C9%99raras%C4%B1_m%C3%BCnasib%C9%99t" title="Şəxslərarası münasibət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəxslərarası münasibət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="আন্তঃব্যক্তিক সম্পর্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তঃব্যক্তিক সম্পর্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_na_relasyon" title="Interpersonal na relasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Interpersonal na relasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Междуличностни отношения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Междуличностни отношения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3_personal" title="Relació personal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Relació personal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezilidsk%C3%BD_vztah" title="Mezilidský vztah – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezilidský vztah" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukama" title="Hukama – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hukama" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellemmenneskelige_forhold" title="Mellemmenneskelige forhold – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mellemmenneskelige forhold" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwischenmenschliche_Beziehung" title="Zwischenmenschliche Beziehung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwischenmenschliche Beziehung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Διαπροσωπικές σχέσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαπροσωπικές σχέσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3n_interpersonal" title="Relación interpersonal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relación interpersonal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertsonen_arteko_harreman" title="Pertsonen arteko harreman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pertsonen arteko harreman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%87_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="رابطه میان‌فردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابطه میان‌فردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_humaine" title="Relation humaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relation humaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaasje_(ynterpersoanlike_b%C3%A2n)" title="Relaasje (ynterpersoanlike bân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Relaasje (ynterpersoanlike bân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="인간 관계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인간 관계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Միջանձնային հարաբերություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջանձնային հարաբերություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="अंतर्वैयक्तिक संबंध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतर्वैयक्तिक संबंध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uljudski_odnosi" title="Međuljudski odnosi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međuljudski odnosi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_pribadi" title="Hubungan pribadi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan pribadi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relazione_interpersonale" title="Relazione interpersonale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Relazione interpersonale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קשרים בין-אישיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קשרים בין-אישיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC-%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Адамаралық қарым-қатынас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адамаралық қарым-қатынас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_antara_perseorangan" title="Hubungan antara perseorangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hubungan antara perseorangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Social relation" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatie_(personen)" title="Relatie (personen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Relatie (personen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अन्तरव्यक्ति सम्बन्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्तरव्यक्ति सम्बन्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82" title="人間関係 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人間関係" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relacje_interpersonalne" title="Relacje interpersonalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Relacje interpersonalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relacionamento_interpessoal" title="Relacionamento interpessoal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relacionamento interpessoal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C8%9Bii_interpersonale" title="Relații interpersonale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Relații interpersonale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Межличностные отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Межличностные отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Interpersonal relationship" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Interpersonal relationship" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medosebni_odnos" title="Medosebni odnos – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Medosebni odnos" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D1%99%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Међуљудски односи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међуљудски односи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91uljudski_odnosi" title="Međuljudski odnosi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međuljudski odnosi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmissuhde" title="Ihmissuhde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmissuhde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Social relation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakikipag-ugnayan_sa_ibang_tao" title="Pakikipag-ugnayan sa ibang tao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pakikipag-ugnayan sa ibang tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="உறவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உறவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5" title="สัมพันธภาพระหว่างบุคคล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัมพันธภาพระหว่างบุคคล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%9Fileraras%C4%B1_ili%C5%9Fki" title="Kişilerarası ilişki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kişilerarası ilişki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Міжособові стосунки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжособові стосунки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%87_nh%C3%A2n_sinh" title="Quan hệ nhân sinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quan hệ nhân sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="人际关系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人际关系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人際關係" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人際關係" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q223642#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Interpersonal_relationship" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Interpersonal_relationship" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Interpersonal_relationship" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&oldid=1256581542" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Interpersonal_relationship&id=1256581542&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInterpersonal_relationship"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInterpersonal_relationship"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Interpersonal_relationship&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Interpersonal_relationships" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Relationships" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationships" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q223642" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until March 18, 2025 at 14:42 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Strong, deep, or close association or acquaintance between two or more people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Companionship" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Companionship_(album)" title="Companionship (album)"><i>Companionship</i> (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Human relations" redirects here. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Human_Relations" title="Human Relations"><i>Human Relations</i></a>. For the theory, see <a href="/wiki/Human_relations_movement" title="Human relations movement">Human relations movement</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_together.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/50px-People_together.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/75px-People_together.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/100px-People_together.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="119" /></a></span><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Relationships</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_relationships" title="Outline of relationships">Outline</a>)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red-outline heart icon"><img alt="Red-outline heart icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/45px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/68px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/90px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Red-outline heart icon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of love</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_love" title="Conjugal love">Conjugal love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_love" title="Falling in love">Falling in love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_addiction" title="Love addiction">Love addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">Love triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">Lovestruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">Passionate and companionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">Puppy love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">Amour de soi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Social views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">Amour-propre</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">words for love</a></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Ludus" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Ludus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Mania</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Philautia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Philos</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Pragma" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Pragma</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storgḗ</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Maitrī</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish</a> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amor</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Yaghan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_romantic_love" title="Biology of romantic love">Biology of romantic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Love letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">love deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">Triangular theory of love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Love_sidebar" title="Template talk:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0;padding:0.8em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/100px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/150px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/200px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_psychology" title="Subfields of psychology">Subfields</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology_sidebar" title="Template:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, an <b>interpersonal relation</b> (or <b>interpersonal relationship</b>) describes a social association, <a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">connection</a>, or affiliation between two or more persons. It overlaps significantly with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Social relations">social relations</a>, which are the fundamental unit of analysis within the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>. Relations vary in degrees of intimacy, self-disclosure, duration, reciprocity, and power distribution. The main themes or trends of the interpersonal relations are: <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Club_(organization)" title="Club (organization)">clubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">neighborhoods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">ethical values</a>, support and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>. Interpersonal relations may be regulated by <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">custom</a>, or mutual agreement, and form the basis of <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a>. They appear when people communicate or act with each other within specific <a href="/wiki/Social_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Social context">social contexts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they thrive on equitable and reciprocal <a href="/wiki/Compromise" title="Compromise">compromises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interdisciplinary analysis of relationships draws heavily upon the other social sciences, including, but not limited to: <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>. This scientific analysis had evolved during the 1990s and has become "<a href="/wiki/Relationship_science" title="Relationship science">relationship science</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the research done by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_S._Berscheid" title="Ellen S. Berscheid">Ellen Berscheid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Hatfield" title="Elaine Hatfield">Elaine Hatfield</a>. This interdisciplinary science attempts to provide evidence-based conclusions through the use of <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intimate_relationships">Intimate relationships</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate relationship</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romantic_relationships">Romantic relationships</h4></div> <p>Romantic relationships have been defined in countless ways, by writers, philosophers, religions, scientists, and in the modern day, relationship counselors. Two popular definitions of love are Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love and Fisher's theory of love.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sternberg defines love in terms of intimacy, passion, and commitment, which he claims exist in varying levels in different romantic relationships. Fisher defines love as composed of three stages: attraction, romantic love, and attachment. Romantic relationships may exist between two people of any gender, or among a group of people, as in <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a>. </p><p>On the basis of openness, all romantic relationships are of 2 types: open and closed. Closed relationships are strictly against romantic or sexual activity of partners with anyone else outside the relationships. In an <a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">open relationship</a>, all partners remain committed to each other, but allow themselves and their partner to have relationships with others. </p><p>On the basis of number of partners, they are of 2 types: <a href="/wiki/Monoamorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamorous">monoamorous</a> and polyamorous. A monoamorous relationship is between only two individuals. A polyamorous relationship is among three or more individuals. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romance">Romance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance (love)</a></div> <p>While many individuals recognize the single defining quality of a romantic relationship as the presence of love, it is impossible for romantic relationships to survive without the component of interpersonal communication. Within romantic relationships, love is therefore equally difficult to define. Hazan and Shaver<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> define love, using Ainsworth's attachment theory, as comprising proximity, emotional support, self-exploration, and separation distress when parted from the loved one. Other components commonly agreed to be necessary for love are physical attraction, similarity,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reciprocity,<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and self-disclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_stages">Life stages</h4></div> <p>Early adolescent relationships are characterized by companionship, reciprocity, and sexual experiences. As emerging adults mature, they begin to develop attachment and caring qualities in their relationships, including love, bonding, security, and support for partners. Earlier relationships also tend to be shorter and exhibit greater involvement with social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later relationships are often marked by shrinking social networks, as the couple dedicates more time to each other than to associates.<sup id="cite_ref-Merkle_2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkle_2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later relationships also tend to exhibit higher levels of commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most psychologists and relationship counselors predict a decline of intimacy and passion over time, replaced by a greater emphasis on companionate love (differing from adolescent companionate love in the caring, committed, and partner-focused qualities). However, couple studies have found no decline in intimacy nor in the importance of sex, intimacy, and passionate love to those in longer or later-life relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older people tend to be more satisfied in their relationships, but face greater barriers to entering new relationships than do younger or middle-aged people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older women in particular face social, demographic, and personal barriers; men aged 65 and older are nearly twice as likely as women to be married, and widowers are nearly three times as likely to be dating 18 months following their partner's loss compared to widows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Significant_other">Significant other</h4></div> <p>The term <i>significant other</i> gained popularity during the 1990s, reflecting the growing acceptance of 'non-heteronormative' relationships. It can be used to avoid making an assumption about the gender or relational status (e.g. married, cohabitating, civil union) of a person's intimate partner. Cohabiting relationships continue to rise, with many partners considering cohabitation to be nearly as serious as, or a substitute for, marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, LGBTQ people often face unique challenges in establishing and maintaining intimate relationships. The strain of internalized discrimination, socially ingrained or <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">transphobia</a> and other forms of discrimination against LGBTQ+ people, and social pressure of presenting themselves in line with socially acceptable gender norms can affect their health, <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, satisfaction, emotions etc. inside and outside their relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LGBTQ youth also lack the social support and peer connections enjoyed by hetero-normative young people.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, comparative studies of homosexual and heterosexual couples have found few differences in relationship intensity, quality, satisfaction, or commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marital_relationship">Marital relationship</h4></div> <p>Although nontraditional relationships continue to rise, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> still makes up the majority of relationships except among emerging adults.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also still considered by many to occupy a place of greater importance among family and social structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_relationships">Family relationships</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parent–child"><span id="Parent.E2.80.93child"></span>Parent–child</h4></div> <p>In ancient times, parent–child relationships were often marked by fear, either of rebellion or abandonment, resulting in the strict filial roles in, for example, ancient Rome and China.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freud conceived of the <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipal complex</a>, the supposed obsession that young boys have towards their mothers and the accompanying fear and rivalry with their fathers, and the <a href="/wiki/Electra_complex" title="Electra complex">Electra complex</a>, in which the young girl feels that her mother has castrated her and therefore becomes obsessed with her father. Freud's ideas influenced thought on parent–child relationships for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another early conception of parent–child relationships was that love only existed as a biological drive for survival and comfort on the child's part.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, however, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a>'s study " The Hot Wire Mother'' comparing rhesus' reactions to wire surrogate "mothers" and cloth "mothers" demonstrated that affection was wanted by any caregiver and not only the surrogate mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study laid the groundwork for <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment theory</a>, showing how the infants used their cloth "mothers" as a secure base from which to explore.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a series of studies using the <i>strange situation</i>, a scenario in which an infant is separated from then reunited with the parent, Ainsworth defined three styles of parent-child relationship. </p> <ul><li><b>Securely attached</b> infants miss the parent, greet them happily upon return, and show normal exploration and lack of fear when the parent is present.</li> <li><b>Insecure avoidant</b> infants show little distress upon separation and ignore the caregiver when they return. They explore little when the parent is present. Infants also tend to be emotionally unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Insecure ambivalent</b> infants are highly distressed by separation, but continue to be distressed upon the parent's return; these infants also explore little and display fear even when the parent is present.</li> <li>Some psychologists have suggested a fourth attachment style, <b>disorganized</b>, so called because the infants' behavior appeared disorganized or disoriented.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Secure attachments are linked to better social and academic outcomes and greater moral internalization as research proposes the idea that parent-child relationships play a key role in the developing morality of young children. Secure attachments are also linked to less delinquency for children, and have been found to predict later relationship success.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_2015_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of the late nineteenth through the twentieth century, the perception of adolescent-parent relationships was that of a time of upheaval. <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> popularized the "Sturm und drang", or storm and stress, model of adolescence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychological research has painted a much tamer picture. Although adolescents are more risk-seeking and emerging adults have higher suicide rates, they are largely less volatile and have much better relationships with their parents than the storm and stress model would suggest<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early adolescence often marks a decline in parent-child relationship quality, which then re-stabilizes through adolescence, and relationships are sometimes better in late adolescence than prior to its onset.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the increasing average age at marriage and more youths attending college and living with parents past their teens, the concept of a new period called emerging adulthood gained popularity. This is considered a period of uncertainty and experimentation between adolescence and adulthood. During this stage, interpersonal relationships are considered to be more self-focused, and relationships with parents may still be influential.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siblings">Siblings</h4></div> <p>Sibling relationships have a profound effect on social, psychological, emotional, and academic outcomes. Although proximity and contact usually decreases over time, sibling bonds continue to have effect throughout their lives. Sibling bonds are one of few enduring relationships humans may experience. Sibling relationships are affected by parent-child relationships, such that sibling relationships in childhood often reflect the positive or negative aspects of children's relationships with their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples_of_interpersonal_relationship">Other examples of interpersonal relationship</h3></div> <ul><li>Egalitarian and platonic <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendship</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenemy" title="Frenemy">Frenemy</a> — a person with whom an individual maintains a friendly interaction despite underlying conflict, possibly encompassing rivalry, mistrust, <a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">jealousy</a> or competition<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_2011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon_2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar_stranger" title="Familiar stranger">Familiar stranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">Official</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li></ul> <p>Business is generally held to be distinct from personal relations, a contrasting mode which other than excursions from the norm is based on non-personal interest and rational rather than emotional concerns. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_relations" title="Business relations">Business relationships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">Employer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">employee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer" title="Customer">Customer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord_and_tenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlord and tenant">Landlord and tenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-worker" title="Co-worker">Co-worker</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ways_that_interpersonal_relationships_begin">Ways that interpersonal relationships begin</h2></div> <p><b>Proximity:</b> Proximity increases the chance of repeated exposure to the same person. Long-term exposure that can develop familiarity is more likely to trigger like or hate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Technological advance:</b> The Internet removes the problem of lack of communication due to long distance. People can communicate with others who live far away from them through video calls or text. Internet is a medium for people to be close to others who are not physically near them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>    </p><p><b>Similarity:</b> People prefer to make friends with others who are similar to them because their thoughts and feelings are more likely to be understood.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stages">Stages</h2></div> <p>Interpersonal relationships are <a href="/wiki/Relational_dialectics" title="Relational dialectics">dynamic systems</a> that change continuously during their existence. Like living organisms, relationships have a beginning, a lifespan, and an end. They tend to grow and improve gradually, as people get to know each other and become closer emotionally, or they gradually deteriorate as people drift apart, move on with their lives and form new relationships with others. One of the most influential models of relationship development was proposed by psychologist <a href="/wiki/George_Levinger" title="George Levinger">George Levinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model was formulated to describe heterosexual, adult romantic relationships, but it has been applied to other kinds of interpersonal relations as well. According to the model, the natural development of a relationship follows five stages: </p> <ol><li><i> Acquaintance and acquaintanceship</i> – Becoming acquainted depends on previous relationships, physical <a href="/wiki/Propinquity" title="Propinquity">proximity</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">first impressions</a>, and a variety of other factors. If two people begin to like each other, continued interactions may lead to the next stage, but acquaintance can continue indefinitely. Another example is the association.</li> <li><i> Buildup</i> – During this stage, people begin to <a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">trust</a> and care about each other. The need for intimacy, compatibility and such filtering agents as common background and goals will influence whether or not interaction continues.</li> <li><i> Continuation</i> – This stage follows a mutual <a href="/wiki/Personal_commitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal commitment">commitment</a> to quite a strong and close long-term friendship, romantic relationship, or even marriage. It is generally a long, relatively stable period. Nevertheless, continued growth and development will occur during this time. Mutual trust is important for sustaining the relationship.</li> <li><i> Deterioration</i> – Not all relationships deteriorate, but those that do tend to show signs of trouble. Boredom, resentment, and dissatisfaction may occur, and individuals may communicate less and avoid <a href="/wiki/Self-disclosure" title="Self-disclosure">self-disclosure</a>. Loss of trust and betrayals may take place as the downward spiral continues, eventually ending the relationship. (Alternately, the participants may find some way to resolve the problems and reestablish trust and belief in others.)</li> <li><i> Ending</i> – The final stage marks the end of the relationship, either by breakups, death or by spatial separation for quite some time and severing all existing ties of either friendship or <a href="/wiki/Romantic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic love">romantic love</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminating_a_relationship">Terminating a relationship</h3></div> <p>According to the latest <i>Systematic Review of the Economic Literature on the Factors associated with Life Satisfaction</i> (dating from 2007), stable and secure relationships are beneficial, and correspondingly, relationship dissolution is harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> has summarized the evidence on <a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">breakups</a>. Breaking up can actually be a positive experience when the relationship did not expand the self and when the breakup leads to personal growth. They also recommend some ways to cope with the experience: </p> <ul><li>Purposefully focusing on the positive aspects of the breakup ("factors leading up to the break-up, the actual break-up, and the time right after the break-up")</li> <li>Minimizing the <a href="/wiki/Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotions</a></li> <li>Journaling the positive aspects of the breakup (e.g. "comfort, confidence, empowerment, energy, happiness, optimism, relief, satisfaction, thankfulness, and wisdom"). This exercise works best, although not exclusively, when the breakup is mutual.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Less time between a breakup and a subsequent relationship predicts higher self-esteem, attachment security, emotional stability, respect for your new partner, and greater well-being. Furthermore, rebound relationships do not last any shorter than regular relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 60% of people are friends with one or more ex.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 60% of people have had an off-and-on relationship. 37% of cohabiting couples, and 23% of the married, have broken up and gotten back together with their existing partner.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terminating a <a href="#Marital_relationship">marital relationship</a> implies <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> or <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a>. One reason cited for divorce is infidelity. The determinants of unfaithfulness are debated by dating service providers, feminists, academics, and science communicators.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Psychology Today, women's, rather than men's, level of commitment more strongly determines if a relationship will continue.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathological_relationships">Pathological relationships</h2></div> <p>Research conducted in Iran and other countries has shown that conflicts are common between couples, and, in Iran, 92% of the respondents reported that they had conflicts in their marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conflicts can cause major problems for couples and they are caused due to multiple reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abusive">Abusive</h3></div> <p>Abusive relationships involve either maltreatment or violence such as physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional maltreatment.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abusive relationships within the family are very prevalent in the United States and usually involve women or children as victims.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9491743_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9491743-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common individual factors for abusers include low self-esteem, poor impulse control, external <a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">locus of control</a>, drug use, alcohol abuse, and negative <a href="/wiki/Affectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Affectivity">affectivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also external factors such as stress, poverty, and loss which contribute to likelihood of abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2653142_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2653142-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codependent">Codependent</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a> initially focused on a codependent partner enabling substance abuse, but it has become more broadly defined to describe a dysfunctional relationship with extreme dependence on or preoccupation with another person.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some who even refer to codependency as an addiction to the relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus of codependents tends to be on the emotional state, behavioral choices, thoughts, and beliefs of another person.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often those who are codependent neglect themselves in favor of taking care of others and have difficulty fully developing an identity of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narcissistic">Narcissistic</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissists</a> focus on themselves and often distance themselves from intimate relationships; the focus of narcissistic interpersonal relationships is to promote one's self-concept.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1999_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1999-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, narcissists show less empathy in relationships and view love pragmatically or as a game involving others' emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1999_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1999-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narcissists are usually part of the personality disorder, <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic personality disorder</a> (NPD). In relationships, they tend to affect the other person as they attempt to use them to enhance their self-esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-Maj,_Mario_2015_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maj,_Mario_2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific types of NPD make a person incapable of having an interpersonal relationship due to their being cunning, envious, and contemptuous.<sup id="cite_ref-Maj,_Mario_2015_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maj,_Mario_2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2></div> <p>Human beings are innately social and are shaped by their experiences with others. There are multiple perspectives to understand this inherent motivation to interact with others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Need_to_belong">Need to belong</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs" title="Maslow's hierarchy of needs">Maslow's hierarchy of needs</a>, humans need to feel love (sexual/nonsexual) and acceptance from social groups (family, peer groups). In fact, the need to belong is so innately ingrained that it may be strong enough to overcome physiological and safety needs, such as children's attachment to abusive parents or staying in abusive romantic relationships. Such examples illustrate the extent to which the psychobiological drive to belong is entrenched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_exchange">Social exchange</h3></div> <p>Another way to appreciate the importance of relationships is in terms of a reward framework. This perspective suggests that individuals engage in relations that are rewarding in both tangible and intangible ways. The concept fits into a larger theory of <a href="/wiki/Social_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Social exchange">social exchange</a>. This theory is based on the idea that relationships develop as a result of <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">cost–benefit analysis</a>. Individuals seek out rewards in interactions with others and are willing to pay a cost for said rewards. In the best-case scenario, rewards will exceed costs, producing a net gain. This can lead to "shopping around" or constantly comparing alternatives to maximize the benefits or rewards while minimizing costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relational_self">Relational self</h3></div> <p>Relationships are also important for their ability to help individuals develop a <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_self" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense of self">sense of self</a>. The relational self is the part of an individual's self-concept that consists of the feelings and beliefs that one has regarding oneself that develops based on interactions with others.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, one's emotions and behaviors are shaped by prior relationships. Relational self theory posits that prior and existing relationships influence one's emotions and behaviors in interactions with new individuals, particularly those individuals that remind them of others in their life. Studies have shown that exposure to someone who resembles a significant other activates specific self-beliefs, changing how one thinks about oneself in the moment more so than exposure to someone who does not resemble one's <a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">significant other</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_and_dominance">Power and dominance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Expressions_of_dominance" title="Expressions of dominance">Expressions of dominance</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Special:EditPage/Interpersonal relationship">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a> is the ability to influence the behavior of other people.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When two parties have or assert unequal levels of power, one is termed "dominant" and the other "submissive". <a href="/wiki/Expressions_of_dominance" title="Expressions of dominance">Expressions of dominance</a> can communicate an intention to assert or maintain dominance in a relationship. Being submissive can be beneficial because it saves time, limits emotional stress, and may avoid hostile actions such as withholding of resources, cessation of cooperation, termination of the relationship, maintaining a grudge, or even physical violence. Submission occurs in different degrees; for example, some employees may follow orders without question, whereas others might express disagreement but concede when pressed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups of people can form a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">hierarchical organization</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">command hierarchy</a> for top-down management. This can reduce time wasted in conflict over unimportant decisions, prevents inconsistent decisions from harming the operations of the organization, maintain alignment of a large population of workers with the goals of the owners (which the workers might not personally share) and, if promotion is based on merit, help ensure that the people with the best expertise make important decisions. This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Group_decision-making" title="Group decision-making">group decision-making</a> and systems which encourage decision-making and self-organization by front-line employees, who in some cases may have better information about customer needs or how to work efficiently. Dominance is only one aspect of <a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">organizational structure</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Power_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power structure">power structure</a> describes power and dominance relationships in a larger society. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> society under a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> exhibits a strong dominance hierarchy in both economics and physical power, whereas dominance relationships in a society with <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> are more complicated. </p><p>In business relationships, dominance is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic power</a>. For example, a business may adopt a submissive attitude to customer preferences (stocking what customers want to buy) and complaints ("the customer is always right") in order to earn more money. A firm with <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopoly power">monopoly power</a> may be less responsive to customer complaints because it can afford to adopt a dominant position. In a business <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnership</a> a "silent partner" is one who adopts a submissive position in all aspects, but retains financial ownership and a share of the profits.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two parties can be dominant in different areas. For example, in a friendship or romantic relationship, one person may have strong opinions about where to eat dinner, whereas the other has strong opinions about how to decorate a shared space. It could be beneficial for the party with weak preferences to be submissive in that area because it will not make them unhappy and avoids conflict with the party that would be unhappy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">breadwinner model</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> assignments where the male in a heterosexual marriage would be dominant as they are responsible for economic provision.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_satisfaction">Relationship satisfaction</h2></div> <p>Social exchange theory and Rusbult's investment model show that relationship satisfaction is based on three factors: rewards, costs, and comparison levels (Miller, 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rewards refer to any aspects of the partner or relationship that are positive. Conversely, costs are the negative or unpleasant aspects of the partner or their relationship. The comparison level includes what each partner expects of the relationship. The comparison level is influenced by past relationships, and general relationship expectations they are taught by family and friends. </p><p>Individuals in <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">long-distance relationships</a>, LDRs, rated their relationships as more satisfying than individuals in proximal relationship, PRs.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_1990_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford_1990-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_2005_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford_2005-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, Holt and Stone (1988) found that long-distance couples who were able to meet with their partner at least once a month had similar satisfaction levels to unmarried couples who cohabitated.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_1998_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt_1998-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the relationship satisfaction was lower for members of LDRs who saw their partner less frequently than once a month. LDR couples reported the same level of relationship satisfaction as couples in PRs, despite only seeing each other on average once every 23 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Guldner_1995_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guldner_1995-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social exchange theory and the am investment model both theorize that relationships that are high in cost would be less satisfying than relationships that are low in cost. LDRs have a higher level of costs than PRs, therefore, one would assume that LDRs are less satisfying than PRs. Individuals in LDRs are more satisfied with their relationships compared to individuals in PRs.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_2005_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford_2005-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be explained by unique aspects of the LDRs, how the individuals use relationship maintenance behaviors, and the attachment styles of the individuals in the relationships. Therefore, the costs and benefits of the relationship are subjective to the individual, and people in LDRs tend to report lower costs and higher rewards in their relationship compared to PRs.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_2005_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford_2005-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_and_empirical_research">Theories and empirical research</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Confucianism#Relationships" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> is a study and theory of relationships, especially within hierarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social harmony—the central goal of Confucianism—results in part from every individual knowing their place in the social order and playing their part well. Particular duties arise from each person's particular situation in relation to others. The individual stands simultaneously in several different relationships with different people: as a junior in relation to parents and elders; and as a senior in relation to younger siblings, students, and others. Juniors are considered in Confucianism to owe their seniors reverence and seniors have duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors. A focus on mutuality is prevalent in East Asian cultures to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minding_relationships">Minding relationships</h4></div> <p>The mindfulness theory of relationships shows how closeness in relationships may be enhanced. Minding is the "reciprocal knowing process involving the nonstop, interrelated thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of persons in a relationship."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five components of "minding" include:<sup id="cite_ref-snyder_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Knowing and being known: seeking to understand the partner</li> <li>Making relationship-enhancing attributions for behaviors: giving the benefit of the doubt</li> <li>Accepting and respecting: <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> and social skills</li> <li>Maintaining reciprocity: active participation in relationship enhancement</li> <li>Continuity in minding: persisting in mindfulness</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_perceptions">Popular perceptions</h3></div> <p>Popular perceptions of intimate relationships are strongly influenced by movies and television. Common messages are that love is predestined, love at first sight is possible, and that love with the right person always succeeds. Those who consume the most romance-related media tend to believe in predestined romance and that those who are destined to be together implicitly understand each other. These beliefs, however, can lead to less communication and problem-solving as well as giving up on relationships more easily when conflict is encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3></div> <p>Social media has changed the face of interpersonal relationships. Romantic interpersonal relationships are no less impacted. For example, in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> has become an integral part of the dating process for emerging adults.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social media can have both positive and negative impacts on romantic relationships. For example, supportive social networks have been linked to more stable relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, social media usage can also facilitate conflict, jealousy, and passive-aggressive behaviors such as spying on a partner.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from direct effects on the development, maintenance, and perception of romantic relationships, excessive social network usage is linked to jealousy and dissatisfaction in relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A growing segment of the population is engaging in purely online dating, sometimes but not always moving towards traditional face-to-face interactions. These online relationships differ from face-to-face relationships; for example, self-disclosure may be of primary importance in developing an online relationship. Conflict management differs, since avoidance is easier and conflict resolution skills may not develop in the same way. Additionally, the definition of infidelity is both broadened and narrowed, since physical infidelity becomes easier to conceal but emotional infidelity (e.g. chatting with more than one online partner) becomes a more serious offense.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_and_Thou" title="I and Thou">I and Thou</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_prostitution_on_mental_health" title="Impact of prostitution on mental health">Impact of prostitution on mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactionism" title="Interactionism">Interactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_tie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal tie">Interpersonal tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_relationships" title="Outline of relationships">Outline of relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_models_theory" title="Relational models theory">Relational models theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship status">Relationship status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_forming" title="Relationship forming">Relationship forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socionics" title="Socionics">Socionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship Science">Relationship Science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYeYe2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ye, Jinhui; Ye, Xiaoting (4 November 2020). "Adolescents' interpersonal relationships, self-consistency, and congruence: Life meaning as a mediator". <i>Social Behavior and Personality</i>. <b>48</b> (11): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2224%2Fsbp.9428">10.2224/sbp.9428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226526839">226526839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Behavior+and+Personality&rft.atitle=Adolescents%27+interpersonal+relationships%2C+self-consistency%2C+and+congruence%3A+Life+meaning+as+a+mediator&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2224%2Fsbp.9428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226526839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Jinhui&rft.au=Ye%2C+Xiaoting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolmSchaeferCollett2007" class="citation journal cs1">Molm, Linda D.; Schaefer, David R.; Collett, Jessica L. (2007). "The Value of Reciprocity". <i>Social Psychology Quarterly</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 199–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019027250707000208">10.1177/019027250707000208</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20141780">20141780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146252068">146252068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychology+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Value+of+Reciprocity&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-217&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146252068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20141780%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F019027250707000208&rft.aulast=Molm&rft.aufirst=Linda+D.&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Collett%2C+Jessica+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerscheid1999" class="citation journal cs1">Berscheid, Ellen (1999). "The greening of relationship science". <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 260–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.54.4.260">10.1037/0003-066X.54.4.260</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10217995">10217995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+greening+of+relationship+science.&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=260-266&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.54.4.260&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10217995&rft.aulast=Berscheid&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerDavis1992" class="citation journal cs1">Acker M, Davis MH (1992). "Intimacy, Passion and Commitment in Adult Romantic Relationships: A Test of the Triangular Theory of Love". <i>Journal of Social and Personal Relationships</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 21–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407592091002">10.1177/0265407592091002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143485002">143485002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Personal+Relationships&rft.atitle=Intimacy%2C+Passion+and+Commitment+in+Adult+Romantic+Relationships%3A+A+Test+of+the+Triangular+Theory+of+Love&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-50&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265407592091002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143485002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Acker&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Davis%2C+Mark+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson_2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_2015_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_2015_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_2015_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, Lacey S. (20 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7710%2F2168-0620.1036">"The Science of Romantic Love: Distinct Evolutionary, Neural, and Hormonal Characteristics"</a>. <i>International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities</i>. <b>7</b>: 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7710%2F2168-0620.1036">10.7710/2168-0620.1036</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Undergraduate+Research+and+Creative+Activities&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+Romantic+Love%3A+Distinct+Evolutionary%2C+Neural%2C+and+Hormonal+Characteristics&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7710%2F2168-0620.1036&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Lacey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7710%252F2168-0620.1036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg1986" class="citation journal cs1">Sternberg RJ (1986). "A triangular theory of love". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>93</b> (2): 119–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.93.2.119">10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=A+triangular+theory+of+love.&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-135&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295x.93.2.119&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazanShaver1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hazan, Cindy; Shaver, Phillip (1987). "Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process". <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 511–524. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.52.3.511">10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3572722">3572722</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2280613">2280613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Romantic+love+conceptualized+as+an+attachment+process.&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=511-524&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2280613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3572722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.52.3.511&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft.au=Shaver%2C+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVangelisti2011" class="citation book cs1">Vangelisti, Anita L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/48309_CH_18.pdf">"Interpersonal Processes in Romantic Relationships"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Knapp, Mark L.; Daly, John A. (eds.). <i>The SAGE Handbook of Interpersonal Communication</i>. SAGE Publications. pp. 597–631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7474-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7474-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-7474-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15423545">15423545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interpersonal+Processes+in+Romantic+Relationships&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Handbook+of+Interpersonal+Communication&rft.pages=597-631&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15423545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-7474-5&rft.aulast=Vangelisti&rft.aufirst=Anita+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.sagepub.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fupm-binaries%2F48309_CH_18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKito2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kito M (April 2005). "Self-disclosure in romantic relationships and friendships among American and Japanese college students". <i>The Journal of Social Psychology</i>. <b>145</b> (2): 127–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3200%2FSOCP.145.2.127-140">10.3200/SOCP.145.2.127-140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15816343">15816343</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25117099">25117099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Self-disclosure+in+romantic+relationships+and+friendships+among+American+and+Japanese+college+students&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-40&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25117099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15816343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3200%2FSOCP.145.2.127-140&rft.aulast=Kito&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierAllen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Meier A, Allen G (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201847">"Romantic Relationships from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health"</a>. <i>The Sociological Quarterly</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 308–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2009.01142.x">10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01142.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4201847">4201847</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332511">25332511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Romantic+Relationships+from+Adolescence+to+Young+Adulthood%3A+Evidence+from+the+National+Longitudinal+Study+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=308-335&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4201847%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25332511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.2009.01142.x&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Allen%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4201847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merkle_2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merkle_2004_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkleRichardson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Merkle ER, Richardson RA (2004). "Digital Dating and Virtual Relating: Conceptualizing Computer Mediated Romantic Relationships". <i>Family Relations</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 187–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-3729.2000.00187.x">10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00187.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/585815">585815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Relations&rft.atitle=Digital+Dating+and+Virtual+Relating%3A+Conceptualizing+Computer+Mediated+Romantic+Relationships&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-192&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-3729.2000.00187.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F585815%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Merkle&rft.aufirst=Erich+R.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Rhonda+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomerySorell1997" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomery MJ, Sorell GT (1997). "Differences in Love Attitudes across Family Life Stages". <i>Family Relations</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 55–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F585607">10.2307/585607</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/585607">585607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Relations&rft.atitle=Differences+in+Love+Attitudes+across+Family+Life+Stages&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-61&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F585607&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F585607%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+J.&rft.au=Sorell%2C+Gwendolyn+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sassler S (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399251">"Partnering Across the Life Course: Sex, Relationships, and Mate Selection"</a>. <i>Journal of Marriage and the Family</i>. <b>72</b> (3): 557–575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-3737.2010.00718.x">10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00718.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399251">3399251</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22822268">22822268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marriage+and+the+Family&rft.atitle=Partnering+Across+the+Life+Course%3A+Sex%2C+Relationships%2C+and+Mate+Selection&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=557-575&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399251%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22822268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-3737.2010.00718.x&rft.aulast=Sassler&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohrDaly2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mohr JJ, Daly CA (2008). "Sexual minority stress and changes in relationship quality in same-sex couples". <i>Journal of Social and Personal Relationships</i>. <b>25</b> (6): 989–1007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407508100311">10.1177/0265407508100311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145225150">145225150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Personal+Relationships&rft.atitle=Sexual+minority+stress+and+changes+in+relationship+quality+in+same-sex+couples&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=989-1007&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265407508100311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145225150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+J.&rft.au=Daly%2C+Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiDobinsonScheimRoss2013" class="citation journal cs1">Li T, Dobinson C, Scheim A, Ross L (2013). "Unique Issues Bisexual People Face in Intimate Relationships: A Descriptive Exploration of Lived Experience". <i>Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health</i>. <b>17</b>: 21–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19359705.2012.723607">10.1080/19359705.2012.723607</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145715751">145715751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gay+%26+Lesbian+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=Unique+Issues+Bisexual+People+Face+in+Intimate+Relationships%3A+A+Descriptive+Exploration+of+Lived+Experience&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=21-39&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19359705.2012.723607&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145715751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft.au=Dobinson%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Scheim%2C+Ayden&rft.au=Ross%2C+Lori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIantaffiBockting2011" class="citation journal cs1">Iantaffi A, Bockting WO (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076785">"Views from both sides of the bridge? Gender, sexual legitimacy and transgender people's experiences of relationships"</a>. <i>Culture, Health & Sexuality</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 355–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13691058.2010.537770">10.1080/13691058.2010.537770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076785">3076785</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21229422">21229422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture%2C+Health+%26+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Views+from+both+sides+of+the+bridge%3F+Gender%2C+sexual+legitimacy+and+transgender+people%27s+experiences+of+relationships&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-70&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3076785%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21229422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13691058.2010.537770&rft.aulast=Iantaffi&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Bockting%2C+WO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3076785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeHaanKuperMageeBigelow2013" class="citation journal cs1">DeHaan S, Kuper LE, Magee JC, Bigelow L, Mustanski BS (2013). "The interplay between online and offline explorations of identity, relationships, and sex: a mixed-methods study with LGBT youth". <i>Journal of Sex Research</i>. <b>50</b> (5): 421–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224499.2012.661489">10.1080/00224499.2012.661489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22489658">22489658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19195192">19195192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+Research&rft.atitle=The+interplay+between+online+and+offline+explorations+of+identity%2C+relationships%2C+and+sex%3A+a+mixed-methods+study+with+LGBT+youth&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=421-34&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19195192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22489658&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00224499.2012.661489&rft.aulast=DeHaan&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kuper%2C+LE&rft.au=Magee%2C+JC&rft.au=Bigelow%2C+L&rft.au=Mustanski%2C+BS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoismanClausellHollandFortuna2008" class="citation journal cs1">Roisman GI, Clausell E, Holland A, Fortuna K, Elieff C (January 2008). "Adult romantic relationships as contexts of human development: a multimethod comparison of same-sex couples with opposite-sex dating, engaged, and married dyads". <i>Developmental Psychology</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 91–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0012-1649.44.1.91">10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.91</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18194008">18194008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Psychology&rft.atitle=Adult+romantic+relationships+as+contexts+of+human+development%3A+a+multimethod+comparison+of+same-sex+couples+with+opposite-sex+dating%2C+engaged%2C+and+married+dyads&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-101&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0012-1649.44.1.91&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18194008&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=GI&rft.au=Clausell%2C+E&rft.au=Holland%2C+A&rft.au=Fortuna%2C+K&rft.au=Elieff%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/number-of-u-s-adults-cohabiting-with-a-partner-continues-to-rise-especially-among-those-50-and-older/">"Number of U.S. adults cohabiting with a partner continues to rise, especially among those 50 and older"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 2017-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Number+of+U.S.+adults+cohabiting+with+a+partner+continues+to+rise%2C+especially+among+those+50+and+older&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F04%2F06%2Fnumber-of-u-s-adults-cohabiting-with-a-partner-continues-to-rise-especially-among-those-50-and-older%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillies2010" class="citation book cs1">Gillies J (2010-01-12). <i>The History of Ancient Greece: Its Colonies and Conquests, from the Earliest Accounts Till the Division of the Macedonian Empire in the East: ... of Literature, Philosophy, and the Fine Arts</i>. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-142-12050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-142-12050-4"><bdi>978-1-142-12050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Greece%3A+Its+Colonies+and+Conquests%2C+from+the+Earliest+Accounts+Till+the+Division+of+the+Macedonian+Empire+in+the+East%3A+...+of+Literature%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+the+Fine+Arts&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2010-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-142-12050-4&rft.aulast=Gillies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolzman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Holzman D (1998). "The Place of Filial Piety in Ancient China". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>118</b> (2): 185–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605890">10.2307/605890</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605890">605890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+Filial+Piety+in+Ancient+China&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-199&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605890%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Holzman&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorovecki-JakovljevMatacić2005" class="citation journal cs1">Borovecki-Jakovljev S, Matacić S (June 2005). "The Oedipus complex in the contemporary psychoanalysis". <i>Collegium Antropologicum</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 351–60. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16117347">16117347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collegium+Antropologicum&rft.atitle=The+Oedipus+complex+in+the+contemporary+psychoanalysis&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=351-60&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16117347&rft.aulast=Borovecki-Jakovljev&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Mataci%C4%87%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoepkeDenissen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Koepke, Sabrina; Denissen, Jaap J.A. (March 2012). "Dynamics of identity development and separation–individuation in parent–child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood – A conceptual integration". <i>Developmental Review</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 67–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dr.2012.01.001">10.1016/j.dr.2012.01.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Review&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+identity+development+and+separation%E2%80%93individuation+in+parent%E2%80%93child+relationships+during+adolescence+and+emerging+adulthood+%E2%80%93+A+conceptual+integration&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-88&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dr.2012.01.001&rft.aulast=Koepke&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft.au=Denissen%2C+Jaap+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlow1958" class="citation journal cs1">Harlow, Harry F. (December 1958). "The nature of love". <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>13</b> (12): 673–685. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0047884">10.1037/h0047884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+love&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=673-685&rft.date=1958-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0047884&rft.aulast=Harlow&rft.aufirst=Harry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2011" class="citation journal cs1">Blum D (2011-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/love-according-to-harry-harlow">"Love According to Harry Harlow"</a>. <i>APS Observer</i>. <b>25</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APS+Observer&rft.atitle=Love+According+to+Harry+Harlow&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologicalscience.org%2Fobserver%2Flove-according-to-harry-harlow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuomivan_der_Horstvan_der_Veer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Suomi SJ, van der Horst FC, van der Veer R (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12124-008-9072-9">"Rigorous experiments on monkey love: an account of Harry F. Harlow's role in the history of attachment theory"</a>. <i>Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 354–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12124-008-9072-9">10.1007/s12124-008-9072-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18688688">18688688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+Psychological+%26+Behavioral+Science&rft.atitle=Rigorous+experiments+on+monkey+love%3A+an+account+of+Harry+F.+Harlow%27s+role+in+the+history+of+attachment+theory&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=354-69&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12124-008-9072-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18688688&rft.aulast=Suomi&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=van+der+Horst%2C+FC&rft.au=van+der+Veer%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12124-008-9072-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Francis (2014). "Affect regulation styles in avoidant and anxious attachment". <i>Individual Differences Research</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 123–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Individual+Differences+Research&rft.atitle=Affect+regulation+styles+in+avoidant+and+anxious+attachment&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=123-130&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbergCicchettiCummings1993" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg MT, Cicchetti D, Cummings EM, eds. (1993-05-15). <i>Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention</i> (Revised ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30630-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30630-8"><bdi>978-0-226-30630-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attachment+in+the+Preschool+Years%3A+Theory%2C+Research%2C+and+Intervention&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993-05-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30630-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimBoldtKochanska2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kim S, Boldt LJ, Kochanska G (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4840872">"From parent-child mutuality to security to socialization outcomes: developmental cascade toward positive adaptation in preadolescence"</a>. <i>Attachment & Human Development</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 472–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616734.2015.1072832">10.1080/14616734.2015.1072832</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4840872">4840872</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26258443">26258443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Attachment+%26+Human+Development&rft.atitle=From+parent-child+mutuality+to+security+to+socialization+outcomes%3A+developmental+cascade+toward+positive+adaptation+in+preadolescence&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=472-91&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4840872%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26258443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14616734.2015.1072832&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Boldt%2C+LJ&rft.au=Kochanska%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4840872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochanskaKim2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kochanska G, Kim S (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750102">"A complex interplay among the parent-child relationship, effortful control, and internalized, rule-compatible conduct in young children: evidence from two studies"</a>. <i>Developmental Psychology</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 8–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0032330">10.1037/a0032330</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750102">3750102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23527491">23527491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+complex+interplay+among+the+parent-child+relationship%2C+effortful+control%2C+and+internalized%2C+rule-compatible+conduct+in+young+children%3A+evidence+from+two+studies&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-21&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3750102%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23527491&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0032330&rft.aulast=Kochanska&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Kim%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3750102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karthaus, Ulrich: Sturm und Drang. Epoche-Werke-Wirkung. München: C.H.Beck Verlag, 2. aktualisierte Auflage. 2007, S. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoopsZuckerman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Koops W, Zuckerman M (2003-01-01). "Introduction: A historical developmental approach to adolescence". <i>The History of the Family</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 345–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1081-602X%2803%2900041-1">10.1016/S1081-602X(03)00041-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144062880">144062880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+the+Family&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+A+historical+developmental+approach+to+adolescence&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=345-354&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1081-602X%2803%2900041-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144062880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Koops&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft.au=Zuckerman%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarceauRamSusman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marceau K, Ram N, Susman E (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4550307">"Development and Lability in the Parent-Child Relationship During Adolescence: Associations With Pubertal Timing and Tempo"</a>. <i>Journal of Research on Adolescence</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 474–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjora.12139">10.1111/jora.12139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4550307">4550307</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26321856">26321856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+on+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Development+and+Lability+in+the+Parent-Child+Relationship+During+Adolescence%3A+Associations+With+Pubertal+Timing+and+Tempo&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=474-489&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4550307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26321856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjora.12139&rft.aulast=Marceau&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Ram%2C+N&rft.au=Susman%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4550307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnett2014" class="citation journal cs1">Arnett JJ (2014). "Presidential Address: The Emergence of Emerging Adulthood". <i>Emerging Adulthood</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 155–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2167696814541096">10.1177/2167696814541096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143471902">143471902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Adulthood&rft.atitle=Presidential+Address%3A+The+Emergence+of+Emerging+Adulthood&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155-162&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2167696814541096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143471902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Jensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortnerRiggs2016" class="citation journal cs1">Portner LC, Riggs SA (2016). "Sibling Relationships in Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Parent–Child Relationship". <i>Journal of Child and Family Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (6): 1755–1764. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10826-015-0358-5">10.1007/s10826-015-0358-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147667305">147667305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Child+and+Family+Studies&rft.atitle=Sibling+Relationships+in+Emerging+Adulthood%3A+Associations+with+Parent%E2%80%93Child+Relationship&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1755-1764&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10826-015-0358-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147667305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Portner&rft.aufirst=Laura+Collier&rft.au=Riggs%2C+Shelley+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch2009" class="citation book cs1">Deutsch FM (2009). "Egalitarian Relationships". In Reis HT, Sprecher S (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Human Relationships</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412958479.n156">10.4135/9781412958479.n156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412958462" title="Special:BookSources/9781412958462"><bdi>9781412958462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egalitarian+Relationships&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Human+Relationships&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412958479.n156&rft.isbn=9781412958462&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Francine+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shannon_2011-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shannon_2011_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Shannon B (2011). <i>Frenemy: The Friend Who Bullies</i> (Master of Applied Psychology). University of Waikato. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10289%2F8490">10289/8490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Frenemy%3A+The+Friend+Who+Bullies&rft.inst=University+of+Waikato&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10289%2F8490&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Beard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski2010" class="citation book cs1">Kowalski, Robin M. (2010). "Interpersonal Relationships". In Weiner, Irving B.; Craighead, W. Edward (eds.). <i>The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 2</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 861–863. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17026-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17026-7"><bdi>978-0-470-17026-7</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CCX1942000473">CX1942000473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interpersonal+Relationships&rft.btitle=The+Corsini+Encyclopedia+of+Psychology%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=861-863&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-17026-7&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Robin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinger1983" class="citation book cs1">Levinger G (1983). "Development and change". In Kelly HH (ed.). <i>Close relationships</i>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 315–359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+and+change&rft.btitle=Close+relationships&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=315-359&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Levinger&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolanPeasgoodWhite2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dolan, Paul; Peasgood, Tessa; White, Mathew (February 2008). "Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being". <i>Journal of Economic Psychology</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 94–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joep.2007.09.001">10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Psychology&rft.atitle=Do+we+really+know+what+makes+us+happy%3F+A+review+of+the+economic+literature+on+the+factors+associated+with+subjective+well-being&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-122&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.joep.2007.09.001&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Peasgood%2C+Tessa&rft.au=White%2C+Mathew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/research/action/romantic-relationships.aspx">"Breakups isn't all bad: Coping strategies to promote positive outcomes"</a>. <i>apa.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apa.org&rft.atitle=Breakups+isn%27t+all+bad%3A+Coping+strategies+to+promote+positive+outcomes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fresearch%2Faction%2Fromantic-relationships.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201405/can-rebound-relationship-be-the-real-deal">"Can a Rebound Relationship Be the Real Deal?"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Can+a+Rebound+Relationship+Be+the+Real+Deal%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fmeet-catch-and-keep%2F201405%2Fcan-rebound-relationship-be-the-real-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201707/the-4-main-reasons-why-people-stay-friends-their-exes">"The 4 Main Reasons Why People Stay Friends With Their Exes"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=The+4+Main+Reasons+Why+People+Stay+Friends+With+Their+Exes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fmeet-catch-and-keep%2F201707%2Fthe-4-main-reasons-why-people-stay-friends-their-exes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201402/how-healthy-are-againoff-again-relationships">"How Healthy Are On-Again/Off-Again Relationships?"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=How+Healthy+Are+On-Again%2FOff-Again+Relationships%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fmeet-catch-and-keep%2F201402%2Fhow-healthy-are-againoff-again-relationships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201407/the-truth-about-again-again-couples">"The Truth About On-Again, Off-Again Couples"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=The+Truth+About+On-Again%2C+Off-Again+Couples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fmeet-catch-and-keep%2F201407%2Fthe-truth-about-again-again-couples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.psychcentral.com/relationships/2014/08/a-look-at-infidelity-why-do-partners-cheat/">"Predictors of Infidelity: Why Do Partners Cheat?"</a>. 18 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Predictors+of+Infidelity%3A+Why+Do+Partners+Cheat%3F&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.psychcentral.com%2Frelationships%2F2014%2F08%2Fa-look-at-infidelity-why-do-partners-cheat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hookingupsmart.com/2013/07/24/relationshipstrategies/the-definitive-survey-of-infidelity-in-marriage-and-relationships/">"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Infidelity But Were Afraid to Ask * Hooking Up Smart"</a>. 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everything+You+Always+Wanted+to+Know+About+Infidelity+But+Were+Afraid+to+Ask+%2A+Hooking+Up+Smart&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hookingupsmart.com%2F2013%2F07%2F24%2Frelationshipstrategies%2Fthe-definitive-survey-of-infidelity-in-marriage-and-relationships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkJanssenMilhausen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, Kristen P.; Janssen, Erick; Milhausen, Robin R. (1 October 2011). "Infidelity in heterosexual couples: demographic, interpersonal, and personality-related predictors of extradyadic sex". <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>40</b> (5): 971–982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-011-9771-z">10.1007/s10508-011-9771-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21667234">21667234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12474225">12474225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Infidelity+in+heterosexual+couples%3A+demographic%2C+interpersonal%2C+and+personality-related+predictors+of+extradyadic+sex&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=971-982&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12474225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21667234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-011-9771-z&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Kristen+P.&rft.au=Janssen%2C+Erick&rft.au=Milhausen%2C+Robin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190419/https://heartiste.wordpress.com/2014/09/28/paper-predictors-of-infidelity/">"Paper: Predictors Of Infidelity"</a>. 28 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heartiste.wordpress.com/2014/09/28/paper-predictors-of-infidelity/">the original</a> on 13 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paper%3A+Predictors+Of+Infidelity&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheartiste.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F09%2F28%2Fpaper-predictors-of-infidelity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201612/the-secret-epidemic-facing-modern-couples">"The Secret Epidemic Facing Modern Couples"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=The+Secret+Epidemic+Facing+Modern+Couples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fmeet-catch-and-keep%2F201612%2Fthe-secret-epidemic-facing-modern-couples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14431%2Faw.2013.03.29.1.27">"Application of BASNEF Model in Prediction of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Against Women"</a>. <i>Asian Women</i>. 31 March 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14431%2Faw.2013.03.29.1.27">10.14431/aw.2013.03.29.1.27</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Women&rft.atitle=Application+of+BASNEF+Model+in+Prediction+of+Intimate+Partner+Violence+%28IPV%29+Against+Women&rft.date=2013-03-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14431%2Faw.2013.03.29.1.27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14431%252Faw.2013.03.29.1.27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council,_Division_of_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences_and_Education,_Committee_on_Law_and_Justice,_Committee_on_National_Statistics,_Panel_to_Review_Risk_and_Prevalence_of_Elder_Abuse_and_Neglect2003" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Law and Justice, Committee on National Statistics, Panel to Review Risk and Prevalence of Elder Abuse and Neglect (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAtSAgAAQBAJ&q=National+Research+Council+.+%281993%29.+Understanding+child+abuse+and+neglect.+Washington%2C+DC%3A+National+Academy+Press.&pg=PT13"><i>Elder Mistreatment: Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation in an Aging America</i></a>. National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309084345" title="Special:BookSources/9780309084345"><bdi>9780309084345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elder+Mistreatment%3A+Abuse%2C+Neglect%2C+and+Exploitation+in+an+Aging+America&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780309084345&rft.au=National+Research+Council%2C+Division+of+Behavioral+and+Social+Sciences+and+Education%2C+Committee+on+Law+and+Justice%2C+Committee+on+National+Statistics%2C+Panel+to+Review+Risk+and+Prevalence+of+Elder+Abuse+and+Neglect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEAtSAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DNational%2BResearch%2BCouncil%2B.%2B%25281993%2529.%2BUnderstanding%2Bchild%2Babuse%2Band%2Bneglect.%2BWashington%252C%2BDC%253A%2BNational%2BAcademy%2BPress.%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9491743-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9491743_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmeryLaumann-Billings1998" class="citation journal cs1">Emery RE, Laumann-Billings L (February 1998). "An overview of the nature, causes, and consequences of abusive family relationships. Toward differentiating maltreatment and violence". <i>The American Psychologist</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 121–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.53.2.121">10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9491743">9491743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+the+nature%2C+causes%2C+and+consequences+of+abusive+family+relationships.+Toward+differentiating+maltreatment+and+violence&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-35&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.53.2.121&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9491743&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Laumann-Billings%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicchetti1989" class="citation book cs1">Cicchetti D (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childmaltreatmen00buse"><i>Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childmaltreatmen00buse/page/203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521379694" title="Special:BookSources/9780521379694"><bdi>9780521379694</bdi></a>. <q>Pianta, R. B., Egeland, B., & Erickson, M. F. (1989). The antecedents of maltreatment: Results of the Mother–Child Interaction Research Project. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences o.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Maltreatment%3A+Theory+and+Research+on+the+Causes+and+Consequences+of+Child+Abuse+and+Neglect&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780521379694&rft.aulast=Cicchetti&rft.aufirst=Dante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildmaltreatmen00buse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2653142-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2653142_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery1989" class="citation journal cs1">Emery RE (February 1989). "Family violence". <i>The American Psychologist</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 321–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.44.2.321">10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.321</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2653142">2653142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Family+violence&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=321-8&rft.date=1989-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.44.2.321&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2653142&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowanBommersbachCurtis1995" class="citation journal cs1">Cowan G, Bommersbach M, Curtis SR (1995). "Codependency, Loss Of Self, And Power". <i>Psychology of Women Quarterly</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 221–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.1995.tb00289.x">10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00289.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146485470">146485470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Women+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Codependency%2C+Loss+Of+Self%2C+And+Power&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-236&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.1995.tb00289.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146485470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft.au=Bommersbach%2C+Mimi&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Sheri+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendenhall1989" class="citation journal cs1">Mendenhall W (1989). "Co-dependency definitions and dynamics". <i>Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly</i>. <b>6</b>: 3–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ020V06N01_02">10.1300/J020V06N01_02</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcoholism+Treatment+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Co-dependency+definitions+and+dynamics&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ020V06N01_02&rft.aulast=Mendenhall&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChmielewska2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chmielewska M (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14254%2F2071-789X.2012%2F5-2%2F5">"Marital quality in the context of interpersonal dependency"</a>. <i>Economics & Sociology</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 58–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14254%2F2071-789X.2012%2F5-2%2F5">10.14254/2071-789X.2012/5-2/5</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+%26+Sociology&rft.atitle=Marital+quality+in+the+context+of+interpersonal+dependency&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=58-74&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14254%2F2071-789X.2012%2F5-2%2F5&rft.aulast=Chmielewska&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14254%252F2071-789X.2012%252F5-2%252F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudsonTerrell2012" class="citation journal cs1">Knudson TM, Terrell HK (2012). "Codependency, Perceived Interparental Conflict, and Substance Abuse in the Family of Origin". <i>The American Journal of Family Therapy</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 245–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01926187.2011.610725">10.1080/01926187.2011.610725</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145124356">145124356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Family+Therapy&rft.atitle=Codependency%2C+Perceived+Interparental+Conflict%2C+and+Substance+Abuse+in+the+Family+of+Origin&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=245-257&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01926187.2011.610725&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145124356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Knudson&rft.aufirst=Theresa+M.&rft.au=Terrell%2C+Heather+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_1999-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1999_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_1999_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, W. Keith (December 1999). "Narcissism and romantic attraction". <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>77</b> (6): 1254–1270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.77.6.1254">10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Narcissism+and+romantic+attraction.&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1254-1270&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.77.6.1254&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=W.+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodewaltMorf1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodewalt F, Morf CC (March 1995). "Self and Interpersonal Correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A Review and New Findings". <i>Journal of Research in Personality</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjrpe.1995.1001">10.1006/jrpe.1995.1001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Personality&rft.atitle=Self+and+Interpersonal+Correlates+of+the+Narcissistic+Personality+Inventory%3A+A+Review+and+New+Findings&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjrpe.1995.1001&rft.aulast=Rhodewalt&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Morf%2C+Carolyn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maj,_Mario_2015-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maj,_Mario_2015_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maj,_Mario_2015_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maj, Mario., Akiskal, Hagop S., Hagop S., Mezzich, Juan E., Wiley John & Sons. Personality Disorders. <i>Medical</i> March 11, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenChen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Andersen SM, Chen E (2002). "The relational self: an interpersonal social-cognitive theory". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>109</b> (4): 619–45. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.409.2705">10.1.1.409.2705</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.109.4.619">10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12374322">12374322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=The+relational+self%3A+an+interpersonal+social-cognitive+theory&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=619-45&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.409.2705%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12374322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295x.109.4.619&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Chen%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinkleyAndersen1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hinkley K, Andersen SM (1996). "The working self-concept in transference: significant-other activation and self change". <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>71</b> (6): 1279–1295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.71.6.1279">10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1279</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8979392">8979392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+working+self-concept+in+transference%3A+significant-other+activation+and+self+change&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1279-1295&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.71.6.1279&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8979392&rft.aulast=Hinkley&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Andersen%2C+SM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiskeBerdahl2007" class="citation journal cs1">Fiske, S. T; Berdahl, J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232589326">"Social power"</a>. <i>Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles</i>. The Guilford Press: 678–692.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychology%3A+Handbook+of+Basic+Principles&rft.atitle=Social+power.&rft.pages=678-692&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=S.+T&rft.au=Berdahl%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F232589326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbarAbra2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dunbar, Norah E.; Abra, Gordon (December 2010). "Observations of Dyadic Power in Interpersonal Interaction". <i>Communication Monographs</i>. <b>77</b> (4): 657–684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03637751.2010.520018">10.1080/03637751.2010.520018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144799977">144799977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Monographs&rft.atitle=Observations+of+Dyadic+Power+in+Interpersonal+Interaction&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=657-684&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03637751.2010.520018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144799977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Norah+E.&rft.au=Abra%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAielloTesi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aiello, Antonio; Tesi, Alessio (November 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12949">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Does this setting really fit with me?": How support for group-based social hierarchies predicts a higher perceived misfit in hierarchy-attenuating settings"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Social Psychology</i>. <b>53</b> (5): 423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjasp.12949">10.1111/jasp.12949</a> – via Wiley Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=%22Does+this+setting+really+fit+with+me%3F%22%3A+How+support+for+group-based+social+hierarchies+predicts+a+higher+perceived+misfit+in+hierarchy-attenuating+settings&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=423&rft.date=2022-11-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjasp.12949&rft.aulast=Aiello&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Tesi%2C+Alessio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fjasp.12949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabibBastlPilbeam2015" class="citation journal cs1">Habib, Farooq; Bastl, Marko; Pilbeam, Colin (2 March 2015). "Strategic responses to power dominance in buyer-supplier relationships: A weaker actor's perspective". <i>International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management</i>. <b>45</b> (1/2): 182–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIJPDLM-05-2013-0138">10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013-0138</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2115748306">2115748306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Physical+Distribution+%26+Logistics+Management&rft.atitle=Strategic+responses+to+power+dominance+in+buyer-supplier+relationships%3A+A+weaker+actor%27s+perspective&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=182-203&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FIJPDLM-05-2013-0138&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Farooq&rft.au=Bastl%2C+Marko&rft.au=Pilbeam%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadim2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nadim, Marjan (January 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038514560259">"Undermining the Male Breadwinner Ideal? Understandings of Women's Paid Work among Second-Generation Immigrants in Norway"</a>. <i>Sociology</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 109–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038514560259">10.1177/0038038514560259</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2561247">11250/2561247</a></span> – via Sage Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology&rft.atitle=Undermining+the+Male+Breadwinner+Ideal%3F+Understandings+of+Women%27s+Paid+Work+among+Second-Generation+Immigrants+in+Norway&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-124&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2561247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038038514560259&rft.aulast=Nadim&rft.aufirst=Marjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0038038514560259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2012" class="citation book cs1">Miller R (2012). <i>Attraction In Intimate Relationships</i> (6th ed.). New York: Mc-Graw Hill. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attraction+In+Intimate+Relationships&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Mc-Graw+Hill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stafford_1990-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_1990_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaffordReske1990" class="citation journal cs1">Stafford L, Reske J (1990). "Idealization and communication in long-distance premarital relationships". <i>Family Relations</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 274–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F584871">10.2307/584871</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/584871">584871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Relations&rft.atitle=Idealization+and+communication+in+long-distance+premarital+relationships&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-279&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F584871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F584871%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Reske%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stafford_2005-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_2005_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_2005_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_2005_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2005" class="citation book cs1">Stafford L (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maintaininglongd0000staf"><i>Maintaining long-distance and cross residential relationships</i></a></span>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maintaining+long-distance+and+cross+residential+relationships.&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaintaininglongd0000staf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt_1998-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holt_1998_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltStone1988" class="citation journal cs1">Holt P, Stone G (1988). "Needs, coping strategies, and coping outcomes associated with long-distance relationships". <i>Journal of College Student Development</i>. <b>29</b>: 136–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+College+Student+Development&rft.atitle=Needs%2C+coping+strategies%2C+and+coping+outcomes+associated+with+long-distance+relationships&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=136-141&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Stone%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guldner_1995-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guldner_1995_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuldnerSwensen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Guldner GT, Swensen CH (1995). "Time spent together and relationship quality: Long distance relationships as a test case". <i>Journal of Social and Personal Relationships</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 313–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407595122010">10.1177/0265407595122010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145471401">145471401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Personal+Relationships&rft.atitle=Time+spent+together+and+relationship+quality%3A+Long+distance+relationships+as+a+test+case&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-320&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265407595122010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145471401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guldner&rft.aufirst=GT&rft.au=Swensen%2C+CH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichey2011" class="citation web cs1">Richey, Jeff (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/confuciu/">"Confucius"</a>. <i>iep.utm.edu</i>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iep.utm.edu&rft.atitle=Confucius&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Richey&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fconfuciu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyPauwels2009" class="citation book cs1">Harvey JH, Pauwels BG (2009). "Relationship Connection: A Redux on the Role of Minding and the Quality of Feeling Special". In Snyder CD, Lopez SJ (eds.). <i>Enhancement of Closeness</i>. Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 385–392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relationship+Connection%3A+A+Redux+on+the+Role+of+Minding+and+the+Quality+of+Feeling+Special&rft.btitle=Enhancement+of+Closeness&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Handbook+of+Positive+Psychology&rft.pages=385-392&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Pauwels%2C+BG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snyder_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderLopez2007" class="citation book cs1">Snyder CR, Lopez SJ (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/positivepsycholo00c"><i>Positive psychology: the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths</i></a></span>. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/positivepsycholo00c/page/n325">297</a>–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761926337" title="Special:BookSources/9780761926337"><bdi>9780761926337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Positive+psychology%3A+the+scientific+and+practical+explorations+of+human+strengths&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=297-321&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780761926337&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=CR&rft.au=Lopez%2C+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpositivepsycholo00c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, Bjarne (October 2007). "In search of my 'one and only'; Romance-related media and beliefs in romantic relationship destiny". <i>Electronic Journal of Communication</i>. <b>17</b> (3/4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=In+search+of+my+%27one+and+only%27%3B+Romance-related+media+and+beliefs+in+romantic+relationship+destiny&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxWarber2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Jesse; Warber, Katie M. (January 2013). "Romantic Relationship Development in the Age of Facebook: An Exploratory Study of Emerging Adults' Perceptions, Motives, and Behaviors". <i>Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 3–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fcyber.2012.0288">10.1089/cyber.2012.0288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23098273">23098273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyberpsychology%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Social+Networking&rft.atitle=Romantic+Relationship+Development+in+the+Age+of+Facebook%3A+An+Exploratory+Study+of+Emerging+Adults%27+Perceptions%2C+Motives%2C+and+Behaviors&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fcyber.2012.0288&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23098273&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Warber%2C+Katie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkleRichardson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Merkle ER, Richardson RA (2000). "Digital Dating and Virtual Relating: Conceptualizing Computer Mediated Romantic Relationships". <i>Family Relations</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 187–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-3729.2000.00187.x">10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00187.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Relations&rft.atitle=Digital+Dating+and+Virtual+Relating%3A+Conceptualizing+Computer+Mediated+Romantic+Relationships&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-192&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-3729.2000.00187.x&rft.aulast=Merkle&rft.aufirst=Erich+R.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Rhonda+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkerson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkerson, Kenadie T. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1576/social-networking-sites-and-romantic-relationships-effects-on-development-maintenance-and-dissolution-of-relationships">"Social Networking Sites and Romantic Relationships: Effects on Development, Maintenance, and Dissolution of Relationships"</a>. <i>Inquiries Journal</i>. <b>9</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquiries+Journal&rft.atitle=Social+Networking+Sites+and+Romantic+Relationships%3A+Effects+on+Development%2C+Maintenance%2C+and+Dissolution+of+Relationships&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Wilkerson&rft.aufirst=Kenadie+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquiriesjournal.com%2Farticles%2F1576%2Fsocial-networking-sites-and-romantic-relationships-effects-on-development-maintenance-and-dissolution-of-relationships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElphinstonNoller2011" class="citation journal cs1">Elphinston RA, Noller P (November 2011). "Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction". <i>Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking</i>. <b>14</b> (11): 631–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fcyber.2010.0318">10.1089/cyber.2010.0318</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21548798">21548798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyberpsychology%2C+Behavior+and+Social+Networking&rft.atitle=Time+to+face+it%21+Facebook+intrusion+and+the+implications+for+romantic+jealousy+and+relationship+satisfaction&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=631-5&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fcyber.2010.0318&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21548798&rft.aulast=Elphinston&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Noller%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Rowland (2014). <i>Intimate Relationships</i>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-786180-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-786180-3"><bdi>978-0-07-786180-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+Relationships&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-07-786180-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Rowland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsNida2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams KD, Nida SA (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYmiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT11"><i>Ostracism, Exclusion, and Rejection</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-30845-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-30845-6"><bdi>978-1-315-30845-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostracism%2C+Exclusion%2C+and+Rejection&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-315-30845-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kipling+D.&rft.au=Nida%2C+Steve+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYmiDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeisterLeary1995" class="citation journal cs1">Baumeister, Roy F.; Leary, Mark R. (1995). "The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>117</b> (3): 497–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.117.3.497">10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7777651">7777651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+need+to+belong%3A+Desire+for+interpersonal+attachments+as+a+fundamental+human+motivation.&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497-529&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.117.3.497&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7777651&rft.aulast=Baumeister&rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&rft.au=Leary%2C+Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartgerinkvan_BeestWichertsWilliams2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hartgerink CH, van Beest I, Wicherts JM, Williams KD (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449005">"The ordinal effects of ostracism: a meta-analysis of 120 Cyberball studies"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (5): e0127002. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1027002H">2015PLoSO..1027002H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0127002">10.1371/journal.pone.0127002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449005">4449005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26023925">26023925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+ordinal+effects+of+ostracism%3A+a+meta-analysis+of+120+Cyberball+studies&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0127002&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4449005%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26023925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0127002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1027002H&rft.aulast=Hartgerink&rft.aufirst=CH&rft.au=van+Beest%2C+I&rft.au=Wicherts%2C+JM&rft.au=Williams%2C+KD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4449005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterpersonal+relationship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Interpersonal_relationships" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Interpersonal relationships">Interpersonal relationships</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interpersonal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:interpersonal"><i>interpersonal</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Interpersonal_relationship" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Learning materials related to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/interpersonal_relationships" class="extiw" title="v:interpersonal relationships">interpersonal relationships</a> at Wikiversity</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interpersonal_relationships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Template:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Template talk:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interpersonal_relationships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interpersonal relationships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">Domestic partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulmate" title="Soulmate">Soulmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">Open relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai">Enjo kōsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigolo" title="Gigolo">Gigolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_dating" title="Sugar dating">Sugar dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquaintance">Acquaintance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Siblings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranger" title="Stranger">Stranger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familiar_stranger" title="Familiar stranger">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_stranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequential stranger">Consequential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycophancy" title="Sycophancy">Sycophancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraglio_(harem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraglio (harem)">Seraglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays" title="Marriage à la façon du pays">Marriage <i>à la façon du pays</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_mistress" title="Royal mistress">Royal mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Royal favorite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse-en-titre" title="Maîtresse-en-titre">Maîtresse-en-titre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li>Separation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">Marital</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emotions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Compersion">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_digger" title="Gold digger">Gold digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nonverbal_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nonverbal_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modalities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign lexicons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Verbal communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-verbal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoma" title="Tadoma">Tadoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimoplastic_art" title="Mimoplastic art">Mimoplastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">Subtext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Interpersonal relations"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85067484">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568511">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="interpersonální vztahy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114786&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Relaciones interpersonales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576228">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000037808&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558187905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&oldid=1256581542">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&oldid=1256581542</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Category:Interpersonal relationships">Interpersonal relationships</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2016">Articles needing additional references from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 16:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpersonal_relationship&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5z8dw","wgBackendResponseTime":211,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.418","walltime":"1.671","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6373,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":333502,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2578,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":403485,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1450.481 1 -total"," 38.14% 553.239 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.82% 374.456 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 25.03% 362.984 58 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.28% 149.119 1 Template:Psychology_sidebar"," 9.66% 140.187 1 Template:Love_sidebar"," 8.74% 126.720 21 Template:Lang"," 8.48% 122.929 3 Template:Excerpt"," 7.41% 107.549 14 Template:Cite_book"," 6.83% 99.062 2 Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.923","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15630541,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ckdzv","timestamp":"20241125052940","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Interpersonal relationship","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interpersonal_relationship","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q223642","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q223642","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-26T06:30:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T16:59:18Z","headline":"strong, deep, or close association or acquaintance between two or more people"}</script> </body> </html>