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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Five_bases_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_bases_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Five bases of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_bases_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legitimate_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimate_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Legitimate power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimate_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referent_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referent_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Referent power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referent_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expert_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expert_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Expert power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expert_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reward_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reward_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Reward power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reward_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coercive_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coercive_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Coercive power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coercive_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_in_interpersonal_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_in_interpersonal_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Principles in interpersonal relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_in_interpersonal_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rational_choice_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rational_choice_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rational choice framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rational_choice_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_hegemony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_hegemony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cultural hegemony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_hegemony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarnow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarnow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tarnow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarnow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foucault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foucault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Foucault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foucault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clegg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clegg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Clegg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clegg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galbraith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galbraith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Galbraith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galbraith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_Sharp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_Sharp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Gene Sharp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_Sharp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Björn_Kraus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Björn_Kraus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Björn Kraus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Björn_Kraus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unmarked_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unmarked_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Unmarked categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unmarked_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterpower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterpower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Counterpower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterpower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Other theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Psychological research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychological research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bargaining_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bargaining_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bargaining games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bargaining_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tactics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balance_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Balance of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_power_in_authoritarian_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_power_in_authoritarian_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Political power in authoritarian regimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_power_in_authoritarian_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approach/inhibition_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approach/inhibition_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Approach/inhibition theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approach/inhibition_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Positive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Negative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tactics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_coercive_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_coercive_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Resistance to coercive influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_coercive_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kelman's_compliance-identification-internalization_theory_of_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelman's_compliance-identification-internalization_theory_of_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kelman's compliance-identification-internalization theory of conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelman's_compliance-identification-internalization_theory_of_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Power literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Power (social and political)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag_(sosiale_wetenskappe)" title="Mag (sosiale wetenskappe) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mag (sosiale wetenskappe)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0" title="نفوذ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفوذ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A2n-le%CC%8Dk" title="Khoân-le̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khoân-le̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Улада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Улада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Улада – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Улада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Власт (обществено отношение) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Власт (обществено отношение)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%87_(socijalna_i_politi%C4%8Dka)" title="Moć (socijalna i politička) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Moć (socijalna i politička)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_(sociologia)" title="Poder (sociologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poder (sociologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moc" title="Moc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magt" title="Magt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macht" title="Macht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Macht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5im" title="Võim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кирдивий – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кирдивий" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_(social_y_pol%C3%ADtico)" title="Poder (social y político) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poder (social y político)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botere_(soziologia)" title="Botere (soziologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Botere (soziologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="قدرت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدرت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouvoir_(sciences_sociales)" title="Pouvoir (sciences sociales) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pouvoir (sciences sociales)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macht" title="Macht – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Macht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%8C%EB%A0%A5" title="권력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="권력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իշխանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सत्ता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सत्ता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%87" title="Moć – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Moć" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_(mmek%E1%BB%8Dr%E1%BB%8Bta_na_nd%E1%BB%8Dr%E1%BB%8D_nd%E1%BB%8Dr%E1%BB%8D_%E1%BB%8Dch%E1%BB%8Bch%E1%BB%8B)" title="Ike (mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị) – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ike (mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuasaan" title="Kekuasaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekuasaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandla_(ezenhlalo_nezepolitiki)" title="Amandla (ezenhlalo nezepolitiki) – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amandla (ezenhlalo nezepolitiki)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potere" title="Potere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97_(%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="כוח (סוציולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוח (סוציולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_(%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF)" title="ಅಧಿಕಾರ (ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜಕೀಯ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಧಿಕಾರ (ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜಕೀಯ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Билік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Билік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwezo" title="Uwezo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uwezo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бийлик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бийлик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potestas_(socialis_et_politica)" title="Potestas (socialis et politica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Potestas (socialis et politica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vald%C5%BEia" title="Valdžia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valdžia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatalom_(t%C3%A1rsadalom)" title="Hatalom (társadalom) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hatalom (társadalom)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അധികാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അധികാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ხეშულობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხეშულობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B2ng-l%C4%ADk" title="Guòng-lĭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Guòng-lĭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macht_(sociale_wetenschappen)" title="Macht (sociale wetenschappen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Macht (sociale wetenschappen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B" title="権力 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="権力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makt" title="Makt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Makt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makt" title="Makt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Makt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95)" title="ਸੱਤਾ (ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਕ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਤਾ (ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਰਾਜਨੀਤਕ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9_(%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A)" title="ځواک (ټولنیز او سیاسي) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځواک (ټولنیز او سیاسي)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adza" title="Władza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Władza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder" title="Poder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atisqa_kay" title="Atisqa kay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Atisqa kay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Власть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Власть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Биилик – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биилик" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouer_(social_an_poleetical)" title="Pouer (social an poleetical) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pouer (social an poleetical)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moc_(ovl%C3%A1danie)" title="Moc (ovládanie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moc (ovládanie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialna_mo%C4%8D" title="Socialna moč – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Socialna moč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2_(%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95)" title="ھێز (فەلسەفە) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێز (فەلسەفە)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%9B" title="Моћ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Моћ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%87" title="Moć – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moć" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valta" title="Valta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makt" title="Makt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Makt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapangyarihan" title="Kapangyarihan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapangyarihan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ktidar" title="İktidar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İktidar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Влада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Влада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podere" title="Podere – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Podere" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_l%E1%BB%B1c" title="Quyền lực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền lực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B" title="权力 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="权力" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B" title="權力 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="權力" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B" title="權力 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="權力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" 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data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_singapore_passport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2018_singapore_passport.jpg/123px-2018_singapore_passport.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2018_singapore_passport.jpg/185px-2018_singapore_passport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2018_singapore_passport.jpg/246px-2018_singapore_passport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="3195" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_chain_gang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Modern_chain_gang.jpg/167px-Modern_chain_gang.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Modern_chain_gang.jpg/251px-Modern_chain_gang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Modern_chain_gang.jpg/334px-Modern_chain_gang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_sculpture_of_Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_Barack_Obama_Plaza_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bronze_sculpture_of_Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_Barack_Obama_Plaza_-_1.jpg/167px-Bronze_sculpture_of_Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_Barack_Obama_Plaza_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bronze_sculpture_of_Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_Barack_Obama_Plaza_-_1.jpg/251px-Bronze_sculpture_of_Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_Barack_Obama_Plaza_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bronze_sculpture_of_Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_Barack_Obama_Plaza_-_1.jpg/334px-Bronze_sculpture_of_Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_Barack_Obama_Plaza_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Social and political power as a multifaceted concept. <b>Top-left</b>: The entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a>, the compound that houses the top leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">government of the People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). <b>Top-right</b>: In the indexes of the <a href="/wiki/Henley_Passport_Index" title="Henley Passport Index">Henley Passport Index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> is often posited as the most visa-free access of any country through their <a href="/wiki/Singapore_passport" title="Singapore passport">passport</a> agreements to 195 destinations; an example of <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>. <b>Bottom-left</b>: a <a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">chain gang</a> of prisoners serving their sentences under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice" title="Texas Department of Criminal Justice">Texas Department of Criminal Justice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. <b>Bottom-right</b>: statue of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moneygall" title="Moneygall">Moneygall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>; an example of cultural power.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <b>power</b> is the ability to influence or direct the actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power does not exclusively refer to the threat or use of force (<a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a>) by one actor against another, but may also be exerted through diffuse means (such as <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Power may also take structural forms, as it orders actors in relation to one another (such as distinguishing between a <a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">master and an enslaved person</a>, a householder and their relatives, an employer and their employees, a parent and a child, a political representative and their voters, etc.), and discursive forms, as categories and language may lend legitimacy to some behaviors and groups over others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a></i> is often used for power that is perceived as <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimate</a> or socially approved by the <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_bases_of_power">Five bases of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Five bases of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Raven%27s_five_bases_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="French and Raven's five bases of power">French and Raven's five bases of power</a></div> <p>In a now-classic study (1959),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social psychologists <a href="/wiki/John_R._P._French" title="John R. P. French">John R. P. French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Raven" title="Bertram Raven">Bertram Raven</a> developed a schema of sources of power by which to analyse how power plays work (or fail to work) in a specific relationship. </p><p>According to French and Raven, power must be distinguished from influence in the following way: power is that state of affairs that holds in a given relationship, A-B, such that a given influence attempt by A over B makes A's desired change in B more likely. Conceived this way, power is fundamentally <i>relative;</i> it depends on the specific understandings A and B each apply to their relationship and requires B's recognition of a quality in A that would motivate B to change in the way A intends. A must draw on the 'base' or combination of bases of power appropriate to the relationship to effect the desired outcome. Drawing on the wrong power base can have unintended effects, including a reduction in A's own power. </p><p>French and Raven argue that there are five significant categories of such qualities, while not excluding other minor categories. Further bases have since been adduced, in particular by <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Morgan_(business_theorist)" title="Gareth Morgan (business theorist)">Gareth Morgan</a> in his 1986 book, <i><a href="/wiki/Images_of_Organization" title="Images of Organization">Images of Organization</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legitimate_power">Legitimate power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legitimate power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legitimate_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimate power">Legitimate power</a></div> <p>Also called "positional power", legitimate power is the power of an individual because of the relative position and duties of the holder of the position within an organization. Legitimate power is formal authority delegated to the holder of the position. It is usually accompanied by various attributes of power, such as a <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniform</a>, a title, or an imposing physical office. </p><p>In simple terms, power can be expressed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as being <i>upward</i> or <i>downward</i>. With <b>downward power</b>, a <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a>'s superiors influence subordinates to attain organizational goals. When a company exhibits <b>upward power</b>, subordinates influence the decisions of their <a href="/wiki/Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leader</a> or leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Referent_power">Referent power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Referent power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Referent_power" title="Referent power">Referent power</a></div> <p>Referent power is the power or ability of individuals to attract others and build <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a>. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">charisma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal skills">interpersonal skills</a> of the powerholder. A person may be admired because of a specific personal trait, and this admiration creates the opportunity for interpersonal influence. Here, the person under power desires to identify with these personal qualities and gains satisfaction from being an accepted follower. <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> count towards an intangible sort of referent power. For example, soldiers fight in wars to defend the honor of the country. This is the second-least obvious power but the most effective. Advertisers have long used the referent power of sports figures for product endorsements, for example. The charismatic appeal of the sports star supposedly leads to an acceptance of the endorsement, although the individual may have little real credibility outside the sports arena.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abuse is possible when someone who is likable yet lacks integrity and honesty rises to power, placing them in a situation to gain personal advantage at the cost of the group's position.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Referent power is unstable alone and is not enough for a leader who wants longevity and respect. When combined with other sources of power, however, it can help a person achieve great success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expert_power">Expert power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expert power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expert_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Expert power">Expert power</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">Expert</a> power is an individual's power deriving from the skills or expertise of the person and the organization's needs for those skills and expertise. Unlike the others, this type of power is usually highly specific and limited to the particular area in which the expert is trained and qualified. When they have knowledge and skills that enable them to understand a situation, suggest solutions, use solid judgment, and generally outperform others, then people tend to listen to them. When individuals demonstrate expertise, people tend to trust them and respect what they say. As subject-matter experts, their ideas will have more value, and others will look to them for <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> in that area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reward_power">Reward power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reward power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reward_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Reward power">Reward power</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">Reward</a> power depends on the ability of the power wielder to confer valued material rewards; it refers to the degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind, such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions, or increases in pay or responsibility. This power is obvious, but it is also ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward power can become pushy or be reprimanded for being too forthcoming or 'moving things too quickly'. If others expect to be rewarded for doing what someone wants, there is a high probability that they will do it. The problem with this basis of power is that the rewarder may not have as much control over rewards as may be required. Supervisors rarely have complete control over salary increases, and managers often cannot control all actions in isolation; even a company <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a> needs permission from the board of directors for some actions. When an individual uses up available rewards or the rewards do not have enough perceived value for others, their power weakens. One of the frustrations of using rewards is that they often need to be bigger each time if they are to have the same motivational impact. Even then, if rewards are given frequently, people can become so satiated by the reward it loses its effectiveness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">cancel culture</a>, the mass ostracization used to reconcile unchecked injustice and abuse of power is an "upward power." Policies for policing the internet against these processes as a pathway for creating due process for handling conflicts, abuses, and harm that is done through established processes are known as "downward power."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coercive_power">Coercive power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coercive power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coercive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive power">Coercive power</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coercive_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive control">Coercive control</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coercive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive">Coercive</a> power is the application of negative influences. It includes the ability to defer or withhold other rewards. The desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld can ensure the obedience of those under power. Coercive power tends to be the most obvious but least effective form of power, as it builds resentment and resistance from the people who experience it. Threats and <a href="/wiki/Punishment_(psychology)" title="Punishment (psychology)">punishment</a> are common tools of coercion. Implying or threatening that someone will be fired, demoted, denied privileges, or given undesirable assignments – these are characteristics of using coercive power. Extensive use of coercive power is rarely appropriate in an organizational setting, and relying on these forms of power alone will result in a very cold, impoverished style of leadership. This is a type of power commonly seen in the fashion industry by coupling with legitimate power; it is referred to in the industry-specific literature as "glamorization of structural domination and exploitation".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles_in_interpersonal_relationships">Principles in interpersonal relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Principles in interpersonal relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Laura K. Guerrero and Peter A. Andersen in <i>Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Power as a perception</b>: Power is a perception in the sense that some people can have objective power but still have trouble influencing others. People who use power cues and act powerfully and proactively tend to be perceived as powerful by others. Some people become influential even though they do not overtly use powerful behavior.</li> <li><b>Power as a relational concept</b>: Power exists in relationships. The issue here is often how much relative power a person has in comparison to one's partner. Partners in close and satisfying relationships often influence each other at different times in various arenas.</li> <li><b>Power as resource-based</b>: Power usually represents a struggle over resources. The more scarce and valued resources are, the more intense and protracted the power struggles. The scarcity hypothesis indicates that people have the most power when the resources they possess are hard to come by or are in high demand. However, scarce resources lead to power only if they are valued within a relationship.</li> <li><b>The principle of least interest and dependence power</b>: The person with less to lose has greater power in the relationship. Dependence power indicates that those who are dependent on their relationship or partner are less powerful, especially if they know their partner is uncommitted and might leave them. According to interdependence theory, the quality of alternatives refers to the types of relationships and opportunities people could have if they were not in their current relationship. The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_least_interest" title="Principle of least interest">principle of least interest</a> suggests that if a difference exists in the intensity of positive feelings between partners, the partner who feels the most positive is at a power disadvantage. There's an inverse relationship between interest in a relationship and the degree of relational power.</li> <li><b>Power as enabling or disabling</b>: Power can be <a href="/wiki/Enabling" title="Enabling">enabling</a> or disabling. Research<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> has shown that people are more likely to have an enduring influence on others when they engage in dominant behavior that reflects <a href="/wiki/Social_skill" class="mw-redirect" title="Social skill">social skill</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a>. Personal power is protective against pressure and excessive <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">influence</a> by others and/or situational stress. People who communicate through <a href="/wiki/Self-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-confidence">self-confidence</a> and expressive, composed behavior tend to be successful in achieving their goals and maintaining good relationships. Power can be disabling when it leads to destructive patterns of communication. This can lead to the chilling effect, where the less powerful person often hesitates to communicate dissatisfaction, and the demand withdrawal pattern, which is when one person makes demands and the other becomes defensive and withdraws (Mawasha, 2006). Both effects have negative consequences for relational satisfaction.</li> <li><b>Power as a prerogative</b>: The prerogative principle states that the partner with more power can make and break the rules. Powerful people can violate <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">norms</a>, break relational rules, and manage interactions without as much penalty as powerless people. These actions may reinforce the powerful person's dependence on power. In addition, the more powerful person has the prerogative to manage both verbal and nonverbal interactions. They can initiate conversations, change topics, interrupt others, initiate touch, and end discussions more easily than less powerful people. (See <a href="/wiki/Expressions_of_dominance" title="Expressions of dominance">expressions of dominance</a>.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rational_choice_framework">Rational choice framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rational choice framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Special:EditPage/Power (social and political)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a>, with its foundations in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Walrasian</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">rational choice</a>, is increasingly used in various disciplines to help analyze power relationships. One rational-choice definition of power is given by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Dowding" title="Keith Dowding">Keith Dowding</a> in his book <i>Power</i>. </p><p>In rational choice theory, human individuals or groups can be modelled as 'actors' who choose from a 'choice set' of possible actions in order to try to achieve desired outcomes. An actor's 'incentive structure' comprises (its beliefs about) the costs associated with different actions in the choice set and the likelihoods that different actions will lead to desired outcomes. </p><p>In this setting, we can differentiate between: </p> <ol><li><b>outcome power</b> – the ability of an actor to bring about or help bring about outcomes;</li> <li><b>social power</b> – the ability of an actor to change the incentive structures of other actors in order to bring about outcomes.</li></ol> <p>This framework can be used to model a wide range of social interactions where actors have the ability to exert power over others. For example, a 'powerful' actor can take options away from another's choice set; can change the relative costs of actions; can change the likelihood that a given action will lead to a given outcome; or might simply change the other's beliefs about its incentive structure. </p><p>As with other models of power, this framework is neutral as to the use of 'coercion'. For example, a threat of violence can change the likely costs and benefits of different actions; so can a financial penalty in a 'voluntarily agreed' contract, or indeed a friendly offer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_hegemony">Cultural hegemony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural hegemony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> elaborated on the role of <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> in creating a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>, which becomes a means of bolstering the power of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>. Drawing on <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> and trying to understand why there had been no <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> revolution in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> while it was claimed there had been one in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Gramsci conceptualised this hegemony as a <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a>, consisting of two halves. The back end, the beast, represented the more classic material image of power: power through coercion, through brute force, be it physical or economic. But the capitalist hegemony, he argued, depended even more strongly on the front end, the human face, which projected power through 'consent'. In Russia, this power was lacking, allowing for a revolution. However, in Western Europe, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, capitalism had succeeded in exercising <i>consensual</i> power, convincing the working classes that their interests were the same as those of capitalists. In this way, a revolution had been avoided. </p><p>While Gramsci stresses the significance of ideology in power structures, Marxist-feminist writers such as Michele Barrett stress the role of ideologies in extolling the virtues of family life. The classic argument to illustrate this point of view is the use of women as a '<a href="/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">reserve army of labour</a>'. In wartime, it is accepted that women perform masculine tasks, while after the war, the roles are easily reversed. Therefore, according to Barrett, the destruction of capitalist economic relations is necessary but not sufficient for the liberation of women.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarnow">Tarnow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tarnow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eugen Tarnow considers what power hijackers have over air plane passengers and draws similarities with power in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He shows that power over an individual can be amplified by the presence of a group. If the group conforms to the leader's commands, the leader's power over an individual is greatly enhanced, while if the group does not conform, the leader's power over an individual is nil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foucault">Foucault</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foucault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biopower" title="Biopower">Biopower</a></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, the real power will always rely on the ignorance of its agents. No single human, group, or actor runs the dispositif (machine or apparatus), but power is dispersed through the apparatus as efficiently and silently as possible, ensuring its agents do whatever is necessary. It is because of this action that power is unlikely to be detected and remains elusive to 'rational' investigation. Foucault quotes a text reputedly written by political economist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Antoine_Auget_de_Montyon" title="Jean Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon">Jean Baptiste Antoine Auget de Montyon</a>, entitled <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Recherches et considérations sur la population de la France</i></span> (1778), but turns out to be written by his secretary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptise_Moheau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptise Moheau (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptise Moheau</a> (1745–1794), and by emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a>, who constantly refers to <a href="/wiki/Milieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu">milieus</a> as a plural adjective and sees into the milieu as an expression as nothing more than water, air, and light confirming the genus within the milieu, in this case the human species, relates to a function of the population and its social and political interaction in which both form an artificial and natural milieu. This milieu (both artificial and natural) appears as a target of intervention for power, according to Foucault, which is radically different from the previous notions on sovereignty, territory, and disciplinary space interwoven into social and political relations that function as a species (biological species).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foucault originated and developed the concept of "docile bodies" in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i>. He writes, "A body is docile that may be subjected, used, transformed and improved.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clegg">Clegg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clegg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Clegg" title="Stewart Clegg">Stewart Clegg</a> proposes another three-dimensional model with his "circuits of power"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> theory. This model likens the production and organization of power to an electric circuit board consisting of three distinct interacting circuits: episodic, dispositional, and facilitative. These circuits operate at three levels: two are macro and one is micro. The <i>episodic circuit</i> is at the micro level and is constituted of irregular exercise of power as agents address feelings, communication, conflict, and resistance in day-to-day interrelations. The outcomes of the episodic circuit are both positive and negative. The <i>dispositional circuit</i> is constituted of macro level rules of practice and socially constructed meanings that inform member relations and legitimate authority. The <i>facilitative circuit</i> is constituted of macro level technology, environmental contingencies, job design, and networks, which empower or disempower and thus punish or reward agency in the episodic circuit. All three independent circuits interact at "obligatory passage points", which are channels for <a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">empowerment</a> or disempowerment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galbraith">Galbraith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Galbraith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (1908–2006) in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Power" title="The Anatomy of Power">The Anatomy of Power</a></i> (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> summarizes the <b>types of power</b> as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condign" class="extiw" title="wikt:condign">condign</a>" (based on <a href="/wiki/Force_(law)" title="Force (law)">force</a>), "compensatory" (through the use of various resources) or "conditioned" (the result of <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a>),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the <b>sources of power</b> as "<a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>" (individuals), "<a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>" (power-wielders' material resources), and/or "<a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizational</a>" (from sitting higher in an organisational power structure).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_Sharp">Gene Sharp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gene Sharp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gene_Sharp" title="Gene Sharp">Gene Sharp</a>, an American professor of political science, believes that power ultimately depends on its bases. Thus, a political regime maintains power because people accept and obey its dictates, laws, and policies. Sharp cites the insight of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Étienne de La Boétie</a>. </p><p>Sharp's key theme is that power is not monolithic; that is, it does not derive from some intrinsic quality of those who are in power. For Sharp, political power, the power of any state – regardless of its particular structural organization – ultimately derives from the subjects of the state. His fundamental belief is that any power structure relies upon the subjects' obedience to the orders of the ruler(s). If subjects do not obey, leaders have no power.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His work is thought to have been influential in the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, in the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent</a> revolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Björn_Kraus"><span id="Bj.C3.B6rn_Kraus"></span>Björn Kraus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Björn Kraus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Kraus" title="Björn Kraus">Björn Kraus</a> deals with the <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> perspective on power regarding the question of the possibilities of interpersonal influence by developing a special form of <a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">constructivism</a> (named <a href="/wiki/Relational_constructivism" title="Relational constructivism">relational constructivism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of focusing on the valuation and distribution of power, he asks first and foremost what the term can describe at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraus2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraus2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coming from <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s definition of power,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he realizes that the term power has to be split into "instructive power" and "destructive power".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kraus2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraus2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup> More precisely, instructive power means the chance to determine the actions and thoughts of another person, whereas destructive power means the chance to diminish the opportunities of another person.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraus2014_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraus2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How significant this distinction really is, becomes evident by looking at the possibilities of rejecting power attempts: Rejecting instructive power is possible; rejecting destructive power is not. By using this distinction, proportions of power can be analyzed in a more sophisticated way, helping to sufficiently reflect on matters of responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraus2013_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraus2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 139 f.">: 139 f. </span></sup> This perspective permits people to get over an "either-or-position" (either there is power or there is not), which is common, especially in epistemological discourses about power theories,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to introduce the possibility of an "as well as-position".<sup id="cite_ref-Kraus2013_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraus2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unmarked_categories">Unmarked categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unmarked categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of <i>unmarked categories</i> originated in <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As opposed to looking at social difference by focusing on what or whom is perceived to be different, theorists who use the idea of unmarked categories insist that one must also look at how whatever is "normal" comes to be perceived as unremarkable and what effects this has on social relations. Attending the <i>un</i>marked category is thought to be a way to analyze linguistic and cultural practices to provide insight into how social differences, including power, are produced and articulated in everyday occurrences.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron2014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminist linguist <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Cameron_(linguist)" title="Deborah Cameron (linguist)">Deborah Cameron</a> describes an "unmarked" identity as the default, which requires no explicit acknowledgment. Heterosexuality, for instance, is unmarked, assumed as the norm, unlike homosexuality, which is "marked" and requires clearer signaling as it differs from the majority. Similarly, masculinity is often unmarked, while femininity is marked, leading to studies that examine distinctive features in women’s speech, whereas men’s speech is treated as the neutral standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron2014_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron2014-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <i>unmarked</i> category is typically not explicitly <i>noticed</i> and often goes overlooked, it is still necessarily <i>visible</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitzinger2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitzinger2005-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterpower">Counterpower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Counterpower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">Dual power</a></div> <p>The term 'counter-power' (sometimes written 'counterpower') is used in a range of situations to describe the countervailing force that can be utilised by the oppressed to counterbalance or erode the power of elites. A general definition has been provided by the anthropologist David Graeber as 'a collection of social institutions set in opposition to the state and capital: from self-governing communities to radical labor unions to popular militias'.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Graeber_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Graeber-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graeber also notes that counter-power can also be referred to as 'anti-power' and 'when institutions [of counter-power] maintain themselves in the face of the state, this is usually referred to as a 'dual power' situation'.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Graeber_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Graeber-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Gee" title="Tim Gee">Tim Gee</a>, in his 2011 book <i>Counterpower: Making Change Happen</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-gee_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gee-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> put forward the theory that those disempowered by governments' and elite groups' power can use <i>counterpower</i> to counter this.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gee's model, <i>counterpower</i> is split into three categories: <i>idea counterpower</i>, <i>economic counterpower</i>, and <i>physical counterpower</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gee_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gee-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term has come to prominence through its use by participants in the global justice/<a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a> of the 1990s onwards,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word has been used for at least 60 years; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>'s 1949 book 'Paths in Utopia' includes the line 'Power abdicates only under the stress of counter-power'.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gee2011Introduction_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gee2011Introduction-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_theories">Other theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> (1588–1679) defined power as a man's "present means, to obtain some future apparent good" (<i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i>, Ch. 10).</li> <li>The thought of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> (1844–1900) underlies much 20th-century analysis of power. Nietzsche disseminated ideas on the "<a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">will to power</a>", which he saw as the domination of other humans as much as the exercise of control over one's environment.</li> <li>Some schools of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, notably those associated with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a> (1870–1937), place power dynamics at the core of their theory (where orthodox <a href="/wiki/Freudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Freudian">Freudians</a> might place <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> (1886–1965) saw law as structuring/expressing power and developing through "sacramental" (community) and <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> stages before reaching a secular rational mode.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro suggests understanding power as "what counts as a means of determining a subject's position in a given competition".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_research">Psychological research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Psychological research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent experimental psychology suggests that the more power one has, the less one takes on the perspective of others, implying that the powerful have less <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Galinsky" title="Adam Galinsky">Adam Galinsky</a>, along with several coauthors, found that when those who are reminded of their powerlessness are instructed to draw Es on their forehead, they are 3 times more likely to draw them such that they are legible to others than those who are reminded of their power.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Powerful people are also more likely to take action. In one example, powerful people turned off an irritatingly close fan twice as much as less powerful people. Researchers have documented the <a href="/wiki/Bystander_effect" title="Bystander effect">bystander effect</a>: they found that powerful people are three times as likely to first offer help to a "stranger in distress".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study involving over 50 college students suggested that those primed to feel powerful through stating 'power words' were less susceptible to external pressure, more willing to give honest feedback, and more creative.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one paper, power was defined "as a possibility to influence others."<sup id="cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handgraaf_1136–1149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1137">: 1137 </span></sup>Research experiments were done as early as 1968 to explore power conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handgraaf_1136–1149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study concluded that facing one with more power leads to strategic consideration whereas facing one with less power leads to a social responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handgraaf_1136–1149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bargaining_games">Bargaining games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bargaining games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have also been studies aimed at comparing behavior done in different situations were individuals were given power.<sup id="cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handgraaf_1136–1149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an <i>ultimatum game</i>, the person in given power offers an ultimatum and the recipient would have to accept that offer or else both the proposer and the recipient will receive no reward.<sup id="cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handgraaf_1136–1149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <i>dictator game</i>, the person in given power offers a proposal and the recipient would have to accept that offer. The recipient has no choice of rejecting the offer. The dictator game gives no power to the recipient whereas the ultimatum game gives some power to the recipient. The behavior observed was that the person offering the proposal would act less strategically than would the one offering in the ultimatum game. <a href="/wiki/Self-serving" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-serving">Self-serving</a> also occurred and a lot of pro-social behavior was observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handgraaf_1136–1149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the counterpart recipient is completely powerless, lack of strategy, social responsibility and moral consideration is often observed from the behavior of the proposal given (the one with the power).<sup id="cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handgraaf_1136–1149-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tactics that political actors use to obtain their goals include using overt <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aggression" class="extiw" title="wikt:aggression">aggression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One can classify such power tactics along three different dimensions:<sup id="cite_ref-Falbo,_T._1980_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falbo,_T._1980-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard</a></b>: Soft tactics take advantage of the relationship between the influencer and the target. They are more indirect and interpersonal (e.g., collaboration, socializing). Conversely, hard tactics are harsh, forceful, direct, and rely on concrete outcomes. However, they are not more powerful than soft tactics. In many circumstances, fear of <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> can be a much stronger motivator than some kind of physical punishment.</li> <li><b>Rational and nonrational</b>: Rational tactics of influence make use of <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, and sound judgment, whereas nonrational tactics may rely on <a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">emotionality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a>. Examples of each include <a href="/wiki/Bargaining" title="Bargaining">bargaining</a> and persuasion, and <a href="/wiki/Evasion_(ethics)" title="Evasion (ethics)">evasion</a> and put-downs, respectively.</li> <li><b>Unilateral and bilateral</b>: Bilateral tactics, such as collaboration and <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a>, involve reciprocity on the part of both the person influencing and their target. Unilateral tactics, on the other hand, develop without any participation on the part of the target. These tactics include disengagement and the deployment of <i><a href="/wiki/Fait_accompli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fait accompli">fait accomplis</a></i>.</li></ol> <p>People tend to vary in their use of power tactics, with different types of people opting for different tactics. For instance, interpersonally oriented people tend to use soft and rational tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-Falbo,_T._1980_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falbo,_T._1980-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, extroverts use a greater variety of power tactics than do introverts.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People will also choose different tactics based on the group situation, and based on whom they wish to influence. People also tend to shift from soft to hard tactics when they face resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balance_of_power">Balance of power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Balance of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally, <a href="/wiki/Sociologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologists">sociologists</a> speak of the "balance of power" between parties to a <a href="/wiki/Personal_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal relationship">relationship</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all parties to all relationships have <i>some</i> power: the sociological examination of power concerns itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal, stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyse relationships in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of <i>constraint</i> rather than of power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this context, "power" has a connotation of unilateralism. If this were not so, then all relationships could be described in terms of "power", and its meaning would be lost. Given that power is not innate and can be granted to others, to acquire power one must possess or control a form of power currency.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_power_in_authoritarian_regimes">Political power in authoritarian regimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political power in authoritarian regimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regimes, political power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group of leaders who exercise almost complete control over the government and its institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because some authoritarian leaders are not elected by a majority, their main threat is that posed by the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often maintain their power through political control tactics like: </p> <ol><li><b>Repression:</b> The state targets actors who challenge their beliefs. Can be done directly or indirectly.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><ul><li>Autocrats repress actors they perceive as having irreconcilable interests, and cooperate with those they think have reconcilable ones.<sup id="cite_ref-autocracies_and_the_control_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autocracies_and_the_control-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Because of preference falsification- distinguishing between an individual's private preference and public preference- sometimes repression in itself is not enough.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuran_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuran-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li><b>Indoctrination:</b> The state controls public education and uses propaganda to diffuse its views and values into society.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><ul><li>A one standard deviation increase in pro-regime propaganda reduces the odds of protest the following day by 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-propaganda_and_protest_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-propaganda_and_protest-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl></li> <li><b>Coercive distribution:</b> The state distributes welfare and resources to keep people dependent while offering benefits to people they know they can manipulate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Infiltration:</b> The state assigns people to go into grassroot level to sway the public in favor of the authoritarian regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Although several regimes follow these general forms of control, different authoritarian sub-regime types rely on different political control tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-Frantz_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frantz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Power changes those in the position of power and those who are targets of that power.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approach/inhibition_theory"><span id="Approach.2Finhibition_theory"></span>Approach/inhibition theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Approach/inhibition theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developed by D. Keltner and colleagues,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approach/inhibition theory assumes that having power and using power alters psychological states of individuals. The theory is based on the notion that most organisms react to environmental events in two common ways. The reaction of <i>approach</i> is associated with action, self-promotion, seeking rewards, increased energy and movement. <i>Inhibition</i>, on the contrary, is associated with self-protection, avoiding threats or danger, vigilance, loss of motivation and an overall reduction in activity. </p><p>Overall, approach/inhibition theory holds that power promotes approach tendencies, while a reduction in power promotes inhibition tendencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive">Positive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Positive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Power prompts people to take action</li> <li>Makes individuals more responsive to changes within a group and its environment<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Powerful people are more proactive, more likely to speak up, make the first move, and lead negotiation<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Powerful people are more focused on the goals appropriate in a given situation and tend to plan more task-related activities in a work setting<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Powerful people tend to experience more positive emotions, such as happiness and satisfaction, and they smile more than low-power individuals<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Power is associated with optimism about the future because more powerful individuals focus their attention on more positive aspects of the environment<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>People with more power tend to carry out executive cognitive functions more rapidly and successfully, including internal control mechanisms that coordinate attention, decision-making, planning, and goal-selection<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative">Negative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Negative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Powerful people are prone to take risky, inappropriate, or unethical decisions and often overstep their <a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">boundaries</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>They tend to generate negative emotional reactions in their subordinates, particularly when there is a conflict in the group<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When individuals gain power, their self-evaluation become more positive, while their evaluations of others become more negative<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Power tends to weaken one's social attentiveness, which leads to difficulty understanding other people's point of view<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Powerful people also spend less time collecting and processing information about their subordinates and often perceive them in a stereotypical fashion<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>People with power tend to use more coercive tactics, increase social distance between themselves and subordinates, believe that non-powerful individuals are untrustworthy, and devalue work and ability of less powerful individuals<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics_2">Tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of studies demonstrate that harsh power tactics (e.g. punishment (both personal and impersonal), rule-based sanctions, and non-personal rewards) are less effective than soft tactics (expert power, referent power, and personal rewards).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probably because harsh tactics generate hostility, depression, fear, and anger, while soft tactics are often reciprocated with cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coercive and reward power can also lead group members to lose interest in their work, while instilling a feeling of autonomy in one's subordinates can sustain their interest in work and maintain high productivity even in the absence of monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coercive influence creates conflict that can disrupt entire group functioning. When disobedient group members are severely reprimanded, the rest of the group may become more disruptive and uninterested in their work, leading to negative and inappropriate activities spreading from one troubled member to the rest of the group. This effect is called <i>Disruptive contagion or ripple effect</i> and it is strongly manifested when reprimanded member has a high status within a group, and authority's requests are vague and ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_to_coercive_influence">Resistance to coercive influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Resistance to coercive influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coercive influence can be tolerated when the group is successful,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the leader is trusted, and the use of coercive tactics is justified by group norms.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, coercive methods are more effective when applied frequently and consistently to punish prohibited actions.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in some cases, group members chose to resist the authority's influence. When low-power group members have a feeling of shared identity, they are more likely to form a <i>Revolutionary Coalition</i>, a subgroup formed within a larger group that seeks to disrupt and oppose the group's authority structure.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Group members are more likely to form a revolutionary coalition and resist an authority when authority lacks referent power, uses coercive methods, and asks group members to carry out unpleasant assignments. It is because these conditions create <a href="/wiki/Reactance_(psychology)" title="Reactance (psychology)">reactance</a>, individuals strive to reassert their sense of freedom by affirming their agency for their own choices and consequences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kelman's_compliance-identification-internalization_theory_of_conversion"><span id="Kelman.27s_compliance-identification-internalization_theory_of_conversion"></span>Kelman's compliance-identification-internalization theory of conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Kelman's compliance-identification-internalization theory of conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herbert Kelman<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified three basic, step-like reactions that people display in response to coercive influence: <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">compliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">identification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internalization_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internalization (psychology)">internalization</a>. This theory explains how groups convert hesitant recruits into zealous followers over time. </p><p>At the stage of <i>compliance,</i> group members comply with authority's demands, but personally do not agree with them. If authority does not monitor the members, they will probably not obey. </p><p><i>Identification</i> occurs when the target of the influence admires and therefore imitates the authority, mimics authority's actions, values, characteristics, and takes on behaviours of the person with power. If prolonged and continuous, identification can lead to the final stage – internalization. </p><p>When <i>internalization</i> occurs, individual adopts the induced behaviour because it is congruent with his/her value system. At this stage, group members no longer carry out authority orders but perform actions that are congruent with their personal beliefs and opinions. Extreme obedience often requires internalization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_literacy">Power literacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Power literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Power literacy refers to how one perceives power, how it is formed and accumulates, and the structures that support it and who is in control of it. Education can be helpful for heightening power literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2014 <a href="/wiki/TED_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="TED talk">TED talk</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Liu" title="Eric Liu">Eric Liu</a> notes that "we don't like to talk about power" as "we find it scary" and "somehow evil" with it having a "negative moral valence" and states that the pervasiveness of power illiteracy causes a concentration of knowledge, understanding and clout.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joe_L._Kincheloe" title="Joe L. Kincheloe">Joe L. Kincheloe</a> describes a "cyber-literacy of power" that is concerned with the forces that shape <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge production">knowledge production</a> and the construction and transmission of meaning, being more about engaging knowledge than "mastering" information, and a "cyber-power literacy" that is focused on transformative knowledge production and new modes of <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority_bias" title="Authority bias">Authority bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_of_power" title="Discourse of power">Discourse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power structure">Power structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">Power vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaking_truth_to_power" title="Speaking truth to power">Speaking truth to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a>, the power to forbid an action</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chanel+shoes%2C+but+no+salary%3A+How+one+woman+exposed+the+scandal+of+the+French+fashion+industry&rft.date=2018-09-02&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffashion%2F2018%2Fsep%2F02%2Facademic-exposing-ugly-reality-high-fashion-giulia-mensitieri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guerrero, Laura K., and Peter A. Andersen. <i>Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships</i>, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2011. Print. pp. 267–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pip Jones, <i>Introducing Social Theory</i>, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2008, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153913/http://www.eiilmuniversity.ac.in/coursepack/humanities/political_theory.pdf"><i>Political Theory</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Course pack), Sikkim: Eiilm University, p. 27, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiilmuniversity.ac.in/coursepack/humanities/political_theory.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Theory&rft.place=Sikkim&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Eiilm+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiilmuniversity.ac.in%2Fcoursepack%2Fhumanities%2Fpolitical_theory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Foucault, <i>Lectures at the College de France, 1977–78: Security, Territory, Population</i>, 2007, pp. 1–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault,_Michel1995" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1995). <i>Discipline and punish : the birth of the prison</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679752554" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679752554"><bdi>978-0679752554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discipline+and+punish+%3A+the+birth+of+the+prison&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0679752554&rft.au=Foucault%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeji2011">Deji 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Friw38mN7-kC&pg=PA267">267</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith, John Kenneth</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Power" title="The Anatomy of Power"><i>The Anatomy of Power</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Power&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=John+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith, John Kenneth</a> (1983) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_y3AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Anatomy of Power</i></a> (reprint ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395344002" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395344002"><bdi>978-0395344002</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411041856/https://books.google.com/books?id=d_y3AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] there are also numerous combinations of the sources of power and the related instruments. Personality, property, and organization are combined in various strengths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Power&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0395344002&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=John+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd_y3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2010" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Gene (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828034018/http://www.aeinstein.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/FDTD.pdf"><i>From dictatorship to democracy: A conceptual framework for liberation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th U.S. ed.). East Boston, MA: The Albert Einstein Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880813-09-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880813-09-6"><bdi>978-1-880813-09-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeinstein.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/FDTD.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+dictatorship+to+democracy%3A+A+conceptual+framework+for+liberation&rft.place=East+Boston%2C+MA&rft.edition=4th+U.S.&rft.pub=The+Albert+Einstein+Institution&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-880813-09-6&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeinstein.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F09%2FFDTD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span> (See <a href="/wiki/From_dictatorship_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="From dictatorship to democracy">book article</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrow2011" class="citation web cs1">Arrow, Ruaridh (21 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12522848">"Gene Sharp: Author of the nonviolent revolution rulebook"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221153028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12522848">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Gene+Sharp%3A+Author+of+the+nonviolent+revolution+rulebook&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft.aulast=Arrow&rft.aufirst=Ruaridh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12522848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heiko Kleve: <i>Vom Erweitern der Möglichkeiten</i>. In: <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_P%C3%B6rksen" title="Bernhard Pörksen">Bernhard Pörksen</a> (ed.): <i>Schlüsselwerke des Konstruktivismus</i>. VS-Verlag, Wiesbaden/Germany 2011. pp. 506–519 [509].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraus2014-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraus2014_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraus2014_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kraus, Björn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:464-sws-582">"Introducing a Model for Analyzing the Possibilities of Power, Help and Control"</a>. <i>Social Work & Society</i>. <b>12</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Work+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Introducing+a+Model+for+Analyzing+the+Possibilities+of+Power%2C+Help+and+Control&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Ahbz%3A464-sws-582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Weber: <i>Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie</i>. Mohr, Tübingen/Germany 1972. S.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus2011" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Björn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webnetwork-nordwest.de/dokumente/kraus_macht2.pdf">"Soziale Arbeit – Macht – Hilfe und Kontrolle. Die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines systemisch-konstruktivistischen Machtmodells"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Kraus, Björn; Krieger, Wolfgang (eds.). <i>Macht in der Sozialen Arbeit – Interaktionsverhältnisse zwischen Kontrolle, Partizipation und Freisetzung</i>. Lage, Germany: Jacobs. pp. 95–118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104035740/http://www.webnetwork-nordwest.de/dokumente/kraus_macht2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soziale+Arbeit+%E2%80%93+Macht+%E2%80%93+Hilfe+und+Kontrolle.+Die+Entwicklung+und+Anwendung+eines+systemisch-konstruktivistischen+Machtmodells&rft.btitle=Macht+in+der+Sozialen+Arbeit+%E2%80%93+Interaktionsverh%C3%A4ltnisse+zwischen+Kontrolle%2C+Partizipation+und+Freisetzung&rft.place=Lage%2C+Germany&rft.pages=95-118&rft.pub=Jacobs&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webnetwork-nordwest.de%2Fdokumente%2Fkraus_macht2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraus2013-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraus2013_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraus2013_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraus2013_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Björn Kraus: <i>Erkennen und Entscheiden. Grundlagen und Konsequenzen eines erkenntnistheoretischen Konstruktivismus für die Soziale Arbeit</i>. Beltz Juventa, Weinheim/Basel 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reimund Böse, Günter Schiepek: <i>Systemische Theorie und Therapie: ein Handwörterbuch</i>. Asanger, Heidelberg/Germany 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Bateson: <i>Ökologie des Geistes: anthropologische, psychologische, biologische und epistemologische Perspektiven</i>. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main/Germany 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz von Foerster: <i>Wissen und Gewissen. Versuch einer Brücke</i>. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main/Germany 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebrary.net/2992/management/unmarked_categories">"Unmarked Categories"</a>. <i>Ebrary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203053241/https://ebrary.net/2992/management/unmarked_categories">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ebrary&rft.atitle=Unmarked+Categories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febrary.net%2F2992%2Fmanagement%2Funmarked_categories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron2014-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron2014_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron2014_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Deborah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-langage-et-societe-2014-2-page-75.htm">"Straight talking: the sociolinguistics of heterosexuality"</a>. <i>Langage et société</i>. <b>148</b> (2): 75–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fls.148.0075">10.3917/ls.148.0075</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117233721/https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-langage-et-societe-2014-2-page-75.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Langage+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Straight+talking%3A+the+sociolinguistics+of+heterosexuality&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-93&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fls.148.0075&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn-int.info%2Fjournal-langage-et-societe-2014-2-page-75.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitzinger2005-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitzinger2005_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitzinger2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kitzinger, Celia (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33042345">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Speaking as a Heterosexual": (How) Does Sexuality Matter for Talk-in-Interaction?"</a>. <i>Research on Language and Social Interaction</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 221–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327973rlsi3803_2">10.1207/s15327973rlsi3803_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144035258">144035258</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+on+Language+and+Social+Interaction&rft.atitle=%22Speaking+as+a+Heterosexual%22%3A+%28How%29+Does+Sexuality+Matter+for+Talk-in-Interaction%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-265&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327973rlsi3803_2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144035258%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kitzinger&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F33042345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Graeber-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Graeber_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Graeber_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeber2004" class="citation book cs1">Graeber, David (2004). <i>Fragments of an anarchist anthropology</i> (2nd pr. ed.). Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9728196-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9728196-4-0"><bdi>978-0-9728196-4-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragments+of+an+anarchist+anthropology&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=24&rft.edition=2nd+pr.&rft.pub=Prickly+Paradigm+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9728196-4-0&rft.aulast=Graeber&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span> The examples given (self-governing communities, radical labour unions, popular militias) reflect the Idea/Economics/Physical taxonomy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gee-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gee_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gee_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGee2011" class="citation book cs1">Gee, Tim (2011). <i>Counter power : making change happen</i>. Oxford: World Changing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780260327" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780260327"><bdi>978-1780260327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter+power+%3A+making+change+happen&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=World+Changing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1780260327&rft.aulast=Gee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, Mark (17 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theecologist.org/reviews/books/1135297/counterpower_making_change_happen.html">"Counterpower: Making Change Happen (book review)"</a>. <i>The Ecologist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207202614/http://www.theecologist.org/reviews/books/1135297/counterpower_making_change_happen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ecologist&rft.atitle=Counterpower%3A+Making+Change+Happen+%28book+review%29&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theecologist.org%2Freviews%2Fbooks%2F1135297%2Fcounterpower_making_change_happen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesters2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chesters, Graeme (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newint.org/features/2003/09/01/theories-of-power/">"Ideas about power: Representation and counterpower"</a>. <i>New Internationalist</i> (360). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422013921/https://newint.org/features/2003/09/01/theories-of-power">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>Counterpower is the shadow realm of alternatives, a hall of mirrors held up to the dominant logic of capitalism – and it is growing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=Ideas+about+power%3A+Representation+and+counterpower&rft.issue=360&rft.date=2003-09&rft.aulast=Chesters&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewint.org%2Ffeatures%2F2003%2F09%2F01%2Ftheories-of-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber1996" class="citation book cs1">Buber, Martin (1996) [1949]. <i>Paths in Utopia</i> (Reprint ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXGSnCcRaUwC&pg=PA104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815604211" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815604211"><bdi>978-0815604211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+in+Utopia&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pages=104&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0815604211&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gee2011Introduction-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gee2011Introduction_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGee2011" class="citation book cs1">Gee, Tim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/books/politics/2011/09/20/reviews%2C%20introduction%20%26%20contents.pdf">"Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Counter Power Making Change Happen</i>. Oxford: New Internationalist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78026-032-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78026-032-7"><bdi>978-1-78026-032-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117213728/http://newint.org/books/politics/2011/09/20/reviews%2C%20introduction%20%26%20contents.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Counter+Power+Making+Change+Happen&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=New+Internationalist&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-78026-032-7&rft.aulast=Gee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newint.org%2Fbooks%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2F09%2F20%2Freviews%252C%2520introduction%2520%2526%2520contents.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornhill2013" class="citation book cs1">Thornhill, Chris (31 October 2013) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUbfAQAAQBAJ"><i>Karl Jaspers: Politics and Metaphysics</i></a>. Routledge Studies in Twentieth-Century Philosophy. London: Routledge. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136454165" title="Special:BookSources/9781136454165"><bdi>9781136454165</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Jaspers%3A+Politics+and+Metaphysics&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Twentieth-Century+Philosophy&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft.isbn=9781136454165&rft.aulast=Thornhill&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUbfAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cerbaro, Rodolfo Henrique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295166429_Competition-trapping_the_Concept_of_Power">"Competition-trapping the Concept of Power"</a>. <i>European Journal of Social Sciences</i>, v. 21, n. 1, pp. 148–153, 2011 - "Power seems to be best understood as what counts as a means of determining a subject's position in a given competition, or, in other words, what we use to rank the competitors. This approach is widely applicable, because whenever we think of a competition, we use something to rank the competitors as either being superior or inferior in relation to each other [...]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2008" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Lauren (26 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2008/05/26/080526ta_talk_collins">"Power Hour: Psychology test at the Time 100 party"</a>. <i>New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626201808/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2008/05/26/080526ta_talk_collins">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Power+Hour%3A+Psychology+test+at+the+Time+100+party&rft.date=2008-05-26&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftalk%2F2008%2F05%2F26%2F080526ta_talk_collins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501191910/http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/bio/galinsky.htm">"Academics and Faculty: Adam Galinsky"</a>. <i>Kellogg School of Management</i>. Northwestern University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/bio/galinsky.htm">the original</a> on 1 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kellogg+School+of+Management&rft.atitle=Academics+and+Faculty%3A+Adam+Galinsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kellogg.northwestern.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fbio%2Fgalinsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenretty2008" class="citation web cs1">Henretty, Aubrey (7 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908051020/http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/news/whatsnew/mbaupdate08.htm">"How power shapes executive choice"</a>. <i>Kellogg School of Management</i>. Northwestern University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/news/whatsnew/mbaupdate08.htm">the original</a> on 8 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kellogg+School+of+Management&rft.atitle=How+power+shapes+executive+choice&rft.date=2008-05-07&rft.aulast=Henretty&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kellogg.northwestern.edu%2Fnews%2Fwhatsnew%2Fmbaupdate08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeji2011" class="citation book cs1">Deji, Olanike F. (2011). <i>Gender and Rural Development: Introduction</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Friw38mN7-kC&pg=PA272">272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90103-3"><bdi>978-3-643-90103-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Rural+Development%3A+Introduction&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90103-3&rft.aulast=Deji&rft.aufirst=Olanike+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handgraaf_1136–1149-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handgraaf_1136–1149_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandgraafVan_Dijk,_EricVermunt,_Riël_C.Wilke,_Henk_A._M.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Handgraaf, Michel J. J.; Van Dijk, Eric; Vermunt, Riël C.; Wilke, Henk A. M.; De Dreu, Carsten K. W. (1 January 2008). "Less power or powerless? Egocentric empathy gaps and the irony of having little versus no power in social decision making". <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>95</b> (5): 1136–1149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.95.5.1136">10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1136</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954198">18954198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Less+power+or+powerless%3F+Egocentric+empathy+gaps+and+the+irony+of+having+little+versus+no+power+in+social+decision+making&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1136-1149&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.95.5.1136&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18954198&rft.aulast=Handgraaf&rft.aufirst=Michel+J.+J.&rft.au=Van+Dijk%2C+Eric&rft.au=Vermunt%2C+Ri%C3%ABl+C.&rft.au=Wilke%2C+Henk+A.+M.&rft.au=De+Dreu%2C+Carsten+K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bew, J. (2016). Realpolitik: A History. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falbo,_T._1980-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falbo,_T._1980_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falbo,_T._1980_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalboPeplau1980" class="citation journal cs1">Falbo, Toni; Peplau, Letitia A. (April 1980). "Power strategies in intimate relationships". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Personality and Social Psychology">Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</a></i>. <b>38</b> (4): 618–628. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.38.4.618">10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Power+strategies+in+intimate+relationships&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=618-628&rft.date=1980-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.38.4.618&rft.aulast=Falbo&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft.au=Peplau%2C+Letitia+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peplaulab.ucla.edu/Peplau_Lab/Publications_files/Falbo%20%26%20Peplau%201980.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010070610/http://www.peplaulab.ucla.edu/Peplau_Lab/Publications_files/Falbo%20%26%20Peplau%201980.pdf">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenSchwarzwaldKoslowsky1998" class="citation journal cs1">Raven, Bertram H.; Schwarzwald, Joseph; Koslowsky, Meni (February 1998). 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William (July 1993). "Social power bases: A meta-analytic examination of interrelationships and outcomes". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Applied Social Psychology">Journal of Applied Social Psychology</a></i>. <b>23</b> (14): 1150–1169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.1993.tb01026.x">10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01026.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Social+power+bases%3A+A+meta-analytic+examination+of+interrelationships+and+outcomes&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1150-1169&rft.date=1993-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.1993.tb01026.x&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Paula+P.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Kerry+D.&rft.au=Roe%2C+C.+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTepperUhl-BienKohutRogelberg2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tepper, Bennett J.; Uhl-Bien, Mary; Kohut, Gary F.; Rogelberg, Steven G.; Lockhart, Daniel E.; Ensley, Michael D. (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=managementfacpub">"Subordinates' resistance and managers' evaluations of subordinates' performance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Management" title="Journal of Management">Journal of Management</a></i>. <b>32</b> (2): 185–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206305277801">10.1177/0149206305277801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14637810">14637810</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119040747/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=managementfacpub">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management&rft.atitle=Subordinates%27+resistance+and+managers%27+evaluations+of+subordinates%27+performance&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-209&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0149206305277801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14637810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tepper&rft.aufirst=Bennett+J.&rft.au=Uhl-Bien%2C+Mary&rft.au=Kohut%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Rogelberg%2C+Steven+G.&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+Daniel+E.&rft.au=Ensley%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1011%26context%3Dmanagementfacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Rebecca Jane (2001). "Threats to the Mediation Process". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AiJkfip6TIC"><i>Mediation in the Workplace: A Guide for Training, Practice, and Administration</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567203363" title="Special:BookSources/9781567203363"><bdi>9781567203363</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023015028/https://books.google.com/books?id=3AiJkfip6TIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>An imbalance of power may be obvious or subtle. An imbalance may stem from the dynamics of the personal relationship ....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Threats+to+the+Mediation+Process&rft.btitle=Mediation+in+the+Workplace%3A+A+Guide+for+Training%2C+Practice%2C+and+Administration&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781567203363&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AiJkfip6TIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannenbaum1969" class="citation book cs1">Tannenbaum, Frank (1969). "The Balance of Power in Society". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf7auA6zuqsC"><i>The Balance of Power in Society: And Other Essays</i></a>. Arkville Press. London: Simon and Schuster. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029324004" title="Special:BookSources/9780029324004"><bdi>9780029324004</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023015028/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf7auA6zuqsC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Competition, imbalance, and friction are not merely continuous phenomena in society, but in fact are evidences of vitality and 'normality.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Balance+of+Power+in+Society&rft.btitle=The+Balance+of+Power+in+Society%3A+And+Other+Essays&rft.place=London&rft.series=Arkville+Press&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780029324004&rft.aulast=Tannenbaum&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNf7auA6zuqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCornack2009" class="citation book cs1">McCornack, Steven (15 July 2009). <i>Reflect & Relate: An introduction to interpersonal communication</i>. Boston/NY: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-48934-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-48934-2"><bdi>978-0-312-48934-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflect+%26+Relate%3A+An+introduction+to+interpersonal+communication&rft.place=Boston%2FNY&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-312-48934-2&rft.aulast=McCornack&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehr2020" class="citation book cs1">Lehr, Fred (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDOSzQEACAAJ"><i>Power Currency</i></a>. Rand-Smith Publishing LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781950544240" title="Special:BookSources/9781950544240"><bdi>9781950544240</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023015528/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDOSzQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students+as+Researchers%3A+Creating+Classrooms+that+Matter&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=9781135714710&rft.aulast=Kincheloe&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmj2RAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2014" class="citation web cs1">Liu, Eric (14 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/eric_liu_why_ordinary_people_need_to_understand_power/transcript?language=en">"Transcript of "Why ordinary people need to understand power"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+%22Why+ordinary+people+need+to+understand+power%22&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Ftalks%2Feric_liu_why_ordinary_people_need_to_understand_power%2Ftranscript%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincheloe2008" class="citation book cs1">Kincheloe, Joe L. (19 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZm4H8HjAz4C"><i>Knowledge and Critical Pedagogy: An Introduction</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402082245" title="Special:BookSources/9781402082245"><bdi>9781402082245</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023015529/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZm4H8HjAz4C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+Critical+Pedagogy%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft.isbn=9781402082245&rft.aulast=Kincheloe&rft.aufirst=Joe+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZm4H8HjAz4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Osnos" title="Evan Osnos">Osnos, Evan</a>, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite – while declaring it your enemy", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, 29 January 2024, pp. 18–23. "In the nineteen-twenties... American elites, some of whom feared a <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik revolution">Bolshevik revolution</a>, consented to reform... Under <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>... the U.S. raised taxes, took steps to protect <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">unions</a>, and established a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>. The costs, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Turchin" title="Peter Turchin">[Peter] Turchin</a> writes, 'were borne by the American <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a>.'... Between the nineteen-thirties and the nineteen-seventies, a period that scholars call the <a href="/wiki/Great_Compression" title="Great Compression">Great Compression</a>, economic equality narrowed, except among Black Americans... But by the nineteen-eighties the Great Compression was over. As the rich grew richer than ever, they sought to turn their money into <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political power</a>; spending on politics soared." (p. 22.) "[N]o democracy can function well if people are unwilling to lose power – if a generation of leaders... becomes so entrenched that it ages into <a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">gerontocracy</a>; if one of two major parties denies the arithmetic of elections; if a cohort of the ruling class loses status that it once enjoyed and sets out to salvage it." (p. 23.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(social_and_political)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Power" class="extiw" title="q:Power">Power</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_power" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Political power">Political power</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolataSchrape2018" class="citation book cs1">Dolata, Ulrich; Schrape, Jan-Felix (2018). <i>Collectivity and Power on the Internet. A Sociological Perspective</i>. London Cham: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-78414-4">10.1007/978-3-319-78414-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319784137" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319784137"><bdi>978-3319784137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collectivity+and+Power+on+the+Internet.+A+Sociological+Perspective&rft.place=London+Cham&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-78414-4&rft.isbn=978-3319784137&rft.aulast=Dolata&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Schrape%2C+Jan-Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitar2020" class="citation book cs1">Bitar, Amer (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4oBEAAAQBAJ"><i>Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3030573973" title="Special:BookSources/978-3030573973"><bdi>978-3030573973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bedouin+Visual+Leadership+in+the+Middle+East%3A+The+Power+of+Aesthetics+and+Practical+Implications&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3030573973&rft.aulast=Bitar&rft.aufirst=Amer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX4oBEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+%28social+and+political%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vatiero M. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/massimilianovatiero/book"><i>Understanding Power. A 'Law and Economics' Approach</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730213500/https://sites.google.com/site/massimilianovatiero/book">Archived</a> 30 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/VDM_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Verlag">VDM Verlag</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3639202656" title="Special:BookSources/978-3639202656">978-3639202656</a></li> <li>Michael Eldred, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arte-fact.org/sclontlg.html"><i>Social Ontology: Recasting Political Philosophy Through a Phenomenology of Whoness</i></a> Ontos, Frankfurt 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3938793787" title="Special:BookSources/978-3938793787">978-3938793787</a></li> <li>Mirko Vagnoni, <i>Charles V and the Furyat the Prado Museum: The Power of the King's Body as Image</i>, Eikón / Imago: Vol. 6 No. 2 (2017). 49–66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209/eiko.73559">Charles V and the Fury at the Prado Museum: The Power of the King's Body as Image</a></li> <li>Simmel, Georg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220091242/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Simmel/Simmel_1896a.html"><i>Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology</i></a></li> <li>Simmel, Georg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041126004910/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/%7Elward/Simmel/Simmel_1896b.html"><i>Superiority and Subordination as Subject-Matter of Sociology II</i></a></li> <li>Kanter, R. M. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/1979/07/power-failure-in-management-circuits"><i>Power failures in management circuits</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8EJXUZmW74"><span class="plainlinks">Forbes: World's Most Powerful Women Define Power</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Power_in_international_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_power" title="Template:International power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_power" title="Template talk:International power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Power_in_international_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power in international relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower" title="Potential superpower">Potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Century" title="Pacific Century">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philosophy of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Superpower">Second Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower disengagement">Superpower disengagement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power" title="Comprehensive National Power">Comprehensive National Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations_and_groups_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Organizations and groups</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group (V4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">North America–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Oceania–Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.25em;">Non–regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E9_(countries)" title="E9 (countries)">E9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned 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