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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Comparable_terms_in_the_ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparable_terms_in_the_ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Comparable terms in the ancient world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparable_terms_in_the_ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Role in Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edicts_of_Ashoka_(250_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edicts_of_Ashoka_(250_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Edicts of Ashoka (250 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edicts_of_Ashoka_(250_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Buddhist_Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Buddhist_Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>In Buddhist Texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Buddhist_Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahavamsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahavamsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Mahavamsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahavamsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milindapanha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milindapanha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Milindapanha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milindapanha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Invasion of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Sanchi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_caves_of_Western_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_caves_of_Western_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Buddhist caves of Western India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_caves_of_Western_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Yonas_and_other_northwestern_invaders_in_Indian_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Yonas_and_other_northwestern_invaders_in_Indian_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Yonas and other northwestern invaders in Indian literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Yonas_and_other_northwestern_invaders_in_Indian_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later meanings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yona</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="يونا (الهند) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونا (الهند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavana" title="Yavana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yavana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Γιόνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98" title="야바나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야바나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yona" title="Yona – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yona" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavana" title="Yavana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yavana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಯವನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavana" title="Yavana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yavana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="یونا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یونا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawanowie" title="Jawanowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jawanowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8)" title="Йона (греки) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йона (греки)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="யவனர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யவனர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="యవనులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యవనులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BE%E9%82%A3" title="臾那 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="臾那" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term used to designate Greek-speakers in ancient India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Pali word. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yona_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yona (disambiguation)">Yona (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yavana" redirects here. For the Hellenistic kingdom in India, see <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MenanderCoinFront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MenanderCoinFront.jpg/200px-MenanderCoinFront.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/MenanderCoinFront.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>The "Yona" Greek king of India <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander</a> (160–135 BCE). Inscription in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Bασιλέως Σωτῆρος Μενάνδρου</span></span>, lit. "of Saviour King Menander".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EpicIndia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EpicIndia.jpg/350px-EpicIndia.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EpicIndia.jpg/525px-EpicIndia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EpicIndia.jpg/700px-EpicIndia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Yavana kingdom alongside other locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Khanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Khanda">Bharata Khanda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <b>Yona</b> in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrits</a>, and the analogue <b>Yavana</b> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, were used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a> to designate <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> speakers. "Yona" and "Yavana" are transliterations of the Greek word for "<a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἴωνες < Ἰάoνες < *Ἰάϝoνες</span>), who were probably the first Greeks to be known in India. </p><p>Both terms appear in ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> literature. <i>Yavana</i> appears, for instance, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, while <i>Yona</i> appears in texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>. </p><p>The Yona are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> inscriptions, along with the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, as two societies where there are only nobles and slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas1933_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1933-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of direct association of these terms with the Greeks include: </p> <ul><li>The mention of the "Yauna" in the <a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a> (550–333 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The mention of the "Yona king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Aṃtiyoka</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> (280 BCE)</li> <li>The mention of the "Yona king <a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Aṃtalikitasa</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a> (110 BCE)</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Milinda</a> and his bodyguard of "500 Yonas" in the <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a>.</li> <li>The description of Greek <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> and Greek terminology in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yavanajataka" title="Yavanajataka">Yavanajātaka</a></i> "Nativity of the Yavanas" (150 CE).</li> <li>The mention of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria on the Caucasus">Alexandria on the Caucasus</a>, "the city of the Yonas" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>, Chapter 29 (4th century CE).</li></ul> <p>In general, the words "Yoṇa" or "Yoṇaka" were the current Greek Hellenistic forms, while the term "Yavana" was the Indian word to designate the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparable_terms_in_the_ancient_world">Comparable terms in the ancient world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparable terms in the ancient world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNa_Inscription_Yauna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/DNa_Inscription_Yauna.jpg/220px-DNa_Inscription_Yauna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/DNa_Inscription_Yauna.jpg/330px-DNa_Inscription_Yauna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/DNa_Inscription_Yauna.jpg/440px-DNa_Inscription_Yauna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>The Achaemenid name for <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> Greeks: <i>Yauna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%B9%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8E%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎹𐎢𐎴">𐎹𐎢𐎴</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/DNa_inscription" title="DNa inscription">DNa inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 490 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>This usage was shared by many of the countries east of Greece, from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> used the word <i>ywnj-ꜥꜣ</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> it is <i>Yūnān</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> used the word <i>Iawanu</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonians</a> used the word <i>Yaman</i> and <i>Yamanaya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, the word was יוון <i><a href="/wiki/Javan" title="Javan">Yāwān</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> <i>Yavan</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> used the word <i>Yauna</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> word for designating the Greeks, namely "Yauna" (literally '<a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionians</a>', as they were the first Greeks with whom the Persians had extensive contact).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> for modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Ferghana</a> is "<a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a>", which may come from the term Yona.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The usage of "Yona" and "Yavana, or variants such as "Yauna" and "Javana", appears repeatedly, and particularly in relation to the Greek kingdoms which neighboured or sometimes occupied the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> over a period of several centuries from the 4th century BCE to the first century CE, such as the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Yavanar are mentioned in detail in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> epics such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADi%E1%B9%89app%C4%81lai" title="Paṭṭiṉappālai">Paṭṭiṉappālai</a></i>, describing their brisk trade with the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s invasion, the Greek settlements had existed in eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, northwest of India, as neighbours to the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The references to the Yonas in the early <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a> may be related to the same.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Yavanas are mentioned by the grammarian <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>, probably in reference to their writing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Buddhism">Role in Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role in Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edicts_of_Ashoka_(250_BC)"><span id="Edicts_of_Ashoka_.28250_BC.29"></span>Edicts of Ashoka (250 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Edicts of Ashoka (250 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg/220px-Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg/330px-Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg/440px-Territories_conquered_by_the_Dharma_according_to_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Territories "conquered by the Dharma" according to <a href="/wiki/Major_Rock_Edicts" title="Major Rock Edicts">Major Rock Edict No.13</a> of Ashoka (260–218 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-PK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalsi_rock_edict_of_Ashoka_with_names_of_the_Greek_kings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Khalsi_rock_edict_of_Ashoka_with_names_of_the_Greek_kings.jpg/220px-Khalsi_rock_edict_of_Ashoka_with_names_of_the_Greek_kings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Khalsi_rock_edict_of_Ashoka_with_names_of_the_Greek_kings.jpg/330px-Khalsi_rock_edict_of_Ashoka_with_names_of_the_Greek_kings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Khalsi_rock_edict_of_Ashoka_with_names_of_the_Greek_kings.jpg/440px-Khalsi_rock_edict_of_Ashoka_with_names_of_the_Greek_kings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Khalsi_rock_edict" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalsi rock edict">Khalsi rock edict</a> of Ashoka, which mentions the Greek kings <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II of Egypt">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander</a> by name (underlined in colour). Here the Greek rulers are described as "Yona" (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a>: 𑀬𑁄𑀦, third and fourth letters after the first occurrence of Antigonus in red).</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the better-known examples are those of the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> (c. 250 BCE), in which the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> refers to the Greek populations under his rule. Rock Edicts V and XIII mention the Yonas (or the Greeks) along with the Kambojas and Gandharas as a subject people forming a frontier region of his empire and attest that he sent envoys to the Greek rulers in the West as far as the Mediterranean, faultlessly naming them one by one. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka#Proselytism_beyond_India" title="Edicts of Ashoka">the Gandhari original of Rock XIII</a>, the Greek kings to the West are associated unambiguously with the term "Yona": Antiochus is referred as <i>"Amtiyoko nama Yonaraja"</i> (lit. "<a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">The Greek king by the name of Antiochus</a>"), beyond whom live the four other kings: <i>"param ca tena Atiyokena cature 4 rajani Turamaye nama Amtikini nama Maka nama Alikasudaro nama"</i> (lit. "And beyond Antiochus, four kings <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">by the name of Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">the name of Antigonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">the name of Magas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">the name Alexander</a>"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Buddhist_Texts">In Buddhist Texts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Buddhist Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_monasticism" title="Greco-Buddhist monasticism">Greco-Buddhist monasticism</a></div> <p>Other <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i> and the 1861 <i><a href="/wiki/Sasana_Vamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasana Vamsa">Sasana Vamsa</a></i> reveal that after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Buddhist council">Third Buddhist council</a>, the elder monk (<i><a href="/wiki/Thero" title="Thero">thero</a></i>) Maharakkhita was sent to the "Yona country" and he preached Buddhism among the Yonas and the Kambojas, and that at the same time the Yona elder monk (<i>thero</i>) <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksita" title="Dharmaraksita">Dharmaraksita</a> was sent to the country of Aparantaka in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a> also. <a href="/wiki/Ashoka%27s_Major_Rock_Edicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka's Major Rock Edicts">Ashoka's Rock Edict XIII</a> also pairs the Yonas with the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a> (<i>Yonakambojesu</i>) and conveys that <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">brahmans</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇas</a> are found everywhere in his empire except in the lands of the Yonas and the Kambojas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mahavamsa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Mahavamsa</i> or "Great Chronicle" of Sri Lanka refers to the thera Mahārakkhita being sent to preach to the Yona country, and also to the Yona thera <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksita" title="Dharmaraksita">Dhammarakkhita</a>, who was sent to <a href="/wiki/Aparanta" title="Aparanta">Aparanta</a> ("the Western Ends").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also mentions that <a href="/wiki/Pandukabhaya_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura">Pandukabhaya of Anuradhapura</a> set aside a part of his <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> for the Yonas.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Yona thera, <a href="/wiki/Mahadharmaraksita" title="Mahadharmaraksita">Mahādhammarakkhita</a>, is mentioned as having come from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria on the Caucasus">Alexandria on the Caucasus</a> in the country of the Yonas, to be present at the building of the <a href="/wiki/Ruwanwelisaya" title="Ruwanwelisaya">Ruwanwelisaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milindapanha">Milindapanha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Milindapanha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another example is that of the <a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a> (Chapter I), where "Yonaka" is used to refer to the great <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> king <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander</a> (160–135 BC), and to the guard of "five hundred Greeks" that constantly accompanies him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_India">Invasion of India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invasion of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Vanaparava</i> of <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> contains prophecies that "<a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a> kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas etc. shall rule the earth un-righteously in Kaliyuga ...".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reference apparently alludes to chaotic political scenario following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empires</a> in northern India and its subsequent occupation by foreign hordes such as of the Yonas, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahlavas" title="Pahlavas">Pahlavas</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_Yonakasa_No.18_Cave_No.17_Nasik_caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Inscription_Yonakasa_No.18_Cave_No.17_Nasik_caves.jpg/330px-Inscription_Yonakasa_No.18_Cave_No.17_Nasik_caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Inscription_Yonakasa_No.18_Cave_No.17_Nasik_caves.jpg/495px-Inscription_Yonakasa_No.18_Cave_No.17_Nasik_caves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Inscription_Yonakasa_No.18_Cave_No.17_Nasik_caves.jpg/660px-Inscription_Yonakasa_No.18_Cave_No.17_Nasik_caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5725" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Dedication by a man of Greek descent on a wall of Cave 17 in the <a href="/wiki/Nasik_Caves" title="Nasik Caves">Nasik Caves</a> (photograph and rubbing). Detail of the "Yo-ṇa-ka-sa" word (adjectival form of "Yoṇaka", <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a>: 𑀬𑁄𑀡𑀓𑀲), with Nasik/<a href="/wiki/Karla_Caves" title="Karla Caves">Karla</a>-period <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> for reference. Circa 120 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are important references to the warring Mleccha hordes of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, the Pahlavas and others in the <i>Bala Kanda</i> of <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Indologists like Dr H. C. Raychadhury, Dr B. C. Law, Dr Satya Shrava and others see in these verses the clear glimpses of the struggles of the Hindus with the mixed invading hordes of the barbaric Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas etc. from north-west.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time frame for these struggles is 2nd century BCE downwards.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other Indian records prophecies the 180 BCE Yona attacks on <a href="/wiki/Saket" class="mw-redirect" title="Saket">Saket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, probably against the Shunga Empire, and possibly in defence of Buddhism: "After having conquered Saketa, the country of the Panchala and the Mathuras, the Yavanas, wicked and valiant, will reach Kusumadhvaja ("The town of the flower-standard", Pataliputra). The thick mud-fortifications at Pataliputra being reached, all the provinces will be in disorder, without doubt. Ultimately, a great battle will follow, with tree-like engines (siege engines)."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Yavanas will command, the Kings will disappear. (But ultimately) the Yavanas, intoxicated with fighting, will not stay in Madhadesa (the Middle Country); there will be undoubtedly a civil war among them, arising in their own country, there will be a terrible and ferocious war."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Anushasanaparava" of the <i>Mahabharata</i> affirms that the country of Majjhimadesa was invaded the Yavanas and the Kambojas who were later utterly defeated. The Yona invasion of Majjhimadesa ("middle country, midlands") was jointly carried out by the Yonas and the Kambojas. Majjhimadesa here means the middle of Greater India which then included Afghanistan, Pakistan and large parts of Central Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_references">Other references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the 110 BCE <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a> in Central India, the Indo-Greek king <a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a>, who had sent an ambassador to the court of the Shunga emperor Bhagabhadra, was also qualified as "Yona". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a> also attests Yona settlement in <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, probably contributing to trade between East and West. </p><p>Buddhist texts like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumangala_Vilasini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumangala Vilasini (page does not exist)">Sumangala Vilasini</a> class the language of the Yavanas with the Milakkhabhasa i.e. <i>impure language</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> traders in Tamilakkam were also considered Yavanas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanchi">Sanchi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sanchi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg/220px-Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg/330px-Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg/440px-Foreigners_at_Sanchi_Stupa_I_North_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6765" data-file-height="3082" /></a><figcaption>Foreigners on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the friezes of <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> also show devotees in Greek attire. The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a <a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">headband</a> of the type commonly seen on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">ancient Greek coinage</a>. The clothing too is Greek, complete with <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunics</a>, capes and sandals. The musical instruments are also quite characteristic, such as the double flute called <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>. Also visible are <a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">carnyx</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Cornu_(horn)" title="Cornu (horn)">horns</a>. They are all celebrating at the entrance of the stupa. These men would be foreigners from north-west India visiting the <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Malla_(tribe)" title="Malla (tribe)">Mallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> or Indo-Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three inscriptions are known from Yavana<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> donors at Sanchi, the clearest of which reads "<i>Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam</i>" ("Gift of the Yona of Setapatha"), Setapatha being an uncertain city.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_caves_of_Western_India">Buddhist caves of Western India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buddhist caves of Western India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karla_Caves_Great_Chaitya_Left_pillar_No9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Karla_Caves_Great_Chaitya_Left_pillar_No9.jpg/251px-Karla_Caves_Great_Chaitya_Left_pillar_No9.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Karla_Caves_Great_Chaitya_Left_pillar_No9.jpg/377px-Karla_Caves_Great_Chaitya_Left_pillar_No9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Karla_Caves_Great_Chaitya_Left_pillar_No9.jpg/502px-Karla_Caves_Great_Chaitya_Left_pillar_No9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>Left pillar No.9 of the Great Chatya at <a href="/wiki/Karla_Caves" title="Karla Caves">Karla Caves</a>. This pillar was donated by a Yavana <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 CE</span>, like five other pillars. The inscription of this pillar reads: <i>"Dhenukakata Yavanasa/ Yasavadhanana[m]/ thabo dana[m]"</i> i.e. "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Yasavadhana from Denukakata".<sup id="cite_ref-p.328_Inscription_No10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.328_Inscription_No10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below: detail of the word <i>"Ya-va-na-sa"</i> (adjectival form of "Yavana", <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> 𑀬𑀯𑀦𑀲).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Great <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Karla_Caves" title="Karla Caves">Karla Caves</a> built and dedicated by <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> <a href="/wiki/Nahapana" title="Nahapana">Nahapana</a> in 120 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-WH_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are six inscriptions made by self-described Yavana donors, who donated six of the pillars, although their names are Buddhist names.<sup id="cite_ref-SC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They account for nearly half of the known dedicatory inscriptions on the pillars of the Chaitya.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>3rd pillar of the left row:</li></ul> <dl><dd>"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Sihadhaya from Dhenukataka"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>4th pillar of the left row:</li></ul> <dl><dd>"Of Dhamma, a Yavana from Dhenukakata"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>9th pillar of the left row:</li></ul> <dl><dd>"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Yasavadhana from Denukakata"<sup id="cite_ref-p.328_Inscription_No10_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.328_Inscription_No10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>5th pillar of the right row:</li></ul> <dl><dd>"This pillar is the gift of the Yavana Vitasamghata from Umehanakata"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>13th pillar of the right row:</li></ul> <dl><dd>"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Dhamadhaya from Denukakata"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>15th pillar of the right row:</li></ul> <dl><dd>"(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Chulayakha from Dhenukakata"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The city of Dhenukakata is thought to be Danahu near the city of <a href="/wiki/Karli,_India" title="Karli, India">Karli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SC_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is described by other donors in other inscriptions as a "vaniya-gama" (A community of merchants). </p><p>The Yavanas are also known for their donation of a complete cave at the <a href="/wiki/Nasik_Caves" title="Nasik Caves">Nasik Caves</a> (cave No.17), and for their donations with inscriptions at the <a href="/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar caves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Yonas_and_other_northwestern_invaders_in_Indian_literature">The Yonas and other northwestern invaders in Indian literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Yonas and other northwestern invaders in Indian literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yavanas or Yonas are frequently found listed with the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlava">Pahlavas</a> and other northwestern tribes in numerous ancient Indian texts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_Yavana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/220px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="648" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/330px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bharhut_Yavana.jpg/440px-Bharhut_Yavana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>Vedika pillar with possible Greek warrior (headband of a king, tunic etc...) from <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, Shunga Period, c.100-80BC. Reddish brown sandstone.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> groups the Yavanas with the Kambojas and the Chinas and calls them "Mlechchas" (Barbarians). In the Shanti Parva section, the Yavanas are grouped with the Kambojas, <a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kiratas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pahlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlava">Pahlavas</a> etc. and are spoken of as living the life of <a href="/wiki/Dasyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasyu">Dasyus</a> (dacoits). In another chapter of the same Parva, the Yaunas, Kambojas, Gandharas etc. are spoken of as equal to the "Svapakas" and the "Grddhras". </p><p>Udyogaparva of Mahabharata<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says that the composite army of the Kambojas, Yavanas and Sakas had participated in the Mahabharata war under the supreme command of Kamboja king <a href="/wiki/Sudakshina" title="Sudakshina">Sudakshina</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Epics">epic</a> numerously applauds this composite army as being very fierce and wrathful. </p><p>Balakanda of <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> also groups the Yavanas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas etc. and refers to them as the military allies of <a href="/wiki/Wise_Old_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Wise Old Man">sage</a> Vishistha against <a href="/wiki/Vedic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic civilization">Vedic</a> king Vishwamitra<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kishkindha Kanda of Ramayana locates the Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas and Paradas in the extreme north-west beyond the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himavat</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hindukush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindukush">Hindukush</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist drama <a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Visakhadutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Visakhadutta">Visakhadutta</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jaina</a> works <a href="/wiki/Parishishtaparvan" title="Parishishtaparvan">Parishishtaparvan</a> refer to <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a>'s alliance with <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> king Parvataka. This Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a powerful composite army made up of the frontier martial tribes of the Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Parasikas, Bahlikas etc.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he may have utilised to aid defeat the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Greek</a> successors of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" title="Nanda dynasty">Nanda</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, and thus establishing his <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> in northern India. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists the Yavanas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas, <a href="/wiki/Parada_kingdom" title="Parada kingdom">Paradas</a> etc. and regards them as degraded <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a> (Hindu caste). Anushasanaparva of Mahabharata<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also views the Yavanas, Kambojas, Shakas etc. in the same light. Patanjali's Mahabhashya<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regards the Yavanas and Sakas as Anirvasita (pure) <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a>. Gautama-Dharmasutra<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regards the Yavanas or Greeks as having sprung from Shudra females and Kshatriya males. </p><p>The Assalayana Sutta of Majjhima Nikaya attests that in Yona and Kamboja nations, there were only two classes of people...<a href="/wiki/Arya" class="mw-redirect" title="Arya">Aryas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasas</a>...the masters and slaves, and that the Arya could become Dasa and vice versa. The Vishnu Purana also indicates that the "Chaturvarna" or four class social system was absent in the lands of Kiratas in the East, and the Yavanas and Kambojas etc. in the West. </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Puranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic">Puranic</a> literature groups the Yavanas with the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a>, Kambojas, <a href="/wiki/Pahlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlava">Pahlavas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parada_kingdom" title="Parada kingdom">Paradas</a> and refers to the peculiar hair styles of these people which were different from those of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ganapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapatha">Ganapatha</a> on <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> attests that it was a practice among the Yavanas and the Kambojas to wear short-cropped hair (<i>Kamboja-mundah Yavana-mundah</i>). </p><p>Vartika of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katayayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katayayana (page does not exist)">Katayayana</a> informs us that the kings of the Shakas and the Yavanas, like those of the Kambojas, may also be addressed by their respective <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal</a> names. </p><p>Brihatkathamanjari of <a href="/wiki/Kshmendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshmendra">Kshmendra</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> informs us that king <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya" title="Vikramaditya">Vikramaditya</a> had unburdened the sacred earth of the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarians</a> like the Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas, Hunas etc. by annihilating these sinners completely. </p><p>The Brahmanda Purana<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the horses born in Yavana country. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahaniddesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahaniddesa (page does not exist)">Mahaniddesa</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speaks of Yona and Parama Yona, probably referring to <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> as the Yona and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> as the Parama Yona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_meanings">Later meanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manmodi_Chaitya_Yavanasa_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Manmodi_Chaitya_Yavanasa_inscription.jpg/349px-Manmodi_Chaitya_Yavanasa_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="349" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Manmodi_Chaitya_Yavanasa_inscription.jpg/524px-Manmodi_Chaitya_Yavanasa_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Manmodi_Chaitya_Yavanasa_inscription.jpg/698px-Manmodi_Chaitya_Yavanasa_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5501" data-file-height="4481" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> of the Chaitya Hall at <a href="/wiki/Manmodi_Caves" title="Manmodi Caves">Manmodi Caves</a> was donated by a Yavana, according to the inscription on the central flat surface of the lotus. Detail of the "Ya-va-na-sa" circular inscription in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>: 𑀬𑀯𑀦𑀲, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 CE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-RT_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The terms "Yona", "Yonaka" or "Yavana" literally referred to the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, however "mlechas" was also used probably due to their barbaric behaviour as invaders. Indian languages did not base a distinction on religion early on but after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to the subcontinent, the term Yavana was used along with Turuka, Turuska, Tajik, and Arab more than Mussalaman or <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> for invaders professing Islam as their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Aloka_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aloka-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> are thought referring <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> as "Yavana".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MiksicGoh2011_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiksicGoh2011-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higham2009_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham2009-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this statement is largely vague. Cham sources refer <a href="/wiki/Dai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Viet">Dai Viet</a> as <i>nagara Yuen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>: nagara yvan, lit. "Viet state"), and the Viets as <i>Yuen</i> (yvan).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both terminologies in Cham materials were written in Cham script and <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Old Cam</a>, the first dated 1142 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Harivarman_I" title="Jaya Harivarman I">Harivarman I</a>, showing little linguistic evidence to prove that Cham <i>Yuen</i> and Indian <i>Yavana</i> are connected.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly for Kiernan's argument to Khmer <i>Yuon</i>, the Cham reference for the Viet should have been derived from "Yue" or "Viet". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> word "Yuon" (yuôn) យួន /yuən/ was thought to be an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">ethnic slur for Vietnamese</a>, derived from the Indian word for Greek, "Yavana",<sup id="cite_ref-Post_Staff_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post_Staff-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it is actually the transcription of the word "Viet" or "Yueh" rather than "Yavana",<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the Khmer word <i>Yuon</i> spelled with the diphthong uo, not v in "Yavana". According to Kiernan, "the <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Pol Pot regime">Pol Pot regime</a>, following French orientalists, mythologized <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">its conflict with Hanoi</a> as part of a millennial ethnic epic"; therefore they altered the meaning of <i>yuon</i> that being misleading implied as <i>savages, foreigners</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhalese</a> term Yonaka referring to the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a>, is thought to have been derived from the term Yona.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word Yona, or one of its derivatives, is still used by some languages to designate contemporary Greece, such as in Arabic (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">يونان</span></span>), in Hebrew (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יוון</span>‎), in Turkish ("<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunanistan" class="extiw" title="tr:Yunanistan">Yunanistan</a>"), in Armenian (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Հունաստան</span></span> <i>Hounistan</i>), modern <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Aramaic</a> (<span title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic-language text"><span lang="aii" dir="rtl">ܝܘ̈ܢܝܐ</span></span> <i>Yawnoye</i>), or the Pashto, Hindi, Urdu, Malay and Indonesian languages ("<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani" class="extiw" title="id:Yunani">Yunani</a>"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in India">Greeks in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Names of the Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Rani" title="Yavana Rani">Yavana Rani</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thomas1933-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas1933_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Joseph Thomas">Thomas, Edward Joseph</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JpnHU1-IgMC&pg=PA85"><i>The History of Buddhist Thought</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 85 with footnote 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1095-8"><bdi>978-81-206-1095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Buddhist+Thought&rft.pages=85+with+footnote+2&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1095-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Edward+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JpnHU1-IgMC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2014" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Matt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjhEAgAAQBAJ&q=persians+ionia+yauna"><i>Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10700-9-608" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10700-9-608"><bdi>978-1-10700-9-608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire%2C+550%E2%80%93330+BCE&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-10700-9-608&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjhEAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpersians%2Bionia%2Byauna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greeks in Bactria and India by William Woodthorpe Tarn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA257">p.257</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzl2010" class="citation book cs1">Kinzl, Konrad H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loeWIRBo3isC&pg=PA202"><i>A Companion to the Classical Greek World</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3412-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-3412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Classical+Greek+World&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3412-8&rft.aulast=Kinzl&rft.aufirst=Konrad+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloeWIRBo3isC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoismanWorthington2011" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA87"><i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-5163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lal, Shyam Bihari (2004). "Yavanas in the Ancient Indian Inscriptions". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>65</b>: 1115–1120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144820">44144820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Yavanas+in+the+Ancient+Indian+Inscriptions&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=1115-1120&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44144820%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Shyam+Bihari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PK_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmin2014" class="citation book cs1">Kosmin, Paul J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57"><i>The Land of the Elephant Kings</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674728820" title="Special:BookSources/9780674728820"><bdi>9780674728820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+the+Elephant+Kings&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780674728820&rft.aulast=Kosmin&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UWdAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap012.html"><i>(Mahavamsa XII)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020052522/http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap012.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap010.html"><i>(Mahavamsa X)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap029.html"><i>(Mahawamsa XXIX)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahabharata 3.188.34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Śakas in India, 1981, p 12, Satya Shrava; Journal, 1920, p 175, University of Calcutta. Department of Letters; India & Russia: Linguistic & Cultural Affinity, 1982, p 100, Weer Rajendra Rishi; Indological Studies, 1950, p 32, Dr B. C. Law; Political History of India from the Accession of Parikshit to the Coronation of Bimbisara, 1923, Page iii, Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 4, Raychaudhury; Indological Studies, 1950, p 4, Dr B. C. Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Political History of Ancient India, 1996, pp 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gargi-Samhita Paragraph 5, Yuga Purana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gargi-Samhita, Yuga Purana Chapter, No 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A guide to Sanchi" John Marshall. These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAS_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MW9DAAAAYAAJ"><i>Purātattva, Number 8</i></a>. Indian Archaeological Society. 1975. p. 188. <q>A reference to a Yona in the Sanchi inscriptions is also of immense value.(...) One of the inscriptions announces the gift of a Setapathia Yona, "Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam" i.e the gift of a Yona, inhabitant of Setapatha. <b>The word Yona can't be here anything, but a Greek donor</b></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pur%C4%81tattva%2C+Number+8&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Indian+Archaeological+Society&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMW9DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016" class="citation book cs1">Upinder Singh (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KIWTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-647-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-647-8"><bdi>978-93-5150-647-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Ancient+India%3A+Essays+on+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Archaeology&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-5150-647-8&rft.au=Upinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIWTCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.328_Inscription_No10-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.328_Inscription_No10_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.328_Inscription_No10_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.367557">p.328 Inscription No10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WH-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WH_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC&pg=PA42">p.42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SC-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SC_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SC_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Some Early Dynasties of South India, by Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA83">p.83</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.367557">p.326-328</a> and Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 [Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindica014351mbp">p.53-54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindica014351mbp">p.53-54 Inscription No.7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions, Shankar Goyal – 2001, p.104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindica014351mbp">p.55-56 Inscription No.10</a> and Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.367557">p.327 Inscription No.7</a> differ on the content of this inscription. Here, Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 was chosen, as Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 only mentions an inscription similar to that of pillar No.3, a possible mixup.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.367557">p.326 Inscription No1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.367557">p.326 Inscription No 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.367557">p.327 Inscription No6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics by Andrew Stewart <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SUw29Q_SeMC&pg=PA180">p.180</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.N. Jha,"Early India: A Concise History"p.150, plate 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahabharata 5.19.21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramayana 55.2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramayana 43.12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Mudrarakshas, Act II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manusmriti X.43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahabharata 13.33.23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahabhasya II.4.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gautama-Dharmasutra IV.21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brihat-Katha-Manjari 10.1.285-86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brahmanda Purana, Upodghatapada, 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahaniddesa, pp 155, 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RT-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RT_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, BRILL, 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXdfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">p.97 Note 97</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aloka-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aloka_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParasher-Sen,_Aloka2004" class="citation book cs1">Parasher-Sen, Aloka (2004). <i>Subordinate and marginal groups in early India</i>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-566542-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-566542-2"><bdi>0-19-566542-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subordinate+and+marginal+groups+in+early+India&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-566542-2&rft.au=Parasher-Sen%2C+Aloka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vH9uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Udaya</i></a>. Department of Culture and Monuments, Authority for the Protection and Management of the Region Angkor / Siem Reap. 2006. pp. 117, 118, 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Udaya&rft.pages=117%2C+118%2C+119&rft.pub=Department+of+Culture+and+Monuments%2C+Authority+for+the+Protection+and+Management+of+the+Region+Angkor+%2F+Siem+Reap&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvH9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiksicGoh2011-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiksicGoh2011_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksicGohO'Connor2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John N.</a>; Goh, Geok Yian; O'Connor, Sue (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJy2GXNxaxQC&pg=PA241"><i>Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia: Preservation, Development, and Neglect</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-389-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-389-4"><bdi>978-0-85728-389-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Cultural+Resource+Management+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Preservation%2C+Development%2C+and+Neglect&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-389-4&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft.au=Goh%2C+Geok+Yian&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJy2GXNxaxQC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Schafer, Edward H.</a> (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vermilionbirdtan00scha"><i>The Vermilion Bird</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vermilionbirdtan00scha/page/11">11</a>. GGKEY:J7QZAZWA45P.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vermilion+Bird&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvermilionbirdtan00scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higham2009-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Higham2009_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(archaeologist)" title="Charles Higham (archaeologist)">Higham, Charles</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA64"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0996-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-0996-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Asian+Civilizations&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1c1UIEVH9gC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolzio2004" class="citation book cs1">Golzio, Karl-Heinz (2004). <i>Inscriptions of Campā based on the editions and translations of Abel Bergaigne, Étienne Aymonier, Louis Finot, Édouard Huber and other French scholars and of the work of R. C. Majumdar. Newly presented, with minor corrections of texts and translations, together with calculations of given dates</i>. Shaker Verlag. pp. 199–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+of+Camp%C4%81+based+on+the+editions+and+translations+of+Abel+Bergaigne%2C+%C3%89tienne+Aymonier%2C+Louis+Finot%2C+%C3%89douard+Huber+and+other+French+scholars+and+of+the+work+of+R.+C.+Majumdar.+Newly+presented%2C+with+minor+corrections+of+texts+and+translations%2C+together+with+calculations+of+given+dates&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Shaker+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Golzio&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrelonDe_CorbignyLemireCahen1999" class="citation book cs1">Barrelon, Pierre; De Corbigny, Brossard; Lemire, Charles; Cahen, Gaston (1999). <i>Cities of Nineteenth Century Colonial Vietnam: Hanoi, Saigon, Hue and the Champa Ruins</i>. White Lotus Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-74843-456-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-74843-456-8"><bdi>978-9-74843-456-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+Nineteenth+Century+Colonial+Vietnam%3A+Hanoi%2C+Saigon%2C+Hue+and+the+Champa+Ruins&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=White+Lotus+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9-74843-456-8&rft.aulast=Barrelon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=De+Corbigny%2C+Brossard&rft.au=Lemire%2C+Charles&rft.au=Cahen%2C+Gaston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Post_Staff-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Post_Staff_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost_Staff2003" class="citation news cs1">Post Staff (4 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ionia-vietnam">"From Ionia to Vietnam"</a>. <i>The Phnom Penh Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phnom+Penh+Post&rft.atitle=From+Ionia+to+Vietnam&rft.date=2003-07-04&rft.au=Post+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2Fnational%2Fionia-vietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Tso_and_Sophal_Ear2010" class="citation news cs1">Kenneth Tso and Sophal Ear (8 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/yuon-what%E2%80%99s-xenonym">"Yuon: What's in a xenonym?"</a>. <i>The Phnom Penh Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phnom+Penh+Post&rft.atitle=Yuon%3A+What%27s+in+a+xenonym%3F&rft.date=2010-02-08&rft.au=Kenneth+Tso+and+Sophal+Ear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2Fnational%2Fyuon-what%25E2%2580%2599s-xenonym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Kiernan2001" class="citation web cs1">Ben Kiernan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/myth_nationalism_and_genocide.pdf">"Myth, nationalism and genocide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Yale University Genocide Studies Program</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+University+Genocide+Studies+Program&rft.atitle=Myth%2C+nationalism+and+genocide&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Ben+Kiernan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmyth_nationalism_and_genocide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghKhan2001" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nagendra Kr; Khan, Abdul Mabud (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6cTXAAAAMAAJ&q=sonakar"><i>Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities</i></a>. Global Vision. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187746102" title="Special:BookSources/9788187746102"><bdi>9788187746102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+World+Muslims%3A+Tribes%2C+Castes+and+Communities&rft.pub=Global+Vision&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788187746102&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nagendra+Kr&rft.au=Khan%2C+Abdul+Mabud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6cTXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsonakar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The shape of ancient thought. Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian philosophies</i>, by Thomas Mc Evilly (Allworth Press, New York 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5">1-58115-203-5</a></li> <li><i>Liber Genesis</i> 10:2. "Filii Iapheth: Gomer et Magog et Madai et <b>Iavan</b> et Thubal et Mosoch et Thiras." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_genesis_lt.html">Nova vulgata</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yona&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/y/yonaa.htm">Pali dictionary definition of "Yona"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Yavana">Yavana</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yona&oldid=1255872279">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yona&oldid=1255872279</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks_in_Asia" title="Category:Ancient Greeks in Asia">Ancient Greeks in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations" title="Category:Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Ancient peoples of Pakistan">Ancient peoples of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-Greeks" title="Category:Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:Ancient peoples of Afghanistan">Ancient peoples of Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_India" title="Category:Ancient peoples of India">Ancient peoples of India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_November_2023" title="Category:EngvarB from November 2023">EngvarB from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2023">Use dmy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text">Articles containing Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Assyrian Neo-Aramaic-language text">Articles containing Assyrian Neo-Aramaic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 02:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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