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href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 West Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle West Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mesopotamia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Levant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 East Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle East Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 South Asia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle South Asia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Bhutan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Europe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Europe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Indo-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Indo-European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Proto-Indo-European </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Indo-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Ancient Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Germanic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Post-classical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_Eastern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_Eastern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Post-classical Eastern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_Eastern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Modern depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dragon</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" > 121 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Благъо – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Благъо" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draak" title="Draak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Draak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drache" title="Drache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Drache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draca" title="Draca – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Draca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A9%D0%B0" title="Аблаҩа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аблаҩа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تنين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%C3%B3n" title="Dragón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dragón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90_(%DC%97%DC%93%DC%93%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܬܠܝܐ (ܗܓܓܘܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܬܠܝܐ (ܗܓܓܘܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%C3%B3n" title="Dragón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dragón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndarag%C3%B5" title="Ndaragõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ndaragõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fjdaha" title="Əjdaha – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əjdaha" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8" title="ড্রাগন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ড্রাগন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Аждаһа (дракон) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аждаһа (дракон)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Цмок – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цмок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Цмок – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цмок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8" title="ड्रैगन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ड्रैगन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дракон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дракон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drack_(Mythologie)" title="Drack (Mythologie) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Drack (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmaj" title="Zmaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zmaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerouant" title="Aerouant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aerouant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drac" title="Drac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drak" title="Drak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draig" title="Draig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Draig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drage_(fabeldyr)" title="Drage (fabeldyr) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Drage (fabeldyr)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drache_(Mythologie)" title="Drache (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drache (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohe" title="Lohe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lohe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δράκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δράκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%C3%B3n" title="Dragón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dragón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drako_(mitologio)" title="Drako (mitologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Drako (mitologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herensuge" title="Herensuge – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herensuge" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اژدها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اژدها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreki" title="Dreki – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Dreki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draak" title="Draak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Draak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%C3%B3n" title="Dragón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dragón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сармак – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сармак" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7" title="أجديها – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="أجديها" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9" title="용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegare" title="Jegare – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jegare" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA_(%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A7%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Վիշապ (գերբնական էակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիշապ (գերբնական էակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="अझ़दहा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अझ़दहा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmaj" title="Zmaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zmaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drako_(mitologio)" title="Drako (mitologio) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Drako (mitologio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga" title="Naga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracon" title="Dracon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dracon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C3%A6%D1%84%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кæфхъуындар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кæфхъуындар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INzawu" title="INzawu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INzawu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreki" title="Dreki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dreki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drago" title="Drago – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Drago" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דרקון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרקון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಡ್ರ್ಯಾಗನ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡ್ರ್ಯಾಗನ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დრაკონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრაკონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Айдаһар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Айдаһар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejdeha" title="Ejdeha – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ejdeha" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ажыдаар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ажыдаар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco" title="Draco – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Draco" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%AB%C4%B7is" title="Pūķis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pūķis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draach_(Mythologie)" title="Draach (Mythologie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Draach (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakonas" title="Drakonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Drakonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragh" title="Dragh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dragh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1rk%C3%A1ny_(mitol%C3%B3gia)" title="Sárkány (mitológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sárkány (mitológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagh%C3%A2" title="Naghâ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Naghâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Змеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Змеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragona" title="Dragona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dragona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="വ്യാളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യാളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="هشتر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هشتر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga" title="Naga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Naga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2" title="ꯆꯤꯡꯂꯥꯢ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯤꯡꯂꯥꯢ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draak_(fabeldier)" title="Draak (fabeldier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Draak (fabeldier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%9C" title="竜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="竜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draone" title="Draone – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Draone" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Саьрмак – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Саьрмак" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drage" title="Drage – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drage" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabeldyret_drake" title="Fabeldyret drake – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fabeldyret drake" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake" title="Drake – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Drake" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drac" title="Drac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Drac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaawuda_drangon" title="Jaawuda drangon – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jaawuda drangon" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdar" title="Ajdar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ajdar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8" title="ਡਰੈਗਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਰੈਗਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سرال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ښامار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښامار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smok" title="Smok – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Smok" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%C3%A3o" title="Dragão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dragão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajdaqa" title="Ajdaqa – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ajdaqa" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaru" title="Amaru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Amaru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дракон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дракон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscurtone" title="Iscurtone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscurtone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draigon" title="Draigon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Draigon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoi" title="Dragoi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dragoi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="اجگر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اجگر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drak" title="Drak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmaj" title="Zmaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zmaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drach" title="Drach – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Drach" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%98%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="ئەژدیھا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەژدیھا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Змај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Змај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmaj" title="Zmaj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zmaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohik%C3%A4%C3%A4rme" title="Lohikäärme – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lohikäärme" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake" title="Drake – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Drake" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="டிராகன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டிராகன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0" title="Аждаһа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аждаһа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="มังกร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มังกร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Аждаҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аждаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejderha" title="Ejderha – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ejderha" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дракон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дракон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7" title="اژدہا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اژدہا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%93ng" title="Rồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohe" title="Lohe – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lohe" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dragon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="龙形动物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="龙形动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9F" title="דראקאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דראקאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="龍形動物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="龍形動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="龍形傳說生物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="龍形傳說生物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9A%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9" title="ⴰⵚⴰⴹ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵚⴰⴹ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7559#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected until January 6, 2026 at 18:49 UTC, due to vandalism"><img alt="Page extended-confirmed-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legendary large magical creature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Agamidae" title="Agamidae">Dragon lizard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Draconian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Draconian (disambiguation)">Draconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dracones" class="mw-redirect" title="Dracones">Dracones</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">Dragoon</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legendary creature. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dragon (disambiguation)">Dragon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg/200px-Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg/300px-Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg/400px-Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="928" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Illustration of a winged, fire-breathing dragon by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Justin_Bertuch" title="Friedrich Justin Bertuch">Friedrich Justin Bertuch</a> from 1806</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg/200px-Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg/300px-Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg/400px-Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a>-era carved imperial Chinese dragons at <a href="/wiki/Nine-Dragon_Wall" title="Nine-Dragon Wall">Nine-Dragon Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beihai_Park" title="Beihai Park">Beihai Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></div></div></div></div></div> A dragon is a <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magical</a> <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creature</a> that appears in the <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> of multiple cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but <a href="/wiki/European_dragon" title="European dragon">dragons in Western cultures</a> since the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> have often been depicted as winged, horned, and capable of breathing fire. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Dragons in eastern cultures</a> are usually depicted as wingless, four-legged, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">serpentine</a> creatures with above-average intelligence. Commonalities between dragons' traits are often a hybridization of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avian</a> features. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_-_dracan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Beowulf_-_dracan.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="69" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="69" /></a><figcaption>An early appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word dracan (<a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> of draca) in <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> The word dragon entered the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> in the early 13th century from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> dragon, which, in turn, comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> draco (genitive draconis), meaning "huge serpent, dragon", from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:δράκων">δράκων</a>, drákōn (genitive <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:δράκοντος">δράκοντος</a>, drákontos) "serpent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden20134-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiddelScott-3">[3]</a> The Greek and Latin term referred to any great serpent, not necessarily mythological.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden20132–4-4">[4]</a> The Greek word δράκων is most likely derived from the Greek verb <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:δέρκομαι">δέρκομαι</a> (dérkomai) meaning "I see", the <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a> form of which is ἔδρακον (édrakon).<a href="#cite_note-LiddelScott-3">[3]</a> This is thought to have referred to something with a "deadly glance",<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> or unusually bright<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> or "sharp"<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> eyes, or because a snake's eyes appear to be always open; each eye actually sees through a big transparent scale in its eyelids, which are permanently shut. The Greek word probably derives from an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> base *derḱ- meaning "to see"; the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> root दृश् (dr̥ś-) also means "to see".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bone_of_Wawel_Dragon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bone_of_Wawel_Dragon.JPG/220px-Bone_of_Wawel_Dragon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bone_of_Wawel_Dragon.JPG/330px-Bone_of_Wawel_Dragon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bone_of_Wawel_Dragon.JPG/440px-Bone_of_Wawel_Dragon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>Several bones purported to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Dragon" title="Wawel Dragon">Wawel Dragon</a> hang outside <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, but actually belong to a <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> mammal.</figcaption></figure> Draconic creatures appear in virtually all cultures around the globe<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201296-10">[10]</a> and the earliest attested reports of draconic creatures resemble giant snakes. Draconic creatures are first described in the mythologies of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> and appear in <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">ancient Mesopotamian art</a> and literature. Stories about <a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">storm-gods</a> slaying giant serpents occur throughout nearly all Near Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Indo-European</a> mythologies. Famous prototypical draconic creatures include the <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">mušḫuššu</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vṛtra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>; <a href="/wiki/Big_Ghoul" title="Big Ghoul">Grand'Goule</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> region in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; <a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladon_(mythology)" title="Ladon (mythology)">Ladon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kulshedra" title="Kulshedra">Kulshedra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian Mythology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Unhcegila" title="Unhcegila">Unhcegila</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lakota_mythology" title="Lakota mythology">Lakota mythology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec Culture</a>; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fafnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Fafnir">Fafnir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_dragon_(Beowulf)" title="The dragon (Beowulf)">the dragon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>; and aži and az in ancient Persian mythology, closely related to another mythological figure, called Aži Dahaka or <a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a>. Nonetheless, scholars dispute where the idea of a dragon originates from,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201298-11">[11]</a> and a wide variety of hypotheses have been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201298-11">[11]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/An_Instinct_for_Dragons" title="An Instinct for Dragons">An Instinct for Dragons</a> (2000), anthropologist David E. Jones suggests a hypothesis that humans, like <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>, have inherited instinctive reactions to snakes, <a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">large cats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200032-40-12">[12]</a> He cites a study which found that approximately 39 people in a hundred are afraid of snakes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200063-13">[13]</a> and notes that fear of snakes is especially prominent in children, even in areas where snakes are rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200063-13">[13]</a> The earliest attested dragons all resemble snakes or have snakelike attributes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2000166–168-14">[14]</a> Jones therefore concludes that dragons appear in nearly all cultures because humans have an innate fear of snakes and other animals that were major predators of humans' primate ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200032-15">[15]</a> Dragons are usually said to reside in "dark caves, deep pools, wild mountain reaches, sea bottoms, haunted forests", all places which would have been fraught with danger for early human ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2000108-16">[16]</a> In her book The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times (2000), <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Adrienne Mayor</a> argues that some stories of dragons may have been inspired by ancient discoveries of fossils belonging to <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and other prehistoric animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000xiii–xxii-17">[17]</a> She argues that the dragon lore of northern India may have been inspired by "observations of oversized, extraordinary bones in the fossilbeds of the <a href="/wiki/Siwalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwalik Hills">Siwalik Hills</a> below the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000xxii-18">[18]</a> and that ancient Greek artistic depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Cetus_(mythology)" title="Cetus (mythology)">Monster of Troy</a> may have been influenced by fossils of <a href="/wiki/Samotherium" title="Samotherium">Samotherium</a>, an extinct species of giraffe whose fossils are common in the Mediterranean region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000xxii-18">[18]</a> In China, a region where fossils of large prehistoric animals are common, these remains are frequently identified as "dragon bones"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000xix-19">[19]</a> and are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000xix-19">[19]</a> Mayor, however, is careful to point out that not all stories of dragons and giants are inspired by fossils<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000xix-19">[19]</a> and notes that Scandinavia has many stories of dragons and sea monsters, but has long "been considered barren of large fossils."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000xix-19">[19]</a> In one of her later books, she states that, "Many dragon images around the world were based on folk knowledge or exaggerations of living reptiles, such as <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gila_monster" title="Gila monster">Gila monsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">iguanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligators</a>, or, in California, <a href="/wiki/Elgaria" title="Elgaria">alligator lizards</a>, though this still fails to account for the Scandinavian legends, as no such animals (historical or otherwise) have ever been found in this region."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2005149-20">[20]</a> Robert Blust in The Origin of Dragons (2000) argues that, like many other creations of traditional cultures, dragons are largely explicable as products of a convergence of rational pre-scientific speculation about the world of real events. In this case, the event is the natural mechanism governing rainfall and drought, with particular attention paid to the phenomenon of the rainbow.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egypt">Egypt</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_speared_Apep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Set_speared_Apep.jpg/220px-Set_speared_Apep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Set_speared_Apep.jpg/330px-Set_speared_Apep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Set_speared_Apep.jpg/440px-Set_speared_Apep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from an ancient Egyptian papyrus manuscript showing the god <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a> spearing the serpent <a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a> as he attacks the <a href="/wiki/Matet_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Matet boat">sun boat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a> or Apophis is a giant serpentine creature who resides in the <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a>, the Egyptian Underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201311-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201335-23">[23]</a> The Bremner-Rhind papyrus, written around 310 BC, preserves an account of a much older Egyptian tradition that the setting of the sun is caused by <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> descending to the Duat to battle Apep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201311-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201335-23">[23]</a> In some accounts, Apep is as long as the height of eight men with a head made of <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201335-23">[23]</a> Thunderstorms and earthquakes were thought to be caused by Apep's roar<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201336-24">[24]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipses</a> were thought to be the result of Apep attacking Ra during the daytime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201336-24">[24]</a> In some myths, Apep is slain by the god <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201335–36-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a> is another giant serpent who guards the Duat and aided Ra in his battle against Apep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201336-24">[24]</a> Nehebkau was so massive in some stories that the entire earth was believed to rest atop his coils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201336-24">[24]</a> Denwen is a giant serpent mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> whose body was made of fire and who ignited a conflagration that nearly destroyed all the gods of the Egyptian pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201336–37-26">[26]</a> He was ultimately defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>, a victory which affirmed the Pharaoh's divine right to rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201337-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">ouroboros</a> was a well-known Egyptian symbol of a serpent swallowing its own tail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200113-28">[28]</a> The precursor to the ouroboros was the "Many-Faced",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200113-28">[28]</a> a serpent with five heads, who, according to the <a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a>, the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Afterlife</a>, was said to coil around the corpse of the sun god Ra protectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200113-28">[28]</a> The earliest surviving depiction of a "true" ouroboros comes from the gilded shrines in <a href="/wiki/KV62" class="mw-redirect" title="KV62">the tomb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200113-28">[28]</a> In the early centuries AD, the ouroboros was adopted as a symbol by <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> Christians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200144-29">[29]</a> and chapter 136 of the <a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia</a>, an early Gnostic text, describes "a great dragon whose tail is in its mouth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200144-29">[29]</a> In medieval alchemy, the ouroboros became a typical western dragon with wings, legs, and a tail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200113-28">[28]</a> A famous image of the dragon gnawing on its tail from the eleventh-century <a href="/wiki/Codex_Marcianus_CCXXVIII_(406)" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Marcianus CCXXVIII (406)">Codex Marcianus</a> was copied in numerous works on alchemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200113-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirrush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sirrush.jpg/220px-Sirrush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sirrush.jpg/330px-Sirrush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sirrush.jpg/440px-Sirrush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">mušḫuššu</a> is a serpentine, draconic monster from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">ancient Mesopotamian mythology</a> with the body and neck of a snake, the forelegs of a lion, and the hind-legs of a bird.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166-30">[30]</a> Here it is shown as it appears in the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a> from the city of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166-30">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> Ancient people across the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> believed in creatures similar to what modern people call "dragons".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271-31">[31]</a> These ancient people were unaware of the existence of <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> or similar creatures in the distant past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271-31">[31]</a> References to dragons of both benevolent and malevolent characters occur throughout ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271-31">[31]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian poetry">Sumerian poetry</a>, great kings are often compared to the <a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1umgallu" title="Ušumgallu">ušumgal</a>, a gigantic, serpentine monster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271-31">[31]</a> A draconic creature with the foreparts of a lion and the hind-legs, tail, and wings of a bird appears in <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian artwork</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2334 – 2154 BC) until the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Period</a> (626 BC–539 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121-32">[32]</a> The dragon is usually shown with its mouth open.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121-32">[32]</a> It may have been known as the (ūmu) nā’iru, which means "roaring weather beast",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121-32">[32]</a> and may have been associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Ishkur</a> (Hadad).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121-32">[32]</a> A slightly different lion-dragon with two horns and the tail of a scorpion appears in art from the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Period</a> (911 BC–609 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121-32">[32]</a> A relief probably commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> shows the gods <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>, and Adad standing on its back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121-32">[32]</a> Another draconic creature with horns, the body and neck of a snake, the forelegs of a lion, and the hind-legs of a bird appears in Mesopotamian art from the Akkadian Period until the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Period">Hellenistic Period</a> (323 BC–31 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166-30">[30]</a> This creature, known in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">mušḫuššu</a>, meaning "furious serpent", was used as a symbol for particular deities and also as a general protective emblem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166-30">[30]</a> It seems to have originally been the attendant of the Underworld god <a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166-30">[30]</a> but later became the attendant to the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> storm-god <a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a>, as well as, later, Ninazu's son <a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a>, the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, the scribal god <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>, and the Assyrian national god Ashur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166-30">[30]</a> Scholars disagree regarding the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a>, the Babylonian goddess personifying primeval chaos, slain by Marduk in the Babylonian creation epic <a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980153-34">[34]</a> She was traditionally regarded by scholars as having had the form of a giant serpent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980153-34">[34]</a> but several scholars have pointed out that this shape "cannot be imputed to Tiamat with certainty"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980153-34">[34]</a> and she seems to have at least sometimes been regarded as anthropomorphic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980153-34">[34]</a> Nonetheless, in some texts, she seems to be described with horns, a tail, and a hide that no weapon can penetrate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-33">[33]</a> all features which suggest she was conceived as some form of dragoness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levant">Levant</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_of_Leviathan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Destruction_of_Leviathan.png/170px-Destruction_of_Leviathan.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Destruction_of_Leviathan.png/255px-Destruction_of_Leviathan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Destruction_of_Leviathan.png/340px-Destruction_of_Leviathan.png 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="2890" /></a><figcaption>The Destruction of <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a> (1865) by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> In the mythologies of the <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> region, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baal Cycle</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugaritic texts</a>, the sea-dragon <a href="/wiki/Lotan" title="Lotan">Lōtanu</a> is described as "the twisting serpent / the powerful one with seven heads."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015130-35">[35]</a> In KTU 1.5 I 2–3, Lōtanu is slain by the storm-god <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015130-35">[35]</a> but, in KTU 1.3 III 41–42, he is instead slain by the virgin warrior goddess <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015130-35">[35]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_74" title="Psalm 74">Psalm 74</a>, Psalm 74:13–14, the sea-dragon <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>, is slain by <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, god of the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, as part of the creation of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015130-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002103-36">[36]</a> Isaiah describes Leviathan as a tanin (תנין), which is translated as "sea monster", "serpent", or "dragon".<a href="#cite_note-tanin-translation-37">[37]</a> In Isaiah 27:1, Yahweh's destruction of Leviathan is foretold as part of his impending overhaul of the universal order:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015129–130-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201314-39">[39]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Original Hebrew text </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:right" lang="he" class="poem"> בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִפְקֹד יְהוָה בְּחַרְבּוֹ הַקָּשָׁה וְהַגְּדוֹלָה וְהַחֲזָקָה, עַל לִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ בָּרִחַ, וְעַל לִוְיָתָן, נָחָשׁ עֲקַלָּתוֹן; וְהָרַג אֶת-הַתַּנִּין, אֲשֶׁר בַּיָּם </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> In that day the LORD will take His sharp, great, and mighty sword, and bring judgment on Leviathan the fleeing serpent — Leviathan the coiling serpent — and He will slay the dragon of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;text-align:right">—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1027.htm#1">Isaiah 27:1</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Job 41:1–34 contains a detailed description of the Leviathan, who is described as being so powerful that only Yahweh can overcome it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002102-41">[41]</a> Job 41:19–21 states that the Leviathan exhales fire and smoke, making its identification as a mythical dragon clearly apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002102-41">[41]</a> In some parts of the Old Testament, the Leviathan is historicized as a symbol for the nations that stand against Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002103-36">[36]</a> Rahab, a synonym for "Leviathan", is used in several Biblical passages in reference to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002103-36">[36]</a> Isaiah 30:7 declares: "For Egypt's help is worthless and empty, therefore I have called her 'the silenced <a href="/wiki/Rahab_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahab (Egypt)">Rahab</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002103-36">[36]</a> Similarly, Psalm 87:3 reads: "I reckon Rahab and Babylon as those that know me..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002103-36">[36]</a> In Ezekiel 29:3–5 and Ezekiel 32:2–8, the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of Egypt is described as a "dragon" (tannîn).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002103-36">[36]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> story of <a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>, the prophet <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> sees a dragon being worshipped by the Babylonians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-42">[42]</a> Daniel makes "cakes of pitch, fat, and hair";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-42">[42]</a> the dragon eats them and bursts open.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Azhdaha" title="Azhdaha">Azhi Dahaka</a> (Avestan Great Snake) is a dragon or demonic figure in the texts and mythology of Zoroastrian Persia, where he is one of the subordinates of Angra Mainyu. Alternate names include Azi Dahak, Dahaka, and Dahak. Aži (nominative ažiš) is the Avestan word for "serpent" or "dragon.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The Avestan term Aži Dahāka and the Middle Persian azdahāg are the sources of the Middle Persian Manichaean demon of greed "Az", Old <a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian mythological</a> figure <a href="/wiki/Azhdahak_(mythology)" title="Azhdahak (mythology)">Azhdahak</a>, Modern Persian 'aždehâ/aždahâ', Tajik Persian 'azhdahâ', Urdu 'azhdahā' (اژدها). The name also migrated to Eastern Europe, assumed the form "azhdaja" and the meaning "dragon", "dragoness" or "water snake" in the Balkanic and Slavic languages.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Despite the negative aspect of Aži Dahāka in mythology, dragons have been used on some banners of war throughout the history of Iranian peoples. The <a href="/wiki/Azhdarchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Azhdarchid">Azhdarchid</a> group of pterosaurs are named from a Persian word for "dragon" that ultimately comes from Aži Dahāka. In Persian <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> literature, <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> writes in his <a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> that the dragon symbolizes the sensual soul (<a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">nafs</a>), greed and lust, that need to be mortified in a spiritual battle.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustam_kills_the_dragon,_folio_from_Shahnameh_of_Shah_Ismail_II,_attrib._Sadegi_(Beg),_Iran,_Tabriz,_c._1576_AD,_view_1_-_Aga_Khan_Museum_-_Toronto,_Canada_-_DSC06935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rustam_kills_the_dragon%2C_folio_from_Shahnameh_of_Shah_Ismail_II%2C_attrib._Sadegi_%28Beg%29%2C_Iran%2C_Tabriz%2C_c._1576_AD%2C_view_1_-_Aga_Khan_Museum_-_Toronto%2C_Canada_-_DSC06935.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rustam_kills_the_dragon%2C_folio_from_Shahnameh_of_Shah_Ismail_II%2C_attrib._Sadegi_%28Beg%29%2C_Iran%2C_Tabriz%2C_c._1576_AD%2C_view_1_-_Aga_Khan_Museum_-_Toronto%2C_Canada_-_DSC06935.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rustam_kills_the_dragon%2C_folio_from_Shahnameh_of_Shah_Ismail_II%2C_attrib._Sadegi_%28Beg%29%2C_Iran%2C_Tabriz%2C_c._1576_AD%2C_view_1_-_Aga_Khan_Museum_-_Toronto%2C_Canada_-_DSC06935.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="4372" /></a><figcaption>Rustam kills the dragon, folio from Shahnameh of Shah Ismail II, attrib. Sadegi (Beg), Iran, Tabriz, c. 1576 AD, view 1 – Aga Khan Museum – Toronto, Canada</figcaption></figure> In Ferdowsi's <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> hero <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a> must slay an 80-meter-long dragon (which renders itself invisible to human sight) with the aid of his legendary horse, <a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a>. As Rostam is sleeping, the dragon approaches; Rakhsh attempts to wake Rostam, but fails to alert him to the danger until Rostam sees the dragon. Rakhsh bites the dragon, while Rostam decapitates it. This is the third trial of Rostam's <a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Seven Labors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Rostam is also credited with the slaughter of other dragons in the Shahnameh and in other Iranian oral traditions, notably in the myth of <a href="/wiki/Babr-e_Bayan" title="Babr-e Bayan">Babr-e-Bayan</a>. In this tale, Rostam is still an adolescent and kills a dragon in the "Orient" (either India or China, depending on the source) by forcing it to swallow either ox hides filled with quicklime and stones or poisoned blades. The dragon swallows these foreign objects and its stomach bursts, after which Rostam flays the dragon and fashions a coat from its hide called the babr-e bayān. In some variants of the story, Rostam then remains unconscious for two days and nights, but is guarded by his steed <a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a>. On reviving, he washes himself in a spring. In the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandean</a> tradition of the story, Rostam hides in a box, is swallowed by the dragon, and kills it from inside its belly. The king of China then gives Rostam his daughter in marriage as a reward.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nine-Dragons1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nine-Dragons1.jpg/220px-Nine-Dragons1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nine-Dragons1.jpg/330px-Nine-Dragons1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nine-Dragons1.jpg/440px-Nine-Dragons1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>A dragon from the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Dragons_(painting)" title="Nine Dragons (painting)">Nine Dragons Scroll</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Rong_(painter)" title="Chen Rong (painter)">Chen Rong</a>, 1244 AD.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shan_hai_jing_Zhuyin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shan_hai_jing_Zhuyin.jpg/220px-Shan_hai_jing_Zhuyin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shan_hai_jing_Zhuyin.jpg/330px-Shan_hai_jing_Zhuyin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Shan_hai_jing_Zhuyin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the dragon <a href="/wiki/Zhulong_(mythology)" title="Zhulong (mythology)">Zhulong</a> from a seventeenth-century edition of the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Shanhaijing</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pot_Eivormige_pot_met_met_een_feng_huang_en_een_draak,_AK-MAK-110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pot_Eivormige_pot_met_met_een_feng_huang_en_een_draak%2C_AK-MAK-110.jpg/220px-Pot_Eivormige_pot_met_met_een_feng_huang_en_een_draak%2C_AK-MAK-110.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pot_Eivormige_pot_met_met_een_feng_huang_en_een_draak%2C_AK-MAK-110.jpg/330px-Pot_Eivormige_pot_met_met_een_feng_huang_en_een_draak%2C_AK-MAK-110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pot_Eivormige_pot_met_met_een_feng_huang_en_een_draak%2C_AK-MAK-110.jpg/440px-Pot_Eivormige_pot_met_met_een_feng_huang_en_een_draak%2C_AK-MAK-110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="4680" /></a><figcaption>Dragon art on a vase, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></figcaption></figure>The word "dragon" has come to be applied to the <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">loong</a> (traditional 龍, simplified 龙, Japanese simplified 竜, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> lóng), which is associated with good fortune, and many <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> deities and demigods have dragons as their personal mounts or companions. Dragons were also identified with the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>, who, during later Chinese imperial history, was the only one permitted to have dragons on his house, clothing, or personal articles. Archaeologist Zhōu Chong-Fa believes that the Chinese word for dragon is an <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> of the sound of thunder<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> or lùhng in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The Chinese dragon (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 龙; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 龍; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: lóng) is the highest-ranking creature in the Chinese animal hierarchy. Its origins are vague, but its "ancestors can be found on Neolithic pottery as well as Bronze Age ritual vessels."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> A number of popular stories deal with the rearing of dragons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zuo_zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo zhuan">Zuo zhuan</a>, which was probably written during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>, describes a man named Dongfu, a descendant of Yangshu'an, who loved dragons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> and, because he could understand a dragon's will, he was able to tame them and raise them well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> He served Emperor Shun, who gave him the family name Huanlong, meaning "dragon-raiser".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> In another story, <a href="/wiki/Kong_Jia" title="Kong Jia">Kong Jia</a>, the fourteenth emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a>, was given a male and a female dragon as a reward for his obedience to the god of heaven,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> but could not train them, so he hired a dragon-trainer named Liulei, who had learned how to train dragons from Huanlong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> One day, the female dragon died unexpectedly, so Liulei secretly chopped her up, cooked her meat, and served it to the king,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> who loved it so much that he demanded Liulei to serve him the same meal again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> Since Liulei had no means of procuring more dragon meat, he fled the palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> One of the most famous dragon stories is about the Lord Ye Gao, who loved dragons obsessively, even though he had never seen one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005106-60">[60]</a> He decorated his whole house with dragon motifs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005106-60">[60]</a> and, seeing this display of admiration, a real dragon came and visited Ye Gao,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005106-60">[60]</a> but the lord was so terrified at the sight of the creature that he ran away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005106-60">[60]</a> In Chinese legend, the culture hero <a href="/wiki/Fu_Hsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fu Hsi">Fu Hsi</a> is said to have been crossing the <a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Henan)" title="Luo River (Henan)">Lo River</a>, when he saw the <a href="/wiki/Longma" title="Longma">lung ma</a>, a Chinese horse-dragon with seven dots on its face, six on its back, eight on its left flank, and nine on its right flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197564-61">[61]</a> He was so moved by this apparition that, when he arrived home, he drew a picture of it, including the dots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197564-61">[61]</a> He later used these dots as letters and invented <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese writing</a>, which he used to write his book <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197564-61">[61]</a> In another Chinese legend, the physician Ma Shih Huang is said to have healed a sick dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> Another legend reports that a man once came to the healer Lo Chên-jen, telling him that he was a dragon and that he needed to be healed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> After Lo Chên-jen healed the man, a dragon appeared to him and carried him to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Shanhaijing</a>, a classic mythography probably compiled mostly during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, various deities and demigods are associated with dragons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005103–104-63">[63]</a> One of the most famous Chinese dragons is Ying Long ("responding dragon"), who helped the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Huangdi</a>, the Yellow Emperor, defeat the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Chiyou" title="Chiyou">Chiyou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005104-64">[64]</a> The dragon <a href="/wiki/Zhulong_(mythology)" title="Zhulong (mythology)">Zhulong</a> ("torch dragon") is a god "who composed the universe with his body."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005104-64">[64]</a> In the Shanhaijing, many mythic heroes are said to have been conceived after their mothers copulated with divine dragons, including Huangdi, <a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Emperor Yao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Emperor Shun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005104-64">[64]</a> The god <a href="/wiki/Zhurong" title="Zhurong">Zhurong</a> and the emperor <a href="/wiki/Qi_of_Xia" title="Qi of Xia">Qi</a> are both described as being carried by two dragons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005104–105-65">[65]</a> as are Huangdi, <a href="/wiki/Zhuanxu" title="Zhuanxu">Zhuanxu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuqiang" title="Yuqiang">Yuqiang</a>, and Roshou in various other texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a>, an evil black dragon once caused a destructive deluge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> which was ended by the mother goddess <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCwa" title="Nüwa">Nüwa</a> by slaying the dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg/170px-A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg/255px-A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg/340px-A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="5050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a> with dragon emblem on his chest. c. 1377</figcaption></figure> A large number of ethnic myths about dragons are told throughout China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houhanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Houhanshu">Houhanshu</a>, compiled in the fifth century BC by <a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a>, reports a story belonging to the Ailaoyi people, which holds that a woman named Shayi who lived in the region around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lao" title="Mount Lao">Mount Lao</a> became pregnant with ten sons after being touched by a tree trunk floating in the water while fishing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005104-64">[64]</a> She gave birth to the sons and the tree trunk turned into a dragon, who asked to see his sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005104-64">[64]</a> The woman showed them to him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005104-64">[64]</a> but all of them ran away except for the youngest, who the dragon licked on the back and named Jiu Long, meaning "sitting back".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005104-64">[64]</a> The sons later elected him king and the descendants of the ten sons became the Ailaoyi people, who <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattooed</a> dragons on their backs in honor of their ancestor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005104-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao people</a> of southwest China have a story that a divine dragon created the first humans by breathing on monkeys that came to play in his cave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han people</a> have many stories about Short-Tailed Old Li, a black dragon who was born to a poor family in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005106-60">[60]</a> When his mother saw him for the first time, she fainted<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005106-60">[60]</a> and, when his father came home from the field and saw him, he hit him with a spade and cut off part of his tail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005106-60">[60]</a> Li burst through the ceiling and flew away to the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Black Dragon River</a> in northeast China, where he became the god of that river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005106–107-66">[66]</a> On the anniversary of his mother's death on the Chinese lunar calendar, Old Li returns home, causing it to rain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005107-67">[67]</a> He is still worshipped as a rain god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005107-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_Gods.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dragon_Gods.svg/220px-Dragon_Gods.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dragon_Gods.svg/330px-Dragon_Gods.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dragon_Gods.svg/440px-Dragon_Gods.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>Diagram representing the Four Dragon Kings of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seas" title="Four Seas">Four Seas</a> in relation to the central Dragon King of the Earth</figcaption></figure> In China, a dragon is thought to have power over rain. Dragons and their associations with rain are the source of the Chinese customs of <a href="/wiki/Dragon_dance" title="Dragon dance">dragon dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">dragon boat racing</a>. Dragons are closely associated with rain<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005107–108-68">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> is thought to be caused by a dragon's laziness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005108-69">[69]</a> Prayers invoking dragons to bring rain are common in Chinese texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005107–108-68">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Luxuriant_Dew_of_the_Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals">Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals</a>, attributed to the Han dynasty scholar <a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong Zhongshu</a>, prescribes making clay figurines of dragons during a time of drought and having young men and boys pace and dance among the figurines in order to encourage the dragons to bring rain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005107–108-68">[68]</a> Texts from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> advise hurling the bone of a tiger or dirty objects into the pool where the dragon lives;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005108-69">[69]</a> since dragons cannot stand tigers or dirt, the dragon of the pool will cause heavy rain to drive the object out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005108-69">[69]</a> Rainmaking rituals invoking dragons are still very common in many Chinese villages, where each village has its own god said to bring rain and many of these gods are dragons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005108-69">[69]</a> The Chinese dragon kings are thought of as the inspiration for the Hindu myth of the naga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005108-69">[69]</a> According to these stories, every body of water is ruled by a dragon king, each with a different power, rank, and ability,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005108-69">[69]</a> so people began establishing temples across the countryside dedicated to these figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005108-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_draak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chinese_draak.jpg/220px-Chinese_draak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chinese_draak.jpg/330px-Chinese_draak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chinese_draak.jpg/440px-Chinese_draak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Head of a dragon from a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dragon_dance" title="Dragon dance">dragon dance</a> performed in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> in the year 2000.</figcaption></figure> Many traditional Chinese customs revolve around dragons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005108–109-70">[70]</a> During various holidays, including the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Spring Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lantern_Festival" title="Lantern Festival">Lantern Festival</a>, villagers will construct an approximately sixteen-foot-long dragon from grass, cloth, bamboo strips, and paper, which they will parade through the city as part of a <a href="/wiki/Dragon_dance" title="Dragon dance">dragon dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> The original purpose of this ritual was to bring good weather and a strong harvest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> but now it is done mostly only for entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Duanwu</a> festival, several villages, or even a whole province, will hold a <a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">dragon boat race</a>, in which people race across a body of water in boats carved to look like dragons, while a large audience watches on the banks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> The custom is traditionally said to have originated after the poet <a href="/wiki/Qu_Yuan" title="Qu Yuan">Qu Yuan</a> committed suicide by drowning himself in the <a href="/wiki/Miluo_River" title="Miluo River">Miluo River</a> and people raced out in boats hoping to save him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> But most historians agree that the custom actually originated much earlier as a ritual to avert ill fortune.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> Starting during the Han dynasty and continuing until the Qing dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Chinese emperor</a> gradually became closely identified with dragons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> and emperors themselves claimed to be the incarnations of a divine dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> Eventually, dragons were only allowed to appear on clothing, houses, and articles of everyday use belonging to the emperor<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> and any commoner who possessed everyday items bearing the image of the dragon was ordered to be executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109-71">[71]</a> After the last Chinese emperor was overthrown in 1911, this situation changed and now many ordinary Chinese people identify themselves as descendants of dragons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005109–110-72">[72]</a> The impression of dragons in a large number of Asian countries has been influenced by Chinese culture, such as Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and so on. Chinese tradition has always used the dragon totem as the national emblem, and the "Yellow Dragon flag" of the Qing dynasty has influenced the impression that China is a dragon in many European countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_dragon" title="Korean dragon">Korean dragon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%B2%AD%EB%A3%A1_%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%81%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%EC%B2%AD%EB%A3%A1_%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%81%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%B4.jpg/220px-%EC%B2%AD%EB%A3%A1_%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%81%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%EC%B2%AD%EB%A3%A1_%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%81%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%B4.jpg/330px-%EC%B2%AD%EB%A3%A1_%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%81%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%EC%B2%AD%EB%A3%A1_%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%81%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%B4.jpg/440px-%EC%B2%AD%EB%A3%A1_%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%81%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>The Blue Dragon mural depiction at the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_tombs" title="Goguryeo tombs">Goguryeo tombs</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Korean dragon is in many ways similar in appearance to other East Asian dragons such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dragon" title="Japanese dragon">Japanese dragons</a>. It differs from the Chinese dragon in that it developed a longer beard. Very occasionally, a dragon may be depicted as carrying an orb known as the Yeouiju (여의주), the Korean name for the mythical <a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">Cintamani</a>, in its claws or its mouth. It was said that whoever could wield the Yeouiju was blessed with the abilities of omnipotence and creation at will, and that only four-toed dragons (who had thumbs with which to hold the orbs) were both wise and powerful enough to wield these orbs, as opposed to the lesser, three-toed dragons. As with China, the number nine is significant and auspicious in Korea, and dragons were said to have 81 (9×9) scales on their backs, representing yang essence. Dragons in Korean mythology are primarily benevolent beings related to water and agriculture, often considered bringers of rain and clouds. Hence, many Korean dragons are said to have resided in rivers, lakes, oceans, or even deep mountain ponds. And human journeys to undersea realms, and especially the undersea palace of the Dragon King (용왕), are common in Korean folklore.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In Korean myths, some kings who founded kingdoms were described as descendants of dragons because the dragon was a symbol of the monarch. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Aryeong" title="Lady Aryeong">Lady Aryeong</a>, who was the first queen of <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, is said to have been born from a <a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">cockatrice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> while the grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Taejo of Goryeo</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>, was reportedly the daughter of the dragon king of the West Sea.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> And <a href="/wiki/Munmu_of_Silla" title="Munmu of Silla">King Munmu</a> of Silla who, on his deathbed, wished to become a dragon of the East Sea in order to protect the kingdom. Dragon patterns were used exclusively by the royal family. The royal robe was also called the dragon robe (용포). In the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a>, the royal insignia, featuring embroidered dragons, were attached to the robe's shoulders, the chest, and back. The King wore five-taloned dragon insignia while the Crown Prince wore four-taloned dragon insignia.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Korean folk mythology states that most dragons were originally <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0" class="extiw" title="ko:이무기">Imugis</a> (이무기), or lesser dragons, which were said to resemble gigantic serpents. There are a few different versions of Korean folklore that describe both what imugis are and how they aspire to become full-fledged dragons. Koreans thought that an Imugi could become a true dragon, yong or mireu, if it caught a Yeouiju which had fallen from heaven. Another explanation states they are hornless creatures resembling dragons who have been cursed and thus were unable to become dragons. By other accounts, an Imugi is a proto-dragon which must survive one thousand years in order to become a fully-fledged dragon. In either case, they are said to be large, benevolent, <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">python</a>-like creatures that live in water or caves, and their sighting is associated with good luck.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dragon" title="Japanese dragon">Japanese dragon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokusai_Dragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hokusai_Dragon.jpg/220px-Hokusai_Dragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hokusai_Dragon.jpg/330px-Hokusai_Dragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hokusai_Dragon.jpg/440px-Hokusai_Dragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>Painting of a Japanese dragon by <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1730 – 1849)</figcaption></figure> Japanese dragon myths amalgamate native legends with imported stories about dragons from China. Like some other dragons, most Japanese dragons are <a href="/wiki/Water_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Water deities">water deities</a> associated with rainfall and bodies of water, and are typically depicted as large, wingless, serpentine creatures with clawed feet. Gould writes (1896:248),<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> the Japanese dragon is "invariably figured as possessing three claws". A story about the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Mitsunaka" title="Minamoto no Mitsunaka">Minamoto no Mitsunaka</a> tells that, while he was hunting in his own territory of <a href="/wiki/Settsu_Province" title="Settsu Province">Settsu</a>, he dreamt under a tree and had a dream in which a beautiful woman appeared to him and begged him to save her land from a giant serpent which was defiling it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> Mitsunaka agreed to help and the maiden gave him a magnificent horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> When he woke up, the seahorse was standing before him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> He rode it to the <a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi_taisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumiyoshi taisha">Sumiyoshi</a> temple, where he prayed for eight days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> Then he confronted the serpent and slew it with an arrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> It was believed that dragons could be appeased or <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcised</a> with metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitta_Yoshisada" title="Nitta Yoshisada">Nitta Yoshisada</a> is said to have hurled a famous sword into the sea at <a href="/wiki/Sagami_Province" title="Sagami Province">Sagami</a> to appease the dragon-god of the sea<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ki_no_Tsurayuki" title="Ki no Tsurayuki">Ki no Tsurayuki</a> threw a metal mirror into the sea at Sumiyoshi for the same purpose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> Japanese Buddhism has also adapted dragons by subjecting them to <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> the Japanese Buddhist deities <a href="/wiki/Benten" class="mw-redirect" title="Benten">Benten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwannon">Kwannon</a> are often shown sitting or standing on the back of a dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> Several Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sennin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sennin">sennin</a> ("immortals") have taken dragons as their mounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> Bômô is said to have hurled his staff into a puddle of water, causing a dragon to come forth and let him ride it to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">rakan</a> Handaka is said to have been able to conjure a dragon out of a bowl, which he is often shown playing with on kagamibuta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shachihoko" title="Shachihoko">shachihoko</a> is a creature with the head of a dragon, a bushy tail, fishlike scales, and sometimes with fire emerging from its armpits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> The fun has the head of a dragon, feathered wings, and the tail and claws of a bird.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197562-62">[62]</a> A white dragon was believed to reside in a pool in <a href="/wiki/Yamashiro_Province" title="Yamashiro Province">Yamashiro Province</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197563-79">[79]</a> and, every fifty years, it would turn into a bird called the Ogonchô, which had a call like the "howling of a wild dog".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197563-79">[79]</a> This event was believed to herald terrible famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197563-79">[79]</a> In the Japanese village of Okumura, near <a href="/wiki/Edo_(Tokyo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo (Tokyo)">Edo</a>, during times of drought, the villagers would make a dragon effigy out of straw, <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">magnolia</a> leaves, and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and parade it through the village to attract rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197563-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_map_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Nam_(Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_period).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stylised_map_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Nam_%28Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_period%29.jpg/220px-Stylised_map_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Nam_%28Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_period%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stylised_map_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Nam_%28Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_period%29.jpg/330px-Stylised_map_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Nam_%28Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_period%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stylised_map_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Nam_%28Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_period%29.jpg/440px-Stylised_map_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Nam_%28Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng_period%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>Stylised map of Đại Nam (<a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> period)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SC174644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SC174644.jpg/220px-SC174644.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SC174644.jpg/330px-SC174644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SC174644.jpg/440px-SC174644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Dragon on a porcelain plate during the reign of Lord <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Doanh" title="Trịnh Doanh">Trịnh Doanh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> The Vietnamese dragon (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: rồng) was a mythical creature that was often used as a deity symbol and was associated with royalty.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Similar to other cultures, dragons in Vietnamese culture represent yang and godly beings associated with creation and life. In the creation myth of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a>, they are descended from the dragon lord <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Long_Qu%C3%A2n" title="Lạc Long Quân">Lạc Long Quân</a> and the fairy <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_C%C6%A1" title="Âu Cơ">Âu Cơ</a>, who bore 100 eggs. When they separated, Lạc Long Quân brought 50 children to the sea while Âu Cơ brought the rest up the mountains. To this day, Vietnamese people often describe themselves as "Children of the dragon, grandchildren of the fairy" (Con rồng cháu tiên).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paphal_(Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly)_(4489839164).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Paphal_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%29_%284489839164%29.jpg/220px-Paphal_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%29_%284489839164%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Paphal_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%29_%284489839164%29.jpg/330px-Paphal_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%29_%284489839164%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Paphal_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%29_%284489839164%29.jpg/440px-Paphal_%28Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly%29_%284489839164%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Head of the dragon-god <a href="/wiki/Pakhangba" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhangba">Pakhangba</a> depicted on a musical instrument from <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, India</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, the oldest of the four <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, the Vedic god of storms, battles <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vṛtra</a>, a giant serpent who represents drought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007255–257-82">[82]</a> Indra kills Vṛtra using his <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> (thunderbolt) and clears the path for rain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007256–257-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201316-84">[84]</a> which is described in the form of cattle: "You won the cows, hero, you won the <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a>,/You freed the seven streams to flow" (<a href="/wiki/Rigveda_1.32" title="Rigveda 1.32">Rigveda 1.32.12</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007257-85">[85]</a> In another Rigvedic legend, the three-headed serpent <a href="/wiki/Trisiras" title="Trisiras">Viśvarūpa</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Tvastar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvastar">Tvaṣṭṛ</a>, guards a wealth of cows and horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007260-86">[86]</a> Indra delivers Viśvarūpa to a god named <a href="/wiki/Trita" title="Trita">Trita Āptya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007260-86">[86]</a> who fights and kills him and sets his cattle free.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007260-86">[86]</a> Indra cuts off Viśvarūpa's heads and drives the cattle home for Trita.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007260-86">[86]</a> This same story is alluded to in the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Avesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Younger Avesta">Younger Avesta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007260-86">[86]</a> in which the hero <a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Thraētaona</a>, the son of Āthbya, slays the three-headed dragon <a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Aži Dahāka</a> and takes his two beautiful wives as spoils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007260-86">[86]</a> Thraētaona's name (meaning "third grandson of the waters") indicates that Aži Dahāka, like Vṛtra, was seen as a blocker of waters and cause of drought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007260-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Druk" title="Druk">Druk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkha language">Dzongkha</a>: འབྲུག་), also known as 'Thunder Dragon', is one of the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bhutan" title="National symbols of Bhutan">national symbols of Bhutan</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a> language, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> is known as Druk Yul "Land of Druk", and Bhutanese leaders are called <a href="/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Gyalpo">Druk Gyalpo</a>, "Thunder Dragon Kings". The druk was adopted as an emblem by the <a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Lineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Drukpa Lineage">Drukpa Lineage</a>, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and later spread to Bhutan.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_dragon" title="European dragon">European dragon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chaoskampf" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoskampf">Chaoskampf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_serpent" title="Sea serpent">Sea serpent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion#Serpent-slaying_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Serpent slayer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></div> The tale of a hero slaying a giant serpent occurs in almost all <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European mythology">Indo-European mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006436–437-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007255–263-89">[89]</a> In most stories, the hero is some kind of <a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">thunder-god</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007255–263-89">[89]</a> In nearly every iteration of the story, the serpent is either multi-headed or "multiple" in some other way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006436–437-88">[88]</a> Furthermore, in nearly every story, the serpent is always somehow associated with water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007255–263-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lincoln" title="Bruce Lincoln">Bruce Lincoln</a> has proposed that a Proto-Indo-European dragon-slaying myth can be reconstructed as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006437-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135-91">[91]</a> First, the sky gods give cattle to a man named *Tritos ("the third"), who is so named because he is the third man on earth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006437-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135-91">[91]</a> but a three-headed serpent named *Ngwhi steals them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006437-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135-91">[91]</a> *Tritos pursues the serpent and is accompanied by *Hanér, whose name means "man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006437-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135-91">[91]</a> Together, the two heroes slay the serpent and rescue the cattle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams2006437-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007134–135-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragons in Greek mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragmentary_jar_with_scene_of_Herakles_slaying_the_Hydra_of_Lerna,_South_Italy,_375-340_BC,_ceramic_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08671.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fragmentary_jar_with_scene_of_Herakles_slaying_the_Hydra_of_Lerna%2C_South_Italy%2C_375-340_BC%2C_ceramic_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08671.JPG/220px-Fragmentary_jar_with_scene_of_Herakles_slaying_the_Hydra_of_Lerna%2C_South_Italy%2C_375-340_BC%2C_ceramic_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08671.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fragmentary_jar_with_scene_of_Herakles_slaying_the_Hydra_of_Lerna%2C_South_Italy%2C_375-340_BC%2C_ceramic_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08671.JPG/330px-Fragmentary_jar_with_scene_of_Herakles_slaying_the_Hydra_of_Lerna%2C_South_Italy%2C_375-340_BC%2C_ceramic_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08671.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fragmentary_jar_with_scene_of_Herakles_slaying_the_Hydra_of_Lerna%2C_South_Italy%2C_375-340_BC%2C_ceramic_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08671.JPG/440px-Fragmentary_jar_with_scene_of_Herakles_slaying_the_Hydra_of_Lerna%2C_South_Italy%2C_375-340_BC%2C_ceramic_-_Fitchburg_Art_Museum_-_DSC08671.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Greek <a href="/wiki/Red-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure">red-figure</a> vase painting depicting <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> slaying the <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 375–340 BC</figcaption></figure> The ancient Greek word usually translated as "dragon" (δράκων drákōn, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> δράκοντοϛ drákontos) could also mean "snake",<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden20132–4-4">[4]</a> but it usually refers to a kind of giant serpent that either possesses supernatural characteristics or is otherwise controlled by some supernatural power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden20132–3-93">[93]</a> The first mention of a "dragon" in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek literature</a> occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> is described as having a blue dragon motif on his sword belt and an emblem of a three-headed dragon on his breast plate.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In lines 820–880 of the <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, a Greek poem written in the seventh century BC by the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> battles the monster <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a>, who has one hundred serpent heads that breathe fire and make many frightening animal noises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007257-85">[85]</a> Zeus scorches all of Typhon's heads with his lightning bolts and then hurls Typhon into <a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a>. In other Greek sources, Typhon is often depicted as a winged, fire-breathing serpent-like dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007258-95">[95]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn to Apollo</a>, the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> uses his <a href="/wiki/Arrow_poison" title="Arrow poison">poisoned arrows</a> to slay the serpent <a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a>, who has been causing death and pestilence in the area around <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201347–48-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007258-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Apollo then sets up his shrine there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007258-95">[95]</a> The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> in his poem <a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana#Culex_("The_Gnat")" title="Appendix Vergiliana">Culex</a>, lines 163–201 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/appvergculex.html">Appendix Vergiliana: Culex</a>, describing a shepherd having a fight with a big <a href="/wiki/Constriction" title="Constriction">constricting snake</a>, calls it "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/serpent" class="extiw" title="wikt:serpent">serpens</a>" and also "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draco" class="extiw" title="wikt:draco">draco</a>", showing that in his time the two words were probably interchangeable. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douris_cup_Jason_Vatican_16545.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Douris_cup_Jason_Vatican_16545.jpg/220px-Douris_cup_Jason_Vatican_16545.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Douris_cup_Jason_Vatican_16545.jpg/330px-Douris_cup_Jason_Vatican_16545.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Douris_cup_Jason_Vatican_16545.jpg/440px-Douris_cup_Jason_Vatican_16545.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>Attic red-figure kylix painting from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480–470 BC showing Athena observing as the <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchian</a> dragon disgorges the hero <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201359-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200862-99">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> Hesiod also mentions that the hero <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> slew the <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a>, a multiple-headed serpent which dwelt in the swamps of <a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201328–29-100">[100]</a> The name "Hydra" means "water snake" in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007258-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201328-101">[101]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheka</a> of Pseudo-Apollodorus, the slaying of the Hydra was the second of the <a href="/wiki/Labors_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Labors of Hercules">Twelve Labors of Heracles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201326–27-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007258-95">[95]</a> Accounts disagree on which weapon Heracles used to slay the Hydra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007258-95">[95]</a> but, by the end of the sixth century BC, it was agreed that the clubbed or severed heads needed to be <a href="/wiki/Cauterization" title="Cauterization">cauterized</a> to prevent them from growing back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201326-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007258-95">[95]</a> Heracles was aided in this task by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201326-103">[103]</a> During the battle, a giant crab crawled out of the marsh and pinched Heracles's foot,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201326–27-102">[102]</a> but he crushed it under his heel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201327-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> placed the crab in the sky as the constellation <a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201327-104">[104]</a> One of the Hydra's heads was immortal, so Heracles buried it under a heavy rock after cutting it off.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007258-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201327-104">[104]</a> For his Eleventh Labor, Heracles must procure a <a href="/wiki/Golden_apple" title="Golden apple">golden apple</a> from the tree in the <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Garden of the Hesperides</a>, which is guarded by an enormous serpent that never sleeps,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201333-105">[105]</a> which Pseudo-Apollodorus calls "<a href="/wiki/Ladon_(mythology)" title="Ladon (mythology)">Ladon</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201333–34-106">[106]</a> In earlier depictions, Ladon is often shown with many heads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201337-107">[107]</a> In Pseudo-Apollodorus's account, Ladon is immortal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201337-107">[107]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> both describe Heracles as killing him, although neither of them specifies how.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201337-107">[107]</a> Some suggest that the golden apple was not claimed through battle with Ladon at all but through Heracles charming the Hesperides.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The mythographer <a href="/wiki/Herodorus" title="Herodorus">Herodorus</a> is the first to state that Heracles slew him using his famous club.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201337-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, in his epic poem, the <a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a>, describes Ladon as having been shot full of poisoned arrows dipped in the blood of the Hydra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201338-109">[109]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>'s Fourth Pythian Ode, <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> tells the hero <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a> he is seeking is in a <a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">copse</a> guarded by a dragon, "which surpassed in breadth and length a fifty-oared ship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201359–60-110">[110]</a> Jason slays the dragon and makes off with the Golden Fleece together with his co-conspirator, Aeëtes's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201360-111">[111]</a> The earliest artistic representation of this story is an Attic red-figure <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a> dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480–470 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201358–59-112">[112]</a> showing a bedraggled Jason being disgorged from the dragon's open mouth as the Golden Fleece hangs in a tree behind him and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, the goddess of wisdom, stands watching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201358–59-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeacy200862-99">[99]</a> A fragment from <a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens" title="Pherecydes of Athens">Pherecydes of Athens</a> states that Jason killed the dragon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201360-111">[111]</a> but fragments from the Naupactica and from Herodorus state that he merely stole the Fleece and escaped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201360-111">[111]</a> In Euripides's <a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)">Medea</a>, Medea boasts that she killed the Colchian dragon herself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201360-111">[111]</a> In the final scene of the play, Medea also flies away on a chariot pulled by two dragons.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In the most famous retelling of the story from Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica, Medea drugs the dragon to sleep, allowing Jason to steal the Fleece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201360–61-114">[114]</a> Greek vase paintings show her feeding the dragon the sleeping drug in a liquid form from a phialē, or shallow cup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201361-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadmos_dragon_Louvre_N3157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kadmos_dragon_Louvre_N3157.jpg/220px-Kadmos_dragon_Louvre_N3157.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kadmos_dragon_Louvre_N3157.jpg/330px-Kadmos_dragon_Louvre_N3157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kadmos_dragon_Louvre_N3157.jpg/440px-Kadmos_dragon_Louvre_N3157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestan</a> red-figure kylix-krater (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350–340 BC) showing Cadmus fighting the dragon of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201349-116">[116]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> prince, was instructed by Apollo to follow a heifer and found a city wherever it laid down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a> Cadmus and his men followed the heifer and, when it laid down, Cadmus ordered his men to find a spring so he could sacrifice the heifer to Athena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a> His men found a spring, but it was guarded by a dragon, which had been placed there by the god <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, and the dragon killed them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a> Cadmus killed the dragon in revenge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000266-118">[118]</a> either by smashing its head with a rock or using his sword.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a> Following the advice of Athena, Cadmus tore out the dragon's teeth and planted them in the earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000266-118">[118]</a> An army of giant warriors (known as <a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">spartoi</a>, which means "sown men") grew from the teeth like plants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor2000266-118">[118]</a> Cadmus hurled stones into their midst, causing them to kill each other until only five were left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a> To make restitution for having killed Ares's dragon, Cadmus was forced to serve Ares as a slave for eight years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a> At the end of this period, Cadmus married <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonia (mythology)">Harmonia</a>, the daughter of Ares and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348-117">[117]</a> Cadmus and Harmonia moved to <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, where they ruled as king and queen, before eventually being transformed into dragons themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201348–49-119">[119]</a> In the fifth century BC, the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> reported in Book IV of his <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a> that western Libya was inhabited by monstrous serpents<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth2010169-120">[120]</a> and, in Book III, he states that <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a> was home to many small, winged serpents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2000168-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth2010169–170-122">[122]</a> which came in a variety of colors and enjoyed the trees that produced <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2000168-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth2010169-120">[120]</a> Herodotus remarks that the serpent's wings were like those of bats<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth2010170-123">[123]</a> and that, unlike vipers, which are found in every land, winged serpents are only found in Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesworth2010170-123">[123]</a> The second-century BC Greek astronomer <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 190 BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 120 BC) listed the constellation <a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco</a> ("the dragon") as one of forty-six constellations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasshoff199035–36-124">[124]</a> Hipparchus described the constellation as containing fifteen stars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasshoff199036-125">[125]</a> but the later astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 170 AD) increased this number to thirty-one in his <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrasshoff199036-125">[125]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, Revelation 12:3, written by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a>, describes a vision of a <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible#Ancient_serpent" title="Serpents in the Bible">Great Red Dragon</a> with seven heads, ten horns, seven crowns, and a massive tail,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006149–150-126">[126]</a> an image which is clearly inspired by the vision of the <a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">four beasts from the sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150-127">[127]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a> described in various Old Testament passages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150–151-128">[128]</a> The Great Red Dragon knocks "a third of the sun ... a third of the moon, and a third of the stars" out of the sky<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151-129">[129]</a> and pursues the <a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151-129">[129]</a> Revelation 12:7–9 declares: "<a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">And war broke out in Heaven</a>. Michael and his angels fought against Dragon. Dragon and his angels fought back, but they were defeated, and there was no longer any place for them in Heaven. Dragon the Great was thrown down, that ancient serpent who is called Devil and Satan, the one deceiving the whole inhabited World – he was thrown down to earth and his angels were thrown down with him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151–152-130">[130]</a> Then a voice booms down from Heaven heralding the defeat of "the Accuser" (ho Kantegor).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006152-131">[131]</a> In 217 AD, <a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Flavius Philostratus</a> discussed dragons (δράκων, drákōn) in India in The Life of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a> (II,17 and III,6–8). The <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> translation (by F.C. Conybeare) mentions (III,7) that, "In most respects the tusks resemble the largest swine's, but they are slighter in build and twisted, and have a point as unabraded as sharks' teeth." According to a collection of books by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a> called On Animals, <a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Ethiopia</a> was inhabited by a species of dragon that hunted elephants and could grow to a length of 180 feet (55 m) with a lifespan rivaling that of the most enduring of animals.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, on chapter IX of his <a href="/wiki/Address_to_Young_Men_on_Greek_Literature" title="Address to Young Men on Greek Literature">Address to Young Men on Greek Literature</a>, mentions mythological dragons as guarding treasures and riches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic">Germanic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Germanic dragon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigurd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sigurd.svg/220px-Sigurd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sigurd.svg/330px-Sigurd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sigurd.svg/440px-Sigurd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Ramsund_carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsund carving">Ramsund carving</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1030, illustrating the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a> on a rock in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. At (5), <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> plunges his sword into <a href="/wiki/Fafnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Fafnir">Fafnir</a>'s underside.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> poem <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a>, the dragon <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a> is described as gnawing on the roots of <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>, the world tree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1998156-133">[133]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a> is a giant serpent that encircles the entire realm of <a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Miðgarð</a> in the sea around it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007159-134">[134]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a>, written by the thirteenth-century Icelandic mythographer <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, the Norse god of thunder, once went out on a boat with the giant Hymnir to the outer sea and fished for Jörmungandr using an ox-head as bait.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007159-134">[134]</a> Thor caught the serpent and, after pulling its head out of the water, smashed it with his hammer, <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007159-134">[134]</a> Snorri states that the blow was not fatal: "and men say that he struck its head off on the sea bed. But I think the truth to tell you is that the Miðgarð Serpent still lives and lies in the surrounding sea."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007159-134">[134]</a> Towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> epic poem <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, a slave steals a cup from the hoard of <a href="/wiki/The_dragon_(Beowulf)" title="The dragon (Beowulf)">a sleeping dragon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200081–81-135">[135]</a> causing the dragon to wake up and go on a rampage of destruction across the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200074–77-136">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_(hero)" title="Beowulf (hero)">eponymous hero of the poem</a> insists on confronting the dragon alone, even though he is of advanced age,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200077–81-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013122-138">[138]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Wiglaf" title="Wiglaf">Wiglaf</a>, the youngest of the twelve warriors Beowulf has brought with him, insists on accompanying his king into the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013122–123-139">[139]</a> Beowulf's sword shatters during the fight and he is mortally wounded,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200080–82-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013123-141">[141]</a> but Wiglaf comes to his rescue and helps him slay the dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013123-141">[141]</a> Beowulf dies and tells Wiglaf that the dragon's treasure must be buried rather than shared with the cowardly warriors who did not come to the aid of their king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013123–124-142">[142]</a> In the Old Norse <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a>, the hero <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> catches the dragon <a href="/wiki/Fafnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Fafnir">Fafnir</a> by digging a pit between the cave where he lives and the spring where he drinks his water<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimerl201336–38-143">[143]</a> and kills him by stabbing him in the underside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimerl201336–38-143">[143]</a> At the advice of <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, Sigurd drains Fafnir's blood and drinks it, which gives him the ability to understand the <a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_birds" title="Language of the birds">language of the birds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimerl201341-144">[144]</a> who he hears talking about how his mentor <a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a> is plotting to betray him so that he can keep all of Fafnir's treasure for himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaimerl201341-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013119-145">[145]</a> The motif of a hero trying to sneak past a sleeping dragon and steal some of its treasure is common throughout many <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> sagas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200085-146">[146]</a> The fourteenth-century Flóres saga konungs ok sona hans describes a hero who is actively concerned not to wake a sleeping dragon while sneaking past it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200085-146">[146]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Yngvars_saga_v%C3%AD%C3%B0f%C3%B6rla" title="Yngvars saga víðförla">Yngvars saga víðförla</a>, the protagonist attempts to steal treasure from several sleeping dragons, but accidentally wakes them up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauer200085-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical">Post-classical</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_dragon" title="European dragon">European dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George and the Dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margaret the Virgin">Margaret the Virgin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dacian_Draco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Draco">Dacian Draco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_Dragon_(Y_Ddraig_Goch).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/220px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/330px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/440px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>The Welsh Dragon (Y Ddraig Goch).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vortigern-Dragons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vortigern-Dragons.jpg/220px-Vortigern-Dragons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vortigern-Dragons.jpg/330px-Vortigern-Dragons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vortigern-Dragons.jpg/440px-Vortigern-Dragons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Fifteenth-century manuscript illustration of the battle of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_dragon" title="White dragon">White Dragons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">History of the Kings of Britain</a></figcaption></figure> The modern, western image of a dragon developed in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> through the combination of the snakelike dragons of classical Graeco-Roman literature, references to Near Eastern dragons preserved in the Bible, and western European folk traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee20117-147">[147]</a> The period between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries represents the height of European interest in dragons as living creatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2000101-148">[148]</a> The twelfth-century <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> monk, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, recounts a famous legend in his <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> in which the child prophet <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> witnesses the Romano-Celtic warlord <a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a> attempt to build a tower on <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a> to keep safe from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-149">[149]</a> but the tower keeps being swallowed into the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-149">[149]</a> Merlin informs Vortigern that, underneath the foundation he has built, is a pool with two dragons sleeping in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-149">[149]</a> Vortigern orders for the pool to be drained, exposing a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">red dragon</a> and a <a href="/wiki/White_dragon" title="White dragon">white dragon</a>, who immediately begin fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-149">[149]</a> Merlin delivers a prophecy that the white dragon will triumph over the red, symbolizing England's conquest of Wales,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-149">[149]</a> but declares that the red dragon will eventually return and defeat the white one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106–107-150">[150]</a> This story remained popular throughout the fifteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106–107-150">[150]</a> Dragons are generally depicted as living in rivers or having an underground lair or cave.<a href="#cite_note-Ormen-151">[151]</a> They are envisioned as greedy and gluttonous, with voracious appetites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee20117-147">[147]</a> They are often identified with <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, due to the references to Satan as a "dragon" in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee20117-147">[147]</a> The thirteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a>, written in Latin, records the story of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margaret the Virgin">Saint Margaret of Antioch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-42">[42]</a> a virgin martyr who, after being tortured for her faith in the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> and thrown back into her cell, is said to have been confronted by a monstrous dragon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-42">[42]</a> but she made the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> and the dragon vanished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-42">[42]</a> In some versions of the story, she is actually swallowed by the dragon alive and, after making the sign of the cross in the dragon's stomach, emerges unharmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg/220px-St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg/330px-St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg/440px-St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript illustration from <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George slaying the dragon</a>, dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1270</figcaption></figure> The legend of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George and the Dragon</a> may be referenced as early as the sixth century AD,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201353-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurston1909453–455-153">[153]</a> but the earliest artistic representations of it come from the eleventh century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201353-152">[152]</a> and the first full account of it comes from an eleventh-century <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter2003141-154">[154]</a> The most famous version of the story from the Golden Legend holds that a dragon kept pillaging the sheep of the town of Silene in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201353-152">[152]</a> After it ate a young shepherd, the people were forced to placate it by leaving two sheep as sacrificial offerings every morning beside the lake where the dragon lived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201353-152">[152]</a> Eventually, the dragon ate all of the sheep<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-155">[155]</a> and the people were forced to start offering it their own children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-155">[155]</a> One day, the king's own daughter came up in the lottery and, despite the king's pleas for her life, she was dressed as a bride and chained to a rock beside the lake to be eaten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-155">[155]</a> Then, Saint George arrived and saw the princess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-155">[155]</a> When the dragon arrived to eat her, he stabbed it with his lance and subdued it by making the sign of the cross and tying the princess's <a href="/wiki/Girdle" title="Girdle">girdle</a> around its neck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-155">[155]</a> Saint George and the princess led the now-docile dragon into the town and George promised to kill it if the townspeople would convert to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201355-156">[156]</a> All the townspeople converted and Saint George killed the dragon with his sword.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201355-156">[156]</a> In some versions, Saint George marries the princess,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201355-156">[156]</a> but, in others, he continues wandering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201355-156">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galician_dragon_(Medieval_Age).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg/170px-Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg/255px-Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg/340px-Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Dragon in a granite Relief (14th century). San Anton Museum (<a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia (Spain)</a>).</figcaption></figure> Dragons are well known in myths and legends of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, in no small part because St. George (Catalan Sant Jordi) is the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. Like most mythical reptiles, the Catalan dragon (Catalan drac) is an enormous serpent-like creature with four legs and a pair of wings, or rarely, a two-legged creature with a pair of wings, called a wyvern. As in many other parts of the world, the dragon's face may be like that of some other animal, such as a lion or a bull. As is common elsewhere, Catalan dragons are fire-breathers, and the dragon-fire is all-consuming. Catalan dragons also can emit a fetid odor, which can rot away anything it touches.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyles</a> are carved stone figures sometimes resembling dragons that originally served as waterspouts on buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015183-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipa20081–3-159">[159]</a> Precursors to the medieval gargoyle can be found on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Egyptian temples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015183-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinsmoor197396-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwaddling198917–18-161">[161]</a> but, over the course of the Middle Ages, many fantastic stories were invented to explain them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015183–184-162">[162]</a> One medieval French legend holds that, in ancient times, a fearsome dragon known as <a href="/wiki/Gargouille" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargouille">La Gargouille</a> had been causing floods and sinking ships on the river <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015184-163">[163]</a> so the people of the town of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> would offer the dragon a <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> once each year to appease its hunger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015184-163">[163]</a> Then, around 600 AD, a priest named <a href="/wiki/Romanus_of_Rouen" title="Romanus of Rouen">Romanus</a> promised that, if the people would build a church, he would rid them of the dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015184-163">[163]</a> Romanus slew the dragon and its severed head was mounted on the walls of the city as the first gargoyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015184-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipa20081–30-164">[164]</a> Dragons are prominent in medieval <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a> was famously said to have had two gold dragons crowned with red standing back-to-back on his royal <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson199328-166">[166]</a> Originally, heraldic dragons could have any number of legs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> but, by the late Middle Ages, due to the widespread proliferation of bestiaries, heraldry began to distinguish between a "dragon" (which could only have exactly four legs) and a "<a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">wyvern</a>" (which could only have exactly two).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> In myths, wyverns are associated with viciousness, envy, and pestilence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> but, in heraldry, they are used as symbols for overthrowing the tyranny of Satan and his demonic forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> Late medieval heraldry also distinguished a draconic creature known as a "<a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">cockatrice</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> A cockatrice is supposedly born when a serpent hatches an egg that has been laid on a dunghill by a rooster<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> and it is so venomous that its breath and its gaze are both lethal to any living creature, except for a weasel, which is the cockatrice's mortal enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">basilisk</a> is a serpent with the head of a dragon at the end of its tail that is born when a toad hatches an egg that has been laid in a <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">midden</a> by a nine-year-old cockatrice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> Like the cockatrice, its glare is said to be deadly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_Eastern">Post-classical Eastern</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_dragon" title="Slavic dragon">Slavic dragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulshedra" title="Kulshedra">Kulshedra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Bilibin_065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ivan_Bilibin_065.jpg/220px-Ivan_Bilibin_065.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ivan_Bilibin_065.jpg/330px-Ivan_Bilibin_065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ivan_Bilibin_065.jpg/440px-Ivan_Bilibin_065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zmey_Gorynych" class="mw-redirect" title="Zmey Gorynych">Zmey Gorynych</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polycephaly" title="Polycephaly">three-headed</a> dragon from <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russian folklore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnster_wawelski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/M%C3%BCnster_wawelski.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnster_wawelski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/M%C3%BCnster_wawelski.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCnster_wawelski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/M%C3%BCnster_wawelski.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCnster_wawelski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2654" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Dragon" title="Wawel Dragon">Wawel Dragon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographie Universalis</a> (1544).</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian mythology">Albanian mythology and folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stihi" title="Stihi">stihi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljubi" title="Ljubi">ljubi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulshedra" title="Kulshedra">bolla, bollar, errshaja, and kulshedra</a> are mythological figures described as serpentine dragons. It is believed that bolla, a water and chthonic demonic serpent, undergoes <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> passing through four distinct phases if it lives many years without being seen by a human. The bollar and errshaja are the intermediate stages, while the kulshedra is the ultimate phase, described as a huge multi-headed fire-spitting female serpent which causes drought, storms, flooding, earthquakes, and other natural disasters against mankind. She is usually fought and defeated by a <a href="/wiki/Drangue" title="Drangue">drangue</a>, a semi-human winged divine hero and protector of humans. Heavy thunderstorms are thought to be the result of their battles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoja2005449–462-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie200146–47,_74–76,_153–156-168">[168]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythology</a>, the words "zmey", "zmiy", or "zmaj" are used to describe dragons. These words are masculine forms of the Slavic word for "snake", which are normally feminine (like Russian zmeya). In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, there is a similar figure, derived from the Slavic dragon and named <a href="/wiki/Zmeu" title="Zmeu">zmeu</a>. Exclusively in Polish and Belarusian folklore, as well as in the other Slavic folklores, a dragon is also called (variously) смок, цмок, or smok. In South Slavic folklores, the same thing is also called lamya (ламя, ламjа, lamja). Although quite similar to other <a href="/wiki/European_dragon" title="European dragon">European dragons</a>, Slavic dragons have their peculiarities. In <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Ukrainian folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zmey_Gorynych" class="mw-redirect" title="Zmey Gorynych">Zmey Gorynych</a> is a dragon with three heads, each one bearing twin goatlike horns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013146-169">[169]</a> He is said to have breathed fire and smelled of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013146-169">[169]</a> It was believed that <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a> were caused by Gorynych temporarily swallowing the sun.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013147-170">[170]</a> According to one legend, Gorynych's uncle was the evil sorcerer Nemal Chelovek, who abducted the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> and imprisoned her in his castle in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013147-170">[170]</a> Many knights tried to free her, but all of them were killed by Gorynych's fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013147-170">[170]</a> Then a palace guard in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tsarevich" title="Ivan Tsarevich">Ivan Tsarevich</a> overheard two crows talking about the princess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013147–148-171">[171]</a> He went to the tsar, who gave him a magic sword, and snuck into the castle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013148-172">[172]</a> When Chelovek attacked Ivan in the form of a giant, the sword flew from Ivan's hand unbidden and killed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013148-172">[172]</a> Then the sword cut off all three of Gorynych's heads at once.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013148-172">[172]</a> Ivan brought the princess back to the tsar, who declared Ivan a nobleman and allowed him to marry the princess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles2013148-172">[172]</a> A popular Polish folk tale is the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Dragon" title="Wawel Dragon">Wawel Dragon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESikorski1997235-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitowska-ŁysiakWolicka1999231-175">[175]</a> which is first recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Chronica_seu_originale_regum_et_principum_Poloniae" title="Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae">Chronica Polonorum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Kad%C5%82ubek" title="Wincenty Kadłubek">Wincenty Kadłubek</a>, written between 1190 and 1208.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitowska-ŁysiakWolicka1999231-175">[175]</a> According to Kadłubek, the dragon appeared during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">King Krakus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> and demanded to be fed a fixed number of cattle every week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> If the villagers failed to provide enough cattle, the dragon would eat the same number of villagers as the number of cattle they had failed to provide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> Krakus ordered his sons to slay the dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> Since they could not slay it by hand,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> they tricked the dragon into eating calfskins filled with burning sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> Once the dragon was dead, the younger brother attacked and murdered his older brother and returned home to claim all the glory for himself,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> telling his father that his brother had died fighting the dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> The younger brother became king after his father died, but his secret was eventually revealed and he was banished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> In the fifteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a> rewrote the story so that King Krakus himself was the one who slew the dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESikorski1997235-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitowska-ŁysiakWolicka1999231-175">[175]</a> Another version of the story told by <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Bielski" title="Marcin Bielski">Marcin Bielski</a> instead has the clever shoemaker Skuba come up with the idea for slaying the dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERożek198827-176">[176]</a> Bielski's version is now the most popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDębicka-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_depictions">Modern depictions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_popular_culture#Dragons_in_fiction" title="List of dragons in popular culture">List of dragons in fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smaug_par_David_Demaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Smaug_par_David_Demaret.jpg/220px-Smaug_par_David_Demaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Smaug_par_David_Demaret.jpg/330px-Smaug_par_David_Demaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Smaug_par_David_Demaret.jpg/440px-Smaug_par_David_Demaret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">fan illustration</a> by David Demaret of the dragon <a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a> from <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s 1937 children's fantasy novel <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></figcaption></figure> Dragons and dragon motifs are featured in many works of modern literature, particularly within the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201296–98-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson201528-178">[178]</a> As early as the eighteenth century, critical thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> were already asserting that too much literature had been published on dragons: "There are already in books all too many fabulous stories of dragons".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s classic <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's novel</a> <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a> (1871), one of the inset poems describes the <a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwock</a>, a kind of dragon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201296-10">[10]</a> Carroll's illustrator <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a>, a famous <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">political cartoonist</a>, humorously showed the Jabberwock with the <a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">waistcoat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malocclusion" title="Malocclusion">buck teeth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Near-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-sightedness">myopic eyes</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> university lecturer, such as Carroll himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201296-10">[10]</a> In works of comedic children's fantasy, dragons often fulfill the role of a magic fairy tale helper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikolajeva201256-180">[180]</a> In such works, rather than being frightening as they are traditionally portrayed, dragons are instead represented as harmless, benevolent, and inferior to humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikolajeva201256-180">[180]</a> They are sometimes shown living in contact with humans, or in isolated communities of only dragons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikolajeva201256-180">[180]</a> Though popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, "such comic and idyllic stories" began to grow increasingly rare after the 1960s, due to demand for more serious children's literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikolajeva201256-180">[180]</a> One of the most iconic modern dragons is <a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a> from <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s classic novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201296–98-177">[177]</a> Dragons also appear in the best-selling <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> series of children's novels by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201296-10">[10]</a> Other prominent works depicting dragons include <a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Anne McCaffrey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dragonriders_of_Pern" title="Dragonriders of Pern">Dragonriders of Pern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Earthsea" title="Earthsea">Earthsea Cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>'s series <a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paolini" title="Christopher Paolini">Christopher Paolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Inheritance_Cycle" title="The Inheritance Cycle">The Inheritance Cycle</a>. Sandra Martina Schwab writes, "With a few exceptions, including McCaffrey's Pern novels and the 2002 film Reign of Fire, dragons seem to fit more into the medievalized setting of fantasy literature than into the more technological world of science fiction. Indeed, they have been called the emblem of fantasy. The hero's fight against the dragon emphasizes and celebrates his masculinity, whereas revisionist fantasies of dragons and dragon-slaying often undermine traditional gender roles. In children's literature (such as <a href="/wiki/Cressida_Cowell" title="Cressida Cowell">Cressida Cowell's</a> <a href="/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(novel_series)" title="How to Train Your Dragon (novel series)">How to Train Your Dragon</a> series) the friendly dragon may become a powerful ally in battling the child's fears."<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The popular <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> system <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a> (D&D) makes heavy use of <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" title="Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons)">dragons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201298-11">[11]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabberwocky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Tenniel's illustration of the Jabberwock for Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, showing the dragon as a myopic professor[10]"><img alt="John Tenniel's illustration of the Jabberwock for Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, showing the dragon as a myopic professor[10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/200px-Jabberwocky.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/300px-Jabberwocky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/400px-Jabberwocky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4238" data-file-height="6362" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a>'s illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwock</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a>, showing the dragon as a <a href="/wiki/Near-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-sightedness">myopic</a> professor<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201296-10">[10]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gringotts_Dragon_(42428011465).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fire-breathing statue of the Ukrainian Ironbelly from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 at Universal Studios Florida"><img alt="Fire-breathing statue of the Ukrainian Ironbelly from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 at Universal Studios Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gringotts_Dragon_%2842428011465%29.jpg/450px-Gringotts_Dragon_%2842428011465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gringotts_Dragon_%2842428011465%29.jpg/675px-Gringotts_Dragon_%2842428011465%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gringotts_Dragon_%2842428011465%29.jpg/900px-Gringotts_Dragon_%2842428011465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fire-breathing statue of the Ukrainian Ironbelly from <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Florida" title="Universal Studios Florida">Universal Studios Florida</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DnD_Dragon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Representation of a dragon as it appears in the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons"><img alt="Representation of a dragon as it appears in the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DnD_Dragon.png/346px-DnD_Dragon.png" decoding="async" width="231" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DnD_Dragon.png/519px-DnD_Dragon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DnD_Dragon.png/691px-DnD_Dragon.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1302" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Representation of a dragon as it appears in the role-playing game <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaur" title="Balaur">Balaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Bat (heraldry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonology" title="Dragonology">Dragonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feilong_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feilong (mythology)">Feilong (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guivre" title="Guivre">Guivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichneumon_(medieval_zoology)" title="Ichneumon (medieval zoology)">Ichneumon (medieval zoology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton_Worm" title="Lambton Worm">Lambton Worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dragon_(2004_film)" title="The Last Dragon (2004 film)">The Last Dragon</a>, fictional 2004 documentary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_literature" title="List of dragons in literature">List of dragons in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of dragons in mythology and folklore">List of dragons in mythology and folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_popular_culture" title="List of dragons in popular culture">List of dragons in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokele-mbembe" title="Mokele-mbembe">Mokele-mbembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partridge_Creek_monster" class="mw-redirect" title="Partridge Creek monster">Partridge Creek monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peluda" title="Peluda">Peluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_serpent" title="Sea serpent">Sea serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snallygaster" title="Snallygaster">Snallygaster</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCc8TF53RhMC&pg=PA196">Beowulf; a heroic poem of the 8th century, with tr., note and appendix by T. 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Accessed 6 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201311-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgden201311_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgden201311_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgden2013">Ogden 2013</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201335-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201335_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201335_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201335_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiles2013">Niles 2013</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201336-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201336_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201336_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201336_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201336_24-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiles2013">Niles 2013</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201335–36-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201335–36_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiles2013">Niles 2013</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201336–37-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201336–37_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiles2013">Niles 2013</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201337-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201337_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiles2013">Niles 2013</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200113-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200113_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200113_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200113_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200113_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200113_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200113_28-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHornung2001">Hornung 2001</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung200144-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200144_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung200144_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHornung2001">Hornung 2001</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992166_30-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271_31-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992121_32-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980153-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980153_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980153_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980153_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFontenrose1980153_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFontenrose1980">Fontenrose 1980</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015130-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015130_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015130_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015130_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015130_35-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallentine2015">Ballentine 2015</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002103-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2002103_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2002103_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2002103_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2002103_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2002103_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2002103_36-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2002">Day 2002</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-tanin-translation-37"><a href="#cite_ref-tanin-translation_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownGeseniusDriverBriggs1906" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brown, Francis; Gesenius, Wilhelm; Driver, Samuel Rolles; Briggs, Charles Augustus (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/BDB%2C_%D7%AA%D6%B7%D6%BC%D7%A0%D6%B4%D6%BC%D7%99%D7%9F.1?lang=bi&with=About&lang2=en">A Hebrew and English lexicon of the Old Testament</a> (in Hebrew). Oxford: Oxford university Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-864301-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-864301-2"><bdi>0-19-864301-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hebrew+and+English+lexicon+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+university+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=0-19-864301-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Gesenius%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=Driver%2C+Samuel+Rolles&rft.au=Briggs%2C+Charles+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBDB%252C_%25D7%25AA%25D6%25B7%25D6%25BC%25D7%25A0%25D6%25B4%25D6%25BC%25D7%2599%25D7%259F.1%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3DAbout%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015129–130-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallentine2015129–130_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallentine2015">Ballentine 2015</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201314-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgden201314_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgden2013">Ogden 2013</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/bsb/isaiah/27.htm">"Isaiah 27 BSB"</a>. biblehub.com. Online Parallel Bible Project. Retrieved 25 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Isaiah+27+BSB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fbsb%2Fisaiah%2F27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002102-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2002102_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2002102_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2002">Day 2002</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_42-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_42-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2009">Morgan 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Daniel 14:23–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> For Azi Dahaka as dragon see: Ingersoll, Ernest, et al., (2013). The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00D959PJ0 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Appears numerous time in, for example: D. N. MacKenzie, Mani's Šābuhragān, pt. 1 (text and translation), BSOAS 42/3, 1979, pp. 500–34, pt. 2 (glossary and plates), BSOAS 43/2, 1980, pp. 288–310. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Detelić, Mirjana. "St Paraskeve in the Balkan Context" In: Folklore 121, no. 1 (2010): 101 (footnote nr. 12). Accessed March 24, 2021. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29534110">29534110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Kropej, Monika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSKrWkIBB0IC&pg=PA102">Supernatural beings from Slovenian myth and folktales</a>. Ljubljana: Institute of Slovenian Ethnology at ZRC SAZU. 2012. p. 102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-961-254-428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-961-254-428-7">978-961-254-428-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> III: 976–1066; V: 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/137665622MysticalDimensionsOfIslamAnnemarieSchimmel">Mystical dimensions of Islam</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 111–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807812234" title="Special:BookSources/0807812234"><bdi>0807812234</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73016112">73016112</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5422370M">5422370M</a>. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystical+dimensions+of+Islam&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5422370M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73016112&rft.isbn=0807812234&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F137665622MysticalDimensionsOfIslamAnnemarieSchimmel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavi,_Julio2008" class="citation book cs1">Savi, Julio (2008). Towards the Summit of Reality. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-522-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-522-8"><bdi>978-0-85398-522-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23179261M">23179261M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+the+Summit+of+Reality&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=George+Ronald&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23179261M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-85398-522-8&rft.au=Savi%2C+Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/gallery/dragon/dragon.html">"Rakhsh helping Rostam defeat the dragon"</a>. British Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527031848/http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/gallery/dragon/dragon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Rakhsh+helping+Rostam+defeat+the+dragon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Fcult%2Finside%2Fgallery%2Fdragon%2Fdragon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=231078&partId=1&searchText=Shahnameh&page=1">"Rustam killing a dragon"</a>. British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Rustam+killing+a+dragon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D231078%26partId%3D1%26searchText%3DShahnameh%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/corner/shah/synopsis.html">"Shahname Synopsis"</a>. British Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133912/http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/corner/shah/synopsis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Shahname+Synopsis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Fcult%2Finside%2Fcorner%2Fshah%2Fsynopsis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azdaha-dragon-various-kinds#pt1">"Azdaha"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511102415/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azdaha-dragon-various-kinds#pt1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Azdaha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazdaha-dragon-various-kinds%23pt1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babr-e-bayan-or-babr">"Babr-e-Bayan"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505023908/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babr-e-bayan-or-babr">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Babr-e-Bayan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbabr-e-bayan-or-babr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2001/Feb/7049.htm">"Chinese Dragon Originates From Primitive Agriculture"</a>. www.china.org.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230515054843/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2001/Feb/7049.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.china.org.cn&rft.atitle=Chinese+Dragon+Originates+From+Primitive+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2001%2FFeb%2F7049.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Guan, Caihua. (2001) English-Cantonese Dictionary: Cantonese in Yale Romanization. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9622019706" title="Special:BookSources/9622019706">9622019706</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery, Tuttle Publishing, 2008, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYangAnTurner2005105_59-13">n</a> <a 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861967322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861967322"><bdi>978-0861967322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scaled+for+Success%3A+The+Internationalisation+of+the+Mermaid&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0861967322&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Samguk_yusa" title="Samguk yusa">Samguk yusa</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The book of the genealogy of <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Taejo of Goryeo</a> – Pyeonnyeon-Tong-Long (편년통록) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">우리 옷 만들기. 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Min sokwon. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8956380223" title="Special:BookSources/978-8956380223"><bdi>978-8956380223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%9A%A9%2C+%EA%B7%B8+%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94%EC%99%80+%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Min+sokwon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8956380223&rft.aulast=Seo&rft.aufirst=Yeong+Dae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gould_(geologist)" title="Charles Gould (geologist)">Gould, Charles</a>. 1896. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythicalmonster00goulgoog">Mythical Monsters"</a>. W. H. Allen & Co. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVolker197563-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolker197563_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolker197563_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolker197563_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVolker197563_79-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolker1975">Volker 1975</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnam-culture.com/articles-221-34/Tale-of-Vietnamese-Dragon.aspx">"Tale of Vietnamese Dragon"</a>. 4 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302081526/https://www.vietnam-culture.com/articles-221-34/Tale-of-Vietnamese-Dragon.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tale+of+Vietnamese+Dragon&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnam-culture.com%2Farticles-221-34%2FTale-of-Vietnamese-Dragon.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen_Van_Ky2002" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen Van Ky (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPQfqQB_7K0C&pg=PA91">"Rethinking the Status of Vietnamese Women in Folklore and Oral History"</a>. In Bousquet, Gisèle; Brocheux, Pierre (eds.). Viêt Nam Exposé: French Scholarship on Twentieth-century Vietnamese Society. University of Michigan Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06805-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06805-9"><bdi>0-472-06805-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Status+of+Vietnamese+Women+in+Folklore+and+Oral+History&rft.btitle=Vi%C3%AAt+Nam+Expos%C3%A9%3A+French+Scholarship+on+Twentieth-century+Vietnamese+Society&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-472-06805-9&rft.au=Nguyen+Van+Ky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPQfqQB_7K0C%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007255–257-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007255–257_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, pp. 255–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007256–257-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007256–257_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden201316-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgden201316_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgden2013">Ogden 2013</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007257-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007257_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007257_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007260-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007260_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007260_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007260_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007260_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007260_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007260_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007260_86-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Waddell" title="Laurence Waddell">Waddell, Laurence</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYwcfE_bLUC&q=Bhutan+thunder+dug&pg=PA199">The Buddhism of Tibet Or Lamaism</a>. 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(2011), Chance, Jane (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hkx472N8Bk8C&q=Dragons+in+Germanic+mythology&pg=PA7">Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might</a>, Praeger Series on the Middle Ages, Santa Barbara, California, Denver, Colorado, and Oxford, England, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02725-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02725-3"><bdi>978-0-313-02725-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Heroic+Tales+of+Monsters%2C+Magic%2C+and+Might&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California%2C+Denver%2C+Colorado%2C+and+Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Praeger+Series+on+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02725-3&rft.aulast=Fee&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHkx472N8Bk8C%26q%3DDragons%2Bin%2BGermanic%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontenrose1980" class="citation cs2">Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1980) [1959], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&q=Tiamat+dragon&pg=PA153">Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins</a>, Berkeley, California, Los Angeles, California, and London, England: The University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04106-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04106-2"><bdi>0-520-04106-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210508/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&q=Tiamat+dragon&pg=PA153#v=snippet&q=Tiamat%20dragon&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Python%3A+A+Study+of+Delphic+Myth+and+Its+Origins&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+California%2C+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=The+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-520-04106-2&rft.aulast=Fontenrose&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Eddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqeVv09Y6hIC%26q%3DTiamat%2Bdragon%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriarFerguson1993" class="citation cs2">Friar, Stephen; Ferguson, John (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ez8ZdOPxlukC&q=dragons+in+heraldry&pg=PA28">Basic Heraldry</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: W. W. Norton & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03463-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03463-1"><bdi>0-393-03463-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210355/https://books.google.com/books?id=ez8ZdOPxlukC&q=dragons+in+heraldry&pg=PA28#v=snippet&q=dragons%20in%20heraldry&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Heraldry&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-393-03463-1&rft.aulast=Friar&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dez8ZdOPxlukC%26q%3Ddragons%2Bin%2Bheraldry%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Garrett, Valery M. Chinese Dragon Robes. Oxford University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-90499-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-195-90499-0">0-195-90499-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiammanco_Frongia,_Rosanna_M.Giorgi,_RosaZuffi,_Stefano2005" class="citation book cs1">Giammanco Frongia, Rosanna M.; Giorgi, Rosa; Zuffi, Stefano (2005). Angels and Demons in Art. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-830-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-830-6"><bdi>0-89236-830-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels+and+Demons+in+Art&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-89236-830-6&rft.au=Giammanco+Frongia%2C+Rosanna+M.&rft.au=Giorgi%2C+Rosa&rft.au=Zuffi%2C+Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrasshoff1990" class="citation cs2">Grasshoff, Gerd (1990), Toomer, Gerald (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pR_nBwAAQBAJ&q=Ptolemy+Draco+constellation&pg=PA36">The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue</a>, Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, vol. 14, New York City, New York, Berlin, Germany, Heidelberg, Germany, London, England, Paris, France, Tokyo, Japan, and Hong Kong, China: Springer-Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-8788-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-8788-9"><bdi>978-1-4612-8788-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ptolemy%27s+Star+Catalogue&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany%2C+Heidelberg%2C+Germany%2C+London%2C+England%2C+Paris%2C+France%2C+Tokyo%2C+Japan%2C+and+Hong+Kong%2C+China&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Mathematics+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-4612-8788-9&rft.aulast=Grasshoff&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpR_nBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPtolemy%2BDraco%2Bconstellation%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaimerl2013" class="citation cs2">Haimerl, Edgar (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZXUGvXii4UC&q=Fafnir&pg=PA40">"Sigurðr, a Medieval Hero"</a>, in Acker, Paul; Larrington, Carolyne (eds.), Revisiting the Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09860-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09860-8"><bdi>978-0-203-09860-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210357/https://books.google.com/books?id=hZXUGvXii4UC&q=Fafnir&pg=PA40#v=snippet&q=Fafnir&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sigur%C3%B0r%2C+a+Medieval+Hero&rft.btitle=Revisiting+the+Poetic+Edda%3A+Essays+on+Old+Norse+Heroic+Legend&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-203-09860-8&rft.aulast=Haimerl&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZXUGvXii4UC%26q%3DFafnir%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hanlon, Tina (2003). "The Taming of Dragons in Twentieth Century Picture Books". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Fantastic_in_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts">Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts</a>. 14: 7–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Fantastic+in+the+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Taming+of+Dragons+in+Twentieth+Century+Picture+Books&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Tina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornung2001" class="citation cs2">Hornung, Erik (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SB_y56Vlz5kC&q=Ouroboros+dragon+ancient+Egypt&pg=PA75">The Secret Lore of Egypt: Its Impact on the West</a>, Ithaca, New York and London, England: Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3847-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3847-0"><bdi>0-8014-3847-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210357/https://books.google.com/books?id=SB_y56Vlz5kC&q=Ouroboros+dragon+ancient+Egypt&pg=PA75#v=snippet&q=Ouroboros%20dragon%20ancient%20Egypt&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lore+of+Egypt%3A+Its+Impact+on+the+West&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8014-3847-0&rft.aulast=Hornung&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSB_y56Vlz5kC%26q%3DOuroboros%2Bdragon%2Bancient%2BEgypt%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2005" class="citation cs2">Hughes, Jonathan (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9GdB5SIx4C&q=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth+Merlin+white+and+red+dragons&pg=PA106">"Politics and the Occult in the Court of Edward IV"</a>, in Gosman, Martin; MacDonald, Alasdair; Vanderjagt, Arjo (eds.), Princes and Princely Culture: 1450-1650, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13690-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13690-8"><bdi>90-04-13690-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210435/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9GdB5SIx4C&q=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth+Merlin+white+and+red+dragons&pg=PA106#v=snippet&q=Geoffrey%20of%20Monmouth%20Merlin%20white%20and%20red%20dragons&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+the+Occult+in+the+Court+of+Edward+IV&rft.btitle=Princes+and+Princely+Culture%3A+1450-1650&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands+and+Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-13690-8&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIg9GdB5SIx4C%26q%3DGeoffrey%2Bof%2BMonmouth%2BMerlin%2Bwhite%2Band%2Bred%2Bdragons%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngersoll,_ErnestHenry_Fairfield_Osborn2013" class="citation book cs1">Ingersoll, Ernest; Henry Fairfield Osborn (2013). The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore. <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: Cognoscenti Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781304112422" title="Special:BookSources/9781304112422"><bdi>9781304112422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Book+of+Dragons+and+Dragon+Lore&rft.place=Chiang+Mai%2C+Thailand&rft.pub=Cognoscenti+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781304112422&rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+Ernest&rft.au=Henry+Fairfield+Osborn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsgard,_Paul_AustinJohnsgard,_Karin1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnsgard" title="Paul Johnsgard">Johnsgard, Paul Austin</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karin_Johnsgard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karin Johnsgard (page does not exist)">Johnsgard, Karin</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C">Dragons and unicorns : a natural history</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21895-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21895-8"><bdi>0-312-21895-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222052607/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragons+and+unicorns+%3A+a+natural+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-312-21895-8&rft.au=Johnsgard%2C+Paul+Austin&rft.au=Johnsgard%2C+Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_-YacPDJu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation cs2">Jones, David E. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&pg=PP1">An Instinct for Dragons</a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92721-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92721-8"><bdi>0-415-92721-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227120129/https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1">archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016, retrieved 22 September 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Instinct+for+Dragons&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-92721-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP1uBUZupE9gC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2006" class="citation cs2">Kelly, Henry Ansgar (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&q=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&pg=PA12">Satan: A Biography</a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521604024" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521604024"><bdi>978-0521604024</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175301/https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&q=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&pg=PA12">archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satan%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521604024&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ansgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPIpQg0lRbMC%26q%3Dintitle%3Asatan%2Binauthor%3Akelly%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitowska-ŁysiakWolicka1999" class="citation cs2">Kitowska-Łysiak, Małgorzata; Wolicka, Elżbieta (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9h4AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Wawel%22">Miejsce rzeczywiste, miejsce wyobrażone: studia nad kategorią miejsca w przestrzeni kultury</a>, Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego [Scientific Society of the Catholic University of Lublin], <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788387703745" title="Special:BookSources/9788387703745"><bdi>9788387703745</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miejsce+rzeczywiste%2C+miejsce+wyobra%C5%BCone%3A+studia+nad+kategori%C4%85+miejsca+w+przestrzeni+kultury&rft.pub=Towarzystwo+Naukowe+Katolickiego+Uniwersytetu+Lubelskiego+%5BScientific+Society+of+the+Catholic+University+of+Lublin%5D&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788387703745&rft.aulast=Kitowska-%C5%81ysiak&rft.aufirst=Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Wolicka%2C+El%C5%BCbieta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9h4AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Wawel%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittleton,_C._Scott2002" class="citation book cs1">Littleton, C. Scott (2002). Mythology: The Illustrated Anthology of World Myth and Storytelling. Thunder Bay Press (CA). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57145-827-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57145-827-1"><bdi>1-57145-827-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology%3A+The+Illustrated+Anthology+of+World+Myth+and+Storytelling&rft.pub=Thunder+Bay+Press+%28CA%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57145-827-1&rft.au=Littleton%2C+C.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1998" class="citation cs2">MacCulloch, J. A. (1998) [1948], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xyWvBAAAQBAJ&q=Nidhogg+Prose+Edda&pg=PA156">The Celtic and Scandinavian Religions</a>, Chicago, Illinois: Academy Chicago Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-897-33-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-897-33-434-5"><bdi>0-897-33-434-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219211008/https://books.google.com/books?id=xyWvBAAAQBAJ&q=Nidhogg+Prose+Edda&pg=PA156#v=snippet&q=Nidhogg%20Prose%20Edda&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+and+Scandinavian+Religions&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Academy+Chicago+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-897-33-434-5&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxyWvBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DNidhogg%2BProse%2BEdda%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation cs2">Mallory, J. 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(2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8i8WBXpf2BIC&q=dragons+in+western+Europe+during+the+Middle+Ages&pg=PA98">The Guardian of All Things: The Epic Story of Human Memory</a>, New York City, New York: St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01492-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01492-4"><bdi>978-1-250-01492-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219211010/https://books.google.com/books?id=8i8WBXpf2BIC&q=dragons+in+western+Europe+during+the+Middle+Ages&pg=PA98#v=snippet&q=dragons%20in%20western%20Europe%20during%20the%20Middle%20Ages&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guardian+of+All+Things%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+Human+Memory&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-250-01492-4&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8i8WBXpf2BIC%26q%3Ddragons%2Bin%2Bwestern%2BEurope%2Bduring%2Bthe%2BMiddle%2BAges%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2000" class="citation cs2">Mayor, Andrienne (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TwhfvU08UcC&q=The+first+fossil+hunters">The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times</a>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05863-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05863-6"><bdi>0-691-05863-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210913/https://books.google.com/books?id=9TwhfvU08UcC&q=The+first+fossil+hunters#v=snippet&q=The%20first%20fossil%20hunters&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Fossil+Hunters%3A+Dinosaurs%2C+Mammoths%2C+and+Myth+in+Greek+and+Roman+Times&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-691-05863-6&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Andrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TwhfvU08UcC%26q%3DThe%2Bfirst%2Bfossil%2Bhunters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2005" class="citation cs2">Mayor, Adrienne (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMsgQQkmFqQC&q=dragon">Fossil Legends of the First Americans</a>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11345-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11345-9"><bdi>0-691-11345-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210914/https://books.google.com/books?id=CMsgQQkmFqQC&q=dragon#v=snippet&q=dragon&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossil+Legends+of+the+First+Americans&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-691-11345-9&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMsgQQkmFqQC%26q%3Ddragon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2009" class="citation cs2">Morgan, Giles (21 January 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KV7aDQAAQBAJ&q=dragon">St George: Knight, Martyr, Patron Saint and Dragonslayer</a>, Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0785822325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0785822325"><bdi>978-0785822325</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+George%3A+Knight%2C+Martyr%2C+Patron+Saint+and+Dragonslayer&rft.place=Edison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Chartwell+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.isbn=978-0785822325&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKV7aDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddragon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning-Sanders1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Manning-Sanders" title="Ruth Manning-Sanders">Manning-Sanders, Ruth</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Dragons" class="mw-redirect" title="A Book of Dragons">A Book of Dragons</a>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-58110-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-58110-2"><bdi>0-416-58110-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Dragons&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-416-58110-2&rft.aulast=Manning-Sanders&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolajeva2012" class="citation cs2">Nikolajeva, Maria (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zWzlAgAAQBAJ&q=dragons&pg=PR13">"The development of children's fantasy"</a>, in James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 50–61, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72873-7"><bdi>978-0-521-72873-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210916/https://books.google.com/books?id=zWzlAgAAQBAJ&q=dragons&pg=PR13#v=snippet&q=dragons&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+development+of+children%27s+fantasy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Fantasy+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72873-7&rft.aulast=Nikolajeva&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWzlAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddragons%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiles2013" class="citation cs2">Niles, Doug (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRTAAAAQBAJ&q=Zmey+Gorynych+academic">Dragons: The Myths, Legends, and Lore</a>, Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-6216-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-6216-7"><bdi>978-1-4405-6216-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragons%3A+The+Myths%2C+Legends%2C+and+Lore&rft.place=Avon%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4405-6216-7&rft.aulast=Niles&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dRTAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DZmey%2BGorynych%2Bacademic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden2013" class="citation cs2">Ogden, Daniel (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=ancient+Greek+dragons">Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955732-5"><bdi>978-0-19-955732-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219210917/https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=ancient+Greek+dragons#v=snippet&q=ancient%20Greek%20dragons&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024, retrieved 5 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drakon%3A+Dragon+Myth+and+Serpent+Cult+in+the+Ancient+Greek+and+Roman+Worlds&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955732-5&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFQ2pAK9luwkC%26q%3Dancient%2BGreek%2Bdragons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmond2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Osmond, Andrew (2002). "Dragons in Film". <a href="/wiki/Cinefantastique" title="Cinefantastique">Cinefantastique</a>. Vol. 34. pp. 58–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinefantastique&rft.atitle=Dragons+in+Film&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Osmond&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dragon">"Dragon" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840146943" title="Special:BookSources/9781840146943"><bdi>9781840146943</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warrior+Saints+in+Byzantine+Art+and+Tradition&rft.place=Farnham%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781840146943&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScafAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin Litchfield</a> (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+Litchfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2015" class="citation cs2">Williamson, Jamie (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nGFOCgAAQBAJ&q=dragons+in+modern+fantasy&pg=PA28">The Evolution of Modern Fantasy: From Antiquarianism to the Ballantine Adult Fantasy Series</a>, New York City, New York and Basingstoke, England, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137515797">10.1057/9781137515797</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51579-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51579-7"><bdi>978-1-137-51579-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Modern+Fantasy%3A+From+Antiquarianism+to+the+Ballantine+Adult+Fantasy+Series&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137515797&rft.isbn=978-1-137-51579-7&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGFOCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddragons%2Bin%2Bmodern%2Bfantasy%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangAnTurner2005" class="citation cs2">Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Turner, Jessica Anderson (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGD5go6iCUYC&q=Dragon+Kings+Chinese+mythology&pg=PA108">Handbook of Chinese Mythology</a>, Handbooks of World Mythology, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533263-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533263-6"><bdi>978-0-19-533263-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chinese+Mythology&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Handbooks+of+World+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533263-6&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Lihui&rft.au=An%2C+Deming&rft.au=Turner%2C+Jessica+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGD5go6iCUYC%26q%3DDragon%2BKings%2BChinese%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragon" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Ninki_Nanka" title="Ninki Nanka">Ninki Nanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyami_Nyami" title="Nyami Nyami">Nyami Nyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaru_(mythology)" title="Amaru (mythology)">Amaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feathered_Serpent" title="Feathered Serpent">Feathered Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaasyendietha" title="Gaasyendietha">Gaasyendietha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peuchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuchen">Peuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snallygaster" title="Snallygaster">Snallygaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teju_Jagua" title="Teju Jagua">Teju Jagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhcoatl" title="Xiuhcoatl">Xiuhcoatl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalala" title="Apalala">Apalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">Bakunawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1mu" title="Bašmu">Bašmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_King" title="Dragon King">Dragon King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druk" title="Druk">Druk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuyanka" title="Illuyanka">Illuyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dragon" title="Korean dragon">Korean dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbu" title="Labbu">Labbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotan" title="Lotan">Lotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_dragons" title="Meitei dragons">Meitei dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhangba" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhangba">Pakhangba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaya_Naga" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaya Naga">Phaya Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(term)" title="Rahab (term)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanin%27iver" title="Tanin'iver">Tanin'iver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin (monster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vritra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poubi_Lai" title="Poubi Lai">Poubi Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangl%C4%81_Sh%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanglā Shā">Kanglā Shā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhdaha" title="Azhdaha">Azhdaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelbeghen" title="Yelbeghen">Yelbeghen</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_Guang" title="Ao Guang">Ao Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_(mythology)" title="Chi (mythology)">Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilong" title="Dilong">Dilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feilian" title="Feilian">Feilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feilong" title="Feilong">Feilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucanglong" class="mw-redirect" title="Fucanglong">Fucanglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(rainbow-dragon)" title="Hong (rainbow-dragon)">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong" title="Jiaolong">Jiaolong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panlong_(mythology)" title="Panlong (mythology)">Panlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulao_(dragon)" title="Pulao (dragon)">Pulao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiulong" title="Qiulong">Qiulong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenlong" title="Shenlong">Shenlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(mythology)" title="Teng (mythology)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong" title="Tianlong">Tianlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dragon" title="Yellow Dragon">Yellow Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglong" title="Yinglong">Yinglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhulong_(mythology)" title="Zhulong (mythology)">Zhulong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dragon" title="Japanese dragon">Japanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiyohime" title="Kiyohime">Kiyohime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuraokami" title="Kuraokami">Kuraokami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzury%C5%AB" title="Kuzuryū">Kuzuryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuchi" title="Mizuchi">Mizuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABjin" title="Ryūjin">Ryūjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyotama-hime" title="Toyotama-hime">Toyotama-hime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wani_(dragon)" title="Wani (dragon)">Wani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watatsumi" title="Watatsumi">Watatsumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamata_no_Orochi" title="Yamata no Orochi">Yamata no Orochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zennyo_Ry%C5%AB%C5%8D" title="Zennyo Ryūō">Zennyo Ryūō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em"><a href="/wiki/European_dragon" title="European dragon">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajatar" title="Ajatar">Ajatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaur" title="Balaur">Balaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisterne_Dragon" title="Bisterne Dragon">Bisterne Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ben" title="Blue Ben">Blue Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulshedra" title="Kulshedra">Bolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_dragon" title="Chuvash dragon">Chuvash dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cu%C3%A9lebre" title="Cuélebre">Cuélebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargouille" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargouille">Gargouille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guivre" title="Guivre">Guivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herensuge" title="Herensuge">Herensuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaculus" title="Jaculus">Jaculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guita_Xica" title="La Guita Xica">La Guita Xica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marraco" title="Marraco">Marraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilliph%C3%A9ist" title="Oilliphéist">Oilliphéist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peluda" title="Peluda">Peluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piast_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Piast Dragon">Piast Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dragon" title="Slavic dragon">Slavic dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaar" title="Sugaar">Sugaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugarin" title="Tugarin">Tugarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishap" title="Vishap">Vishap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Dragon" title="Wawel Dragon">Wawel Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dragon" title="White dragon">White dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilant" title="Zilant">Zilant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirnitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirnitra">Zirnitra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_of_Mordiford" title="Dragon of Mordiford">Dragon of Mordiford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knucker" title="Knucker">Knucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laidly_Worm_of_Spindleston_Heugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laidly Worm of Spindleston Heugh">Laidly Worm of Spindleston Heugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton_Worm" title="Lambton Worm">Lambton Worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sockburn_Worm" title="Sockburn Worm">Sockburn Worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoor_worm" title="Stoor worm">Stoor worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_dragon_(Beowulf)" title="The dragon (Beowulf)">The dragon (Beowulf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm_of_Linton" title="Worm of Linton">Worm of Linton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cychreides" title="Cychreides">Cychreides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphyne" title="Delphyne">Delphyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakaina_(mythology)" title="Drakaina (mythology)">Drakaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladon_(mythology)" title="Ladon (mythology)">Ladon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrausta" title="Pyrausta">Pyrausta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_serpent" title="Sea serpent">Sea serpent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png/150px-Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png/225px-Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png/300px-Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="826" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of dragons in mythology and folklore">Mythology and folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco (constellation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_dance" title="Dragon dance">Dragon dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon (zodiac)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_and_dragon" title="Princess and dragon">Princess and dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_popular_culture" title="List of dragons in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_film_and_television" title="List of dragons in film and television">Film and television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_games" title="List of dragons in games">Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" title="Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons)">Dragons in Dungeons & Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_literature" title="List of dragons in literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_(Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragons (Tolkien)">J.R.R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Dragonriders_of_Pern)" title="Dragon (Dragonriders of Pern)">Dragons in Pern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Dragons_(painting)" title="Nine Dragons (painting)">Nine Dragons painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-Dragon_Wall" title="Nine-Dragon Wall">Nine-Dragon Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_jar" title="Dragon jar">Dragon jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Memorial" title="Cádiz Memorial">Cádiz Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_and_Tiger_Pagodas" title="Dragon and Tiger Pagodas">Dragon and Tiger Pagodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boundary_mark" title="Dragon boundary mark">Dragon boundary mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Bridge_(Da_Nang)" title="Dragon Bridge (Da Nang)">Dragon Bridge (Da Nang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Bridge_(Ljubljana)" title="Dragon Bridge (Ljubljana)">Dragon Bridge (Ljubljana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_Island_Dragon" title="Merritt Island Dragon">Merritt Island Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_and_Dragon" title="Pegasus and Dragon">Pegasus and Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Eye_(symbol)" title="Dragon's Eye (symbol)">Dragon's Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_be_dragons" title="Here be dragons">Here be dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_curve" title="Dragon curve">Dragon curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heraldry713" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry" title="Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry" title="Template talk:Heraldry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heraldry713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_authority" title="Heraldic authority">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">Grant of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_heraldry" title="History of heraldry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_heraldic_arms" title="Law of heraldic arms">Law of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">Officers of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_heraldry" title="Civic heraldry">civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_armorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal armorial">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_arms" title="Burgher arms">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_heraldry" title="Women in heraldry">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">Attributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">Augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_(heraldry)" title="Abatement (heraldry)">abatement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_modern_arms" title="Ancient and modern arms">Ancient and modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_alliance" title="Arms of alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_courtesy" title="Heraldic courtesy">courtesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">Cadency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marks_of_distinction" title="Marks of distinction">distinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">Debased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_fraud" title="Heraldic fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">Marshalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impalement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_traditions_by_country" title="Template:Heraldic traditions by country">National traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_societies" title="Heraldry societies">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crowns and coronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">pavilion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">Attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasure (heraldry)">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(heraldry)" title="Line (heraldry)">Lines</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">Ordinaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulet_(heraldry)" title="Annulet (heraldry)">Annulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(heraldry)" title="Bar (heraldry)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordure" title="Bordure">Bordure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">Chevron</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99kawica_(ordinary)" title="Łękawica (ordinary)">Łękawica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compon%C3%A9e" title="Componée">Componée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Crosses in heraldry">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozier_head" title="Crozier head">Crozier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunch" title="Flaunch">Flaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goutte" title="Goutte">Goutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyron" title="Gyron">Gyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamade" title="Hamade">Hamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">Inescutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">Lozenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">Orle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(heraldry)" title="Pall (heraldry)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)" title="Pile (heraldry)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">Roundel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">Bezant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">Saltire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle#In_heraldry" title="Cattle">Bull/ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound_(heraldry)" title="Hound (heraldry)">Dog/hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Camelopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer#Heraldic" title="Deer">Hind/stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alerion" title="Alerion">Alerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Black swan emblems and popular culture">Black swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster#Emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_(heraldry)" title="Crow (heraldry)">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szaszor" title="Szaszor">Szaszor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przepaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Przepaska">Przepaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican#Heraldry" title="Pelican">Pelican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_(heraldry)" title="Bee (heraldry)">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapaud#Heraldry" title="Crapaud">Crapaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_(heraldry)" title="Emmet (heraldry)">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_(heraldry)" title="Ged (heraldry)">Ged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox#Heraldry" title="Esox">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis#Heraldry" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Reremouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Badge" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Flags_and_heraldry" title="Serpent symbolism">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocamelus" title="Allocamelus">Allocamelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphyn" title="Alphyn">Alphyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_(heraldry)" title="Enfield (heraldry)">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin/Keythong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampago" title="Lampago">Lampago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">Manticore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musimon" title="Musimon">Musimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(mythical_creature)" title="Pantheon (mythical creature)">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanders_in_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders in folklore">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyger_(heraldry)" title="Tyger (heraldry)">Tyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">Winged lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Woodwose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_(mythical_creature)" title="Yale (mythical creature)">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath#As_used_in_heraldry" title="Laurel wreath">Laurel wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak#Regional_and_state" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">Trefoil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip#Heraldry" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Waterlily/Seeblatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_knot" title="Heraldic knot">Knots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourchier_knot" title="Bourchier knot">Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Cavendish/Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacre_knot" title="Dacre knot">Dacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_knot" title="Harrington knot">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hastings/Hungerford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_knot" title="Heneage knot">Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckaert_knot" title="Hinckaert knot">Hinckaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hungerford knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_knot" title="Lacy knot">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Ormonde/Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_knot" title="Stafford knot">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Tristram/Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Wake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>   <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (white)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (gold)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>   <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> (red)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (black)</li> <li>   <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> (blue)</li> <li>   <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> (green)</li> <li>   <a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> (purple)1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Furs" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Furs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/7px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/11px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/14px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Pean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/15px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/23px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/30px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vair#Potent" title="Vair">Potent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> (mulberry)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> (blood red)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rare metals1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  <a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">Copper</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (metal in the United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rare colours1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(35deg, transparent 0, transparent 5px, white 5px, white 6px, transparent 5px, transparent 7px, white 7px, white 8px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu celeste</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a> (brown)</li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#In_Canadian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (color in Canada)</li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Ochre#In_heraldry" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realistic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Proper" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_hatchment" title="Funerary hatchment">Hatchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Roll of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_armorials" title="Illyrian armorials">Illyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">equestrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state emblems">socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" title="List of oldest heraldry">List of oldest heraldry</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/22px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/29px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry/Web_resources" title="Portal:Heraldry/Web resources">resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction451" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom">Harry Potter fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horror_fiction332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horror_fiction" title="Template talk:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horror_fiction332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anime" title="List of horror anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_games" title="List of horror games">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_Faust" title="Works based on Faust">Faustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_horror" title="Erotic horror">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_erotica" title="Monster erotica">Monster erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_pornography" title="Zombie pornography">Zombie pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_fiction" title="American Gothic fiction">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_themes_in_horror_fiction" title="LGBTQ themes in horror fiction">LGBTQ themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reptiles_in_culture84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiles_in_culture" title="Template:Reptiles in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reptiles_in_culture" title="Template talk:Reptiles in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiles_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reptiles in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reptiles_in_culture84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reptiles_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles in culture">Reptiles in culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dinosaurs" title="Cultural depictions of dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs" title="Crystal Palace Dinosaurs">Crystal Palace Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park" title="Jurassic Park">Jurassic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus_in_popular_culture" title="Stegosaurus in popular culture">Stegosaurus in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_in_popular_culture" title="Tyrannosaurus in popular culture">Tyrannosaurus in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG/70px-Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG/105px-Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG/140px-Charmeur_de_serpents_%C3%A0_Jaipur_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">Snakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">Caduceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_of_Asclepius" title="Rod of Asclepius">Rod of Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">Snakebite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_charming" title="Snake charming">Snake charming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">Serpent (symbolism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_worship" title="Snake worship">Snake worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_turtles" title="Cultural depictions of turtles">Cultural depictions of turtles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bixi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (mythology)">Bixi (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Native_American_folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (Native American folklore)">Turtle Island (Native American folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turtle" title="World Turtle">World Turtle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">Crocodile farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_tears" title="Crocodile tears">Crocodile tears</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox990" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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