CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>German involvement in the Spanish Civil War - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8d41096b-b8a2-456c-ab1e-5a4faa180ce5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War","wgTitle":"German involvement in the Spanish Civil War","wgCurRevisionId":1262330327,"wgRevisionId":1262330327,"wgArticleId":31842251,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024","Articles containing German-language text","Good articles","Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War","Military of Nazi Germany","Military operations involving Germany", "Germany–Spain military relations","Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War","wgRelevantArticleId":31842251,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q27957425","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="878"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="585"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/640px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="468"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="German involvement in the Spanish Civil War - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War rootpage-German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=German+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=German+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=German+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=German+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Military_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Military operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivation_and_volunteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation_and_volunteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Motivation and volunteers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation_and_volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Intervention_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Intervention_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Non-Intervention Agreement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Intervention_Agreement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-Intervention Agreement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Intervention_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Control_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Control plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Early intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condor_Legion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condor_Legion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Condor Legion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Condor_Legion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Condor Legion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Condor_Legion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Vizcaya_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Vizcaya_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The Vizcaya Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Vizcaya_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Further campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Maritime operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maritime_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Maritime operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Maritime_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Condor_Legion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condor_Legion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Condor Legion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condor_Legion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kriegsmarine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kriegsmarine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Kriegsmarine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kriegsmarine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Ursula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Ursula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Operation Ursula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Ursula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Outcome </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outcome subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Political roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">German involvement in the Spanish Civil War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" > 8 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المشاركة الألمانية في الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المشاركة الألمانية في الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Удзел Германіі ў грамадзянскай вайне ў Іспаніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Удзел Германіі ў грамадзянскай вайне ў Іспаніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participaci%C3%B3n_de_Alemania_en_la_guerra_civil_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Participación de Alemania en la guerra civil española – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Participación de Alemania en la guerra civil española" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keterlibatan_Jerman_dalam_Perang_Saudara_Spanyol" title="Keterlibatan Jerman dalam Perang Saudara Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keterlibatan Jerman dalam Perang Saudara Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha_na_Guerra_Civil_Espanhola" title="Alemanha na Guerra Civil Espanhola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha na Guerra Civil Espanhola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Немачка интервенција у шпанском грађанском рату – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачка интервенција у шпанском грађанском рату" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="การมีส่วนร่วมของเยอรมนีในสงครามกลางเมืองสเปน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การมีส่วนร่วมของเยอรมนีในสงครามกลางเมืองสเปน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89" title="德国对于西班牙内战的干涉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国对于西班牙内战的干涉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27957425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&oldid=1262330327" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&id=1262330327&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGerman_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGerman_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27957425" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German involvement in the spanish civil war</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">German involvement in the Spanish Civil War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="584" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">aerial bombardment of Guernica</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1936 – 26 May 1939 (1936-07-29 – 1939-05-26)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data">Support <a href="/wiki/National_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="National faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Conflict</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Civil_War9350" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Civil_War9350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of battles in the Spanish Civil War">List of battles</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">July 1936 uprising</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Revolution</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Melilla" title="July 1936 military uprising in Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tetouan" title="Bombing of Tetouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Seville" title="July 1936 military uprising in Seville">Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Barcelona" title="July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona">1st Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Monta%C3%B1a_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Montaña barracks">Cuartel de la Montaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gij%C3%B3n" title="Siege of Gijón">Gijón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oviedo" title="Siege of Oviedo">Oviedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Loyola_barracks" title="Siege of the Loyola barracks">Cuartel de Loyola</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1936_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1936 in the Spanish Civil War">1936</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadarrama" title="Battle of Guadarrama">Guadarrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusia_campaign" title="Andalusia campaign">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremadura_campaign" title="Extremadura campaign">Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_de_la_Victoria" title="Convoy de la Victoria">Convoy de la Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almendralejo" title="Battle of Almendralejo">Almendralejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sig%C3%BCenza" title="Battle of Sigüenza">Sigüenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Battle of Mérida">1st Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badajoz_(1936)" title="Battle of Badajoz (1936)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majorca" title="Battle of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sierra_Guadalupe" title="Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe">Sierra Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_offensive" title="Córdoba offensive">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Gipuzkoa" title="Campaign of Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ir%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Irún">Irún</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Pelado" title="Battle of Monte Pelado">Monte Pelado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera_de_la_Reina_(1936)" title="Battle of Talavera de la Reina (1936)">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santuario_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Cabeza" title="Siege of Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza">Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_uprising_in_Spanish_Guinea" title="1936 uprising in Spanish Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Muriano" title="Battle of Cerro Muriano">Cerro Muriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel_(1936)" title="Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)">Cape Spartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sese%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Seseña">Seseña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">Madrid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Universitaria" title="Battle of Ciudad Universitaria">Ciudad Universitaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="First Battle of the Corunna Road">1st Corunna Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villarreal_Offensive" title="Villarreal Offensive">Villarreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ursula" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ursula">Ursula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceituna_Campaign" title="Aceituna Campaign">Aceituna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopera" title="Battle of Lopera">Lopera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="Second Battle of the Corunna Road">2nd Corunna Road</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1937_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1937 in the Spanish Civil War">1937</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road" title="Third Battle of the Corunna Road">3rd Corunna Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)" title="Battle of Málaga (1937)">Málaga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga%E2%80%93Almer%C3%ADa_road_massacre" title="Málaga–Almería road massacre">Road massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarama" title="Battle of Jarama">Jarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Machichaco" title="Battle of Cape Machichaco">Cape Machichaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara" title="Battle of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozoblanco" title="Battle of Pozoblanco">Pozoblanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_North" title="War in the North">War in the North</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantabrian campaign (page does not exist)">Cantabrian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscay_Campaign" title="Biscay Campaign">Biscay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Durango" title="Bombing of Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Guernica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bilbao" title="Battle of Bilbao">Bilbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santander" title="Battle of Santander">Santander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturias_Offensive" title="Asturias Offensive">Asturias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Mazuco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of El Mazuco">El Mazuco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Bombing of Jaén">Jaén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">2nd Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)" title="Deutschland incident (1937)">Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Bombardment of Almería">Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovia_Offensive" title="Segovia Offensive">Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huesca_Offensive" title="Huesca Offensive">Huesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Albarracín">Albarracín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete" title="Battle of Brunete">Brunete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza_Offensive" title="Zaragoza Offensive">Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">1st Belchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Cherchell" title="Battle of Cape Cherchell">Cape Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabi%C3%B1%C3%A1nigo" title="Battle of Sabiñánigo">Sabiñánigo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_L%C3%A9rida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Lérida (page does not exist)">1st Lérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Teruel</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1938</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Valladolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Valladolid (page does not exist)">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alfambra" title="Battle of Alfambra">Alfambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1938)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1938)">Cape Palos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragon_Offensive" title="Aragon Offensive">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Belchite_(1938)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Belchite (1938) (page does not exist)">2nd Belchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona" title="Bombing of Barcelona">3rd Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caspe" title="Battle of Caspe">Caspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A9rida_(1938)" title="Battle of Lérida (1938)">2nd Lérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gandesa_(1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gandesa (1938)">1st Gandesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Segre" title="Battle of the Segre">Segre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levante_Offensive" title="Levante Offensive">Levante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaguer_Offensive" title="Balaguer Offensive">Balaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Bl%C3%A1zquez_Offensive" title="Los Blázquez Offensive">Los Blázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Alicante" title="Bombing of Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Granollers" title="Bombing of Granollers">Granollers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bielsa_pocket" title="Battle of Bielsa pocket">Bielsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Merida_pocket" title="Battle of the Merida pocket">2nd Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Ebro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gandesa_(1938)" title="Siege of Gandesa (1938)">2nd Gandesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cantabria_(1919)" title="SS Cantabria (1919)">Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cabra" title="Bombing of Cabra">Cabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sant_Vicen%C3%A7_de_Calders" title="Bombing of Sant Vicenç de Calders">Sant Vicenç de Calders</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War">1939</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_Offensive" title="Catalonia Offensive">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valsequillo" title="Battle of Valsequillo">Valsequillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_X%C3%A0tiva" title="Bombing of Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_La_Garriga" title="Bombing of La Garriga">La Garriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minorca_(1939)" title="Battle of Minorca (1939)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_uprising" title="Cartagena uprising">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Final offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> German involvement in the Spanish Civil War commenced with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">outbreak of war</a> in July 1936, with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> immediately sending in air and armored units to assist General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and his <a href="/wiki/National_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="National faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist forces</a>. In opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> sent in smaller forces equipped with more advanced equipment to assist the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican government</a>, while <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and two dozen other countries <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">set up an embargo</a> on any munitions or soldiers into Spain. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> also signed the embargo, but simply ignored it. The war provided combat experience with the latest technology for the German military. However, the intervention also posed the risk of escalating into a general European war, for which Hitler was not ready. He therefore limited his aid, and instead encouraged <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a> to send in large <a href="/wiki/Italian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian army">Italian units</a>. Franco's Nationalists were victorious; he remained officially neutral in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, but helped the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> in various ways from 1940 to 1943, even offering to join the war on 19 June 1940 in exchange for help building <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain's colonial empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Spanish conflict lasted three years and was a smaller-scale prelude to the world war which broke out in 1939. Nazi support for General Franco was motivated by several factors, including as a distraction from Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Military_build-up" title="Nazi Germany">central European strategy</a>, and the creation of a Spanish state friendly to Germany to threaten France. It further provided an opportunity to train men and test equipment and tactics. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_operations">Military operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Military operations">edit</a>]</div> Hitler decided to support the Nationalists in July 1936. The <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> was used to carry the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a> to Spain. A Spanish-German <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Hispano-Marroqu%C3%AD_de_Transportes" title="Sociedad Hispano-Marroquí de Transportes">Spanish–Moroccan Transport Company</a> (HISMA) and an entirely German company, the "Raw Materials and Goods Purchasing Company" (ROWAK) were established. German transports moved nearly 2,500 troops from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a> to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-westwell16-3">[3]</a> Early intervention helped to ensure the Nationalists successes in the war's initial stages. The training they provided to the Nationalists proved as valuable, if not more so, than direct actions. From 29 July to 11 October the Germans transported 13,523 Moroccan troops and 270,100 kilograms of war material from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>; and it was Franco's African forces, thus transported and supplied, which were a decisive factor in the war. Germany signed the <a href="/wiki/Non-Intervention_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Intervention Agreement">Non-Intervention Agreement</a> on 24 August 1936, but consistently broke it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After a <a href="/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)" title="Deutschland incident (1937)">Republican air attack</a> on the German warship <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland" title="German cruiser Deutschland">Deutschland</a>, Germany and Italy said they would withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Non-Intervention_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Intervention Committee">Non-Intervention Committee</a> and from maritime patrols. Early June 1937 saw the return of Germany and Italy to the committee and patrols, but they withdrew from patrols following a further attack. The German military in Spain, who were later reorganised and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>, claimed to have destroyed a total of 372 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force" title="Spanish Republican Air Force">Republican</a> planes and 60 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy" title="Spanish Republican Navy">Spanish Republican Navy</a> ships. They lost 72 aircraft due to hostile action and another 160 to accidents. German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £43,000,000 ($215,000,000) in 1939 prices.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] German air crews supported the <a href="/wiki/Drive_on_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive on Madrid">Nationalist advance on Madrid</a> and the relief of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">Siege of the Alcázar</a>. The Condor Legion's aircraft were accompanied by two armoured units. By the end of 1936, 7,000 Germans were in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The Nationalists were supported by German units and equipment during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Madrid">Battle of Madrid</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarama" title="Battle of Jarama">Battle of Jarama</a> of February 1937. The fighting demonstrated the inadequacy of the Legion's aircraft compared to superior Soviet-made fighters.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_North" title="War in the North">War in the North</a> was supported by a constantly re-equipping Condor Legion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">Operation Rügen</a>, waves of planes bombed and strafed targets in <a href="/wiki/Guernica_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica (town)">Guernica</a> leaving 1,685 people dead and over 900 injured.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The offensive on <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> was supported by ground units and extensive air operations. It proved the worth of the Legion to the Nationalist cause. The Legion also took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete" title="Battle of Brunete">Battle of Brunete</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and both land and air forces were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Battle of Teruel</a>. Up to 100 sorties a day were launched during the Nationalists' counter-offensive. The continued Nationalist offensive on <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> in April–June 1937, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">Battle of Belchite</a>, involved bombing raids and the use of the Legion's ground forces.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 24–25 July, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army">Republican forces</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Battle of the Ebro</a>. Reconnaissance units of the Condor Legion warned Nationalists forces, but this went unheeded. 422 sorties by the Legion's aircraft had considerable effect. A reinforcement of the Legion enabled an important Nationalist counter-attack. At sea, the Maritime Reconnaissance <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)#Staffel" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)">Staffel</a> of the Condor Legion acted against Republican shipping, ports, coastal communications and occasionally inland targets. The German North Sea Group around Spain, part of the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>, consisted of the pocket battleships Deutschland and <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer" title="German cruiser Admiral Scheer">Admiral Scheer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_K%C3%B6ln" title="German cruiser Köln">Köln</a>, and four <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>. In addition, Operation Ursula saw a group of German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> active around Spain, but was ultimately a failure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivation_and_volunteers">Motivation and volunteers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motivation and volunteers">edit</a>]</div> In the years following the Spanish Civil War, Hitler gave several possible motives for German involvement. Among these were the distraction it provided from German re-militarisation; the prevention of the spread of communism to Western Europe; the creation of a state friendly to Germany to disrupt Britain and France; and the possibilities for economic expansion.<a href="#cite_note-westwell16-3">[3]</a> Although the offensive on Madrid was abandoned in March 1937, a series of attacks on weaker Republican-controlled areas was supported by Germany; despite prolonging the Civil War, it would help to distract the other western powers from Hitler's ambitions in central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-westwell29-8">[8]</a> The offensive on <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Vizcaya</a>, a mining and industrial centre, would help fuel German industry.<a href="#cite_note-westwell30-9">[9]</a> On 27 June 1937, Hitler (in a speech at <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>) declared he supported Franco to gain control of Spanish ore.<a href="#cite_note-thomas459-10">[10]</a> Discussions over German objectives for intervention occurred in January 1937. Germany was keen to avoid prompting a Europe-wide war, which at the time they felt committing further resources to Spain would do.<a href="#cite_note-thomas341-11">[11]</a> Contradictory views were held by German officials: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a> suggested it was merely a matter of graceful withdrawal; <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> stated that Germany would never recognise a "red Spain". A joint Italian–German decision, that the last shipments would be made by the start of February, was agreed.<a href="#cite_note-thomas341-11">[11]</a> German aid would therefore prevent a Nationalist defeat with a minimum of commitment.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Involvement in the Spanish Civil War had drawn Mussolini closer to Hitler, helping to get Mussolini's agreement for Hitler's plans for union (<a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The authoritarian Catholic, anti-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Front_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic Front (Austria)">Vaterländische Front</a> government of autonomous Austria had been successfully opposing the rise of Fascism,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and following the assassination of Austria's authoritarian chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> in 1934, had already successfully invoked Italian military assistance in case of a German invasion. Hitler's need to prevent an Italian invasion was settled with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Rome–Berlin Axis</a>, partway into the Spanish Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Around 5,000 Germans and Austrians served with the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, some of whom were <a href="/wiki/Political_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Political refugee">political refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Intervention_Agreement">Non-Intervention Agreement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-Intervention Agreement">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Non-intevention_control_zones_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Non-intevention_control_zones_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War.gif/200px-Non-intevention_control_zones_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Non-intevention_control_zones_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War.gif/300px-Non-intevention_control_zones_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Non-intevention_control_zones_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War.gif/400px-Non-intevention_control_zones_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Control zones, on establishment. Germany is in grey.<a href="#cite_note-thomas395-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> Non-intervention, and with it the <a href="/wiki/Non-Intervention_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Intervention Agreement">Non-Intervention Agreement</a>, had been proposed in a joint diplomatic initiative by the governments of France and the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-beevor374-18">[18]</a> in order to prevent the war from escalating into a major pan-European conflict.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> On 4 August 1936, non-intervention was put to Nazi Germany by the French. The German position was that such a declaration was not needed, but discussions could be held on preventing the spread of the war to the rest of Europe, so long as the USSR was present.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas257-20">[20]</a> It was mentioned at that meeting that Germany was already supplying the Nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas257-20">[20]</a> On 9 August, the Germans informed the British that 'no war materials had been sent from Germany and none will', which was blatantly false.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> One German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Ju 52</a> aircraft was captured when it came down in Republican territory. Its release would be required before Germany signed the Non-Intervention Pact.<a href="#cite_note-alpert44-22">[22]</a> There was a growing belief that countries would not abide by the agreement anyway.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a> urged the German government to either back the Nationalists more completely, and bring Europe to the brink of war, or abandon them. On the 24th, Germany signed.<a href="#cite_note-alpert44-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-thomas261-24">[24]</a> It was at this point that the Non-Intervention Committee was created to uphold the agreement, but the double-dealing of the USSR and Germany had already become apparent.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Germany consistently broke the agreement they had signed.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">It would have been better to call this the Intervention Committee, for the whole activity of its members consisted in explaining or concealing the participation of their countries in Spain<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, in his memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Non-Intervention_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Intervention Committee">Non-Intervention Committee</a> was established to enforce the Non-Intervention Agreement. Germany was represented by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Christian_Archibald_von_Bismarck" title="Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck">Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck</a> as deputy) but left the running to the Italian <a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Dino Grandi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> although they found working with him difficult.<a href="#cite_note-thomas278-29">[29]</a> It became clear the Non-Intervention Agreement was not preventing German aid to the Nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On 18 November, the German government recognised the Nationalists as the true government of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Germany met the request to ban volunteers on 7 January. Hitler himself authored the German declaration.<a href="#cite_note-thomas340-32">[32]</a> German uneasiness about the scale, limitations and outcomes of intervention in Spain remained.<a href="#cite_note-thomas340-32">[32]</a> German diplomats spoke as if their men in Spain were genuine volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-thomas341-11">[11]</a> However, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia continued to believe a European war was not in their best interests.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_plan">Control plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Control plan">edit</a>]</div> Observers were posted to Spanish ports and borders, and both Ribbentrop and Grandi were told by their governments to agree to the plan, significant shipments already having taken place.<a href="#cite_note-thomas394-34">[34]</a> The cost of the scheme was put at £898,000, of which Germany would pay 16 percent.<a href="#cite_note-thomas394-34">[34]</a> The German delegation appears to have hoped the control plan was effective.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In May, the Committee noted an attack on the German <a href="/wiki/Deutschland_class_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutschland class cruiser">pocket battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland" title="German cruiser Deutschland">Deutschland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bulletin3-36">[36]</a> Germany and Italy said they would withdraw from the Committee, and from the patrols, unless it could be guaranteed there would be no further attacks.<a href="#cite_note-bulletin3-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-thomas441-37">[37]</a> Early June saw the return of Germany and Italy to the committee and patrols.<a href="#cite_note-thomas456-38">[38]</a> It continued to be a crime in Germany to mention German operations.<a href="#cite_note-thomas456-38">[38]</a> Following attacks (attributed to Republicans by Germany, but denied) on the German cruiser <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Leipzig" title="German cruiser Leipzig">Leipzig</a> on 15 and 18 June, Germany and Italy once again withdrew from patrols, but not from the Committee.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Discussions about patrols remained complicated. Britain and France offered to replace Germany and Italy in patrols of their sections, but the latter powers believed these patrols would be too partial.<a href="#cite_note-bulletin7-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_intervention">Early intervention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early intervention">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-026-0122-32A,_Griechenland,_Kreta,_Ju_52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-026-0122-32A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Kreta%2C_Ju_52.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-026-0122-32A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Kreta%2C_Ju_52.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-026-0122-32A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Kreta%2C_Ju_52.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-026-0122-32A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Kreta%2C_Ju_52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-026-0122-32A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Kreta%2C_Ju_52.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-026-0122-32A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Kreta%2C_Ju_52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Ju 52</a> plane in Crete in 1943.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-104-27,_Walter_Warlimont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-104-27%2C_Walter_Warlimont.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-104-27%2C_Walter_Warlimont.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-104-27%2C_Walter_Warlimont.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-104-27%2C_Walter_Warlimont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-104-27%2C_Walter_Warlimont.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-104-27%2C_Walter_Warlimont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Warlimont" title="Walter Warlimont">Walter Warlimont</a>, operation leader</figcaption></figure> Following the military coup in Spain at the start of the Spanish Civil War, the Spanish Second Republic turned to the Soviet Union and France for support, and the Nationalists requested the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The first attempt to secure German aviation was made on 22 July 1936, with a request for 10 transport aircraft. Franco contacted Hitler directly.<a href="#cite_note-westwell11-43">[43]</a> German ministers were split on whether to support the Nationalists, and possibly become embroiled in a European war as a result.<a href="#cite_note-westwell11-43">[43]</a> Ultimately Hitler decided to support the Nationalists on 25 or 26 July, but was still wary of provoking a Europe-wide war.<a href="#cite_note-westwell16-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The Reich Air Travel Ministry concluded that Nationalist forces would need at least 20 <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Ju 52s</a>, flown by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Luft_Hansa" title="Deutsche Luft Hansa">Deutsche Luft Hansa</a> pilots, to carry the Army of Africa from Spanish Morocco to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-westwell16-3">[3]</a> This mission became known as Operation Magic Fire (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Feuerzauber).<a href="#cite_note-westwell16-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-thomas230-45">[45]</a> The joint Spanish-German <a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Hispano-Marroqu%C3%AD_de_Transportes" title="Sociedad Hispano-Marroquí de Transportes">Sociedad Hispano-Marroquí de Transportes</a> (HISMA) "Spanish–Moroccan Transport Company" and an entirely German company, the Raw Materials and Good Purchasing Company (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Rohstoffe-und-Waren-Einkaufsgesellschaft, ROWAK) were established.<a href="#cite_note-westwell16-3">[3]</a> This involvement was kept covert, hidden from both foreign and economic ministries, and funded with three million Reichsmark (equivalent to 14 million 2021 euros).<a href="#cite_note-westwell16-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-thomas230-45">[45]</a> The organisation and recruitment of German volunteers was also kept secret; by 27 July the call for pilots had been made in major German cities.<a href="#cite_note-westwell13-46">[46]</a> The first contingent of 86 men left on 1 August in civilian clothes, unaware of where they were going. They were accompanied with six biplane fighters, anti-aircraft guns and about 100 tons of other supplies.<a href="#cite_note-westwell13-46">[46]</a> They were placed at Tablada airfield near Seville, and accompanied by German air transport, they began the airlift of Franco's troops to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-westwell13-46">[46]</a> Germany's involvement grew in September to encompass the Wehrmacht's other branches; Operation Magic Fire was renamed Operation Guido in November.<a href="#cite_note-westwell13-46">[46]</a> A wide belief was that the soldiers would train Spanish Nationalists, and not engage the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-westwell14-47">[47]</a> In August, 155 tons of bombs were transferred from Germany through Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-westwell19-48">[48]</a> Other military aid was provided.<a href="#cite_note-westwell14-47">[47]</a> The head of the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> initially refused to provide submarines, but this changed after 24 October, upon the signing of the Rome–Berlin Axis, when it became clear that Mussolini's Italy would do the same. The Kriegsmarine also provided various surface ships and coordinated the movement of German supplies to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-westwell15-49">[49]</a> German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> were dispatched to Spanish waters under the codename Ursula.<a href="#cite_note-westwell15-49">[49]</a> In the two weeks following 27 July, German transports moved nearly 2,500 troops of the Army of Africa to Spain;<a href="#cite_note-westwell16-3">[3]</a> 1,500 between 29 July and 5 August.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Transport planes were moved to Spain from Germany via San Remo in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-westwell16-3">[3]</a> German aircraft continued to provide cover for ship movements in the Strait of Gibraltar.<a href="#cite_note-westwell17-51">[51]</a> There were fuel shortages, but these eased as more fuel arrived from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-westwell17-51">[51]</a> By 11 October, the mission's official end, 13,500 troops, 127 machine guns and 36 <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> had been carried into Spain from Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Over this period there was a movement from training and supply missions of overt combat. The operation leader, Alexander von Scheele, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Warlimont" title="Walter Warlimont">Walter Warlimont</a>, and was moved into Franco's headquarters to coordinate military and diplomatic efforts.<a href="#cite_note-westwell19-48">[48]</a> In September, 86 tons of bombs, 40 <a href="/wiki/PzKpfw_I" class="mw-redirect" title="PzKpfw I">Panzer PzKpfw I</a> tanks and 122 personnel had been landed in Spain; they were accompanied with 108 aircraft in the July–October period, split between aircraft for the Nationalist faction itself and planes for German volunteers in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-westwell19-48">[48]</a> German air crews supported the <a href="/wiki/Drive_on_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive on Madrid">Nationalist advance on Madrid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-westwell19-48">[48]</a> and the successful relief of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Siege of the Alcázar">Siege of the Alcázar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-westwell21-53">[53]</a> Ultimately, this phase of the Siege of Madrid was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-westwell21-53">[53]</a> Soviet air support for the Republicans was growing, particularly through the supply of <a href="/wiki/Polikarpov" title="Polikarpov">Polikarpov</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Warlimont appealed to Nazi Germany to step up support. Some Nazi figures, including Göring, were opposed, but following German recognition of Franco's government on 30 September, German efforts in Spain were reorganised and expanded.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The existing command structure was replaced with the Winterübung Rügen, and the military units already in Spain were formed into a new legion, which was briefly called the Iron Rations (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Eiserne Rationen) and the Iron Legion (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Eiserne Legion) before Göring renamed it the Condor Legion (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Legion Condor).<a href="#cite_note-westwell23-56">[56]</a> The first German <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé</a> to Franco's government, General Wilhelm von Faupel,<a href="#cite_note-57">[nb 1]</a> arrived in November, but was told not to interfere in military matters.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> By mid-November, 20 German shipments had arrived in Spain, carrying supplies like ammunition, aviation fuel, rifles, grenades, radio equipment and both civilian and military vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-westwell15-49">[49]</a> Göring (who controlled <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall" title="Rheinmetall">Rheinmetall-Borsig</a>) supplied arms to the Republicans; shipped to Greece supposedly for their use, the arms were transferred by <a href="/wiki/Pyrkal" title="Pyrkal">Bodosakis</a> to ships supposedly sailing to Mexico. He was also supplying the Nationalists, who got the best and latest weapons while the Republicans got the oldest and least serviceable. This supply peaked in 1937–38. Nationalists identified 18 vessels to Republican ports from 3 January 1937 and 11 May 1938, and estimated that Göring received the equivalent of one pound sterling per rifle. An earlier shipment from Hamburg to Alicante on 1 October 1936 by the Welsh ship Bramhill had 19,000 rifles, 101 machine guns and more than 20 million cartridges for the CNT militia in Barcelona.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Nazi Germany also helped the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> war with a gift of a Telefunken transmitter for the newly created <a href="/wiki/Radio_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Radio Nacional de España">national radio service</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Condor_Legion">Condor Legion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Condor Legion">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a>, upon establishment, consisted of the Kampfgruppe 88, with three squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Ju 52</a> bombers and the <a href="/wiki/Jagdgruppe_88" title="Jagdgruppe 88">Jagdgruppe 88</a> with three squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_51" title="Heinkel He 51">Heinkel He 51</a> fighters, the reconnaissance Aufklärungsgruppe 88 (supplemented by the Aufklärungsgruppe See 88), an <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> group, the Flakabteilung 88, and a signals group, the Nachrichtenabteilung 88.<a href="#cite_note-westwell23-56">[56]</a> Overall command was given to <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle">Hugo Sperrle</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Holle" title="Alexander Holle">Alexander Holle</a> as chief of staff. Scheele was transferred to become a military attaché in Salamanca.<a href="#cite_note-westwell23-56">[56]</a> Two armoured units under the command of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Thoma" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma">Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma</a>, with 106 <a href="/wiki/Panzer_I" title="Panzer I">Panzer Is</a>, were also operational.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The Nationalists were supported by German and Italian units and equipment during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Madrid">Battle of Madrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> However, the military situation in Madrid remained poor for the Nationalists, and both German and Italian aircraft (under Franco's direction) began bombing raids on the city as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-westwell24-62">[61]</a> The Germans were keen to observe the effects of civilian bombings and the deliberate burning of the city.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Offensives involving German aircraft, as well as the bombings, were unsuccessful. Increasing Republican air superiority became apparent, particularly the strength of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-15" title="Polikarpov I-15">Polikarpov I-15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-16" title="Polikarpov I-16">I-16</a> aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-westwell24-62">[61]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (historian)">Hugh Thomas</a> described their armaments as "primitive".<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Faupel, in November–December, urged the creation of a single German unit of 15,000–30,000, believing it would be enough to turn the tide of the war to the Nationalists. <a href="/wiki/Hans-Heinrich_Dieckhoff" title="Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff">Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff</a> argued this would be insufficient, and that larger measures could provoke the wrath of the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Between late 1936 and early 1937, new aircraft were sent to the Condor Legion.<a href="#cite_note-westwell24-62">[61]</a> Older aircraft were passed onto the Nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-westwell25-66">[65]</a> By the end of 1936, 7,000 Germans were in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[nb 2]</a> The British estimated that between January 1937 and August 1938, 320,000 rifles and 550,000 revolvers were transferred to the Nationalists from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> German forces also operated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarama" title="Battle of Jarama">Battle of Jarama</a>, which began with a Nationalist offensive on 6 February 1937. It included German-supplied ground forces, including two batteries of machine guns, a tank division, and the Condor Legion's anti-aircraft guns.<a href="#cite_note-westwell25-66">[65]</a> Bombing by both Republican and Nationalist aircraft helped ensure a stalemate.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> It showed up the inadequacy of the Legion's aircraft, faced with superior Soviet-made fighters.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-thomas376-72">[70]</a> The Legion's efforts only partly mitigated what was a significant defeat for the Nationalists at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara" title="Battle of Guadalajara">Battle of Guadalajara</a> during March.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> A joint Italian–German general had been set up in January 1937 to advise Franco on war planning. The defeat of a significant Italian force and the growing Soviet superiority in tanks and aircraft led the Germans to support a plan to abandon the offensive on Madrid and instead concentrate a series of attacks on weaker Republican-controlled areas.<a href="#cite_note-westwell29-8">[8]</a> While many countries believed motorised troops to have been proven less effective than first thought, it was the inadequacy of the Italians as a fighting force that dominated German thought.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Vizcaya_Campaign">The Vizcaya Campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Vizcaya Campaign">edit</a>]</div> The isolated area of <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Vizcaya</a>, a predominantly Basque part of northern Spain, was the most immediate target, in what was called the <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_North" title="War in the North">War in the North</a>.<a href="#cite_note-westwell30-9">[9]</a> It was largely a Nationalist and Italian offensive, but was supported by a consistently re-equipping Condor Legion.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Sperrle remained in Salamanca; <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Richthofen" title="Wolfram von Richthofen">Wolfram von Richthofen</a> replaced Holle in January as deputy and in actual command.<a href="#cite_note-westwell30-9">[9]</a> The Legion's air force initially attacked the towns of <a href="/wiki/Ochandiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochandiano">Ochandiano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durango,_Biscay" class="mw-redirect" title="Durango, Biscay">Durango</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thomas403-76">[74]</a> Durango had no anti-aircraft defence, and only minor other defences. According to the Basques, 250 civilians died on 31 March, including the priest, nuns and congregation of a church ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-thomas403-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-westwell31-77">[75]</a> The Germans, with their air raids, were hated.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The Basque ground forces were in full retreat towards Bilbao, through the town of <a href="/wiki/Guernica_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernica (town)">Guernica</a>, which was attacked on 26 April in one of the most controversial events of the Spanish Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-westwell31-77">[75]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Operation_R%C3%BCgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Rügen">Operation Rügen</a>, waves of planes bombed and strafed targets in the town. The number of casualties is a matter of controversy, with between 200 and 300 people killed;<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> the number reported dead by the Basques was 1,654 dead and 889 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-westwell31-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Several explanations were put forward by the Nationalists, including blaming the attack on the Republicans,<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> that the attack on the town had been a prolonged offensive. However, the nature of the operation itself makes this seem unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> The offensive on Bilbao, when it eventually came on 11 July, was supported by ground units of the Condor Legion, and extensive air operations. It proved the worth of the Condor Legion to the Nationalist cause.<a href="#cite_note-westwell33-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_campaigns">Further campaigns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further campaigns">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0214-0007-013,_Spanien,_Flugzeug_der_Legion_Condor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0214-0007-013%2C_Spanien%2C_Flugzeug_der_Legion_Condor.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0214-0007-013%2C_Spanien%2C_Flugzeug_der_Legion_Condor.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0214-0007-013%2C_Spanien%2C_Flugzeug_der_Legion_Condor.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0214-0007-013%2C_Spanien%2C_Flugzeug_der_Legion_Condor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0214-0007-013%2C_Spanien%2C_Flugzeug_der_Legion_Condor.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C0214-0007-013%2C_Spanien%2C_Flugzeug_der_Legion_Condor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>A German <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a>E <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bomber</a> of the Condor Legion.</figcaption></figure> The Condor Legion also took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete" title="Battle of Brunete">Battle of Brunete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-westwell33-84">[82]</a> The Legion was sent from the north to reinforce the broken line.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> There were repeated raids on <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Army" title="Spanish Republican Army">Spanish Republican Army</a> armoured vehicles and later defensive positions by both bombers and fighters based at Salamanca.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force" title="Spanish Republican Air Force">Spanish Republican Air Force</a> aircraft were ineffective, despite Nationalist fears, compared with German aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The Legion lost eight aircraft, but claimed 18 victories. German tactics were also improved with the experience of Brunete, particularly the en masse use of tanks by the Nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-westwell36-88">[86]</a> The Nationalists returned to focus on the capture of northern Spain. German test aircraft, with the latest models, faced an outdated Basque section (Escuadrilla vasca) of the Spanish Republican Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Heavy aerial bombardment from 200 Nationalist, German and Italian aircraft was used far behind Basque lines in August 1937, leading to the fall of <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santander, Cantabria">Santander</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santander" title="Battle of Santander">Battle of Santander</a> on 1 September.<a href="#cite_note-westwell36-88">[86]</a> The formal battle in Asturias ended with the fall of Gijón on 21 October.<a href="#cite_note-westwell36-88">[86]</a> Germany immediately began to ship the products of the region's industry back to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-westwell38-90">[88]</a> Sperrle argued repeatedly with Faupel, and against HISMA's monopoly. Faupel was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_von_Stohrer" title="Eberhard von Stohrer">Eberhard von Stohrer</a> by Franco, through Sperrle.<a href="#cite_note-thomas471-91">[89]</a> Sperrle also returned to Germany and was replaced by Helmuth Volkmann;<a href="#cite_note-thomas471-91">[89]</a> following disagreements with Volkmann, Von Richthofen would be replaced with <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Plocher" title="Hermann Plocher">Hermann Plocher</a> in early 1938.<a href="#cite_note-westwell38-90">[88]</a> The Condor Legion began a week of strikes against Republican airfields, halted by the Republican advance on <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Battle of Teruel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Both the Legion's land and air forces were used. Poor weather resulted in few flights, and the town fell to Republican forces on 6 January.<a href="#cite_note-westwell39-93">[91]</a> Up to 100 sorties a day were launched during the Nationalist's counter-offensive through the <a href="/wiki/Alfambra" title="Alfambra">Alfambra</a> valley. Teruel was retaken on 22 February.<a href="#cite_note-westwell39-93">[91]</a> The continued Nationalist offensive on <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> in April–June 1937, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)" title="Battle of Belchite (1937)">Battle of Belchite</a>, involved bombing raids and the use of the Legion's ground forces.<a href="#cite_note-westwell39-93">[91]</a> The Legion was switched to focus in the north, towards the <a href="/wiki/Segre_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Segre river">Segre river</a>, before moving south again following Nationalist successes.<a href="#cite_note-westwell40-94">[92]</a> Hitler's words to his colleagues belied a change in attitude about the war in Germany – that a quick victory in the war was not desirable, a mere continuation of the war would be preferable.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> German policy would be to prevent a Republican defeat.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> However, casualties were beginning to mount for the Legion and, combined with a resurgence in Republican air activity, the Nationalist advance stalled. Arguments over the bill to the Germans – now rising at 10 million Reichsmark a month (equivalent to 45 million 2021 euros) – continued, unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The Legion's materiel had been exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> On 24–25 July, Republican forces launched the last major offensive of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Battle of the Ebro</a>. Reconnaissance units of the Condor Legion had noticed a troop build-up, and warned Nationalists forces. The warning went unheeded.<a href="#cite_note-westwell41-99">[97]</a> Although the Republic gained ground, Republican forces failed to gain control of <a href="/wiki/Gandesa" title="Gandesa">Gandesa</a>, with 422 sorties by the Legion having considerable effect.<a href="#cite_note-westwell41-99">[97]</a> However, tensions in Czechoslovakia and a shortage of pilots in Germany led to the return of 250 pilots from the Legion. Although trained Spaniards made up some of the shortfall, Volkmann complained to central command in Berlin, which led to his recall in September.<a href="#cite_note-westwell44-100">[98]</a> During the battle, which saw 113 days of fighting, only 10 aircraft were lost (some by accident); the Legion claimed around 100 Republican aircraft. Only five aircrew had been killed, and six captured.<a href="#cite_note-westwell44-100">[98]</a> Aid from Germany temporarily halted in mid-September.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Germany and Nationalist Spain settled the issue of German interests in Spanish mines.<a href="#cite_note-thomas566-102">[100]</a> The Legion took a short break from active duty to receive new aircraft, including Bf 109Es, He 111Es and Js, and Hs 126As, bringing its strength to 96 aircraft, around a fifth of the Nationalist's force as a whole. Von Richthofen returned to Spain in overall command, with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Seidemann" title="Hans Seidemann">Hans Seidemann</a> as chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> This reinforcement may have been the single most important intervention by a foreign side in the war, enabling a counterattack after the Battle of the Ebro.<a href="#cite_note-thomas566-102">[100]</a> It mainly took part in operations against the remaining Republican air force during January–February 1939, with considerable success.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> It was rapidly dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The men returned on 26 May; the best aircraft were returned to Germany and the rest of the equipment bought by the new Spanish regime.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The Condor Legion claimed to have destroyed 320 Republican aircraft through <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial combat</a> and shot down another 52 using anti-aircraft guns.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> They also claimed to have destroyed 60 ships. They lost 72 aircraft due to hostile action, and another 160 to accidents.<a href="#cite_note-westwell48-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maritime_operations">Maritime operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Maritime operations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condor_Legion_2">Condor Legion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Condor Legion">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_operations_of_the_Condor_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime operations of the Condor Legion">Maritime operations of the Condor Legion</a></div> The Maritime Reconnaissance <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)#Staffel" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)">Staffel</a> 88 (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Aufklärungsstaffel See 88) was the Condor Legion's maritime unit under the command of Karl Heinz Wolff. Operating independently of the land-based division, it acted against Republican shipping, ports, coastal communications and occasionally inland targets such as bridges.<a href="#cite_note-westwell48-108">[106]</a> It used <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplanes</a>, starting with the Heinkel He 60, which began operating in October 1936.<a href="#cite_note-westwell48-108">[106]</a> Beginning in June, operations were expanded to allow attacks on all Republican ports, so long as no British ships were present. Ten ships were attacked in the second half of 1937; however, the Norwegian torpedoes being used proved ineffective, and strafing or bombing targets was used instead.<a href="#cite_note-westwell49-109">[107]</a> The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Harlinghausen" title="Martin Harlinghausen">Martin Harlinghausen</a> saw operations expand, targeting <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Almeria">Almeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and Cartagena. As naval activity declined, inland targets became more numerous, and night missions began.<a href="#cite_note-westwell49-109">[107]</a> Activities in support of ground forces became the main focus of the unit until the end of hostilities. In total, eleven men were killed in action, and five others died due to accident or illness.<a href="#cite_note-westwell51-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kriegsmarine">edit</a>]</div> Overtly, the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> was part of the force enforcing the non-intervention agreement signed on 28 September 1936, which barred its signatory countries<a href="#cite_note-111">[nb 3]</a> from interfering in the Civil War. However, the German <a href="/wiki/Pocket_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket battleship">pocket battleships</a> <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland" title="German cruiser Deutschland">Deutschland</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer" title="German cruiser Admiral Scheer">Admiral Scheer</a> stood guard in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> to prevent interference from Republican ships while Franco transported his troops to the Spanish mainland.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> By mid-October, the German North Sea Group around Spain consisted of the pocket battleships Deutschland and Admiral Scheer, the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_K%C3%B6ln" title="German cruiser Köln">Köln</a>, and four <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>. They quickly uncovered evidence that the Soviet Union was supplying the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-westwell56-113">[110]</a> They also helped the aircraft bound for the Condor Legion to cross the Mediterranean and assisted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1937)" title="Battle of Málaga (1937)">Battle of Málaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-westwell56-113">[110]</a> On 29 May, <a href="/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)" title="Deutschland incident (1937)">Deutschland was attacked</a> by two Republican planes.<a href="#cite_note-thomas440-114">[111]</a> It was claimed that their Soviet pilots had mistaken it for the Nationalist ship <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Canarias" title="Spanish cruiser Canarias">Canarias</a>,<a href="#cite_note-westwell56-113">[110]</a> or else had been fired upon by it.<a href="#cite_note-thomas440-114">[111]</a> 32 sailors were killed, the Kriegsmarine's greatest loss of life in the war.<a href="#cite_note-westwell56-113">[110]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Bombardment of Almería">retaliatory attack on Almeria</a> (Valencia had been the original target, but minefields posed too great a problem), Germany came close to withdrawing from the agreement, but British diplomatic efforts to keep Germany patrolling prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-thomas441-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-westwell57-115">[112]</a> After the Germans claimed that Leipzig had been attacked by an unidentified submarine off <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, it formally withdrew from international patrols to enforce the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-westwell57-115">[112]</a> Republican minister of defense <a href="/wiki/Indalecio_Prieto" title="Indalecio Prieto">Indalecio Prieto</a> considered a declaration of war on Germany, but Soviet fear of a world war prevented this.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Ursula">Operation Ursula</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Operation Ursula">edit</a>]</div> Operation Ursula (named after the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>) saw a group of German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> active around the waters near Spain against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy" title="Spanish Republican Navy">Spanish Republican Navy</a>, under the overall command of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Boehm_(admiral)" title="Hermann Boehm (admiral)">Hermann Boehm</a> (Konteradmiral since 1934, and Vizeadmiral since 1 April 1937) in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-westwell58-117">[114]</a> It began on 20 November 1936, with the movement of <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-33_(1936)" title="German submarine U-33 (1936)">U-33</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-34_(1936)" title="German submarine U-34 (1936)">U-34</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>. Any identification marks were obscured, and the whole mission was kept secret.<a href="#cite_note-westwell58-117">[114]</a> They entered the Mediterranean on the night of 27–28 November, taking over from Italian submarine patrols. If damaged, they were to sail to <a href="/wiki/La_Maddelena" class="mw-redirect" title="La Maddelena">La Maddelena</a>, and enter under an Italian <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-westwell58-117">[114]</a> U-33 operated around <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>, and U-34 around <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>. Difficulties in identifying legitimate targets and concerns about discovery limited their operations.<a href="#cite_note-westwell60-118">[115]</a> The torpedoes they used also often malfunctioned. During their return to Wilhelmshaven in December, the Spanish Republican <a href="/wiki/Spanish_submarine_C-3" title="Spanish submarine C-3">C-3</a> submarine was sunk by a torpedo from U-34. The Republicans government assumed C-3 had been sunk by a submarine, but the official navy investigation later concluded its loss was due to an internal explosion. Their return marked the official end of Operation Ursula.<a href="#cite_note-westwell60-118">[115]</a> However, it does seem that further submarines were sent in mid-1937, but details of the operation are not known; six (U-25, U-26, U-27, U-28, U-31 and U-35) are believed to have been involved. Five submarine commanders received the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Cross_in_Bronze_without_Swords" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Cross in Bronze without Swords">Spanish Cross in Bronze without Swords</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-westwell60-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Outcome">edit</a>]</div> Early intervention helped to ensure that the Nationalist faction survived the initial stages of the war; German involvement then steadily expanded. The training they provided to the Nationalist forces proved as valuable, if not more so, than direct actions.<a href="#cite_note-westwell87-119">[116]</a> Approximately 56,000 Nationalist soldiers were trained by various German detachments in Spain, who were technically proficient; these covered infantry, tanks and anti-tank units, air and anti-aircraft forces, and those trained in naval warfare.<a href="#cite_note-westwell87-119">[116]</a> The Condor Legion spearheaded many Nationalist victories, particularly providing air dominance from 1937 onwards; 300 air-to-air victories were claimed, although this was dwarfed by some 900 claimed by Italian forces.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Spain provided a proving ground for German tank tactics, as well as aircraft tactics, the latter being only moderately successful. The air superiority which allowed certain parts of the Legion to excel would be replicated in the first year of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, until ultimately failing to prevail in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> A total of approximately 16,000 German citizens fought in the Civil War, mostly as pilots, ground crew, artillery men, tank crew, and as military advisers and instructors. About 10,000 Germans was the maximum strength at any one time. Approximately 300 Germans were killed.<a href="#cite_note-thomas634-122">[119]</a> During the course of the war, Germany sent 732 combat aircraft and 110 trainer aircraft to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £43,000,000 ($215,000,000) in 1939 prices (equivalent to £3 billion 2023).<a href="#cite_note-thomas634-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[nb 4]</a> That was broken down in expenditure to 15.5 percent used for salaries and expenses, 21.9 percent used for direct delivery of supplies to Spain, and 62.6 percent expended on the Condor Legion. No detailed list of German supplies furnished to Spain has been found.<a href="#cite_note-thomas634-122">[119]</a> Franco had also agreed to sign over the output of six mines to help pay for German aid.<a href="#cite_note-westwell48-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[nb 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_roles">Political roles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political roles">edit</a>]</div> Some Nazis were disappointed with Franco's resistance to installing more fascism. Historian James S. Corum states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As an ardent Nazi, [Ambassador Wilhelm] Faupel disliked Catholicism as well as the Spanish upper classes, and encouraged the working-class extremist members of the Falange to build a fascist party. Faupel devoted long audiences with Franco to convincing him of the necessity of remolding the Falange in the image of the Nazi Party. Faupel's interference in internal Spanish politics ran counter to Franco's policy of building a nationalist coalition of businessmen, monarchists and conservative Catholics, as well as Falangists.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a></blockquote> Historian Robert H. Whealey provides more detail: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Whereas Franco's crusade was a counterrevolution, the arrogant Faupel associated the Falange with the "revolutionary" doctrines of National Socialism. He sought to provide Spain's poor with an alternative to "Jewish internationalist Marxist–Leninism".... The old fashioned Alfonsists and Carlists who surrounded Franco viewed the Falangists as classless troublemakers.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a></blockquote> From 1937 to 1948, the Franco regime was a hybrid as Franco fused the ideologically incompatible national-syndicalist <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange</a> ("Phalanx", a fascist Spanish political party founded by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlist</a> monarchist parties into <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one party</a> under his rule, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Tradicionalista_y_de_las_Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a> (FET y de las JONS), which became the only legal party in 1939. Unlike some other fascist movements, the Falangists had developed an official program in 1934, the "Twenty-Seven Points".<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> In 1937, Franco assumed as the tentative doctrine of his regime 26 out of the original 27 points.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Franco made himself jefe nacional (National Chief) of the new FET (Falange Española Tradicionalista; Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx) with a secretary, Junta Political and National Council to be named subsequently by himself. Five days later (24 April), the raised-arm salute of the Falange was made the official salute of the Nationalist regime.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> In 1939, the personalist style heavily predominated, with ritualistic invocations of "Franco, Franco, Franco".<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> The Falangists' hymn, <a href="/wiki/Cara_al_Sol" title="Cara al Sol">Cara al Sol</a>, became the semi-national anthem of Franco's not-yet-established regime.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_military_intervention_in_Spain" title="Italian military intervention in Spain">Italian military intervention in Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> See also: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Faupel" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Faupel">de:Wilhelm Faupel</a> (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> By comparison, there were now 14,000 Italians supporting Franco's forces. (Thomas (1961). p. 337.). </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Namely Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the USSR and Sweden. (Westwell (2004). p. 56.) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Westwell (2004) gives a figure of 500 million Reichsmarks (equivalent to 2 billion 2021 euros). </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> In 1937, Germany imported 1,600,000 tons of iron and 950,000 tons of pyrites from Spain. (Thomas (1961). p. 459.) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Carr (1971). p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Weinberg, Gerhard. A World in Arms, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell16-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell16_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell16_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell16_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell16_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell16_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell16_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell16_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell16_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell16_3-8">i</a> Westwell (2004). p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLlewellynSoutheyThompson2015" class="citation web cs1">Llewellyn, Jennifer; Southey, Jim; Thompson, Steve (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alphahistory.com/nazigermany/spanish-civil-war/">"Nazi Germany and the Spanish Civil War"</a>. Nazi Germany. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nazi+Germany&rft.atitle=Nazi+Germany+and+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.aulast=Llewellyn&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Southey%2C+Jim&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Fnazigermany%2Fspanish-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabecki2015" class="citation book cs1">Zabecki, David T. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908389541">World War II in Europe : an encyclopedia</a>. London: Routledge. p. 586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-81242-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-81242-3"><bdi>978-1-135-81242-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908389541">908389541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Europe+%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908389541&rft.isbn=978-1-135-81242-3&rft.aulast=Zabecki&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F908389541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawDemy2017" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/957140981">War and religion : an encyclopedia of faith and conflict</a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 765. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-516-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-516-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957140981">957140981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+religion+%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+faith+and+conflict&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=765&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957140981&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-516-9&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Demy%2C+Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F957140981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum2020" class="citation book cs1">Corum, James S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1139890125">Legion Condor 1936-39 : the Luftwaffe Develops Blitzkrieg in the Spanish Civil War</a>. Turner, Graham. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4005-9"><bdi>978-1-4728-4005-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1139890125">1139890125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legion+Condor+1936-39+%3A+the+Luftwaffe+Develops+Blitzkrieg+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1139890125&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-4005-9&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1139890125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell29-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell29_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell29_8-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell30-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell30_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell30_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell30_9-2">c</a> Westwell (2004). p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas459-10"><a href="#cite_ref-thomas459_10-0">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 459. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas341-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas341_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas341_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas341_11-2">c</a> Thomas (1961). p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Cienciala (1968). p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Payne (1996). p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Payne (1996). p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Knight (1998). pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas395-17"><a href="#cite_ref-thomas395_17-0">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 395. </li> <li id="cite_note-beevor374-18"><a href="#cite_ref-beevor374_18-0">^</a> Beevor (2006). p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Stone (1997). p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas257-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas257_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas257_20-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-alpert44-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alpert44_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alpert44_22-1">b</a> Alpert (1998). p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas261-24"><a href="#cite_ref-thomas261_24-0">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Thomas (1961). pp. 263–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Stone (1997). p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Heydecker (1975). p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Alpert (1998). p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas278-29"><a href="#cite_ref-thomas278_29-0">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Preston (2006). p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 332. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas340-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas340_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas340_32-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Thomas (1961). pp. 342–343. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas394-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas394_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas394_34-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Thomas (1961). pp. 395–396. </li> <li id="cite_note-bulletin3-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bulletin3_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bulletin3_36-1">b</a> Bulletin of International News (1937). p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas441-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas441_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas441_37-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas456-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas456_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas456_38-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Bulletin of International News (1937). pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-bulletin7-41"><a href="#cite_ref-bulletin7_41-0">^</a> Bulletin of International News (1937). p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell11-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell11_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell11_43-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Thomas (1961). pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas230-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas230_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas230_45-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell13-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell13_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell13_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell13_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell13_46-3">d</a> Westwell (2004). p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell14-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell14_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell14_47-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell19-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell19_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell19_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell19_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell19_48-3">d</a> Westwell (2004). p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell15-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell15_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell15_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell15_49-2">c</a> Westwell (2004). p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell17-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell17_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell17_51-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell21-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell21_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell21_53-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Westwell (2004). pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Westwell (2004). pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell23-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell23_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell23_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell23_56-2">c</a> Westwell (2004). p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Beevor (2006). pp. 366–368, 538 note 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Beevor (2006). p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell24-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell24_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell24_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell24_62-2">c</a> Westwell (2004). p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell25-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell25_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell25_66-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Leitz (1996). p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Westwell (2004). pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas376-72"><a href="#cite_ref-thomas376_72-0">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Thomas (1961). pp. 401–402. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas403-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas403_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas403_76-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell31-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell31_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell31_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell31_77-2">c</a> Westwell (2004). p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Thomas (1961). pp. 403–404. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6583639.stm">"The legacy of Guernica"</a>. BBC website. BBC. 26 April 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+website&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+Guernica&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6583639.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Westwell (2004). pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Thomas (1961). pp. 420–421. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell33-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell33_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell33_84-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 462. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Westwell (2004). pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell36-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell36_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell36_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell36_88-2">c</a> Westwell (2004). p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Thomas (1961). pp. 468–469. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell38-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell38_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell38_90-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas471-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas471_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas471_91-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Westwell (2004). pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell39-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell39_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell39_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell39_93-2">c</a> Westwell (2004). p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell40-94"><a href="#cite_ref-westwell40_94-0">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 487. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 541. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell41-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell41_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell41_99-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell44-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell44_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell44_100-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Thomas (1961). p. 553. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas566-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas566_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas566_102-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 566. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Westwell (2004). pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Westwell (2004). pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell48-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell48_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell48_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell48_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell48_108-3">d</a> Westwell (2004). p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell49-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell49_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell49_109-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell51-110"><a href="#cite_ref-westwell51_110-0">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Beevor (2006). p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell56-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell56_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell56_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell56_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell56_113-3">d</a> Westwell (2004). p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas440-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas440_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas440_114-1">b</a> Thomas (1961). p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell57-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell57_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell57_115-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Thomas (1961). pp. 441–442. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell58-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell58_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell58_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell58_117-2">c</a> Westwell (2004). p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell60-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell60_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell60_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell60_118-2">c</a> Westwell (2004). p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-westwell87-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westwell87_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-westwell87_119-1">b</a> Westwell (2004). p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Westwell (2004). p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Westwell (2004). pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas634-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas634_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas634_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas634_122-2">c</a> Thomas (1961). p. 634. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Howson (1998). p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Leitz (1996). pp. 81–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> James S. Corum, "The Luftwaffe and the coalition air war in Spain, 1936–1939," Journal of Strategic Studies, (1995) 18:1, 68–90 quotation at p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_H._Whealey2015" class="citation book cs1">Robert H. Whealey (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Do4fBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Hitler And Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813148632" title="Special:BookSources/9780813148632"><bdi>9780813148632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+And+Spain%3A+The+Nazi+Role+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780813148632&rft.au=Robert+H.+Whealey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDo4fBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1961" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/falangehistoryof00payn">Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism</a>. Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/falangehistoryof00payn/page/68">68</a>–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804700580" title="Special:BookSources/9780804700580"><bdi>9780804700580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falange%3A+A+History+of+Spanish+Fascism&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780804700580&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffalangehistoryof00payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#Payne1999">Payne (1999)</a>, p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#Payne1987">Payne (1987)</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#Payne1987">Payne (1987)</a>, p. 234 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2165-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2165-7"><bdi>978-0-7538-2165-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2165-7&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1971" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Raymond (1971). The Republic and the Civil War in Spain. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-00632-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-00632-0"><bdi>978-0-333-00632-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+and+the+Civil+War+in+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-333-00632-0&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCienciala1968" class="citation book cs1">Cienciala, Anna M. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandwesternpow0000cien">Poland and the Western Powers 1938–1939: A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe</a>. London: Routledge & K. Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-5021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-5021-2"><bdi>978-0-7100-5021-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+and+the+Western+Powers+1938%E2%80%931939%3A+A+Study+in+the+Interdependence+of+Eastern+and+Western+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-5021-2&rft.aulast=Cienciala&rft.aufirst=Anna+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolandwesternpow0000cien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Corum, James S. (1995) "The Luftwaffe and the coalition air war in Spain, 1936–1939," Journal of Strategic Studies, (1995) 18:1, 68–90.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Julius_HeydeckerJohannes_Leeb1975" class="citation book cs1">Joe Julius Heydecker; Johannes Leeb (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVzzAAAAMAAJ">The Nuremberg Trial: A History of Nazi Germany as revealed through the testimony at Nuremberg</a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8131-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8131-8"><bdi>978-0-8371-8131-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nuremberg+Trial%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany+as+revealed+through+the+testimony+at+Nuremberg&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-8131-8&rft.au=Joe+Julius+Heydecker&rft.au=Johannes+Leeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVzzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson1998" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Gerald (1998). Arms for Spain. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5556-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-5556-6"><bdi>0-7195-5556-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+for+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7195-5556-6&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1998" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Patricia (1998). The Spanish Civil War. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-70137-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-70137-9"><bdi>978-0-340-70137-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton+Educational&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-340-70137-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitz1996" class="citation book cs1">Leitz, Christian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SHLKMa0Eth4C">Economic Relations between Nazi Germany and Franco's Spain:1936–1945</a>. Oxford historical monographs (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820645-3"><bdi>978-0-19-820645-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Relations+between+Nazi+Germany+and+Franco%27s+Spain%3A1936%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+historical+monographs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820645-3&rft.aulast=Leitz&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSHLKMa0Eth4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Leitz, Christian. (1996) "Hermann Göring and Nazi Germany's Economic Exploitation of Nationalist Spain, 1936–1939." German History 14.1 (1996): 21–37.</li> <li>Morente, Francisco. (2017) "On Hostile Soil: Spanish Republican Diplomats in Berlin at the Onset of the Spanish Civil War." Contemporary European History 26.1 (2017): 49–67.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Seixas,_Xos%C3%A9_M." class="mw-redirect" title="Núñez Seixas, Xosé M.">Núñez Seixas, Xosé M.</a> (2017) "Wishful Thinking in Wartime? Spanish Blue Division's Soldiers and Their Views of Nazi Germany, 1941–44." Journal of War & Culture Studies (2017): 1–18.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Seixas,_Xos%C3%A9_M." class="mw-redirect" title="Núñez Seixas, Xosé M.">Núñez Seixas, Xosé M.</a> (2018) "Spanish Views of Nazi Germany, 1933–45: A Fascist Hybridization?." Journal of Contemporary History (2018): 0022009417739366.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-595-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-595-6"><bdi>1-85728-595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85728-595-6&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1997" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Glyn (1997). "Sir Robert Vansittart and Spain, 1931–1941". In Otte, Thomas G.; Pagedas, Constantine A. (eds.). Personalities, War and Diplomacy. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Robert+Vansittart+and+Spain%2C+1931%E2%80%931941&rft.btitle=Personalities%2C+War+and+Diplomacy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (writer)">Thomas, Hugh</a> (1961). The Spanish Civil War (1 ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1987" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (1987). The Spanish Civil War (2, illustrated ed.). London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89450-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89450-7"><bdi>978-0-241-89450-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-241-89450-7&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Westwell, Ian (2004). Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground. Spearhead. Vol. 15. Hersham, United Kingdom: Ian Allan publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3043-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3043-5"><bdi>978-0-7110-3043-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Condor+Legion%3A+The+Wehrmacht%27s+Training+Ground&rft.place=Hersham%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=Spearhead&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-3043-5&rft.aulast=Westwell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhealey,_Robert_H.1989" class="citation book cs1">Whealey, Robert H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Do4fBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939</a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813148632" title="Special:BookSources/9780813148632"><bdi>9780813148632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Spain%3A+The+Nazi+Role+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780813148632&rft.au=Whealey%2C+Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDo4fBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._A._H1937" class="citation journal cs1">S. A. H (7 August 1937). "Spain: the British Compromise Plan". Bulletin of International News. 14 (3). London: Royal Institute of International Affairs: 3–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2044-3986">2044-3986</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25639692">25639692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+International+News&rft.atitle=Spain%3A+the+British+Compromise+Plan&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1937-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25639692%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2044-3986&rft.au=S.+A.+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+involvement+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Schmitt, Bernadotte et al. eds. Documents on German foreign policy, 1918–1945. Series D (1937–1945) vol III: Germany and the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 (Washington: Government Printing Office; 1950) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605284806">WorldCat library holdings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template:Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Civil_War_(1936–1939)151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_conspiracy_of_1936" title="Spanish military conspiracy of 1936">conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War_chronology_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War chronology 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War_chronology_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War chronology 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War_chronology_1938%E2%80%931939" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Civil War chronology 1938–1939">1938–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="List of battles in the Spanish Civil War">List of battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">ERC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_(Spain)" title="Republican Left (Spain)">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">POUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia">PSUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Spain,_1934)" title="Republican Union (Spain, 1934)">UR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">FAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">UGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">PNV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="National faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_Autonomous_Right-wing_Groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups">CEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlists">Carlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="International response to the Spanish Civil War">Foreign involvement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War">Non-intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyon_Conference" title="Nyon Conference">Nyon Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet involvement in the Spanish Civil War (page does not exist)">USSR</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Группа советских военных специалистов в Испании">ru</a>]</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_military_intervention_in_Spain" title="Italian military intervention in Spain">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">CTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese intervention in the Spanish Civil War (page does not exist)">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viriatos" title="Viriatos">Viriatos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarusians_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarusians in the Spanish Civil War (page does not exist)">Belarus</a> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%9E_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%9E_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" class="extiw" title="be:Беларусы ў грамадзянскай вайне ў Іспаніі">be</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_concentration_camps" title="Francoist concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_children_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Evacuation of children in the Spanish Civil War">Evacuation of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_films" title="List of Spanish Civil War films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso)">Guernica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republic_at_War" title="Spanish Republic at War">Government during the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_gold_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow gold (Spain)">Moscow gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution</a></li> <li>Terrors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Women in the Spanish Civil War">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Template:Women in the Spanish Civil War">navbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_women_Civil_War_sidebar" title="Template:Spanish women Civil War sidebar">sidebar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&oldid=1262330327">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&oldid=1262330327</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Category:Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War">Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:Military of Nazi Germany">Military of Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_involving_Germany" title="Category:Military operations involving Germany">Military operations involving Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93Spain_military_relations" title="Category:Germany–Spain military relations">Germany–Spain military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Category:Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 December 2024, at 21:05 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >German involvement in the Spanish Civil War</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 8 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84749c7844-jrr4t","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.881","walltime":"1.041","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12828,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":113354,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16910,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":136143,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 895.651 1 -total"," 14.87% 133.220 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.23% 109.507 6 Template:Langx"," 11.11% 99.463 1 Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_Civil_War"," 10.85% 97.157 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 8.85% 79.253 18 Template:Cite_book"," 8.68% 77.701 7 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.61% 77.089 2 Template:Short_description"," 8.43% 75.483 1 Template:Infobox_military_unit"," 7.53% 67.446 1 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.441","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26537346,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84749c7844-qptft","timestamp":"20250207185018","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"German involvement in the Spanish Civil War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q27957425","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q27957425","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-05-21T12:27:35Z","dateModified":"2024-12-10T21:05:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ca\/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg","headline":"Nazi Germany's participation in the Spanish Civil War"}</script> </body> </html>