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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Appearance and nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiamat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تيامات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيامات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="তিয়ামাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিয়ামাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тыямат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыямат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тиамат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тиамат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тиамат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тиамат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%91%CF%80%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τιαμάτ και Απσού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιαμάτ και Απσού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تیامات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیامات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8" title="티아마트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티아마트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat_(mitologi)" title="Tiamat (mitologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiamat (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81mat" title="Tiāmat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tiāmat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%AA" title="תיאמת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיאמת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEamat" title="Tîamat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîamat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauthe" title="Tauthe – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tauthe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat_(istenn%C5%91)" title="Tiamat (istennő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tiamat (istennő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تيامات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيامات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88" title="ティアマト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティアマト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamate" title="Tiamate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tiamate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тиамат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тиамат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="ติอามัต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ติอามัต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тіамат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тіамат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiamat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E7%89%B9" title="迪亚马特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迪亚马特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q145983#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tiamat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tiamat (disambiguation)">Tiamat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Tiamat</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a> (after Abzu's death)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Category:Mesopotamian mythology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#cdc8b8; font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient<br />Mesopotamian religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0.25em;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaos Monster and Sun God"><img alt="Chaos Monster and Sun God" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/250px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/375px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/500px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Chaos Monster and Sun God</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Primordial beings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiamat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummu" title="Mummu">Mummu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Seven gods who decree</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><b>Four primary</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Three sky gods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna/Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Other major deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkimdu" title="Enkimdu">Enkimdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ulpae" title="Šulpae">Šulpae</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Minor deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasaya" title="Agasaya">Agasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asaruludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashnan" title="Ashnan">Ashnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashgi" title="Ashgi">Ashgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzi-abzu" title="Dumuzi-abzu">Dumuzi-abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbilulu" title="Enbilulu">Enbilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_(god)" title="Erra (god)">Erra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erragal" title="Erragal">Erragal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendursaga" title="Hendursaga">Hendursaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igigi" title="Igigi">Igigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishum" title="Ishum">Išum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajamanu" title="Kajamanu">Kajamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%A3" title="Laṣ">Laṣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisin" title="Lisin">Lisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugala%27abba" title="Lugala'abba">Lugala'abba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_(goddess)" title="Mami (goddess)">Mami/Nintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamitu" title="Mamitu">Mamitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-irra_and_Meslamta-ea" title="Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea">Maštabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nindara" title="Nindara">Nindara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin-MAR.KI" title="Nin-MAR.KI">Ninmarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningirida" title="Ningirida">Ningirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningirima" title="Ningirima">Ningirima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkilim" title="Ninkilim">Ninkilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninmug" title="Ninmug">Ninmug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin%C5%A1ar" title="Ninšar">Ninšar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsikila" title="Ninsikila">Ninsikila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninšubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panigingarra" title="Panigingarra">Paniĝinĝarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shul-utula" title="Shul-utula">Shul-utula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubula" title="Šubula">Šubula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ulpae" title="Šulpae">Šulpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tišpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Demigods and heroes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamhat" title="Shamhat">Shamhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siduri" title="Siduri">Siduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Apkallu</a> (seven sages)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Spirits and monsters</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udug" title="Udug">Udug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Lamassu/Shedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edimmu" title="Edimmu">Edimmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(goddess)" title="Siris (goddess)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB" title="Anzû">Anzû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Ninurta)" title="Dragon (Ninurta)">Ušum/Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid_(Ninurta)" title="Mermaid (Ninurta)">Kuli-ana/Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1mu" title="Bašmu">Bašmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1ma%E1%B8%AB%E1%B8%AB%C5%AB" title="Mušmaḫḫū">Mušmaḫḫū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1umgallu" title="Ušumgallu">Ušumgallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-headed_serpent" title="Seven-headed serpent">Seven-headed serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbi" title="Hanbi">Hanbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">Lamashtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilu_(mythology)" title="Lilu (mythology)">Lilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabisu" title="Rabisu">Rabisu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Tales</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_%3D_Anum" title="An = Anum">An = Anum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">Dingir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">Sukkal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesopotamian_myth" title="Template:Mesopotamian myth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesopotamian_myth" title="Template talk:Mesopotamian myth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesopotamian_myth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesopotamian myth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian religion</a>, <b>Tiamat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒀭𒋾𒊩𒆳</span></span> <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn"><sup><a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">D</a></sup><small>TI.AMAT</small></i></span> or <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒀭𒌓𒌈</span> <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn"><sup><a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">D</a></sup><small>TAM.TUM</small></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Θαλάττη</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Thaláttē</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-oracc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the primordial <a href="/wiki/Water_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Water god">sea</a>, mating with <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzû</a> (Apsu), the <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, to produce the gods in the Babylonian epic <i><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Elish" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Elish">Enûma Elish</a></i>, which translates as "when on high." She is referred to as a woman, and has—at various points in the epic—a number of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> features (such as breasts) and <a href="/wiki/Theriomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theriomorphic">theriomorphic</a> features (such as a tail). </p><p>In the <i>Enûma Elish</i>, the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">epic of creation</a>, Tiamat bears the first generation of deities after mingling her waters with those of Apsu, her consort. The gods continue to reproduce, forming a noisy new mass of divine children. Apsu, driven to violence by the noise they make, seeks to destroy them and is killed. Enraged, Tiamat also wars upon those of her own and Apsu's children who killed her consort, bringing forth a series of monsters as weapons. She also takes a new consort, <a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Qingu</a>, and bestows on him the <a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Destinies_(mythic_item)" title="Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)">Tablet of Destinies</a>, which represents legitimate divine rulership.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is ultimately defeated and slain by <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>'s son, the storm-god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, but not before she conjures forth monsters whose bodies she fills with "poison instead of blood." Marduk dismembers her, and then constructs and structures elements of the cosmos from Tiamat’s body. </p><p>Some sources have dubiously identified her with images of a <a href="/wiki/Sea_serpent" title="Sea serpent">sea serpent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968104–108_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968104–108-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thorkild_Jacobsen" title="Thorkild Jacobsen">Thorkild Jacobsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> both argue for a connection with the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> word for sea, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%80%80%F0%92%80%8A%F0%92%81%80#Akkadian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒀀𒀊𒁀">tâmtu</a></i> (<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒀀𒀊𒁀</span>), following an early form, <i>ti'amtum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968105_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burkert continues by making a linguistic connection to <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a>. The later form <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Θαλάττη</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">thaláttē</i></span>, which appears in the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a>' first volume of universal history, is clearly related to Greek <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Θάλαττα</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">thálatta</i></span>, an Eastern variant of <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Θάλασσα</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">thalassa</a></i></span>, 'sea'. It is thought that the proper name <i>ti'amat</i>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct</a> form, was dropped in secondary translations of the original texts, because some Akkadian copyists of <i><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Elish" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Elish">Enuma Elish</a></i> substituted the ordinary word <i>tāmtu</i> ('sea') for Tiamat, the two names having become essentially the same due to association.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968105_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tiamat</i> also has been claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Semitic">Northwest Semitic</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Tehom" title="Tehom">tehom</a></i> (תְּהוֹם; 'the deeps, abyss'), in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 1:2.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <i>Enuma Elish</i> is named for its <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">incipit</a>: "When on high [or: When above]," the heavens did not yet exist nor the earth below, <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a> the subterranean ocean was there, "the first, the begetter", and Tiamat, the overground sea, "she who bore them all"; they were "mixing their waters". It is thought that female deities are older than male ones in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and Tiamat may have begun as part of the cult of <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a>, a female principle of a watery creative force, with equally strong connections to the underworld, which predates the appearance of Ea-Enki.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Crawford" title="Harriet Crawford">Harriet Crawford</a> finds this "mixing of the waters" to be a natural feature of the middle <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, where fresh waters from the Arabian aquifer mix and mingle with the salt waters of the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This characteristic is especially true of the region of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, whose name in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> means "two seas", and which is thought to be the site of <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>, the original site of the Sumerian creation beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference in density of salt and fresh water drives a <a href="/wiki/Halocline" title="Halocline">perceptible separation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_nature">Appearance and nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Appearance and nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i>Enuma Elish</i>, Tiamat’s physical description includes a tail, a thigh, "lower parts" (which shake together), a belly, an <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udder</a>, ribs, a neck, a head, a skull, eyes, nostrils, a mouth, and lips. She has insides (possibly "entrails"), a heart, arteries, and blood. </p><p>Tiamat was once regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Sea_serpent" title="Sea serpent">sea serpent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>, although Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Heidel" title="Alexander Heidel">Alexander Heidel</a> has previously recognized that a "dragon form can not be imputed to Tiamat with certainty." She is still often referred to as a monster, though this identification has been credibly challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Enuma Elish</i>, Tiamat is clearly portrayed as a mother of monsters but, before this, she is just as clearly portrayed as a mother to all the gods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Tiamat, Abzu (or Apsû) fathered the elder deities <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a> (masc. the 'hairy'), a title given to the gatekeepers at Enki's Abzu/E'engurra-temple in <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>. Lahmu and Lahamu, in turn, were the parents of the 'ends' of the heavens (<a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a>, from <i>an-šar</i>, 'heaven-totality/end') and the earth (<a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a>); Anshar and Kishar were considered to meet at the horizon, becoming, thereby, the parents of <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a> (Heaven) and <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a> (Earth). </p><p>Tiamat was the "shining" personification of the sea who roared and smote in the chaos of original creation. She and Abzu filled the cosmic abyss with the primeval waters. She is "<b>Ummu-Hubur</b> who formed all things." </p><p>In the myth recorded on <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform tablets</a>, the deity <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> (later Ea) believed correctly that Abzu was planning to murder the younger deities as a consequence of his aggravation with the noisy tumult they created. This premonition led Enki to capture Abzu and hold him prisoner beneath Abzu’s own temple, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89_(temple)" title="É (temple)">E-Abzu</a> ('temple of Abzu'). This angered <a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a>, their son, who reported the event to Tiamat, whereupon she fashioned eleven monsters to battle the deities in order to avenge Abzu's death. These were her own offspring: <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1mu" title="Bašmu">Bašmu</a> ('Venomous Snake'), <a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1umgallu" title="Ušumgallu">Ušumgallu</a> ('Great Dragon'), <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1ma%E1%B8%AB%E1%B8%AB%C5%AB" title="Mušmaḫḫū">Mušmaḫḫū</a> ('Exalted Serpent'), <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">Mušḫuššu</a> ('Furious Snake'), <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Laḫmu</a> (the 'Hairy One'), <a href="/wiki/Ugallu" title="Ugallu">Ugallu</a> (the 'Big Weather-Beast'), <a href="/wiki/Uridimmu" title="Uridimmu">Uridimmu</a> ('Mad Lion'), <a href="/wiki/Girtablilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Girtablilu">Girtablullû</a> ('Scorpion-Man'), <a href="/wiki/Um%C5%AB_dabr%C5%ABtu" title="Umū dabrūtu">Umū dabrūtu</a> ('Violent Storms'), <a href="/wiki/Kulull%C3%BB" title="Kulullû">Kulullû</a> ('Fish-Man'), and <a href="/wiki/Kusarikku" title="Kusarikku">Kusarikku</a> ('Bull-Man'). </p><p>Tiamat was in possession of the <a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Destinies_(mythic_item)" title="Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)">Tablet of Destinies</a>, and in the primordial battle, she gave the relic to Kingu, the deity she had chosen as her lover and the leader of her host, and who was also one of her children. The terrified deities were rescued by <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a>, who secured their promise to revere him as "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_gods" title="King of the gods">king of the gods</a>." He fought Tiamat with the arrows of the winds, a net, a club, and an invincible spear. Anu was later replaced first by <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, and (in the late version that has survived after the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>) then subsequently by <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, the son of Ea. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>And the lord stood upon Tiamat's hinder parts,<br /> And with his merciless club he smashed her skull.<br /> He cut through the channels of her blood,<br /> And he made the North wind bear it away into secret places. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Slicing Tiamat in half, Marduk made from her ribs the vault of heaven and earth. Her weeping eyes became the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, her tail became the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the approval of the elder deities, he took the Tablet of Destinies from Kingu, and installed himself as the head of the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a>. Kingu was captured and later was slain: his red blood mixed with the red clay of the Earth would make the body of humankind, created to act as the servant of the younger <a href="/wiki/Igigi" title="Igigi">Igigi</a> deities. </p><p>The principal theme of the epic is the rightful elevation of Marduk to command over all the deities. “It has long been realized that the Marduk epic, for all its local coloring and probable elaboration by the Babylonian theologians, reflects in substance older Sumerian material,” American Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Avigdor_Speiser" title="Ephraim Avigdor Speiser">E. A. Speiser</a> remarked in 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adding, “The exact Sumerian prototype, however, has not turned up so far.” However, this surmise that the Babylonian version of the story is based upon a modified version of an older epic, in which Enlil, not Marduk, was the god who slew Tiamat,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been more recently dismissed as "distinctly improbable."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One example of an icon that was more so a motif of Tiamat was within the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bel" title="Temple of Bel">Temple of Bêl</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>. The motif depicts <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> defeating Tiamat. In this picture, Tiamat is shown as a woman's body with legs which are made of snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was once thought that the myth of Tiamat was one of the earliest recorded versions of a <i><a href="/wiki/Chaoskampf" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoskampf">Chaoskampf</a></i>, a mythological motif that generally involves the battle between a culture hero and a <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> or aquatic monster, serpent, or dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968104–108_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968104–108-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chaoskampf</i> motifs in other mythologies perhaps linked to the Tiamat myth include: the Hittite <a href="/wiki/Illuyanka" title="Illuyanka">Illuyanka</a> myth; the Greek lore of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>'s killing of the <a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a> as a necessary action to take over the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_Oracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphic Oracle">Delphic Oracle</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> in the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of writers have put forth ideas about Tiamat: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, considered Tiamat's death by Marduk as evidence for his hypothesis of an ancient shift in power from a <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchal</a> society to a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>. The theory suggested that Tiamat and other ancient monster figures were depictions of former supreme deities of peaceful, woman-centered religions. Their defeat at the hands of a male hero corresponded to the overthrow of these matristic religions and societies by male-dominated ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The depiction of <a href="/wiki/Tiamat_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" title="Tiamat (Dungeons & Dragons)">Tiamat as a multi-headed dragon</a> was popularized in the 1970s as a fixture of <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> inspired by earlier sources that associated Tiamat with later mythological characters, such as <a href="/wiki/Lotan" title="Lotan">Lotan</a> (Leviathan).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Monsterverse" title="Monsterverse">Monsterverse</a>, an unseen monster is designated as "<a href="/wiki/Tiamat_(Godzilla)" title="Tiamat (Godzilla)">Titanus Tiamat</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Godzilla:_King_of_the_Monsters_(2019_film)" title="Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019 film)">Godzilla: King of the Monsters</a>. Tiamat fully appears as an aquatic serpentine dragon in the <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_vs_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Godzilla vs Kong">Godzilla vs Kong</a> prequel graphic novel <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(comics)" title="Godzilla (comics)">Godzilla Dominion</a> before making her live action debut in <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_x_Kong:_The_New_Empire" title="Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire">Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She served as a minor antagonist in both, conflicting with <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(Monsterverse)" title="Godzilla (Monsterverse)">Godzilla</a> over territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu (mythology)</a> – an ancient Egyptian deity with a similar role</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos (cosmogony)</a> – Ancient Greek deity with a similar role</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a> (Norse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a> (Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a> – a primordial sea in the World of Darkness in Mandaean cosmology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehom" title="Tehom">Tehom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oracc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oracc_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Gods+and+Goddesses&rft.atitle=Tiamat+%28goddess%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Famgg%2Flistofdeities%2Ftiamat%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1986" class="citation journal cs1">George, Andrew (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/4200258">"Sennacherib and the Tablet of Destinies"</a>. <i>Iraq</i>. <b>48</b>: 133–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4200258">10.2307/4200258</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200258">4200258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Sennacherib+and+the+Tablet+of+Destinies&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=133-146&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4200258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200258%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F4200258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonik2012" class="citation conference cs1">Sonik, Karen (2012). "The Tablet of Destinies and the Transmission of Power in Enūma eliš". <i>Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East</i>. Proceedings of the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Würzburg, 20–25 July 2008. pp. 387–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fj.ctv1bxgx80.34">10.5325/j.ctv1bxgx80.34</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1bxgx80.34">10.5325/j.ctv1bxgx80.34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Tablet+of+Destinies+and+the+Transmission+of+Power+in+En%C5%ABma+eli%C5%A1&rft.btitle=Organization%2C+Representation%2C+and+Symbols+of+Power+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=387-395&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1bxgx80.34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1bxgx80.34%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sonik&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968104–108-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968104–108_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968104–108_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsen1968">Jacobsen 1968</a>, pp. 104–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968105-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968105_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1968105_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsen1968">Jacobsen 1968</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1992" class="citation book cs1">Burkert, Walter (1992). <i>The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influences on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 92f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-64363-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-64363-1"><bdi>0-674-64363-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orientalizing+Revolution%3A+Near+Eastern+Influences+on+Greek+Culture+in+the+Early+Archaic+Age&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=92f&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-674-64363-1&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahuda1933" class="citation book cs1">Yahuda, A. (1933). <i>The Language of the Pentateuch in its Relation to Egyptian</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Pentateuch+in+its+Relation+to+Egyptian&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Yahuda&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinkeller1999" class="citation book cs1">Steinkeller, Piotr (1999). "On Rulers, Priests and Sacred Marriage: Tracing the Evolution of Early Sumerian Kingship". In Wanatabe, K. (ed.). <i>Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East</i>. Heidelberg: Winter. pp. 103–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8253-0533-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-8253-0533-3"><bdi>3-8253-0533-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Rulers%2C+Priests+and+Sacred+Marriage%3A+Tracing+the+Evolution+of+Early+Sumerian+Kingship&rft.btitle=Priests+and+Officials+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=103-38&rft.pub=Winter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-8253-0533-3&rft.aulast=Steinkeller&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Crawford" title="Harriet Crawford">Crawford, Harriet E. W.</a> (1998). <i>Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58348-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58348-9"><bdi>0-521-58348-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilmun+and+Its+Gulf+Neighbours&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-58348-9&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Harriet+E.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordKillickMoon1997" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Harriet; Killick, Robert; Moon, Jane, eds. (1997). <i>The Dilmun Temple at Saar: Bahrain and Its Archaeological Inheritance</i>. Saar Excavation Reports / London-Bahrain Archaeological Expedition: Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0487-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0487-0"><bdi>0-7103-0487-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dilmun+Temple+at+Saar%3A+Bahrain+and+Its+Archaeological+Inheritance&rft.pub=Saar+Excavation+Reports+%2F+London-Bahrain+Archaeological+Expedition%3A+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7103-0487-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonik2009" class="citation book cs1">Sonik, Karen (2009). "Gender Matters in Enūma eliš". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463219185-009"><i>In the Wake of Tikva Frymer-Kensky</i></a>. pp. 85–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463219185-009">10.31826/9781463219185-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-1918-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-1918-5"><bdi>978-1-4632-1918-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+Matters+in+En%C5%ABma+eli%C5%A1&rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+Tikva+Frymer-Kensky&rft.pages=85-102&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463219185-009&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-1918-5&rft.aulast=Sonik&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%2F9781463219185-009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarentine2016" class="citation book cs1">Barentine, John C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-22795-5_27">"Tigris"</a>. <i>The Lost Constellations</i>. Springer, Cham: Springer Praxis. pp. 425–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-22795-5_27">10.1007/978-3-319-22795-5_27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-22795-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-22795-5"><bdi>978-3-319-22795-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tigris&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Constellations&rft.place=Springer%2C+Cham&rft.pages=425-438&rft.pub=Springer+Praxis&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-22795-5_27&rft.isbn=978-3-319-22795-5&rft.aulast=Barentine&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-22795-5_27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeiser1942" class="citation journal cs1">Speiser, E. A. (June 1942). "An Intrusive Hurro-Hittite Myth". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F594461">10.2307/594461</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/594461">594461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=An+Intrusive+Hurro-Hittite+Myth&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=100&rft.date=1942-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F594461&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F594461%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Speiser&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Expressed, for example, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1963" class="citation book cs1">James, E. O. (1963). <i>The Worship of the Skygod: A Comparative Study in Semitic and Indo-European Religion</i>. Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion. London: Athlone Press, University of London. pp. 24, 27ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worship+of+the+Skygod%3A+A+Comparative+Study+in+Semitic+and+Indo-European+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.series=Jordan+Lectures+in+Comparative+Religion&rft.pages=24%2C+27ff&rft.pub=Athlone+Press%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=E.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1964" class="citation journal cs1">Lambert, W. G. (1964). "E. O. James: <i>The worship of the Skygod: a comparative study in Semitic and Indo-European religion</i>. (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion, vi.) viii, 175 pp. London: University of London, the Athlone Press, 1963. 25s". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i> (book review). <b>27</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: 157–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00100345">10.1017/S0041977X00100345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=E.+O.+James%3A+The+worship+of+the+Skygod%3A+a+comparative+study+in+Semitic+and+Indo-European+religion.+%28School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London.+Jordan+Lectures+in+Comparative+Religion%2C+vi.%29+viii%2C+175+pp.+London%3A+University+of+London%2C+the+Athlone+Press%2C+1963.+25s.&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-158&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00100345&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/tiamat/index.html">"Tiamat (goddess)"</a>. <i>oracc.iaas.upenn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oracc.iaas.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Tiamat+%28goddess%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.iaas.upenn.edu%2Famgg%2Flistofdeities%2Ftiamat%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martikheel.com/pdf/heroic-holistic-ethics.pdf">"Martikheel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martikheel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartikheel.com%2Fpdf%2Fheroic-holistic-ethics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunkel1895" class="citation book cs1">Gunkel, Hermann (1895). <i>Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit. Eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung über Gen 1 und Ap Joh 12</i>. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sch%C3%B6pfung+und+Chaos+in+Urzeit+und+Endzeit.+Eine+religionsgeschichtliche+Untersuchung+%C3%BCber+Gen+1+und+Ap+Joh+12&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Gunkel&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, <i>The Greek Myths</i>, rev. ed. 1960:§4.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Four ways of Creation: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tali-virtualmidrash.org.il/ArticleEng.aspx?art=3">Tiamat & Lotan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206224718/http://www.tali-virtualmidrash.org.il/ArticleEng.aspx?art=3">Archived</a> 2015-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Retrieved on August 23, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nerdist.com/article/who-is-tiamat-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-serpentine-titan/">"Who Is Tiamat, GODZILLA X KONG: THE NEW EMPIRE'S Serpentine Titan?"</a>. <i>Nerdist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nerdist&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Tiamat%2C+GODZILLA+X+KONG%3A+THE+NEW+EMPIRE%27S+Serpentine+Titan%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnerdist.com%2Farticle%2Fwho-is-tiamat-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-serpentine-titan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1902a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_William_King" title="Leonard William King">King, Leonard William</a> (1902a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14907.pdf"><i>The Seven Tablets of Creation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I: English Translations etc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Tablets+of+Creation&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Leonard+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etana.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcoretexts%2F14907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1902b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">King, Leonard William (1902b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14503.pdf"><i>The Seven Tablets of Creation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II: Supplementary Texts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Tablets+of+Creation&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Leonard+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etana.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcoretexts%2F14503.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen1968" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen, Thorkild (1968). "The Battle between <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> and Tiamat". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 104–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F597902">10.2307/597902</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/597902">597902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Battle+between+Marduk+and+Tiamat&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-108&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F597902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F597902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Thorkild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiamat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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