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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Calvo_Sotelo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Calvo_Sotelo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Murder of Calvo Sotelo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Calvo_Sotelo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beginning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_in_military_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_in_military_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Coup in military districts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coup_in_military_districts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coup in military districts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coup_in_military_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Madrid_(1st_Division)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrid_(1st_Division)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Madrid (1st Division)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madrid_(1st_Division)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seville_(2nd_Division)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seville_(2nd_Division)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Seville (2nd Division)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seville_(2nd_Division)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valencia_(3rd_Division)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valencia_(3rd_Division)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Valencia (3rd Division)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valencia_(3rd_Division)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barcelona_(4th_Division)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barcelona_(4th_Division)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Barcelona (4th Division)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barcelona_(4th_Division)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaragoza_(5th_Division)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaragoza_(5th_Division)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Zaragoza (5th Division)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaragoza_(5th_Division)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burgos_(6th_Division)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burgos_(6th_Division)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Burgos (6th Division)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burgos_(6th_Division)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valladolid_(7th_Division)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valladolid_(7th_Division)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Valladolid (7th Division)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valladolid_(7th_Division)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Coruña_(8th_Division)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Coruña_(8th_Division)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>La Coruña (8th Division)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Coruña_(8th_Division)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish coup of July 1936</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_1936_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="انقلاب يوليو 1936 في إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انقلاب يوليو 1936 في إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87_%D1%83_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_(1936)" title="Путч у Іспаніі (1936) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Путч у Іспаніі (1936)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1936)" title="Опит за държавен преврат в Испания (1936) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Опит за държавен преврат в Испания (1936)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taol-Stad_Gouhere_1936_e_Spagn" title="Taol-Stad Gouhere 1936 e Spagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Taol-Stad Gouhere 1936 e Spagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop_d%27estat_del_18_de_juliol" title="Cop d'estat del 18 de juliol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cop d'estat del 18 de juliol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_en_Espa%C3%B1a_de_julio_de_1936" title="Golpe de Estado en España de julio de 1936 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Golpe de Estado en España de julio de 1936" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%89o_de_la_17-a_kaj_la_18-a_de_julio_1936" title="Puĉo de la 17-a kaj la 18-a de julio 1936 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Puĉo de la 17-a kaj la 18-a de julio 1936" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936ko_uztaileko_Espainiako_estatu-kolpea" title="1936ko uztaileko Espainiako estatu-kolpea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1936ko uztaileko Espainiako estatu-kolpea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%C3%A8vement_nationaliste_des_17_et_18_juillet_1936_en_Espagne" title="Soulèvement nationaliste des 17 et 18 juillet 1936 en Espagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soulèvement nationaliste des 17 et 18 juillet 1936 en Espagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_do_18_de_xullo_de_1936" title="Golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%EB%85%84_7%EC%9B%94_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EC%BF%A0%EB%8D%B0%ED%83%80" title="1936년 7월 스페인 쿠데타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1936년 7월 스페인 쿠데타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpo_di_Stato_spagnolo_del_luglio_1936" title="Colpo di Stato spagnolo del luglio 1936 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colpo di Stato spagnolo del luglio 1936" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_staatsgreep_van_juli_1936" title="Spaanse staatsgreep van juli 1936 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaanse staatsgreep van juli 1936" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_na_Espanha_em_julho_de_1936" title="Golpe de Estado na Espanha em julho de 1936 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Golpe de Estado na Espanha em julho de 1936" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87_17%E2%80%9418_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Путч 17—18 июля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Путч 17—18 июля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%83_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8_(1936)" title="Државни удар у Шпанији (1936) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државни удар у Шпанији (1936)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_(1936)" title="Військовий заколот в Іспанії (1936) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військовий заколот в Іспанії (1936)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Spanish coup of July 1936</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_troops_during_the_July_1936_uprising_in_Barcelona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Republican soldiers and Assault Guards fighting in Barcelona during the uprising" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Republican_troops_during_the_July_1936_uprising_in_Barcelona.jpg/300px-Republican_troops_during_the_July_1936_uprising_in_Barcelona.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Republican_troops_during_the_July_1936_uprising_in_Barcelona.jpg/450px-Republican_troops_during_the_July_1936_uprising_in_Barcelona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Republican_troops_during_the_July_1936_uprising_in_Barcelona.jpg/600px-Republican_troops_during_the_July_1936_uprising_in_Barcelona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2524" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Republicans_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicans (Spanish Civil War)">Republican</a> soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Assault_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault Guards">Assault Guards</a> fighting in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> during the uprising</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>17–21 July 1936</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Start of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> </p> <ul><li>Rebel failure to overthrow the Spanish government</li> <li>Government failure to fully suppress the rebellion</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish government</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Army rebels</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">José Giral</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Casares_Quiroga" title="Santiago Casares Quiroga">Santiago Casares</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miaja" title="José Miaja">José Miaja</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Goded_Llopis" title="Manuel Goded Llopis">Manuel Goded</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/23px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/35px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bandera_FE_JONS.svg/45px-Bandera_FE_JONS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" 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aria-labelledby="Spanish_Civil_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War"><span class="wrap">Spanish Civil War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of battles in the Spanish Civil War">List of battles</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">July 1936 uprising</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Revolution</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Melilla" title="July 1936 military uprising in Melilla">Melilla</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Seville" title="July 1936 military uprising in Seville">Seville</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Barcelona" title="July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona">1st Barcelona</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Monta%C3%B1a_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Montaña barracks">Cuartel de la Montaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gij%C3%B3n" title="Siege of Gijón">Gijón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oviedo" title="Siege of Oviedo">Oviedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Loyola_barracks" title="Siege of the Loyola barracks">Cuartel de Loyola</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1936_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1936 in the Spanish Civil War">1936</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="German involvement in the Spanish Civil War">German intervention</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadarrama" title="Battle of Guadarrama">Guadarrama</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusia_campaign" title="Andalusia campaign">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Extremadura_campaign" title="Extremadura campaign">Extremadura</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_de_la_Victoria" title="Convoy de la Victoria">Convoy de la Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almendralejo" title="Battle of Almendralejo">Almendralejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sig%C3%BCenza" title="Battle of Sigüenza">Sigüenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Battle of Mérida">1st Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badajoz_(1936)" title="Battle of Badajoz (1936)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majorca" title="Battle of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sierra_Guadalupe" title="Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe">Sierra Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_offensive" title="Córdoba offensive">Córdoba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Gipuzkoa" title="Campaign of Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Irún">Irún</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Pelado" title="Battle of Monte Pelado">Monte Pelado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera_de_la_Reina_(1936)" title="Battle of Talavera de la Reina (1936)">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santuario_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Cabeza" title="Siege of Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza">Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_uprising_in_Spanish_Guinea" title="1936 uprising in Spanish Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Muriano" title="Battle of Cerro Muriano">Cerro Muriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel_(1936)" title="Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)">Cape Spartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sese%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Seseña">Seseña</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">Madrid</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Universitaria" title="Battle of Ciudad Universitaria">Ciudad Universitaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="First Battle of the Corunna Road">1st Corunna Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villarreal_Offensive" title="Villarreal Offensive">Villarreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ursula" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ursula"><i>Ursula</i></a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aceituna_Campaign" title="Aceituna Campaign">Aceituna</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopera" title="Battle of Lopera">Lopera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="Second Battle of the Corunna Road">2nd Corunna Road</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1937_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1937 in the Spanish Civil War">1937</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="Third Battle of the Corunna Road">3rd Corunna Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)" title="Battle of Málaga (1937)">Málaga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga%E2%80%93Almer%C3%ADa_road_massacre" title="Málaga–Almería road massacre">Road massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarama" title="Battle of Jarama">Jarama</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Machichaco" title="Battle of Cape Machichaco">Cape Machichaco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara" title="Battle of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozoblanco" title="Battle of Pozoblanco">Pozoblanco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_North" title="War in the North">War in the North</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantabrian campaign (page does not exist)">Cantabrian Sea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Biscay_Campaign" title="Biscay Campaign">Biscay</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Durango" title="Bombing of Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Guernica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bilbao" title="Battle of Bilbao">Bilbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santander" title="Battle of Santander">Santander</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asturias_Offensive" title="Asturias Offensive">Asturias</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Mazuco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of El Mazuco">El Mazuco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Bombing of Jaén">Jaén</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">2nd Barcelona</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)" title="Deutschland incident (1937)"><i>Deutschland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Bombardment of Almería">Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovia_Offensive" title="Segovia Offensive">Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huesca_Offensive" title="Huesca Offensive">Huesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Albarracín">Albarracín</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete" title="Battle of Brunete">Brunete</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza_Offensive" title="Zaragoza Offensive">Zaragoza</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">1st Belchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Cherchell" title="Battle of Cape Cherchell">Cape Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabi%C3%B1%C3%A1nigo" title="Battle of Sabiñánigo">Sabiñánigo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_L%C3%A9rida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Lérida (page does not exist)">1st Lérida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Teruel</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1938</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Valladolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Valladolid (page does not exist)">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alfambra" title="Battle of Alfambra">Alfambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1938)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1938)">Cape Palos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aragon_Offensive" title="Aragon Offensive">Aragon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Belchite_(1938)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Belchite (1938) (page does not exist)">2nd Belchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona" title="Bombing of Barcelona">3rd Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caspe" title="Battle of Caspe">Caspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A9rida_(1938)" title="Battle of Lérida (1938)">2nd Lérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gandesa_(1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gandesa (1938)">1st Gandesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Segre" title="Battle of the Segre">Segre</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Levante_Offensive" title="Levante Offensive">Levante</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaguer_Offensive" title="Balaguer Offensive">Balaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Bl%C3%A1zquez_Offensive" title="Los Blázquez Offensive">Los Blázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Alicante" title="Bombing of Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Granollers" title="Bombing of Granollers">Granollers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bielsa_pocket" title="Battle of Bielsa pocket">Bielsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Merida_pocket" title="Battle of the Merida pocket">2nd Mérida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Ebro</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gandesa_(1938)" title="Siege of Gandesa (1938)">2nd Gandesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cantabria_(1919)" title="SS Cantabria (1919)"><i>Cantabria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cabra" title="Bombing of Cabra">Cabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sant_Vicen%C3%A7_de_Calders" title="Bombing of Sant Vicenç de Calders">Sant Vicenç de Calders</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1939</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_Offensive" title="Catalonia Offensive">Catalonia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valsequillo" title="Battle of Valsequillo">Valsequillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_X%C3%A0tiva" title="Bombing of Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_La_Garriga" title="Bombing of La Garriga">La Garriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minorca_(1939)" title="Battle of Minorca (1939)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_uprising" title="Cartagena uprising">Cartagena</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Final offensive</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Spanish coup of July 1936</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a military uprising that was intended to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Second Republic</a> but precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nationalists_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalists (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a> fought against <a href="/wiki/Republicans_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicans (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a> for control of Spain. The coup was organized for 18 July 1936, although it started the previous day in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>. Instead of resulting in a prompt transfer of power, the coup split control of the Spanish military and territory roughly in half. The resulting civil war ultimately led to the establishment of a nationalist regime under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, who became ruler of <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a> as <i>caudillo</i>. </p><p>The rising was intended to be swift, but the government retained control of most of the country including <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>. <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> was taken by the rebels, and General <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Queipo_de_Llano" title="Gonzalo Queipo de Llano">Gonzalo Queipo de Llano</a> managed to secure <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, the rebels were hemmed into the Montaña barracks, which fell with much bloodshed. On 19 July, the cabinet headed by the newly appointed prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">José Giral</a> ordered the distribution of weapons to the unions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the defeat of the rebels in Madrid, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>, anarchists took control of large parts of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. The rebel <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Goded_Llopis" title="Manuel Goded Llopis">General Goded</a> surrendered in Barcelona and was later sentenced to death and executed. The rebels secured the support of around half of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a>, which totalled about 66,000 men, including large numbers who were on leave, as well as the 30,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">army of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2003315_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2003315-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army of Africa was Spain's most professional and capable military force. The government retained less than half the supply of rifles, heavy and light machine guns and artillery pieces. Both sides had few tanks and outdated aircraft, while naval capacity was reasonably even. The defection of many regular officers weakened Republican units of all types. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background of the Spanish Civil War</a></div> <p>Following elections in November 1933, Spain entered what was called by the left-wing parties the "<a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War#The_"black_biennium"" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">black biennium</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">bienio negro</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200666_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200666-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonsist_monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonsist monarchist">Alfonsist monarchists</a> continued to prepare<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200175_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200175-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received the backing of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones">José-María Gil-Robles</a>, the leader of the moderate-right <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights</a> (CEDA), supported a centrist <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a> minority government and controlled his party's more radical <a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">youth wing</a>. Monarchists, however, turned their attention to the fascist <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200669–70_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200669–70-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200670_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200670-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gil-Robles successfully used an anti-strike law to provoke and to break up unions, one at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200673–74_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200673–74-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to remove local councils from socialist control prompted a general strike, which was brutally put down, with the arrest of four deputies and other significant breaches of Articles 55 and 56 of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200675_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200675-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 September 1934, the minority government was replaced by a cabinet including the RRP and three CEDA members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200178_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200178-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">UGT</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">general strike</a> in early October 1934 was quickly put down throughout most of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200677_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200677-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> was put in informal command of the military effort against the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">Asturian miners' revolt of 1934</a> during which striking labourers had occupied several towns and the provincial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200678–79_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200678–79-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 30,000 workers had been called to arms in ten days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200180_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200180-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco's men, some brought in from Spain's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">army of Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200181_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200181-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acted horrifically by killing men, women and children and carrying out <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> when the main cities of Asturias were retaken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200679_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200679-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1,000 workers and about 250 government soldiers were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200184_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200184-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which marked the effective end of the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200679–80_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200679–80-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Months of retaliation and repression by both sides followed, and torture was used on political prisoners. Bombings, shootings and political and religious killings were frequent in the streets. Political parties created armed militias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200184–85_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200184–85-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200185_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200185-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, a new government under prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> saw CEDA increasing its share of ministries to five, with Gil-Roble becoming minister of war. The military was purged of left-wing members and reformed. Those loyal to Gil-Robles were promoted, and Franco was made chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200681_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200681-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contested under violent circumstances, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish general election, 1936">1936 general election</a> was narrowly won by a grouping of left-wing parties,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006145_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006145-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a>, which defeated the Nationalist group by less than 1% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200682–83_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200682–83-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, the Nationalists began to conspire to overthrow the Republic, rather than take control of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200683_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200683-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government was weak, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> led a minority government,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200684_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200684-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reconciliation would have been an enormous task.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200684_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200684-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acts of violence and reprisals spiralled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200685_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200685-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April, the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> (parliament) replaced <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a> with Azaña as president,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who however was increasingly isolated from everyday politics, and his replacement as prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Casares_Quiroga" class="mw-redirect" title="Casares Quiroga">Casares Quiroga</a>, was weak. </p><p>This watershed event inspired the right-wing to give up on parliamentary politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Preston1999_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston1999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarchist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="José Calvo Sotelo">José Calvo Sotelo</a> replaced CEDA's Gil-Robles as the leader of the right in the Cortes. CEDA turned its campaign chest over to the army plotter <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Preston1999_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston1999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001100_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001100-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, communists quickly took over the ranks of socialist organisations, which frightened the middle classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200690–91_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200690–91-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several generals decided that the government had to be replaced to prevent the dissolution of Spain, as they held professional politicians in contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200693_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200693-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_conspiracy_of_1936" title="Spanish military conspiracy of 1936">Spanish military conspiracy of 1936</a></div> <p>Following the election of 18 January, 1936, the Republican government in the winter and spring that year faced numerous challenges, not least of which was balancing itself between the threat posed by leftist unions, the counter for which might prove to be the continued support of the right-leaning military.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, Azana had undertaken reassignment rather than dismissal of suspect generals from their posts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco was relieved as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a> and transferred to command the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goded was replaced as <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General">Inspector General</a> and made general of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic islands">Balearic islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">Emilio Mola</a> was moved from leading the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a> to the post of military commander of <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed Mola to direct the mainland uprising, although the <a href="/wiki/1936_Carlist_coup_attempt" title="1936 Carlist coup attempt">relationship between him and Carlist leaders</a> was problematic. General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a> became the figurehead of the operation and helped to come to an agreement with the Carlists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mola was the chief planner and second in command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> José Antonio Primo de Rivera was released from prison in mid-March to restrict the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, government actions were not as thorough as they might have been since warnings by the director of security and others were not acted upon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694–95_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694–95-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 June, Prime Minister Casares Quiroga met General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Yag%C3%BCe" title="Juan Yagüe">Juan Yagüe</a>, who was accused of masterminding the growing conspiracy in North Africa. Yagüe managed, falsely, to convince Casares of his loyalty to the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200695_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200695-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mola held a meeting between garrison commanders in northern Spain on 15 June, and local authorities, on hearing of that meeting, surrounded it with civil guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200695_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200695-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Casares ordered their removal and said that he trusted Mola.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200696-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mola began serious planning in the spring, but Franco hesitated until early July, which inspired other plotters to refer to him as "Miss Canary Islands 1936".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco was a key player because of his prestige as a former director of the military academy, and as the man who suppressed the socialist uprising of 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was well respected in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Spanish Moroccan army</a>, Spain's strongest military force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200696-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a cryptic letter to Casares on 23 June which suggested that the military was disloyal but could be restrained if he were put in charge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200696-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casares did nothing, and failed to arrest or to buy off Franco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200696-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franco was due to be assigned control of Morocco in the new regime and largely sidelined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200697_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200697-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 5, an aircraft was chartered to take Franco from the Canary Islands to Morocco;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200698_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200698-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it arrived on July 14.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200698_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200698-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murder_of_Calvo_Sotelo">Murder of Calvo Sotelo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Murder of Calvo Sotelo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo</a></div> <p>On 12 July 1936 in Madrid, a member of the Falange, Jorge Bardina, murdered lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castillo_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Castillo (Spanish Civil War)">José Castillo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Assault_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault Guards">assault guards</a> police force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200698_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200698-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castillo was a member of the Socialist Party. The next day, members of the assault guards arrested <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="José Calvo Sotelo">José Calvo Sotelo</a>, a leading Spanish monarchist and a prominent parliamentary conservative; the original target had been Gil Robles, but he could not be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calvo Sotelo had protested against agricultural reforms, expropriations and restrictions on the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, which he considered to be <a href="/wiki/Bolshevist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevist">Bolshevist</a> and anarchist. He instead advocated the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guards shot Calvo Sotelo without trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo" title="Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo">killing of Calvo Sotelo</a>, a prominent member of Parliament, and the involvement of the police aroused suspicions and strong reactions among the government's opponents on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massive reprisals followed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the conservative Nationalist generals had already been in the advanced stages of a planned uprising, the event provided a catalyst and a convenient public justification for their coup, particularly that Spain had to be saved from anarchy by military, rather than democratic, means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The socialists and communists, led by Prieto, demanded for arms to be distributed to the people before the military took over, but the prime minister was hesitant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco's plane landed in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a> on July 14, but since he was based in <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, he would not have made the plane without the death of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Balmes" class="extiw" title="es:Amado Balmes">General Amado Balmes</a>, the military commander in Gran Canaria, who was killed in a shooting on July 16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006100_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006100-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether his death was an accident, suicide or murder is unknown:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006100_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006100-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balmes reportedly shot himself in the stomach by accident and died shortly after. Some conspiracy theories suggest that he was murdered, but he would have had enough time to denounce his murderers if they had existed, and the officer who certified his death as an accident was not a conspirator and remained loyal to the Republic during the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning">Beginning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1936.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1936.png/300px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1936.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1936.png/450px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1936.png/600px-Map_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War_in_July_1936.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Spain in July 1936, except for Spanish Morocco and the Canary Islands: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f49ac1; color:black;"> </span> Area under Nationalist control</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8393ca; color:black;"> </span> Area under Republican control</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The uprising was intended for 18 July, at 5 a.m. in Morocco; most garrisons in Spain were supposed to rise one day later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–56_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–56-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rising was intended to be a swift <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, but the government retained control of most of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rebel control in Spanish Morocco was all but certain. The 30,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Army of Africa">Army of Africa</a> was the professional elite of the Spanish Army. Many of its soldiers acted as mercenaries, and the vast majority of officers backed the rebel cause. The <i><a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">regulares</a></i>, troops recruited from the local tribes, were predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and were told that the Republic wished to abolish <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was discovered in Morocco during 17 July, which prompted it to be enacted immediately. By the scheduled time, Spanish Morocco had already been secured, as legionnaires moved into working-class areas and shot trade unionists. The army commander in eastern Morocco, General Manuel Romerales, and other senior officers loyal to the Republic were executed. Little resistance was encountered; in total, 189 people were shot by the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656–57_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656–57-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goded and Franco immediately took control of the islands to which they were assigned. Warned that a coup was imminent, leftists barricaded the roads on the Canary Islands on 17 July, but Franco avoided capture by taking a tugboat to the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 July, Casares Quiroga refused an offer of help from the CNT and UGT and proclaimed that only Spanish Morocco had joined the rebels and that the populace should trust legal methods to deal with the uprising. Handing out weapons would be illegal. The CNT and the UGT proclaimed a general strike, which was in effect a mobilisation. They opened weapons caches, some buried since the 1934 risings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paramilitary forces were better trained than the army but often waited to see the outcome of militia action before either joining or suppressing the rebellion. Quick action by either the rebels or anarchist militias was often enough to decide the fate of a town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–59_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–59-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_in_military_districts">Coup in military districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coup in military districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Spanish_armed_forces_(1936)" title="Breakup of Spanish armed forces (1936)">Breakup of Spanish armed forces (1936)</a></div> <p>In mid-1936, Peninsular Spain was divided into eight military districts, each home to one division. Most senior staff forming the local command layer were not involved in the conspiracy. Out of eight district commanders and commanders of respective divisions at the same time, there was only one engaged in the plot and adhered to the coup. Out of eight district chiefs of staff, there were three officers involved in the conspiracy,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three more joined the unfolding rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspiracy relied mostly on mid-range staff and line officers; they were expected to take control of the garrisons and either overpower their seniors or persuade them to join. In some districts, like Zaragoza or Valladolid, the conspiracy network was well developed, and Emilio Mola was confident of success. In other districts, like Valencia or La Coruña, the network was sketchy, and the plotters took into account a possible failure. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:12px; left; margin:5px"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"><b>Protagonists in military districts as of late July 17:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> red=loyal, blue=in conspiracy, no color=ambiguous/unknown</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>military district</th> <th>commander</th> <th>chief of staff</th> <th>plot leader</th> <th>appointed rebel district commander </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. Madrid</td> <td>Virgilio Cabanellas Ferrer</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Luis Pérez-Peñamaría</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Rafael Villegas Montesinos</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Rafael Villegas Montesinos</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Seville</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">José Fernández Villa-Abrille</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">Juan Cantero Ortega</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">José Cuesta Monereo</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Valencia</td> <td>Fernando Martínez Monje</td> <td>Adolfo Machinandiarena Berga</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Bartolomé Barba Hernández</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Manuel González Carrasco</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. Barcelona</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">Francisco Llano de la Encomienda</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Manuel Moxó Marcaida</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Francisco Mut Ramón</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Manuel Goded Llopis </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. Zaragoza</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Federico Montaner Canet</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. Burgos</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">Domingo Batet Mestres</span></td> <td>Fernando Moreno Calderón</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">José Aizpuru Martín-Pinillos </span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Fidel Dávila Arrondo </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. Valladolid</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">Nicolás Molero Lobo</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">Juan Quero Orozco</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Anselmo López-Maristany</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Andrés Saliquet Zumeta</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. La Coruña</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo</span></td> <td>Luis Tovar Figueras</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">Fermín Gutiérrez Soto</span></td> <td>- (not appointed) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madrid_(1st_Division)"><span id="Madrid_.281st_Division.29"></span>Madrid (1st Division)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Madrid (1st Division)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The district commander <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilio_Cabanellas_Ferrer" class="extiw" title="es:Virgilio Cabanellas Ferrer">General Virgilio Cabanellas Ferrer</a> was aware of the conspiracy but did not intend to join the coup. He was dismissed in the early hours of July 18 and imprisoned until 1939, replaced with <a href="/wiki/Luis_Castello_Pantoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Castello Pantoja">Luis Castello Pantoja</a>, at the time in <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>. Initially, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miaja" title="José Miaja">José Miaja</a> acted as a caretaker, but early in the morning of July 19 he was appointed the minister of war in the <a href="/wiki/Diego_Mart%C3%ADnez_Barrio" title="Diego Martínez Barrio">Martínez Barrio</a> government, and his caretaker role was taken over by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Cardenal_Dominicis" class="extiw" title="es:Manuel Cardenal Dominicis">Manuel Cardenal Dominicis</a>. Castello arrived in Madrid on July 19 but discovered he had just been appointed minister of war in the new <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">Giral</a> government. The same day Celestino García Antúnez was nominated the new district commander; by this time fighting was already in full swing. The divisional chief of staff, Colonel Luis Pérez-Peñamaría, was supportive of the plot but did not organise it. The rebel scheme was managed by other Madrid-based generals, especially <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Villegas" class="extiw" title="es:Rafael Villegas">Rafael Villegas</a> who featured as head of the rebellious Madrid troops, and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fanjul" class="extiw" title="es:Joaquín Fanjul">Joaquín Fanjul</a>. Miaja was probably sounded on his access, but he either declined or remained ambiguous. On July 18 Villegas cited some difficulties and remained passive; it was Fanjul who moved to the Montaña barracks and assumed the leading role. Pérez-Peñamaria pretended to be loyal. Once the troops of Fanjul had been defeated, the 1st Division was officially dissolved. Cabanellas and Pérez-Peñamaria were detained; Pérez-Peñamaria was tried for negligence and later tried also by the Nationalists. Villegas was also arrested and was soon executed by the Republican militia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:11px; float:right; margin:5px"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: small;"> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"><b>Control of provincial capitals as of July:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>capital</th> <th>18</th> <th>19</th> <th>20</th> <th>21</th> <th>day taken<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936_in_the_Albacete_province" title="Spanish coup of July 1936 in the Albacete province">Albacete</a></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td>29.03.39<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alicante</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>30.03.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Almería</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>31.03.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ávila</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Badajoz</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>14.08.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barcelona</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>26.01.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bilbao</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>19.06.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burgos</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cáceres</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cádiz</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Castellón</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>15.06.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ciudad Real</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>29.03.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Córdoba</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Coruña</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cuenca</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>29.03.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Girona</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>05.02.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Granada</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guadalajara</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td>29.03.39<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Huelva</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>28.07.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Huesca</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jaén</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>29.03.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Las Palmas</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>León</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lérida</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>03.04.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Logroño</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lugo</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madrid</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>29.03.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Málaga</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>08.02.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Murcia</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>31.03.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orense</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td rowspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oviedo</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palencia</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palma de Mallorca</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pamplona</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pontevedra</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salamanca</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>San Sebastián</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>13.09.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>S. Cruz de Tenerife</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Santander</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>26.08.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Segovia</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sevilla</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soria</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tarragona</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>14.01.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teruel</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td>22.02.38<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Toledo</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>27.09.36<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Valencia</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td>30.03.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Valladolid</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td rowspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitoria</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zamora</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zaragoza</td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#d33">R</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span></td> <td><span style="color:#fff; background:#36c">N</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seville_(2nd_Division)"><span id="Seville_.282nd_Division.29"></span>Seville (2nd Division)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seville (2nd Division)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Seville" title="July 1936 military uprising in Seville">July 1936 military uprising in Seville</a></div> <p>The district commander, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Villa-Abrille" class="extiw" title="es:José Fernández de Villa-Abrille">José Fernández Villa-Abrille</a>, and his chief of staff, Juan Cantero Ortega, were loyal to the government. The conspiracy network was headed by the staff officer comandante <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cuesta_Monereo" title="José Cuesta Monereo">José Cuesta Monereo</a>, who built an efficient structure, described by some as a "parallel staff". A few days before the coup, Villa-Abrille was invited to join. He declined, but nothing is known of him taking action against the plotters. According to Emilio Mola's plan, Queipo de Llano was to assume command of the rebel Seville troops. On July 18, Cuesta organised Queipo de Llano's takeover of the garrison. Villa-Abrille was incapacitated and detained, and later tried by the Nationalists and sentenced to prison. At the time of the coup, Cantero was on leave in <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>, where he assumed a wait-and-see attitude. He returned to Seville early August; the victorious Nationalists released him from all functions.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valencia_(3rd_Division)"><span id="Valencia_.283rd_Division.29"></span>Valencia (3rd Division)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Valencia (3rd Division)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neither the district commander, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Mart%C3%ADnez-Monje_Restoy" class="extiw" title="es:Fernando Martínez-Monje Restoy">Fernando Martínez Monje</a>, nor his chief of staff, Adolfo Machinandiarena Berga, was involved in the plot. The local conspiracy junta missed officers serving in critical positions. The most important of these officers was <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Barba_Hern%C3%A1ndez" class="extiw" title="es:Bartolomé Barba Hernández">Bartolomé Barba Hernández</a>, but he excelled in ensuring civilian, rather than military, support. <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Carrasco" class="extiw" title="es:Manuel González Carrasco">General Manuel González Carrasco</a>, who was initially marked to lead the rebels, was reassigned by Mola to lead the Barcelona rising and was reassigned to Valencia shortly before the coup. On July 18, a few conspirators tried to persuade Martínez Monje to join the insurgency, but the commander remained ambiguous, which was the position also adopted by Machinandiarena. Engulfed by doubts, González Carrasco remained rather passive. Many conspiring officers were ready to join the coup once orders were given by divisional command. For about two weeks, the Valencia garrison did not take a firm position. Eventually, Barba and González Carrasco fled to the Nationalist zone. Martínez Monje was reassigned to non-combat positions, and Machinandiarena was detained and tried, and later tried also by the Nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barcelona_(4th_Division)"><span id="Barcelona_.284th_Division.29"></span>Barcelona (4th Division)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Barcelona (4th Division)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Barcelona" title="July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona">July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona</a></div> <p>The district commander, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Llano_de_la_Encomienda" title="Francisco Llano de la Encomienda">Francisco Llano de la Encomienda</a>, was entirely loyal to the Republic. His chief of staff, Manuel Moxó Marcaida, was aware of the plot, and it is likely that he supported it. The key man of Mola's in Barcelona was Francisco Mut Ramón, a top member of the divisional staff who was supported by some local commanders. Mola's plan envisioned that the command of the rebellious Barcelona troops be assumed by Manuel González Carrasco, but shortly before the coup, he was reassigned to Valencia and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Goded" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Goded">Manuel Goded</a>. The latter arrived in Barcelona when the rebellion was already underway; Moxó immediately accepted his command. Llano de la Encomienda actively worked to suppress the coup, until he was detained by units loyal to Goded; his captivity lasted only a few hours. Once the military was overwhelmed by the crowd, Goded and Moxó were arrested and tried, the former executed by firing squad and the latter murdered by the militia. Mut Ramón escaped and made it to the Nationalist zone.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaragoza_(5th_Division)"><span id="Zaragoza_.285th_Division.29"></span>Zaragoza (5th Division)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zaragoza (5th Division)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the district commander, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabanellas" title="Miguel Cabanellas">Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer</a>, and his chief of staff, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Montaner" class="extiw" title="es:Federico Montaner">Federico Montaner</a>, were active conspirators. The conspiracy network was firm, and Mola was confident that the Zaragoza troops would help the coup. Though the conspiracy network was not extensive, the fact that both key military men were involved in the plot led to almost all troops in the district obeying the orders of the rebellious command. A few loyalist officers were quickly overwhelmed by the rebels. Despite his age Cabanellas led the action, and Montaner supported him as the chief of staff. As had been planned, Cabanellas remained in command of the Zaragoza military district after the successful coup.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burgos_(6th_Division)"><span id="Burgos_.286th_Division.29"></span>Burgos (6th Division)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burgos (6th Division)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The district commander, <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Batet_Mestres" class="mw-redirect" title="Domingo Batet Mestres">Domingo Batet Mestres</a>, did not take part in the conspiracy and actively tried to prevent any unrest. The interim chief of staff, José Aizpuru Martín-Pinillos ceded his post in early July 1936, to <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Moreno_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Fernando Moreno Calderón">Fernando Moreno Calderón</a>, who was not involved in the plot, but Aizpuru went on as the chief plotter. His network was so extensive that Mola, formally Batet's subordinate as commander of the Pamplona military region, was confident the 6th Division would be firmly with the rebels. On July 19, they took over critical posts of command. Batet firmly refused to join and was detained, tried and executed. Moreno joined in at the last minute after he faced resolute action of junior officers. As planned by Mola, after the successful coup the command of Burgos military district and the 6. Division was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_D%C3%A1vila" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Dávila">Fidel Dávila Arrondo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valladolid_(7th_Division)"><span id="Valladolid_.287th_Division.29"></span>Valladolid (7th Division)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Valladolid (7th Division)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The district commander <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Molero" class="extiw" title="es:Nicolás Molero">General Nicolás Molero Lobo</a> was not involved in the plot. The key person among the conspirators was the chief of staff, Anselmo López-Maristany, but in June he was posted to Madrid, and he kept co-ordinating the plot in Valladolid from the capital. His successor as chief of staff, Juan Quero Orozco, was not involved in the plot and was not aware of it unfolding. On the evening of July 18, a group of senior officers from Madrid, including Saliquet, Uzquiano, López-Maristany and Martín-Montalvo, led the takeover of the military structures, which involved a shootout with men of Molero, who was eventually detained. Later, Molero was tried by the Nationalists and sentenced to prison. Quero remained passive and eventually joined the rebels. In line with initial planning, the command of the Valladolid district was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Saliquet" title="Andrés Saliquet">Andrés Saliquet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Coruña_(8th_Division)"><span id="La_Coru.C3.B1a_.288th_Division.29"></span>La Coruña (8th Division)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: La Coruña (8th Division)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The district commander, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Salcedo" class="extiw" title="es:Enrique Salcedo">Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo</a>, was not aware of the conspiracy. The chief of staff, Luis Tovar Figueras, maintained sporadic and loose contacts with UME, but he neither took part in the conspiracy nor took any action against it. Key among the plotters was Fermín Gutiérrez Soto, a high-ranking member of the divisional staff. On July 18 and 19, the conspiracy network remained relatively disorganised, and no resolute action had been taken. Suspicious of his staff, in the early hours of July 20, Salcedo ordered the detention of both Tovar and Gutiérrez. It was the rapid counteraction of Gutiérrez and coronel Martin Alonso that produced the detention of Salcedo, who was later tried and executed. Tovar adhered to the coup. Given the sketchy insurgency scheme in La Coruña, Mola's plan did not envision any specific individual as local commander following the coup, a role that was temporarily assumed by <a href="/wiki/Enrique_C%C3%A1novas_Lacruz" title="Enrique Cánovas Lacruz">Enrique Cánovas Lacruz</a>, who had refused to take the rebel command a few times before he eventually accepted it.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the ruthlessness and determination of the supporters of the coup, the rebels failed to take any major cities, with the critical exception of <a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Seville" title="July 1936 military uprising in Seville">Seville</a>, which provided a landing point for Franco's African troops. The conservative and Catholic areas of <a href="/wiki/Old_Castile" title="Old Castile">Old Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (historical region)">León</a> fell quickly, and in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, the uprising was celebrated as if it were a festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government retained control of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a> was taken for the rebels with the help of the first troops from the Army of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200660–61_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200660–61-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, the rebels were hemmed into the <a href="/wiki/Monta%C3%B1a_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaña barracks">Montaña barracks</a>. The barracks fell the next day with much bloodshed. Republican leader Santiago Casares Quiroga was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Giral" title="José Giral">José Giral</a>, who ordered the distribution of weapons among the civilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200662_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200662-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This facilitated the defeat of the army insurrection in the main industrial centres, including Madrid, <a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Barcelona" title="July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> and the other main cities in the Mediterranean area,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–70_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–70-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it allowed the anarchists to arm themselves and take control of Barcelona and large swathes of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. In Barcelona, the official government lost control of security, essential services and welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006106–107_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006106–107-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the anarchists held back from demanding too much political power, which could have had even more severe consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006106–107_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006106–107-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Goded surrendered in Barcelona and was later condemned to death, although he had broadcast a message explaining his captivity over the radio, at the request of the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200669_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200669-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar Strait">Gibraltar Strait</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> transport planes provided by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, without any <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force" title="Spanish Republican Air Force">loyalist Air Force</a> interference owing to the confusion on the Spanish Republican side. The massive <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a> of troops from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a> was the world's first long-range combat airlift and allowed Franco's troops to join General Queipo de Llano's forces in Seville.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their quick movement allowed them to meet <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Mola" title="Emilio Mola">General Emilio Mola</a>'s Northern Army and secure most of northern and northwestern Spain, as well as central and western <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. The Republican Government was left controlling almost all of the Eastern Spanish coast and the central area around Madrid, as well as <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> in the north. </p><p> Mola was keen to create a sense of fear within Nationalist-controlled areas. There was a massive purge of <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> and a large part of the left, including some moderate socialists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006103_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006103-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When proclaiming martial law in Pamplona, Mola declared: "Re-establishing the principle of authority demands unavoidably that punishments be exemplary in terms of both their severity and the speed with which they will be carried out, without doubt or hesitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013179_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013179-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a subsequent meeting with mayors of the province of Navarre, he went even further: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is necessary to spread terror. We have to create the impression of mastery, eliminating without scruples or hesitation all those who do not think as we do. There can be no cowardice. If we vacillate one moment and fail to proceed with the greatest determination, we will not win. Anyone who helps or hides a communist or a supporter of the Popular Front will be shot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013179_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013179-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Orders such as these, to instill fear through systematic executions in captured cities, provoked a widespread hostile response. Acts of spontaneous revenge flared up in Loyalist areas with the random murders of perceived fascists, conservatives and Nationalists by excited mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013238_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013238-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of the coup was a polarization of Spain. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist</a> area of control contained roughly 11 million of Spain's population of 25 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell20049_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell20049-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels had secured the support of around half of Spain's territorial army, some 60,000 men. In Republican units, however, up to 90% of officers rebelled, defected or merely disappeared, and the loyalty to the Republic of those remaining was put into doubt. Some who disappeared would later turn up in Nationalist ranks. Collectively, this loss of trained officers considerably reduced the effectiveness of those regular military units still controlled by the government, as a new command structure had to be fashioned within these units. No such problem occurred in Nationalist units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199828_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199828-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of raw numbers, the Army of Africa, which was entirely under Nationalist control, had 30,000 men and was considered Spain's top fighting force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199828_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199828-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels were also joined by 30,000 members of Spain's militarized police forces, the Assault Guards, the Civil Guards and the <a href="/wiki/Carabinier#Spanish_Carabineros_under_the_Monarchy_and_Republic" title="Carabinier">Carabineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 50,000 members of the latter stayed loyal to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of weapons brought into sharp focus the challenge faced by the Republican government at the time of the coup. Of 500,000 government-controlled rifles, around 200,000 were retained by the government; 65,000 were issued to the Madrid populace in the days following the uprising. Of these, only 7,000 were usable; worse, 70,000 or so rifles were lost following early Nationalist advances in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199828_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199828-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicans controlled only about a third of both heavy and light machine guns; of 1,007 artillery pieces, 387 were in Republican hands, the remainder in those of the rebel Nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199820_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199820-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish Army had, before the coup, just 18 tanks of sufficiently modern design; here the Republicans had retained control of 10.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199821_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -10px; left: -250px; width: 480px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1936_coup_in_schoolbook_of_Francoism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="coup in later Francoist schoolbook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1936_coup_in_schoolbook_of_Francoism.jpg/480px-1936_coup_in_schoolbook_of_Francoism.jpg" decoding="async" width="480" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1936_coup_in_schoolbook_of_Francoism.jpg/720px-1936_coup_in_schoolbook_of_Francoism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/1936_coup_in_schoolbook_of_Francoism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1936_coup_in_schoolbook_of_Francoism.jpg" title="File:1936 coup in schoolbook of Francoism.jpg"> </a></div>coup in later Francoist schoolbook </div> </div> </div> <p>In regards to the navy, the Nationalists had seized control of just 17 warships, leaving the Republicans with 27. However, the two most modern (both <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canarias_class_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarias class cruiser"><i>Canarias</i> class</a>) were in Nationalist hands. Although not ready for service when the war broke out, the quality of Nationalist ships compensated for their lack in numbers. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy" title="Spanish Republican Navy">Spanish Republican Navy</a> in terms of personnel also suffered from the same problems as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army">Spanish Republican Army</a>: many officers had defected to the Nationalists, or had been killed after trying to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199821_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the concerns of a Republican officer that such a coup was imminent caused two-thirds of the available air capability to be retained by the Republican government. However, the whole of the air service was outdated; it was vulnerable during flight and susceptible to mechanical problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-22_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-22-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nationalist_military_equipment_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War">List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Republican_military_equipment_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War">List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Golpe de Estado de España de julio de 1936</i> or, among the rebels, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-ES">Alzamiento Nacional</i></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas (2001). pp. 196–198, 309: Condés was a close personal friend of Castillo. His squad had originally sought to arrest Gil Robles as a reprisal for Castillo's murder, but Robles was not at home and so they went to the house of Calvo Sotelo. Thomas concluded that the intention of Condés was to arrest Calvo Sotelo and that Cuenca acted on his own initiative, but he acknowledges other sources that dispute this finding.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas2003" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (2003). <i>The Spanish Civil War</i>. Penguin. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-141-01161-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-141-01161-0"><bdi>0-141-01161-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-141-01161-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2003315-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2003315_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2003">Thomas 2003</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200666-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200666_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200175-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200175_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200669–70-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200669–70_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200670-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200670_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200673–74-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200673–74_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200675-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200675_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200178-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200178_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200677-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200677_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200678–79-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200678–79_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200180-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200180_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200181-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200181_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200679-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200679_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200184-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200184_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200679–80-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200679–80_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200184–85-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200184–85_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200185-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200185_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200681-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200681_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006145-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006145_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200682–83-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200682–83_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200683-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200683_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200684-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200684_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200684_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200685-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200685_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne (1973). p. 642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston1999-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preston1999_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston1999_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Preston (1999). pp. 17–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001100-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001100_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas 2001</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200690–91-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200690–91_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200693-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200693_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzzo1969" class="citation book cs1">Puzzo, Dante A. (1969). <i>The Spanish Civil War</i>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 15–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Puzzo&rft.aufirst=Dante+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzzo" class="citation book cs1">Puzzo, Dante A. <i>ibid</i>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ibid&rft.pages=16&rft.aulast=Puzzo&rft.aufirst=Dante+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston19834–10_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston1983">Preston 1983</a>, pp. 4–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200694–95-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200694–95_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200695-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200695_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200695_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200696-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200696_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200697-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200697_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200698-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200698_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200698_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200698_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston200699-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston200699_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas (1987). p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas (2001). pp. 196–198, 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006100-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006100_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006100_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Stanley G., and Jesús Palacios. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres, 2014, p.537</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitlam, Nicholas. Four Weeks One Summer: When it All Went Wrong. Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–56-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200655–56_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006102_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656–57-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200656–57_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–59-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–59_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pérez-Peñamaria in Madrid, Moxó in Barcelona and Montaner in Burgos, Arturo García Álvarez-Coque, <i>Los militares de Estado Mayor en la Guerra Civil española (1936–1939)</i> [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2018, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moreno in Burgos, Quero in Valladolid and Tovar in La Coruña, Álvarez-Coque 2018, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">referred after Álvarez-Coque 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 169–186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of late evening of a given day; source: Eduardo Palomar Baró, <i>El Alzamiento del 18 de julio en las capitales españolas</i>, [in:] <i>desdemicampanario</i> service, available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desdemicampanario.es/2015/07/06/el-alzamiento-del-18-de-julio-en-las-capitales-espanolas/">here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The day the city was finally captured by the Nationalists</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albacete was re-taken by the Republicans on July 25, 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guadalajara was re-taken by the Republicans on July 22, 1936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teruel was re-taken by the Republicans on January 7, 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A strong pocket of Nationalist resistance, limited to the Alcazar, kept repelling Republican advances until Toledo was captured by the Nationalist troops advancing from the South-West</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 151–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 186–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 195–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 155–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 159–163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 163–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200660–61-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200660–61_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200662-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200662_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–70-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200658–70_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 58–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006106–107-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006106–107_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006106–107_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200669-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200669_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeevor2006">Beevor 2006</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per photograph caption p. 146 and also text p. 201, <i>Air Power</i>, Budiansky, Stephen, Penguin Group, London England 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006103-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006103_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2006">Preston 2006</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013179-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013179_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013179_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2013">Preston 2013</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013238-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013238_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2013">Preston 2013</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell20049-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell20049_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestwell2004">Westwell 2004</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199828-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199828_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199828_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199828_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestwell200410_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestwell2004">Westwell 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199820-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199820_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199821_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199821_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-22-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowson199821-22_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowson1998">Howson 1998</a>, p. 21-22.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_coup_of_July_1936&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006). <i>The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84832-5"><bdi>978-0-297-84832-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84832-5&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson1998" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Gerald (1998). <i>Arms for Spain</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5556-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-5556-6"><bdi>0-7195-5556-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+for+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7195-5556-6&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (November 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/rebel-caudillo-francos-path-power">"From rebel to Caudillo: Franco's path to power"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>33</b> (11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=From+rebel+to+Caudillo%3A+Franco%27s+path+to+power&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=11&rft.date=1983-11&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Frebel-caudillo-francos-path-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2006). <i>The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge</i> (3rd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-007-23207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-007-23207-9"><bdi>978-0-007-23207-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Reaction%2C+Revolution+and+Revenge&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-007-23207-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2013). <i>The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34591-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34591-9"><bdi>978-0-393-34591-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Holocaust%3A+Inquisition+and+Extermination+in+Twentieth-Century+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-34591-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuzzo1969" class="citation book cs1">Puzzo, Dante A. (1969). <i>The Spanish Civil War</i>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold+Publishing&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Puzzo&rft.aufirst=Dante+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (writer)">Thomas, Hugh</a> (2001) [1961]. <i>The Spanish Civil War</i> (1st ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/395987">395987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F395987&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Westwell, Ian (2004). <i>Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground</i>. Spearhead. Vol. 15. Hersham, United Kingdom: Ian Allan publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-711-03043-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-711-03043-5"><bdi>978-0-711-03043-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Condor+Legion%3A+The+Wehrmacht%27s+Training+Ground&rft.place=Hersham%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=Spearhead&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-711-03043-5&rft.aulast=Westwell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+coup+of+July+1936" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template:Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_conspiracy_of_1936" title="Spanish military conspiracy of 1936">conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War_chronology_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War chronology 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War_chronology_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War chronology 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War_chronology_1938%E2%80%931939" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War chronology 1938–1939">1938–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of battles in the Spanish Civil War">List of battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">ERC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">POUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia">PSUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">UR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">FAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">UGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">PNV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="National faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_Autonomous_Right-wing_Groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups">CEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="International response to the Spanish Civil War">Foreign involvement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">Non-intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyon_Conference" title="Nyon Conference">Nyon Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet involvement in the Spanish Civil War (page does not exist)">USSR</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Группа советских военных специалистов в Испании">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="German involvement in the Spanish Civil War">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_military_intervention_in_Spain" title="Italian military intervention in Spain">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">CTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese intervention in the Spanish Civil War (page does not exist)">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viriatos" title="Viriatos">Viriatos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarusians_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarusians in the Spanish Civil War (page does not exist)">Belarus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%9E_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" class="extiw" title="be:Беларусы ў грамадзянскай вайне ў Іспаніі">be</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_concentration_camps" title="Francoist concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_children_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Evacuation of children in the Spanish Civil War">Evacuation of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_films" title="List of Spanish Civil War films">Films</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso)">Guernica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republic_at_War" title="Spanish Republic at War">Government during the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_gold_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow gold (Spain)">Moscow gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution</a></li> <li>Terrors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Women in the Spanish Civil War">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template:Women in the Spanish Civil War">navbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_women_Civil_War_sidebar" title="Template:Spanish women Civil War sidebar">sidebar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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