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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Raj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Raj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>British Raj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Raj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_(1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_(1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Partition (1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_(1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography and nature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_nature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and nature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sindh_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sindh_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sindh province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sindh_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower-level_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower-level_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Lower-level subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower-level_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towns_and_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towns_and_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Towns and villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towns_and_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span><b>List of universities</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Cultural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CNIC_Codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CNIC_Codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>CNIC Codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CNIC_Codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sindh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85)" title="السند (إقليم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السند (إقليم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_%C9%99yal%C9%99ti" title="Sind əyaləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sind əyaləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سیند ایالتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیند ایالتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="সিন্ধু প্রদেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিন্ধু প্রদেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_S%C3%A9ng" title="Sindh Séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sindh Séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сінд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сынд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="सिंध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिंध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Синд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_provints" title="Sindhi provints – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sindhi provints" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B4" title="Σινδ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σινδ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindo" title="Sindo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sindo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایالت سند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت سند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSind" title="An tSind – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSind" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7" title="સિંધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સિંધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%93%9C%EC%A3%BC" title="신드주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신드주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="सिंध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Синд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Синд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_(fylki)" title="Sind (fylki) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sind (fylki)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סינד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სინდის პროვინცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინდის პროვინცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="سِندھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سِندھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindia_(Pakistania)" title="Sindia (Pakistania) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sindia (Pakistania)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinda" title="Sinda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sinda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhas" title="Sindhas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sindhas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szindh" title="Szindh – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szindh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सिन्ध – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिन्ध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D" title="സിന്ധ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിന്ധ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="सिंध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिंध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სინდიშ პროვინცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინდიშ პროვინცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सिन्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिन्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सिन्ध – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिन्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%B7%9E" title="シンド州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンド州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7" title="ਸਿੰਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੰਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="سندھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سندھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinde" title="Sinde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Синд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="सिन्धप्रदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सिन्धप्रदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7" title="ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="سندھ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سندھ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C" title="سنڌ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنڌ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پارێزگای سیند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارێزگای سیند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Синд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிந்து மாகாணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிந்து மாகாணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="แคว้นสินธ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นสินธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Синд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Синд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сінд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сінд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="سندھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سندھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saenqdaek" title="Saenqdaek – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saenqdaek" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E7%9C%81" title="信德省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="信德省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sindh" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E7%9C%81" title="信德省 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="信德省" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1nd" title="Sınd – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sınd" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E7%9C%81" title="信德省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信德省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37211#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sindh&params=26_21_N_68_51_E_region:PK_type:city(55696147)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">68°51′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.350°N 68.850°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.350; 68.850</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Pakistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sind" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sindh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sindh (disambiguation)">Sindh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sind_State" title="Sind State">Sind State</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">Sind Province (1936–1955)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Pakistan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sindh</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سندھ</span></li><li><span title="Sindhi-language text"><span lang="sd"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سنڌ</span>‎</span></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Province of Sindh</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_Mausoleum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jinnah_Mausoleum.JPG/330px-Jinnah_Mausoleum.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jinnah_Mausoleum.JPG/500px-Jinnah_Mausoleum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jinnah_Mausoleum.JPG/960px-Jinnah_Mausoleum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="border:1;;height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rohri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rohri.jpg/250px-Rohri.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rohri.jpg/330px-Rohri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Bridge" title="Ayub Bridge">Ayub Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="border:1;;height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_sky_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Karachi_sky_line.jpg/125px-Karachi_sky_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Karachi_sky_line.jpg/188px-Karachi_sky_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Karachi_sky_line.jpg/250px-Karachi_sky_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Skyline_of_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyline of Karachi">Skyline of Karachi</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="border:1;;height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranikot_fort_2_(asad_aman).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ranikot_fort_2_%28asad_aman%29.jpg/250px-Ranikot_fort_2_%28asad_aman%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ranikot_fort_2_%28asad_aman%29.jpg/330px-Ranikot_fort_2_%28asad_aman%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ranikot_Fort" title="Ranikot Fort">Ranikot Fort</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="border:1;;height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/132px-Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/198px-Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg/264px-Other_side_of_Moenjodaro_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_jahan_mosque_-Thatta_7(asad_aman).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Shah_jahan_mosque_-Thatta_7%28asad_aman%29.jpg/330px-Shah_jahan_mosque_-Thatta_7%28asad_aman%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Shah_jahan_mosque_-Thatta_7%28asad_aman%29.jpg/500px-Shah_jahan_mosque_-Thatta_7%28asad_aman%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Shah_jahan_mosque_-Thatta_7%28asad_aman%29.jpg/960px-Shah_jahan_mosque_-Thatta_7%28asad_aman%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sindh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sindh"><img alt="Flag of Sindh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/250px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sindh" title="Flag of Sindh">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sindh_Province.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Sindh"><img alt="Official seal of Sindh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coat_of_arms_of_Sindh_Province.svg/87px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sindh_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coat_of_arms_of_Sindh_Province.svg/131px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sindh_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Coat_of_arms_of_Sindh_Province.svg/175px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sindh_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="457" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: <i>Sind</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Mehran (Gateway), Bab-ul-Islam (Gateway of Islam)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindh_in_Pakistan_(claims_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Sindh in Pakistan"><img alt="Location of Sindh in Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sindh_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg/250px-Sindh_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sindh_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg/500px-Sindh_in_Pakistan_%28claims_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Sindh in Pakistan</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sindh&params=26_21_N_68_51_E_region:PK_type:city(55696147)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">68°51′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.350°N 68.850°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.350; 68.850</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1972<span class="noprint">; 52 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1972-07-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data">Part of <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">and largest city</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative Divisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>06</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_Division" title="Mirpur Khas Division">Mirpur Khas Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_Division" title="Sukkur Division">Sukkur Division</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazirabad_Division" title="Shaheed Benazirabad Division">Shaheed Benazirabad Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Self-governing province</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">federal government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Government of Sindh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh" title="Governor of Sindh">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Tessori" title="Kamran Tessori">Kamran Tessori</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh" title="Chief Minister of Sindh">Chief Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murad_Ali_Shah" title="Murad Ali Shah">Murad Ali Shah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Provincial Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sindh_High_Court" title="Sindh High Court">Sindh High Court</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">140,914 km<sup>2</sup> (54,407 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">3rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">173 m (568 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2023_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Census of Pakistan">2023 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2023_Census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_Census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">55,696,147</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">395/km<sup>2</sup> (1,020/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sindhi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP (nominal)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">Total</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$86 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">2nd</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-g_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">Per Capita</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$1,997 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP (PPP)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">Total</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$345 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">2nd</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-g_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">Per Capita</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$7,209 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_administrative_units_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time" title="Pakistan Standard Time">PKT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PK" title="ISO 3166-2:PK">PK-SD</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable sports teams</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sindh_cricket_team" title="Sindh cricket team">Sindh cricket team</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Kings" title="Karachi Kings">Karachi Kings</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Karachi_United" title="Karachi United">Karachi United</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Hawks" title="Hyderabad Hawks">Hyderabad Hawks</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Dolphins" title="Karachi Dolphins">Karachi Dolphins</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Zebras" title="Karachi Zebras">Karachi Zebras</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_units_of_Pakistan_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.517 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FF0000">Low</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Literacy rate</a> (2020)</th><td class="infobox-data">61.8%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">Seats in National Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data">75</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Seats in Provincial Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data">168<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Sindh,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Sindh, Pakistan">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Sindh">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tehsils_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehsils of Sindh">Tehsils</a></th><td class="infobox-data">138</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Union_Councils_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Councils of Pakistan">Union Councils</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1108<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sindh.gov.pk">sindh.gov.pk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_culture" title="Category:Sindhi culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sindh_region" title="Sindh region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/110px-Sindhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/165px-Sindhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/220px-Sindhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Identity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudesh">State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhology" title="Sindhology">Sindhology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_dynasty_of_Sindh" title="Brahmin dynasty of Sindh">Chacha dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_(caliphal_province)" title="Sind (caliphal province)">Arab Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh#Medieval_era" title="History of Sindh">Soomra-Samma rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">British rule</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Current Era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i>Asia</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_India" title="Sindhis in India">Sindhis in India</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sindhis in Sri Lanka">Sindhis in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sindhis" title="British Sindhis">Sindhi British</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Gibraltar" title="Hinduism in Gibraltar">Sindhi Gibraltarians</a></li></ul> <p><i>North America</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Canadians" title="Sindhi Canadians">Sindhi Canadians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Oceania</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi Australians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_clothing" title="Sindhi clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Hat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Sindh" title="Folk dances of Sindh">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh#Poetry" title="Culture of Sindh">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis#Festivals" title="Sindhis">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis#Ethnicity_and_religion" title="Sindhis">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_television_channels" title="List of Sindhi-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibi" title="Sibi">Siwistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ab0000;border-bottom:1px solid #ab0000;font-size:95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png/55px-Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="52" class="mw-file-element" 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<p><b>Sindh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SIND</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: <span lang="sd" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">سِنْڌ</span>‎</span>; <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سِنْدھ</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ur-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[sɪndʱə]</a></span>; abbr. <b>SD</b>, historically romanized as <b><a href="/wiki/Sind_(caliphal_province)" title="Sind (caliphal province)">Sind</a></b> or <b>Scinde</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Located in the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">southeastern region</a> of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">second-largest province by population</a> after <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani provinces">Pakistani provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> to the west and north-west and <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> to the north. It shares an <a href="/wiki/India-Pakistan_border" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Pakistan border">International border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian states">Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> to the east; it is also bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly of <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plains</a> flanking the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert_of_Sindh" title="Thar Desert of Sindh">Thar Desert</a> in the eastern portion of the province along the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">international border with India</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kirthar_Mountains" title="Kirthar Mountains">Kirthar Mountains</a> in the western portion of the province. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sindh" title="Economy of Sindh">economy of Sindh</a> is the second largest in Pakistan after the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Punjab">province of Punjab</a>; its provincial capital <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">most populous city in the country</a> as well as its main financial hub. Sindh is home to a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Pakistan's industrial sector</a> and contains two of the country's busiest commercial seaports: <a href="/wiki/Port_Qasim" title="Port Qasim">Port Qasim</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Karachi" title="Port of Karachi">Port of Karachi</a>. The remainder of Sindh consists of an <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">agriculture</a>-based economy and produces fruits, consumer items and vegetables for other parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation,_2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation,_2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SALU_Press_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SALU_Press-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_News,_2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News,_2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sindh is sometimes referred to as the <i>Bab-ul Islam</i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'Gateway of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>'</span>), as it was one of the first regions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> to fall under <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province is well known for its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">distinct culture</a>, which is strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufist Islam</a>, an important marker of Sindhi identity for both <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WakabayashiKothari2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WakabayashiKothari2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindh is prominent for its history during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, and is home to two <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>-designated <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Makli_Necropolis" title="Makli Necropolis">Makli Necropolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> referred to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B8%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἰνδός">Indós</a></i>, hence the modern <i>Indus</i>. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a> referred to everything east of the river Indus as <i>hind</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Now_or_Never_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Now_or_Never-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ikram1995_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikram1995-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>Sind</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term <i>Sindhu,</i> meaning "river," a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhiroze_Vasunia20136_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhiroze_Vasunia20136-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Southworth" title="Franklin Southworth">Southworth</a> suggests that the name <i>Sindhu</i> is in turn derived from <i>Cintu</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> word for <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>, a tree commonly found in Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The previous <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> spelling <i>Sind</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سند</span></span>) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in the <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh Assembly">Sindh Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">History of Sindh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/250px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="754" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Priest-King_(sculpture)" title="Priest-King (sculpture)">"Priest King"</a> sculpture is carved from <a href="/wiki/Steatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatite">steatite</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/250px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/330px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="926" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <i><a href="/wiki/Pashupati_seal" title="Pashupati seal">Pashupati seal</a></i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:76px;max-width:76px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/74px-Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/111px-Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/148px-Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="2530" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(Mohenjo-daro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing Girl (Mohenjo-daro)">Dancing Girl</a> of Mohenjo-daro</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg/250px-Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg" decoding="async" width="210" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg/330px-Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg/500px-Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="371" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Excavated ruins of the Great Bath at <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>. There are remnants of thousand-year-old cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo Daro</a>. Built around 2500 BC, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilization, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage systems.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the world's earliest major <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a>, contemporaneous with the civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan Crete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caral-Supe_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Caral-Supe civilization">Caral-Supe</a>. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BC as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-mohenjodaro.net_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gradual <a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">drying</a> of the region during the 3rd millennium BC may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Note-Brooke_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note-Brooke-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, the territory of Sindh was known as <a href="/wiki/Sindhu-Sauv%C4%ABra" title="Sindhu-Sauvīra">Sindhu-Sauvīra</a>, covering the lower <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> Valley,<sup id="cite_ref-Raychaudhuri2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raychaudhuri2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its southern border being the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and its northern border being the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Pañjāb</a> around <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multān</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_209]-[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_210]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_209]-[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_210]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of Sindhu-Sauvīra was named Roruka and Vītabhaya or Vītībhaya, and corresponds to the mediaeval <a href="/wiki/Aror" title="Aror">Arohṛ</a> and the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Rohri" title="Rohri">Rohṛī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_209]-[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_210]_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_209]-[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_210]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESikdar1964501-502_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESikdar1964501-502-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raychaudhuri_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raychaudhuri-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> conquered the region and established the satrapy of <a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a>. The territory may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> basin (present day Sindh and the southern <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> regions of Pakistan).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, some authors consider that <i>Hindush</i> may have been located in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas remained under Persian control until the <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">invasion by Alexander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander conquered parts of Sindh after Punjab for few years and appointed his general <a href="/wiki/Peithon_(son_of_Agenor)" title="Peithon (son of Agenor)">Peithon</a> as governor. He constructed a harbour at the city of <a href="/wiki/Regio_Patalis" title="Regio Patalis">Patala</a> in Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDani198137_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDani198137-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEggermont197513_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEggermont197513-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> fought Alexander's successor in the east, <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a>, when the latter invaded. In a peace treaty, Seleucus ceded all territories west of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and offered a marriage, including a portion of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, while Chandragupta granted Seleucus 500 elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe200933_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe200933-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended by 180 BC, the region came under the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo Scythians</a>, who ruled with their capital at <a href="/wiki/Minnagara" title="Minnagara">Minnagara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> rulers from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> claimed control of the Sindh area in their inscriptions, known as <a href="/wiki/Hind_(Sasanian_province)" title="Hind (Sasanian province)">Hind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NS_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a> emerged from Sindh and reigned for a period of 144 years, concurrent with the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna</a> invasions of North India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1996133,_152–153_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1996133,_152–153-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aror" title="Aror">Aror</a> was noted to be the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1996133,_152–153_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1996133,_152–153-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsif201665,_81–82,_131–134_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsif201665,_81–82,_131–134-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmin_dynasty_of_Sindh" title="Brahmin dynasty of Sindh">Brahmin dynasty of Sindh</a> succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1996151_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1996151-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gier_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gier-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naik_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naik-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the information about its existence comes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Chach_Nama" title="Chach Nama">Chach Nama</a></i>, a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the empire's fall in 712, though the empire had ended, its dynasty's members administered parts of Sindh under the Umayyad Caliphate's <a href="/wiki/Caliphal_province_of_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphal province of Sind">Caliphal province of Sind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991152–153_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991152–153-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era">Medieval era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyond <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection between the Sindh and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was established by the initial Muslim invasions during the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> in the year 649, was an early partisan of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abu Talib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacLean,_Derryl_N._1989_pp._1262_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLean,_Derryl_N._1989_pp._1262-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had come under the influence of Shi'ism<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some even participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camel" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Camel">Battle of Camel</a> and died fighting for <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacLean,_Derryl_N._1989_pp._1262_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacLean,_Derryl_N._1989_pp._1262-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Umayyads (661–750), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first clash with the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> of Sindh took place in 636 (15 AH) under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a> with the governor of Bahrain, <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Abu-al-Aas" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas">Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas</a>, dispatching naval expeditions against <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debal" title="Debal">Debal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a> states they were victorious at Debal but doesn't mention the results of other two raids. However, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chach_Nama" title="Chach Nama">Chach Nama</a></i> states that the raid of Debal was defeated and its governor killed the leader of the raids.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These raids were thought to be triggered by a later pirate attack on Umayyad ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967337_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967337-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baladhuri adds that this stopped any more incursions until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsif201635_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsif201635-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 712, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Mohammed Bin Qasim</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin_dynasty_of_Sindh" title="Brahmin dynasty of Sindh">Brahmin dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sind_(caliphal_province)" title="Sind (caliphal province)">annexed it to the Umayyad Caliphate</a>. This marked the beginning of Islam in the Indian subcontinent. The <a href="/wiki/Habbari_dynasty" title="Habbari dynasty">Habbari dynasty</a> ruled much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent <i>emirate</i> from 854 to 1024. Beginning with the rule of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari in 854, the region became semi-independent from the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in 861, while continuing to nominally pledge allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maclean2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maclean2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud Ghaznavi</a> in 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid Empire</a>, thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomra dynasty</a> was a local Sindhi Muslim dynasty that ruled between early 11th century and the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IJDL-2007_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJDL-2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dani-2007_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later chroniclers like <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ali ibn al-Athir</a> (c. late 12th c.) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.<sup id="cite_ref-Collinet-2008a_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collinet-2008a-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this power vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-Collinet-2008a_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collinet-2008a-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boivin-2008a_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boivin-2008a-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomrus.<sup id="cite_ref-Collinet-2008a_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collinet-2008a-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise delineations are not yet known but Sommrus were probably centered in lower Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-Collinet-2008a_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collinet-2008a-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them were adherents of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boivin-2008a_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boivin-2008a-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Delhi">Sultan of Delhi</a>, and was allowed to continue on as a vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray201932_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray201932-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Makli_Necropolis" title="Makli Necropolis">Makli Necropolis</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artwork_on_Jam_nizamuddin_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Artwork_on_Jam_nizamuddin_tomb.jpg/95px-Artwork_on_Jam_nizamuddin_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Artwork_on_Jam_nizamuddin_tomb.jpg/143px-Artwork_on_Jam_nizamuddin_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Artwork_on_Jam_nizamuddin_tomb.jpg/190px-Artwork_on_Jam_nizamuddin_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3207" data-file-height="4811" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makli_12_cropped_-_Diwan_Shurfa_Khan%27s_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Makli_12_cropped_-_Diwan_Shurfa_Khan%27s_tomb.jpg/189px-Makli_12_cropped_-_Diwan_Shurfa_Khan%27s_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Makli_12_cropped_-_Diwan_Shurfa_Khan%27s_tomb.jpg/284px-Makli_12_cropped_-_Diwan_Shurfa_Khan%27s_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Makli_12_cropped_-_Diwan_Shurfa_Khan%27s_tomb.jpg/378px-Makli_12_cropped_-_Diwan_Shurfa_Khan%27s_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_Mubarak_Khan_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jam_Mubarak_Khan_.jpg/130px-Jam_Mubarak_Khan_.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jam_Mubarak_Khan_.jpg/195px-Jam_Mubarak_Khan_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jam_Mubarak_Khan_.jpg/260px-Jam_Mubarak_Khan_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2669" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_Monuments_at_Makli,_Thatta-108247.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Historical_Monuments_at_Makli%2C_Thatta-108247.jpg/250px-Historical_Monuments_at_Makli%2C_Thatta-108247.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Historical_Monuments_at_Makli%2C_Thatta-108247.jpg/330px-Historical_Monuments_at_Makli%2C_Thatta-108247.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The <a href="/wiki/Makli_Necropolis" title="Makli Necropolis">Makli Necropolis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a> is one of the largest funerary sites in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Sammas</a> overthrew the Soomras soon after 1335 and established the Sindh Sultanate. The last Soomra ruler took shelter with the governor of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, under the protection of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Delhi">sultan of Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-(Pakistan)Latif197622_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Pakistan)Latif197622-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guj2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guj2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohammad bin Tughlaq made an expedition against Sindh in 1351 and died at Sondha, possibly in an attempt to restore the Soomras. With this, the Sammas became independent. The next sultan, <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a> attacked Sindh in 1365 and 1367, unsuccessfully, but with reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> he later obtained Banbhiniyo's surrender. For a period the Sammas were therefore subject to Delhi again. Later, as the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed they became fully independent.<sup id="cite_ref-panhwar.com22_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panhwar.com22-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jam Unar was the founder of Samma dynasty mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-panhwar.com22_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panhwar.com22-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samma civilization contributed significantly to the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architectural</a> style. Thatta is famous for its necropolis, which covers 10 square km on the <a href="/wiki/Makli_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Makli Hill">Makli Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has left its mark in Sindh with magnificent structures including the <a href="/wiki/Makli_Necropolis" title="Makli Necropolis">Makli Necropolis</a> of its royals in Thatta.<sup id="cite_ref-(Pakistan)Latif19763_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Pakistan)Latif19763-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were later overthrown by the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghuns</a> in the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bosworth_p._329_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth_p._329-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sind_State" title="Sind State">Sind State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaborately_illustrated_map_of_the_Thatta_Subah_of_the_Mughal_Empire,_commissioned_by_Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Gentil,_ca.1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elaborately_illustrated_map_of_the_Thatta_Subah_of_the_Mughal_Empire%2C_commissioned_by_Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Gentil%2C_ca.1770.jpg/220px-Elaborately_illustrated_map_of_the_Thatta_Subah_of_the_Mughal_Empire%2C_commissioned_by_Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Gentil%2C_ca.1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elaborately_illustrated_map_of_the_Thatta_Subah_of_the_Mughal_Empire%2C_commissioned_by_Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Gentil%2C_ca.1770.jpg/330px-Elaborately_illustrated_map_of_the_Thatta_Subah_of_the_Mughal_Empire%2C_commissioned_by_Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Gentil%2C_ca.1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elaborately_illustrated_map_of_the_Thatta_Subah_of_the_Mughal_Empire%2C_commissioned_by_Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Gentil%2C_ca.1770.jpg/440px-Elaborately_illustrated_map_of_the_Thatta_Subah_of_the_Mughal_Empire%2C_commissioned_by_Jean_Baptiste_Joseph_Gentil%2C_ca.1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Elaborately illustrated map of the Thatta Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, himself born in the <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Umerkot" title="Umerkot">Umerkot</a> in Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mughal rule from their provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a> was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhora dynasty</a> holding power, consolidating their rule from their capital of <a href="/wiki/Khudabad" title="Khudabad">Khudabad</a>, before shifting to <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a> from 1768 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpurs</a> succeeded the Kalhoras and four branches of the dynasty were established.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One ruled lower Sindh from the city of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of <a href="/wiki/Khairpur" title="Khairpur">Khairpur</a>, a third ruled around the eastern city of <a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpur Khas</a>, and a fourth was based in <a href="/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan" title="Tando Muhammad Khan">Tando Muhammad Khan</a>. They were ethnically <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon-2006_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-2006-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> and were forced to pay tribute to them.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miani" title="Battle of Miani">Battle of Miani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubba" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dubba">Battle of Dubbo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talpur-2002_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talpur-2002-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the <a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">princely state of Khairpur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon-2006_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-2006-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose ruler elected to join the new <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> in 1955. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Raj">British Raj</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British Raj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind Province (1936–55)">Sind Province (1936–55)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombay_Prov_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bombay_Prov_1909.jpg/170px-Bombay_Prov_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bombay_Prov_1909.jpg/255px-Bombay_Prov_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bombay_Prov_1909.jpg/340px-Bombay_Prov_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Sindh became part of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> in 1909.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> conquered Sindh in 1843. General <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Napier" title="Charles James Napier">Charles Napier</a> is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely <i>"<a href="/wiki/Peccavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Peccavi">Peccavi</a>"</i> – or <i>"I have sinned"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to utilise Sindh for its economic potential.<sup id="cite_ref-LongSingh2015_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LongSingh2015-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>. Distance from the provincial capital, Bombay, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-LongSingh2015_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LongSingh2015-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, desire for a separate administrative status for Sindh grew. At the annual session of the Indian National Congress in 1913, a Sindhi Hindu put forward the demand for Sindh's separation from the Bombay Presidency on the grounds of Sindh's unique cultural character. This reflected the desire of Sindh's predominantly Hindu commercial class to free itself from competing with the more powerful Bombay's business interests.<sup id="cite_ref-LongSingh2015_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LongSingh2015-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Sindhi politics was characterised in the 1920s by the growing importance of Karachi and the Khilafat Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Malik1999_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik1999-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Sindhi pirs, descendants of Sufi saints who had proselytised in Sindh, joined the Khilafat Movement, which propagated the protection of the Ottoman Caliphate, and those pirs who did not join the movement found a decline in their following.<sup id="cite_ref-Minault1982_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minault1982-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pirs generated huge support for the Khilafat cause in Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari199277_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari199277-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindh came to be at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Society2007_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society2007-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Sindh had a cleaner record of communal harmony than other parts of India, the province's Muslim elite and emerging Muslim middle class demanded separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency as a safeguard for their own interests. In this campaign, local Sindhi Muslims identified 'Hindu' with Bombay instead of Sindh. Sindhi Hindus were seen as representing the interests of Bombay instead of the majority of Sindhi Muslims. Sindhi Hindus, for the most part, opposed the separation of Sindh from Bombay.<sup id="cite_ref-LongSingh2015_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LongSingh2015-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism, communal harmony and tolerance due to Sindh's strong <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> culture in which both Sindhi Muslims and Sindhi Hindus partook,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both the Muslim landed elite, <i>waderas</i>, and the Hindu commercial elements, <i><a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">banias</a></i>, collaborated in oppressing the predominantly Muslim peasantry of Sindh who were economically exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-Jalal20022_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalal20022-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari199277_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari199277-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LongSingh20152_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LongSingh20152-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Society20072_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Society20072-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sindh's first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were an essential factor of politics informed by religious and cultural issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Jalal2002_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalal2002-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to British policies, much land in Sindh was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghIyer2016_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghIyer2016-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious tensions rose in Sindh over the Sukkur Manzilgah issue where Muslims and Hindus disputed over an abandoned mosque in proximity to an area sacred to Hindus. The Sindh Muslim League exploited the issue and agitated for the return of the mosque to Muslims. Consequentially, a thousand members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored the mosque to Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Jalal2002_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalal2002-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency triggered Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to Jinnah.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2016_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2016-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist <a href="/wiki/G._M._Syed" title="G. M. Syed">G. M. Syed</a> left the All India Muslim League in the mid-1940s and his relationship with Jinnah never improved, the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance.<sup id="cite_ref-Malik1999_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik1999-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business class to drive out their Hindu competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Kukreja2003_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kukreja2003-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim League's rise to becoming the party with the strongest support in Sindh was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992115_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992115-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sindh, when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992115_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992115-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Muslim League's cultivation of support from local pirs in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992122_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992122-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it didn't take long for the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Malik19992_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik19992-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kukreja20032_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kukreja20032-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partition_(1947)"><span id="Partition_.281947.29"></span>Partition (1947)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Partition (1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. There were very few incidents of violence on Sindh, in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part that Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="font-size:90%"> <caption>Demographic indicators </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Indicator </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>Urban population </td> <td>53.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rural population </td> <td>46.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population growth rate </td> <td>2.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gender ratio (male per 100 female) </td> <td>108.76<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Economically active population </td> <td>22.75% (old data)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2025)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population history</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1872</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,322,765</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,542,976</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,003,711</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,410,223</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,737,223</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,472,508</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,114,253</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,840,795</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,047,748</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">8,367,065</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+38.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1972</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,155,909</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+69.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,028,666</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1998</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,991,161</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+57.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2017</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">47,854,510</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+59.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,696,147</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left"><i>Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Pakistan" title="Census in Pakistan">Census in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Census_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Census of British India">Census of British Raj</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-sindh1941_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1941-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1941_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1941-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1931_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1931-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1921_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1921-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1911_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1911-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1901_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1901-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1891_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1891-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1881_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1881-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1872_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1872-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sindh has the second highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_Districts_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pakistani Districts by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.628.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023 Census of Pakistan</a> indicated a population of 55.7 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_Sindh" title="Sufism in Sindh">Sufism in Sindh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sindh" title="Hinduism in Sindh">Hinduism in Sindh</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Sindh according to <a href="/wiki/2023_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Census of Pakistan">2023 census</a></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (90%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Orange;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (8.81%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Blue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.98%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Black;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Ahmaddiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmaddiya">Ahmaddiya</a> (0.03%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Yellow;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.01%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:White;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> (0%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Gray;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other (0.07%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#FEFDFD;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (0.10%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:Green;color:#000" title="Islam (90%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.400turn)" title="Islam (90%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.900turn)" title="Hinduism (8.81%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:Orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.918turn)" title="Hinduism (8.81%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.988turn); background:Blue;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Christianity (0.98%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.998turn); background:Black;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Ahmaddiya (0.03%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.998turn); background:Gray;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 0.62832680% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Other (0.07%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div><p>Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai</a>, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend that highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on <a href="/wiki/Makli_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Makli Hill">Makli Hill</a> near <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the sixteenth century two Sufi <i>tareeqat</i> (orders) – Qadria and Naqshbandia – were introduced in Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, the last census conducted prior to the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was 4,840,795 out of which 3,462,015 (71.5%) were Muslims, 1,279,530 (26.4%) were Hindus and the remaining were Tribals, Sikhs, Christians, Parsis, Jains, Jews, and Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1941_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1941-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hindus</a> overall, accounting for 8.8% of the population, roughly around 4.9 million people,<sup id="cite_ref-2017_Census_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017_Census-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2023 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">scheduled caste</a> population, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas),<sup id="cite_ref-religioninpakistan_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religioninpakistan-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hindu_Council" title="Pakistan Hindu Council">Pakistan Hindu Council</a> claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The <a href="/wiki/Ramapir_Temple_Tando_Allahyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramapir Temple Tando Allahyar">Shri Ramapir Temple</a> in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing <a href="/wiki/Hindu_marriage_laws_in_Pakistan" title="Hindu marriage laws in Pakistan">Hindu marriages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahid_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahid-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2020 community estimates indicated the Sikh population in Sindh stood at approximately 10,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Tunio_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tunio-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the 2023 census indicated a population of 5,182 Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-sindh2023_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh2023-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div style="overflow-x:auto; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding-left: 0.1em; padding-right: 0.1em"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in Sindh (1872−2023) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religious</a><br />group </th> <th colspan="2">1872<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1872_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1872-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1872_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1872-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1881<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1881_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1881-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1881_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1881-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1891<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1891_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1891-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1891_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1891-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1901<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1901_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1901-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1901_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1901-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1911<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1911_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1911-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1911_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1911-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1921<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1921_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1921-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1921_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1921-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1931_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1931-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1931_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1931-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1941_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1941-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1941_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1941-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1951<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1951_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1951-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–26">: 22–26 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sindh1951_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sindh1951-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1998<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1998_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1998-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2017<sup id="cite_ref-sindh2017_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh2017-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2017_Census_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017_Census-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2023<sup id="cite_ref-sindh2023_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh2023-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </th> <td>1,712,221 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001780974861055046♠" style="display:none"></span>78.1% </td> <td>1,989,630 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001782402193335682♠" style="display:none"></span>78.24% </td> <td>2,318,180 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001771771984721566♠" style="display:none"></span>77.18% </td> <td>2,609,337 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001765151428513619♠" style="display:none"></span>76.52% </td> <td>2,822,756 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001755308420182579♠" style="display:none"></span>75.53% </td> <td>2,562,700 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001737996859906442♠" style="display:none"></span>73.8% </td> <td>3,017,377 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001733396074572954♠" style="display:none"></span>73.34% </td> <td>3,462,015 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001715174883464389♠" style="display:none"></span>71.52% </td> <td>5,535,645 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001915323356727165♠" style="display:none"></span>91.53% </td> <td>27,796,814 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001913170555494396♠" style="display:none"></span>91.32% </td> <td>43,234,107 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001903448953923047♠" style="display:none"></span>90.34% </td> <td>50,126,428 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001900932088119198♠" style="display:none"></span>90.09% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-SindhHindu_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SindhHindu-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>475,848 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001217042850007868♠" style="display:none"></span>21.7% </td> <td>544,848 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001214256052750792♠" style="display:none"></span>21.43% </td> <td>674,371 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001224512611233237♠" style="display:none"></span>22.45% </td> <td>787,683 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001230976977165422♠" style="display:none"></span>23.1% </td> <td>877,313 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001234749973442847♠" style="display:none"></span>23.47% </td> <td>876,629 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001252448374488986♠" style="display:none"></span>25.24% </td> <td>1,055,119 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001256454573892271♠" style="display:none"></span>25.65% </td> <td>1,279,530 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001264322285905517♠" style="display:none"></span>26.43% </td> <td>482,560 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000797916844418782♠" style="display:none"></span>7.98% </td> <td>2,280,842 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000749293698240003♠" style="display:none"></span>7.49% </td> <td>4,176,986 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000872851064612300♠" style="display:none"></span>8.73% </td> <td>4,901,407 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000880939460364511♠" style="display:none"></span>8.81% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/20px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/40px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> </th> <td>3,329 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999151841690555848♠" style="display:none"></span>0.15% </td> <td>6,082 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999239168596164493♠" style="display:none"></span>0.24% </td> <td>7,768 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999258613428522251♠" style="display:none"></span>0.26% </td> <td>7,825 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999229457135207873♠" style="display:none"></span>0.23% </td> <td>10,917 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999292115295233921♠" style="display:none"></span>0.29% </td> <td>11,734 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999337911388541077♠" style="display:none"></span>0.34% </td> <td>15,152 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999368280706120892♠" style="display:none"></span>0.37% </td> <td>20,304 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999419435237393857♠" style="display:none"></span>0.42% </td> <td>22,601 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999373709354291878♠" style="display:none"></span>0.37% </td> <td>294,885 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999968745192369763♠" style="display:none"></span>0.97% </td> <td>408,301 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999853213208117688♠" style="display:none"></span>0.85% </td> <td>546,968 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999983076277396788♠" style="display:none"></span>0.98% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </th> <td>810 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998369455600331141♠" style="display:none"></span>0.04% </td> <td>1,063 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998418014169225348♠" style="display:none"></span>0.04% </td> <td>1,534 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998510701595459749♠" style="display:none"></span>0.05% </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998586471911074437♠" style="display:none"></span>0.06% </td> <td>2,411 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998645131425125019♠" style="display:none"></span>0.06% </td> <td>2,913 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998838874957235519♠" style="display:none"></span>0.08% </td> <td>3,537 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998859694335763989♠" style="display:none"></span>0.09% </td> <td>3,841 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998793464709825555♠" style="display:none"></span>0.08% </td> <td>5,046 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998834360161832139♠" style="display:none"></span>0.08% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1,763 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997316867435946991♠" style="display:none"></span>0.003% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> </th> <td>35 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997159641308785061♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>153 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997601657270851160♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>210 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997699135169794963♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>428 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998125504988969929♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>595 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998159209123993938♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>671 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998193232096225552♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>985 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998239411625877164♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>1,082 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998223517004954764♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1,191 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998468348895152765♠" style="display:none"></span>0.05% </td> <td>923 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998307286553200357♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>921 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998270070315049778♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>1,349 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998360963207172812♠" style="display:none"></span>0.04% </td> <td>1,534 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998441755641743661♠" style="display:none"></span>0.04% </td> <td>1,144 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998278057766500990♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>3,687 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998761651753482640♠" style="display:none"></span>0.08% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996353916041677153♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995665843018852346♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>21 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6996561914555272725♠" style="display:none"></span>0.001% </td> <td>41 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997118070282343482♠" style="display:none"></span>0.001% </td> <td>53 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997128820468746088♠" style="display:none"></span>0.001% </td> <td>111 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997229301178835294♠" style="display:none"></span>0.002% </td> <td>670 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998110785039323728♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>720 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998239703486786844♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—<sup id="cite_ref-1901Census_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1901Census-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>12,339 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999330164937976674♠" style="display:none"></span>0.33% </td> <td>8,036 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999231417753393224♠" style="display:none"></span>0.23% </td> <td>19,172 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999465989816377359♠" style="display:none"></span>0.47% </td> <td>32,627 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999674000861428752♠" style="display:none"></span>0.67% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>5,182 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997931370988699551♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—<sup id="cite_ref-1901Census_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1901Census-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>9,224 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999246814278944553♠" style="display:none"></span>0.25% </td> <td>8,186 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999235737397869205♠" style="display:none"></span>0.24% </td> <td>204 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997495837275928339♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>37,598 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999776690605572018♠" style="display:none"></span>0.78% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/15px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/23px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg/30px-Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya_1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>43,524 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999142983419816883♠" style="display:none"></span>0.14% </td> <td>21,661 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998452642812558314♠" style="display:none"></span>0.05% </td> <td>18,266 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998328298388259089♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>172 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997784523003172300♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6995998764528278519♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>2,029 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998594975753785016♠" style="display:none"></span>0.06% </td> <td>298 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997797383511767962♠" style="display:none"></span>0.01% </td> <td>64 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6997184304830975191♠" style="display:none"></span>0.002% </td> <td>1,510 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998367016807182251♠" style="display:none"></span>0.04% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>0% </td> <td>1,226 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998202720086881926♠" style="display:none"></span>0.02% </td> <td>23,828 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998782788559736396♠" style="display:none"></span>0.08% </td> <td>13,455 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998281164721987541♠" style="display:none"></span>0.03% </td> <td>38,395 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998690080839658804♠" style="display:none"></span>0.07% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total Responses </th> <th>2,192,415 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001943881537736275♠" style="display:none"></span>94.39% </th> <th>2,542,976 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,003,711 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,410,223 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,737,223 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,472,508 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>4,114,253 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>4,840,795 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>6,047,748 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001998889085988312♠" style="display:none"></span>99.89% </th> <th>30,439,893 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>47,854,510 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>55,638,409 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001998963339420947♠" style="display:none"></span>99.9% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total Population </th> <th>2,322,765 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,542,976 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,003,711 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,410,223 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,737,223 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>3,472,508 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>4,114,253 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>4,840,795 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>6,054,474 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>30,439,893 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>47,854,510 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>55,696,147 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279587269" /> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Languages of Sindh (2023)</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:gold;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> (60.14%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:crimson;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (22.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:royalblue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> (5.31%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:saddlebrown;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (4.07%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:goldenrod;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> (2.17%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:darkblue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> (1.64%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:wheat;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> (1.49%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:grey;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Others (2.88%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:grey;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Others (2.88%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:gold;color:#000" title="Sindhi (60.14%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:gold;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.101turn)" title="Sindhi (60.14%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:crimson;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.601turn)" title="Urdu (22.3%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:crimson;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.699turn)" title="Urdu (22.3%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:royalblue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.824turn)" title="Pashto (5.31%)"></div> <div class="pie5" style="background:royalblue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.828turn)" title="Pashto (5.31%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.877turn); background:saddlebrown;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 26.34646677% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Punjabi (4.07%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.918turn); background:goldenrod;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 13.91172711% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Balochi (2.17%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.940turn); background:darkblue;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.08710109% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Saraiki (1.64%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.956turn); background:wheat;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 9.45278312% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Hindko (1.49%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census" title="2023 Pakistani census">2023 census</a>, the most widely spoken language in the province is <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, the first language of 33,462,299 60% of the population. It is followed by <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> 12,409,745 (22%), <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> 2,955,893 (5.3%), <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> 2,265,471 (4.1%), <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> 1,208,147 (2.2%), <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a> 913,418 (1.6%), and <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> 830,581 (1.5), Brahui 265,769, Mewati 57,059, Kashmiri 53,249, Balti 27,193, Shina 22,273, Koshistani 14,885, 777 Kalasha and others are 1,151,650,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other minority languages include <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rehman-2015_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rehman-2015-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghera_language" title="Ghera language">Ghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgula_language" title="Gurgula language">Gurgula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachi Koli">Kachi Koli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari Koli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadiyari_Koli" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadiyari Koli">Wadiyari Koli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> city is Sindh's most multiethnic city which hosts most of the province's Urdu-speaking population who form a plurality, along many other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Merinews.com_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merinews.com-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_nature">Geography and nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography and nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manora_Beach_1100641.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manora_Beach_1100641.JPG/220px-Manora_Beach_1100641.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manora_Beach_1100641.JPG/330px-Manora_Beach_1100641.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manora_Beach_1100641.JPG/440px-Manora_Beach_1100641.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption>Peninsula of Manora</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbuck1-Kirthar_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Blackbuck1-Kirthar_National_Park.jpg/220px-Blackbuck1-Kirthar_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Blackbuck1-Kirthar_National_Park.jpg/330px-Blackbuck1-Kirthar_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Blackbuck1-Kirthar_National_Park.jpg/440px-Blackbuck1-Kirthar_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sindh_ibex" title="Sindh ibex">Sindh ibex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kirthar_National_Park" title="Kirthar National Park">Kirthar National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 kilometres (360 mi) from north to south and 442 kilometres (275 mi) (extreme) or 281 kilometres (175 mi) (average) from east to west, with an area of 140,915 square kilometres (54,408 sq mi) of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Kirthar_Mountains" title="Kirthar Mountains">Kirthar Mountains</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a> to the south. In the centre is a fertile plain along the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. </p><p>Sindh is divided into three main geographical regions: <i>Siro</i> ("upper country"), aka Upper Sindh, which is above <a href="/wiki/Sehwan" title="Sehwan">Sehwan</a>; <i>Vicholo</i> ("middle country"), or Middle Sindh, from Sehwan to <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>; and <i>Lāṟu</i> ("sloping, descending country"), or Lower Sindh, mostly consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Delta">Indus Delta</a> below Hyderabad.<sup id="cite_ref-Haig_1894_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haig_1894-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhri_Mango.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sindhri mangoes is among top 10 mango varieties in the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sindhri_Mango.JPG/220px-Sindhri_Mango.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sindhri_Mango.JPG/330px-Sindhri_Mango.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sindhri_Mango.JPG/440px-Sindhri_Mango.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sindhri" title="Sindhri">Sindhri</a> is among top 10 <a href="/wiki/Mango_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango varieties">mango varieties</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, <i>Acacia rupestris</i> (kher), and <i><a href="/wiki/Tecomella_undulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecomella undulata">Tecomella undulata</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rohida" title="Rohida">lohirro</a>) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the Indus valley, the <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i> (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The <i><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Azadirachta indica</a></i> (neem) (nim), <i>Zizyphys vulgaris</i> (bir) (ber), <i>Tamarix orientalis</i> (jujuba lai) and <i><a href="/wiki/Capparis_aphylla" class="mw-redirect" title="Capparis aphylla">Capparis aphylla</a></i> (kirir) are among the more common trees. </p><p>Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange and <a href="/wiki/Chiku" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiku">chiku</a> are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of <i>Avicennia tomentosa</i> (timmer) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops_tagal" title="Ceriops tagal">Ceriops candolleana</a></i> (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lakes and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Sindh" title="Fauna of Sindh">Fauna of Sindh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg/250px-Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg/330px-Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg/500px-Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Indus river dolphin</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the wild animals, the <a href="/wiki/Sindh_ibex" title="Sindh ibex">Sindh ibex</a> (sareh), <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a>, wild sheep (<a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial</a> or gadh) and <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">wild bear</a> are found in the western rocky range. The <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> is now rare and the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah" title="Asiatic cheetah">Asiatic cheetah</a> extinct. The <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Pirrang</a> (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. <a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Deer</a> occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena</a> (charakh), <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">common gray mongoose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehog</a>. The Sindhi phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur, particularly in the central inundation belt. There are bats, lizards and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper) and the mysterious Sindh <a href="/wiki/Krait" class="mw-redirect" title="Krait">krait</a> of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Some unusual sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a> border in <a href="/wiki/Kirthar_Mountains" title="Kirthar Mountains">Kirthar Mountains</a>. The rare <a href="/wiki/Houbara_bustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Houbara bustard">Houbara bustard</a> finds Sindh's warm climate suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners. </p><p>Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo (Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The <a href="/wiki/Indus_river_dolphin" title="Indus river dolphin">Indus river dolphin</a> is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of the Indus river in northern Sindh. <a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">wild bear</a> occur, particularly in the central inundation belt. </p><p>Although Sindh has a <a href="/wiki/Semi_arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi arid">semi arid</a> climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to the semi-arid <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sindh" title="Climate of Sindh">climate of Sindh</a> the left out forests support an average population of jackals and snakes. The <a href="/wiki/National_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks">national parks</a> established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with many organizations such as <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Wildlife_Department" title="Sindh Wildlife Department">Sindh Wildlife Department</a> support a huge variety of animals and birds. The <a href="/wiki/Kirthar_National_Park" title="Kirthar National Park">Kirthar National Park</a> in the Kirthar range spreads over more than 3000 km<sup>2</sup> of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports <a href="/wiki/Sindh_ibex" title="Sindh ibex">Sindh ibex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild sheep">wild sheep</a> (urial) and <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">black bear</a> along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephants</a> too in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds blow onshore from the ocean, giant <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive ridley">olive ridley</a> turtles lay their eggs along the seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are hatched to keep them from predators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sindh" title="Climate of Sindh">Climate of Sindh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ayub.jpg/240px-Ayub.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ayub.jpg/360px-Ayub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ayub.jpg/480px-Ayub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Lansdowne Railway Bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Sindh lies in a <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (115 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January in the northern and higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January. </p><p>Sindh lies between the two <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan mountains</a>—and escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. </p><p>Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on <a href="/wiki/Jacobabad" title="Jacobabad">Jacobabad</a>), Wicholo (the middle region, centred on <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>), and Lar (the lower region, centred on <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equator" title="Thermal equator">thermal equator</a> passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry. Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's maximum temperature typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds in winter, with lower <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher at <a href="/wiki/Gorakh_Hill" title="Gorakh Hill">Gorakh Hill</a> and other peaks in <a href="/wiki/Dadu_District" title="Dadu District">Dadu District</a>, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snowfall is received in the winters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Major cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population" title="List of cities in Pakistan by population">List of cities in Pakistan by population</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sindh_by_population" title="List of cities in Sindh by population">List of cities in Sindh by population</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; border: #999 solid 1px; text-align: lcenter; margin-bottom: 0; margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;"><b>List of major cities in Sindh</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">Rank </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">City </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">District(s) </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">Population </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">1</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nazimabad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazimabad District">Nazimabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orangi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangi District">Orangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulshan District">Gulshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keamari_District" title="Keamari District">Keamari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_District_(South)" title="Karachi District (South)">Karachi</a></td> <td>21,910,352<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_Mausoleum_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jinnah_Mausoleum_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Jinnah_Mausoleum_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jinnah_Mausoleum_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-Jinnah_Mausoleum_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jinnah_Mausoleum_%28cropped%29.JPG/400px-Jinnah_Mausoleum_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">2</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad District, Pakistan">Hyderabad</a></td> <td>1,732,693</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Karam_Ali_Khan_Talpur_Tombs_were_restored_in_2016_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mir_Karam_Ali_Khan_Talpur_Tombs_were_restored_in_2016_1.jpg/250px-Mir_Karam_Ali_Khan_Talpur_Tombs_were_restored_in_2016_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mir_Karam_Ali_Khan_Talpur_Tombs_were_restored_in_2016_1.jpg/330px-Mir_Karam_Ali_Khan_Talpur_Tombs_were_restored_in_2016_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mir_Karam_Ali_Khan_Talpur_Tombs_were_restored_in_2016_1.jpg/500px-Mir_Karam_Ali_Khan_Talpur_Tombs_were_restored_in_2016_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10583" data-file-height="5300" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">3</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a></b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a></td> <td>499,900</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rohri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rohri.jpg/250px-Rohri.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rohri.jpg/330px-Rohri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rohri.jpg/500px-Rohri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">4</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a></b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a></td> <td>490,508</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohen_Jo_Daro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mohen_Jo_Daro.JPG/250px-Mohen_Jo_Daro.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mohen_Jo_Daro.JPG/330px-Mohen_Jo_Daro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mohen_Jo_Daro.JPG/500px-Mohen_Jo_Daro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">5</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Benazirabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Benazirabad">Benazirabad</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Khan_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazirabad_District" title="Shaheed Benazirabad District">Shaheed Benazirabad</a></td> <td>279,689</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Mian_Noor_Muhammad_Kalhoro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tomb_of_Mian_Noor_Muhammad_Kalhoro.JPG/200px-Tomb_of_Mian_Noor_Muhammad_Kalhoro.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tomb_of_Mian_Noor_Muhammad_Kalhoro.JPG/300px-Tomb_of_Mian_Noor_Muhammad_Kalhoro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tomb_of_Mian_Noor_Muhammad_Kalhoro.JPG/400px-Tomb_of_Mian_Noor_Muhammad_Kalhoro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1789" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">6</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Kotri" title="Kotri">Kotri</a></b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jamshoro_District" title="Jamshoro District">Jamshoro</a></td> <td>259,358</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotri_Barrage_Indus_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kotri_Barrage_Indus_River.jpg/200px-Kotri_Barrage_Indus_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kotri_Barrage_Indus_River.jpg/300px-Kotri_Barrage_Indus_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kotri_Barrage_Indus_River.jpg/400px-Kotri_Barrage_Indus_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">7</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpur Khas</a></b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_District" title="Mirpur Khas District">Mirpur Khas</a></td> <td>233,916</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Mir_Tharo_Talpur_%E2%80%94_the_ruler_of_Mirpur_Khas_%E2%80%94_in_Chitorri_Graveyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tomb_of_Mir_Tharo_Talpur_%E2%80%94_the_ruler_of_Mirpur_Khas_%E2%80%94_in_Chitorri_Graveyard.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Mir_Tharo_Talpur_%E2%80%94_the_ruler_of_Mirpur_Khas_%E2%80%94_in_Chitorri_Graveyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tomb_of_Mir_Tharo_Talpur_%E2%80%94_the_ruler_of_Mirpur_Khas_%E2%80%94_in_Chitorri_Graveyard.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Mir_Tharo_Talpur_%E2%80%94_the_ruler_of_Mirpur_Khas_%E2%80%94_in_Chitorri_Graveyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tomb_of_Mir_Tharo_Talpur_%E2%80%94_the_ruler_of_Mirpur_Khas_%E2%80%94_in_Chitorri_Graveyard.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Mir_Tharo_Talpur_%E2%80%94_the_ruler_of_Mirpur_Khas_%E2%80%94_in_Chitorri_Graveyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shikarpur,_Sindh" title="Shikarpur, Sindh"><b>Shikarpur</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a> </td> <td>195,437</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_in_Shikarpur,_Sindh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Clock Tower Shikarpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Clock_Tower_in_Shikarpur%2C_Sindh.jpg/250px-Clock_Tower_in_Shikarpur%2C_Sindh.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Clock_Tower_in_Shikarpur%2C_Sindh.jpg/330px-Clock_Tower_in_Shikarpur%2C_Sindh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Clock_Tower_in_Shikarpur%2C_Sindh.jpg/500px-Clock_Tower_in_Shikarpur%2C_Sindh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">9 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad" title="Jacobabad">Jacobabad</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad_District" title="Jacobabad District">Jacobabad</a> </td> <td>191,076</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobabad_Junction_railway_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jacobabad_Junction_railway_station.jpg/200px-Jacobabad_Junction_railway_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jacobabad_Junction_railway_station.jpg/300px-Jacobabad_Junction_railway_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jacobabad_Junction_railway_station.jpg/400px-Jacobabad_Junction_railway_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1079" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:YellowGreen;">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairpur" title="Khairpur">Khairpur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairpur_District" title="Khairpur District">Khairpur</a> </td> <td>183,181</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FaizMahal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FaizMahal.jpg/200px-FaizMahal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FaizMahal.jpg/300px-FaizMahal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FaizMahal.jpg/400px-FaizMahal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"><b>Source: Pakistan Census 2017</b><sup id="cite_ref-census_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"><b>This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sindh_province">Sindh province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sindh province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Government of Sindh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capra_nubiana,_Tierpark_Hellabrunn_%E2%80%93_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Capra_nubiana%2C_Tierpark_Hellabrunn_%E2%80%93_03.jpg/220px-Capra_nubiana%2C_Tierpark_Hellabrunn_%E2%80%93_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Capra_nubiana%2C_Tierpark_Hellabrunn_%E2%80%93_03.jpg/330px-Capra_nubiana%2C_Tierpark_Hellabrunn_%E2%80%93_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Capra_nubiana%2C_Tierpark_Hellabrunn_%E2%80%93_03.jpg/440px-Capra_nubiana%2C_Tierpark_Hellabrunn_%E2%80%93_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sindh_ibex" title="Sindh ibex">Sindh ibex</a>, the provincial animal<sup id="cite_ref-Faiza_Ilyas_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faiza_Ilyas-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.AVES.25872_-_Melanoperdix_niger_niger_Vigors,_1829_-_Phasianidae_-_skin_specimen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.AVES.25872_-_Melanoperdix_niger_niger_Vigors%2C_1829_-_Phasianidae_-_skin_specimen.jpeg/220px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.AVES.25872_-_Melanoperdix_niger_niger_Vigors%2C_1829_-_Phasianidae_-_skin_specimen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.AVES.25872_-_Melanoperdix_niger_niger_Vigors%2C_1829_-_Phasianidae_-_skin_specimen.jpeg/330px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.AVES.25872_-_Melanoperdix_niger_niger_Vigors%2C_1829_-_Phasianidae_-_skin_specimen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.AVES.25872_-_Melanoperdix_niger_niger_Vigors%2C_1829_-_Phasianidae_-_skin_specimen.jpeg/440px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_ZMA.AVES.25872_-_Melanoperdix_niger_niger_Vigors%2C_1829_-_Phasianidae_-_skin_specimen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_partridge" title="Black partridge">Black partridge</a>, the provincial bird<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neem-Tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Neem-Tree.jpg/220px-Neem-Tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Neem-Tree.jpg/330px-Neem-Tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Neem-Tree.jpg/440px-Neem-Tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem Tree</a>, the provincial tree<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Provincial Assembly of Sindh</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">provincial government</a> is led by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh" title="Chief Minister of Sindh">Chief Minister</a> who is directly elected by the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">popular and landslide votes</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh" title="Governor of Sindh">Governor</a> serves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>. The administrative boss of the province who is in charge of the bureaucracy is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary Sindh">Chief Secretary Sindh</a>, who is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a>. Most of the influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in <a href="/wiki/Political_families_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political families of Pakistan">Pakistan's politics</a>. </p><p>In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> and its political culture serves as a dominant place for the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">left-wing spectrum</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province's trend towards the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) and away from the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a> can be seen in nationwide <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">general elections</a>, in which Sindh is a stronghold of the PPP.<sup id="cite_ref-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PML(N) has a limited support due to its <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">centre-right agenda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-News_International_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News_International-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In metropolitan cities such as <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_Pakistan" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan">MQM</a> (another party of the left with the support of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslims_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslims in Pakistan"><i>Muhajirs</i></a>) has a considerable vote bank and support.<sup id="cite_ref-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rug_Pandits,_Yasir-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor leftist parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Awami_Tehreek" class="mw-redirect" title="Awami Tehreek">People's Movement</a> also found support in rural areas of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-Tanqeed,_Sodhar_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanqeed,_Sodhar-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions">Divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Sindh,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Sindh, Pakistan">Divisions of Sindh, Pakistan</a></div> <p>In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of Divisions of all provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in 2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2011, following excessive <a href="/wiki/July_2011_Karachi_target_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2011 Karachi target killings">violence in the city of Karachi</a> and after the political split between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the commissionerate system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were restored – namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective districts. Subsequently, a new division was added in Sindh, the Nawab Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts: <a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a>. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to the status of the sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Kemari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemari District">Kemari District</a> was created after splitting <a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently the Sindh government is planning to divide the <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar district</a> into Tharparkar and Chhachro districts.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Sindh">List of districts of Sindh</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindh_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/400px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="490" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/600px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/800px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#98fb98;"> <th>Sr. No. </th> <th>District </th> <th>Headquarters </th> <th>Area <br />(km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Population <br />(in 2017) </th> <th>Density <br />(people/km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Division </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badin_District" title="Badin District">Badin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badin" title="Badin">Badin</a> </td> <td align="right">6,470 </td> <td align="right">1,804,516 </td> <td align="right">279 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadu_District" title="Dadu District">Dadu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadu,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadu, Pakistan">Dadu</a> </td> <td align="right">8,034 </td> <td align="right">1,550,266 </td> <td align="right">193 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghotki_District" title="Ghotki District">Ghotki</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghotki" title="Ghotki">Ghotki</a> </td> <td align="right">6,506 </td> <td align="right">1,647,239 </td> <td align="right">253 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_Division" title="Sukkur Division">Sukkur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad District, Pakistan">Hyderabad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a> </td> <td align="right">1,022 </td> <td align="right">2,201,079 </td> <td align="right">2,155 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad_District" title="Jacobabad District">Jacobabad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad" title="Jacobabad">Jacobabad</a> </td> <td align="right">2,771 </td> <td align="right">1,006,297 </td> <td align="right">363 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamshoro_District" title="Jamshoro District">Jamshoro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamshoro" title="Jamshoro">Jamshoro</a> </td> <td align="right">11,250 </td> <td align="right">993,142 </td> <td align="right">88 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> </td> <td align="right">62 </td> <td align="right">2,972,639 </td> <td align="right">48,336 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmore_District" title="Kashmore District">Kashmore</a> (formerly Kandhkot) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmore" title="Kashmore">Kashmore</a> </td> <td align="right">2,551 </td> <td align="right">1,089,169 </td> <td align="right">427 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairpur_District" title="Khairpur District">Khairpur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairpur,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khairpur, Pakistan">Khairpur</a> </td> <td align="right">15,925 </td> <td align="right">2,405,523 </td> <td align="right">151 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_Division" title="Sukkur Division">Sukkur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a> </td> <td align="right">1,906 </td> <td align="right">1,524,391 </td> <td align="right">800 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matiari_District" title="Matiari District">Matiari</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matiari" title="Matiari">Matiari</a> </td> <td align="right">1,459 </td> <td align="right">769,349 </td> <td align="right">527 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirpurkhas_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirpurkhas District">Mirpur Khas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpur Khas</a> </td> <td align="right">3,319 </td> <td align="right">1,505,876 </td> <td align="right">454 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_Division" title="Mirpur Khas Division">Mirpur Khas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naushahro_Feroze_District" title="Naushahro Feroze District">Naushahro Feroze</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naushahro_Feroze" title="Naushahro Feroze">Naushahro Feroze</a> </td> <td align="right">2,027 </td> <td align="right">1,612,373 </td> <td align="right">369 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazirabad_Division" title="Shaheed Benazirabad Division">Shaheed Benazir Abad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nawabshah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabshah District">Shaheed Benazirabad</a> (formerly Nawabshah) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nawabshah" title="Nawabshah">Nawabshah</a> </td> <td align="right">4,618 </td> <td align="right">1,612,847 </td> <td align="right">349 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazirabad_Division" title="Shaheed Benazirabad Division">Shaheed Benazir Abad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qamber_Shahdadkot_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qamber Shahdadkot District">Qambar Shahdadkot</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qambar" title="Qambar">Qambar</a> </td> <td align="right">5,599 </td> <td align="right">1,341,042 </td> <td align="right">240 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_District" title="Sanghar District">Sanghar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanghar" title="Sanghar">Sanghar</a> </td> <td align="right">10,259 </td> <td align="right">2,057,057 </td> <td align="right">200 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazirabad_Division" title="Shaheed Benazirabad Division">Shaheed Benazir Abad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shikarpur,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikarpur, Pakistan">Shikarpur</a> </td> <td align="right">2,577 </td> <td align="right">1,231,481 </td> <td align="right">478 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a> </td> <td align="right">5,216 </td> <td align="right">1,487,903 </td> <td align="right">285 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_Division" title="Sukkur Division">Sukkur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tando_Allahyar_District" title="Tando Allahyar District">Tando Allahyar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tando_Allahyar" title="Tando Allahyar">Tando Allahyar</a> </td> <td align="right">1,573 </td> <td align="right">836,887 </td> <td align="right">532 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan_District" title="Tando Muhammad Khan District">Tando Muhammad Khan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan" title="Tando Muhammad Khan">Tando Muhammad Khan</a> </td> <td align="right">1,814 </td> <td align="right">677,228 </td> <td align="right">373 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mithi" title="Mithi">Mithi</a> </td> <td align="right">19,808 </td> <td align="right">1,649,661 </td> <td align="right">83 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_Division" title="Mirpur Khas Division">Mirpur Khas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thatta_District" title="Thatta District">Thatta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a> </td> <td align="right">7,705 </td> <td align="right">979,817 </td> <td align="right">127 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umerkot_District" title="Umerkot District">Umerkot</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umerkot" title="Umerkot">Umerkot</a> </td> <td align="right">5,503 </td> <td align="right">1,073,146 </td> <td align="right">195 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_Division" title="Mirpur Khas Division">Mirpur Khas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 (22) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sujawal_District" title="Sujawal District">Sujawal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sujawal" title="Sujawal">Sujawal</a> </td> <td align="right">8,699 </td> <td align="right">781,967 </td> <td align="right">90 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 (7) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> </td> <td align="right">165 </td> <td align="right">2,909,921 </td> <td align="right">17,625 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 (7) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> </td> <td align="right">85 </td> <td align="right">1,791,751 </td> <td align="right">21,079 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 (7) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> </td> <td align="right">630 </td> <td align="right">3,914,757 </td> <td align="right">6,212 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 (7) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korangi_Town" title="Korangi Town">Korangi Town</a> </td> <td align="right">95 </td> <td align="right">2,457,019 </td> <td align="right">25,918 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 (7) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malir_Town" title="Malir Town">Malir Town</a> </td> <td align="right">2,635 </td> <td align="right">2,008,901 </td> <td align="right">762 </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 (7) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kemari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemari District">Kemari</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">N/A </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower-level_subdivisions">Lower-level subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lower-level subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sindh, <a href="/wiki/Taluka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluka">talukas</a> are equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsils</a> used elsewhere in the country, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supervisory_tapa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supervisory tapa (page does not exist)">supervisory tapas</a> correspond with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanungo_circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanungo circle (page does not exist)">kanungo circles</a> used elsewhere, tapas correspond with the <a href="/wiki/Patwar_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Patwar circle">patwar circles</a> used in other provinces, and dehs are equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Mouza" title="Mouza">mouzas</a> used elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_2008_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_2008-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns_and_villages">Towns and villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Towns and villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goth_Bozo" title="Goth Bozo">Goth Bozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Goth" title="Kashmir Goth">Kashmir Goth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairo_Bhatti" title="Khairo Bhatti">Khairo Bhatti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img22_Chundrigar_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img22_Chundrigar_Road.jpg/220px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img22_Chundrigar_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img22_Chundrigar_Road.jpg/330px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img22_Chundrigar_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img22_Chundrigar_Road.jpg/440px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img22_Chundrigar_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4769" data-file-height="4769" /></a><figcaption>A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sindh" title="Economy of Sindh">Economy of Sindh</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Sindh&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_downtown.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karachi_downtown.jpeg/250px-Karachi_downtown.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karachi_downtown.jpeg/330px-Karachi_downtown.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karachi_downtown.jpeg/500px-Karachi_downtown.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sindh" title="Economy of Sindh">economy of Sindh</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_provinces_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pakistani provinces by gross domestic product">2nd largest</a> of all the provinces in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Much of Sindh's economy is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karachi" title="Economy of Karachi">economy of Karachi</a>, the largest city and economic capital of the country. Historically, Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% and 32.7%. Its share in the service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance-wise, its best sector is the manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1972, Sindh's GDP has expanded by 3.6 times.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_by_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/GDP_by_Province.jpg/300px-GDP_by_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/GDP_by_Province.jpg/450px-GDP_by_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/GDP_by_Province.jpg/600px-GDP_by_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>GDP by province</figcaption></figure> <p>Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods. </p><p>Agriculture plays an important role in Sindh with <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a> as the most important crops. The largest and finer quality of rice is produced in <a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkano</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal. The Mari Gas field is the biggest producer of natural gas in the country, with companies like <a href="/wiki/Mari_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Petroleum">Mari Petroleum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economy_of_Sindh_:0_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economy_of_Sindh_:0-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thar_coalfield" title="Thar coalfield">Thar coalfield</a> also includes a large <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> deposit.<sup id="cite_ref-Economy_of_Sindh_:0_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economy_of_Sindh_:0-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qayoom_Abad_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Qayoom_Abad_Bridge.JPG/220px-Qayoom_Abad_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Qayoom_Abad_Bridge.JPG/330px-Qayoom_Abad_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Qayoom_Abad_Bridge.JPG/440px-Qayoom_Abad_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Qayoom Abad Bridge Karachi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img15_Navalrai_Market_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img15_Navalrai_Market_tower.jpg/220px-PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img15_Navalrai_Market_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img15_Navalrai_Market_tower.jpg/330px-PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img15_Navalrai_Market_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img15_Navalrai_Market_tower.jpg/440px-PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img15_Navalrai_Market_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4769" data-file-height="5961" /></a><figcaption>Navalrai Market Clock Tower Hyderabad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukkur_Skyline_along_the_shores_of_the_River_Indus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sukkur_Skyline_along_the_shores_of_the_River_Indus.jpg/250px-Sukkur_Skyline_along_the_shores_of_the_River_Indus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sukkur_Skyline_along_the_shores_of_the_River_Indus.jpg/330px-Sukkur_Skyline_along_the_shores_of_the_River_Indus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sukkur_Skyline_along_the_shores_of_the_River_Indus.jpg/500px-Sukkur_Skyline_along_the_shores_of_the_River_Indus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Sukkur skyline along the shores of the River Indus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_the_D.J._Sind_Arts_College_(now_known_as_the_D._J._Government_Science_College)_of_Karachi_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Photograph_of_the_D.J._Sind_Arts_College_%28now_known_as_the_D._J._Government_Science_College%29_of_Karachi_1893.jpg/250px-Photograph_of_the_D.J._Sind_Arts_College_%28now_known_as_the_D._J._Government_Science_College%29_of_Karachi_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Photograph_of_the_D.J._Sind_Arts_College_%28now_known_as_the_D._J._Government_Science_College%29_of_Karachi_1893.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_the_D.J._Sind_Arts_College_%28now_known_as_the_D._J._Government_Science_College%29_of_Karachi_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Photograph_of_the_D.J._Sind_Arts_College_%28now_known_as_the_D._J._Government_Science_College%29_of_Karachi_1893.jpg/500px-Photograph_of_the_D.J._Sind_Arts_College_%28now_known_as_the_D._J._Government_Science_College%29_of_Karachi_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi, in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg/250px-Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg/330px-Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg/500px-Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="National Academy of Performing Arts">National Academy of Performing Arts</a>, Karachi</figcaption></figure> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Literacy rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td>60.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>37.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>45.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>54.57%<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in 1998:<sup id="cite_ref-statpak_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statpak-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Qualification</th> <th>Urban</th> <th>Rural</th> <th>Total</th> <th>Enrollment ratio (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>—</td> <td><b>14,839,862</b></td> <td><b>15,600,031</b></td> <td><b>30,439,893</b></td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Below Primary</td> <td>1,984,089</td> <td>3,332,166</td> <td>5,316,255</td> <td>100.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary</td> <td>3,503,691</td> <td>5,687,771</td> <td>9,191,462</td> <td>82.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle</td> <td>3,073,335</td> <td>2,369,644</td> <td>5,442,979</td> <td>52.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Matriculation</td> <td>2,847,769</td> <td>2,227,684</td> <td>5,075,453</td> <td>34.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intermediate</td> <td>1,473,598</td> <td>1,018,682</td> <td>2,492,280</td> <td>17.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diploma, Certificate...</td> <td>1,320,747</td> <td>552,241</td> <td>1,872,988</td> <td>9.59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>BA, BSc... degrees</td> <td>440,743</td> <td>280,800</td> <td>721,543</td> <td>9.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MA, MSc... degrees</td> <td>106,847</td> <td>53,040</td> <td>159,887</td> <td>2.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other qualifications</td> <td>89,043</td> <td>78,003</td> <td>167,046</td> <td>0.54 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_universities"><b>List of universities</b></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: List of universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sindh#List_of_universities" title="List of universities in Sindh">List of universities in Sindh § List of universities</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Sindh&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"> <tbody><tr> <th>University </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Campuses </th> <th>Specialization </th> <th>Type </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KASB_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="KASB Institute of Technology">KASB Institute of Technology</a> </td> <td rowspan="47"><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">Sindh Madressatul Islam University</a> </td> <td>1885 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NED_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="NED University of Engineering and Technology">NED University of Engineering and Technology</a> </td> <td>1922 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tharparkar" title="Tharparkar">Tharparkar</a> </td> <td>Engineering Science </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dow_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Dow University of Health Sciences">Dow University of Health Sciences</a> </td> <td>1945 </td> <td> </td> <td>Medical Science </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a> </td> <td>1951 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Administration,_Karachi" title="Institute of Business Administration, Karachi">Institute of Business Administration, Karachi</a> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dawood_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawood University of Engineering and Technology">Dawood University of Engineering and Technology</a> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td> </td> <td>Engineering & Technology </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Naval_Academy" title="Pakistan Naval Academy">Pakistan Naval Academy</a> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Military </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_School_of_Art_and_Architecture" title="Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture">Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td>Arts, Design & Architecture </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baqai_Medical_University" title="Baqai Medical University">Baqai Medical University</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td> </td> <td>Medical Science </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamdard_University" title="Hamdard University">Hamdard University</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commecs_institute_of_business_and_emerging_sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commecs institute of business and emerging sciences (page does not exist)">Commecs institute of business and emerging sciences</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sir_Syed_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology">Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td> </td> <td>Engineering Science </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Textile_Institute_of_Pakistan" title="Textile Institute of Pakistan">Textile Institute of Pakistan</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td> </td> <td>Textile & Manufacturing </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Business Management">Institute of Business Management</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td> </td> <td>Management Science </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology">Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gharo" title="Gharo">Gharo</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td>Engineering & Technology </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Institute_of_Economics_and_Technology" title="Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology">Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_University,_Karachi" title="Greenwich University, Karachi">Greenwich University, Karachi</a> </td> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_University_for_Women" title="Jinnah University for Women">Jinnah University for Women</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iqra_University" title="Iqra University">Iqra University</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadabhoy_Institute_of_Higher_Education" title="Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education">Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilma_University" title="Ilma University">Ilma University</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Preston_University_(Pakistan)" title="Preston University (Pakistan)">Preston University</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indus_University" title="Indus University">Indus University</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a> </td> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah University">Muhammad Ali Jinnah University</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sindh Institute of Medical Sciences </td> <td>2009 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi_School_for_Business_and_Leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi School for Business and Leadership">Karachi School for Business and Leadership</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Habib_University" title="Habib University">Habib University</a> </td> <td>2009 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto_Shaheed_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University">Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sindh_Medical_University" title="Jinnah Sindh Medical University">Jinnah Sindh Medical University</a> </td> <td>1973 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto_University_of_Law" title="Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University of Law">Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University of Law</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DHA_Suffa_University" title="DHA Suffa University">DHA Suffa University</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nazeer_Hussain_University" title="Nazeer Hussain University">Nazeer Hussain University</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newports_Institute_of_Communications_and_Economics" title="Newports Institute of Communications and Economics">Newports Institute of Communications and Economics</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Bhutto_City_University" title="Shaheed Benazir Bhutto City University">Shaheed Benazir Bhutto City University</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Bhutto_Dewan_University" title="Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Dewan University">Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Dewan University</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qalandar Shahbaz University of Modern Sciences </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_University" title="Ziauddin University">Ziauddin University</a> </td> <td>1986<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salim_Habib_University" title="Salim Habib University">Salim Habib University</a> </td> <td>2015<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 Sohail University </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Millennium Institute of Technology and Entrepreneurship </td> <td>2021 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>City University of Health Sciences </td> <td>1991 </td> <td> </td> <td>Medical </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karachi Institute of Technology & Entrepreneurship </td> <td>2013<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emaan Institute of Management and Sciences </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malir University of Science and Technology </td> <td>2017 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karachi Institute of Power Engineering (KINPOE)-College of PIEAS </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>Hawksbay Road, Karachi, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS) </td> <td>Nuclear Power Engineering & Technology </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>University of Art and Culture, Jamshoro </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Jamshoro" title="Jamshoro">Jamshoro</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td>Arts & Design </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shaheed Allah Bux Soomro University of Art, Design and Heritages </td> <td>1990 </td> <td> </td> <td>Arts & Design </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_University_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences">Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences</a> </td> <td>1881 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a> </td> <td>Medical Science </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sindh" title="University of Sindh">University of Sindh</a> </td> <td>1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badin" title="Badin">Badin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadu,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadu, Pakistan">Dadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpur Khas</a>, <small>(till 2024)</small><a href="/wiki/Naushahro_Feroze" title="Naushahro Feroze">Naushahro Feroze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a> <sup>(till 2024)</sup> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mehran_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehran University of Engineering and Technology">Mehran University of Engineering and Technology</a> </td> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairpur" title="Khairpur">Khairpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sujawal" title="Sujawal">Sujawal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobabad" title="Jacobabad">Jacobabad</a>, <p><a href="/wiki/Umerkot" title="Umerkot">Umerkot</a> </p> </td> <td>Engineering & Technology </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Bhutto_University,_Shaheed_Benazirabad" title="Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad">Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Benazirabad</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Nawabshah" title="Nawabshah">Benazirabad</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanghar" title="Sanghar">Sanghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naushahro_Feroze" title="Naushahro Feroze">Naushehro Feroze</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Awam_University_of_Engineering,_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology">Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobabad" title="Jacobabad">Jacobabad</a> </td> <td>Engineering & Technology </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peoples_University_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences_for_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women">Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Bhutto_University_of_Veterinary_and_Animal_Sciences" title="Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences">Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isra_University" title="Isra University">Isra University</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_EAST" class="mw-redirect" title="University of EAST">University of EAST</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Private </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hyderabad Institute for Technical & Management Sciences </td> <td>2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_College_University_Hyderabad" title="Government College University Hyderabad">Government College University Hyderabad</a> </td> <td>1917 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_IBA_University" title="Sukkur IBA University">Sukkur IBA University</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpurkhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandhkot" title="Kandhkot">Kandhkot</a> </td> <td>Engineering & Administration </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aror_University_Sukkur" title="Aror University Sukkur">Aror University of Art, Architecture, Design & Heritage</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td> </td> <td>Arts & Design </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Begum_Nusrat_Bhutto_Women_University" title="Begum Nusrat Bhutto Women University">Begum Nusrat Bhutto Women University</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_University" title="Shah Abdul Latif University">Shah Abdul Latif University</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Khairpur" title="Khairpur">Khairpur</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghotki" title="Ghotki">Ghotki</a>,<a href="/wiki/Shahdadkot" title="Shahdadkot">Shahdadkot</a> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pir Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical Sciences </td> <td>2003<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto_Shaheed_University_of_Technology_and_Skill_Development" title="Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University of Technology and Skill Development">Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University of Technology and Skill Development</a> </td> <td>1950 </td> <td> </td> <td>Engineering & Technology </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Mohtarma_Benazir_Bhutto_Medical_University" title="Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University">Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Larkano" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Larkano">University of Larkano</a> </td> <td>2024<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><sup>Bill passed on 26 July 23 in Sindh Assembly</sup></i> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Agriculture_University" title="Sindh Agriculture University">Sindh Agriculture University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tandojam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandojam">Tandojam</a> </td> <td>1939 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairpur" title="Khairpur">Khairpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umerkot" title="Umerkot">Umerkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dokri" title="Dokri">Dokri</a> <sup>(till 2024)</sup> </td> <td>Agriculture Science </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sufism_and_Modern_Sciences" title="University of Sufism and Modern Sciences">University of Sufism and Modern Sciences</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhit" title="Bhit">Bhit Shah</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Ayaz_University" title="Shaikh Ayaz University">Shaikh Ayaz University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shikarpur,_Sindh" title="Shikarpur, Sindh">Shikarpur</a> </td> <td>2011<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>General </td> <td>Public </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mirpurkhas" title="University of Mirpurkhas">University of Mirpurkhas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpurkhas</a><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>purposed<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><sup>Bill passed on 26 July 23 in Sindh Assembly</sup></i> <p>(Sindh University campus upgraded to full-fledged University) </p> </td> <td>General </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Thar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Thar (page does not exist)">University of Thar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mithi" title="Mithi">Tharparkar@Mithi</a> </td> <td>purposed<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sub>May be the Campus of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sindh" title="University of Sindh">University of Sindh</a>/<a href="/wiki/University_of_Mirpurkhas" title="University of Mirpurkhas">University of Mirpurkhas</a></sub><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>General <p><sub>(</sub> <sub>Later may be full-fledged university)</sub> </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p>Other major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamjee_Government_Science_College" title="Adamjee Government Science College">Adamjee Government Science College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APIIT" class="mw-redirect" title="APIIT">APIIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Economics_Research_Centre" title="Applied Economics Research Centre">Applied Economics Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahria_University" title="Bahria University">Bahria University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqai_Medical_University" title="Baqai Medical University">Baqai Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandka_Medical_College" title="Chandka Medical College">Chandka Medical College Larkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_College_Petaro" title="Cadet College Petaro">Cadet College Petaro</a></li> <li>College of Digital Sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Physicians_%26_Surgeons_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan">College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=COMMECS_Institute_of_Business_and_Emerging_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences (page does not exist)">COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._J._Science_College" class="mw-redirect" title="D. J. Science College">D. J. Science College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawood_University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Dawood University of Engineering & Technology">Dawood University of Engineering & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Authority_Degree_College_for_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Authority Degree College for Men">Defence Authority Degree College for Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dow_International_Medical_College" title="Dow International Medical College">Dow International Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dow_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Dow University of Health Sciences">Dow University of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah_Dental_College" title="Fatima Jinnah Dental College">Fatima Jinnah Dental College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Urdu_University" title="Federal Urdu University">Federal Urdu University</a></li> <li>GBELS Dourai Mahar Taluka Daur Distt: Shaheed Benazirabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_Mahar_Medical_College_Sukkur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur">Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_for_Men_Nazimabad" title="Government College for Men Nazimabad">Government College for Men Nazimabad</a></li> <li>Government College Hyderabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Commerce_%26_Economics" title="Government College of Commerce & Economics">Government College of Commerce & Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Technology,_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Government College of Technology, Karachi">Government College of Technology, Karachi</a></li> <li>Government Degree College Matiari</li> <li>Government High School Ranipur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Islamia_Science_College_Sukkur" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Islamia Science College Sukkur">Government Islamia Science College Sukkur</a></li> <li>Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_National_College_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government National College (Karachi)">Government National College (Karachi)</a></li> <li>Greenwich University (Karachi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdard_University" title="Hamdard University">Hamdard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Ebrahim_Jamal_Research_Institute_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry">Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry</a></li> <li>Imperial Science College Nawabshah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Institute_of_Art_and_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture">Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Administration,_Karachi" title="Institute of Business Administration, Karachi">Institute of Business Administration, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Administration,_Sukkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar">Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Business_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Business Management">Institute of Business Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Industrial_Electronics_Engineering" title="Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering">Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sindhology" title="Institute of Sindhology">Institute of Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqra_University" title="Iqra University">Iqra University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamia_Science_College_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamia Science College (Karachi)">Islamia Science College (Karachi)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isra_University_Hyderabad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isra University Hyderabad (page does not exist)">Isra University Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Medical_%26_Dental_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Medical & Dental College">Jinnah Medical & Dental College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Jinnah Polytechnic Institute">Jinnah Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Post_Graduate_Medical_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre">Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_University_for_Women" title="Jinnah University for Women">Jinnah University for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KANUPP_Institute_of_Nuclear_Power_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering">KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Institute_of_Economics_and_Technology" title="Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology">Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_School_of_Business_and_Leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi School of Business and Leadership">Karachi School of Business and Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_University_of_Medical_%26_Health_Sciences" title="Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences">Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehran_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehran University of Engineering and Technology">Mehran University of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah_University" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah University">Mohammad Ali Jinnah University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="National Academy of Performing Arts">National Academy of Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Computer_and_Emerging_Sciences" title="National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences">National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Modern_Languages" title="National University of Modern Languages">National University of Modern Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan">National University of Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NED_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="NED University of Engineering and Technology">NED University of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li>Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases</li> <li>PAF Institute of Aviation Technology</li> <li>TES Public School, Daur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_Engineering_College" title="Pakistan Navy Engineering College">Pakistan Navy Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Shipowners%27_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Shipowners' College">Pakistan Shipowners' College</a></li> <li>Pakistan Steel Cadet College</li> <li>Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah</li> <li>PIA Training Centre Karachi</li> <li>Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah</li> <li>Public School Hyderabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Awam_University_of_Engineering,_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology">Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology</a>, Nawabshah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan_Government_College_of_Home_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics">Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_College,_Karachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Patrick's College, Karachi">Saint Patrick's College, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University">Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Bhutto_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College">Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology">Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Agriculture_University" title="Sindh Agriculture University">Sindh Agriculture University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh Medical College">Sindh Medical College</a></li> <li>Superior College of Science Hyderabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Muslim_Law_College" title="Sindh Muslim Law College">Sindh Muslim Law College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Syed_Government_Girls_College" title="Sir Syed Government Girls College">Sir Syed Government Girls College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Syed_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology">Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's College (Karachi)">St. Joseph's College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukkur_Institute_of_Science_%26_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology (page does not exist)">Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Institute_of_Pakistan" title="Textile Institute of Pakistan">Textile Institute of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sindh" title="University of Sindh">University of Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Usman Institute of Technology">Usman Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziauddin Medical University">Ziauddin Medical University</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi culture">Sindhi culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_in_a_village,_Sindh,_Pakistan,_April_2012_(8405077775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Children_in_a_village%2C_Sindh%2C_Pakistan%2C_April_2012_%288405077775%29.jpg/220px-Children_in_a_village%2C_Sindh%2C_Pakistan%2C_April_2012_%288405077775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Children_in_a_village%2C_Sindh%2C_Pakistan%2C_April_2012_%288405077775%29.jpg/330px-Children_in_a_village%2C_Sindh%2C_Pakistan%2C_April_2012_%288405077775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Children_in_a_village%2C_Sindh%2C_Pakistan%2C_April_2012_%288405077775%29.jpg/440px-Children_in_a_village%2C_Sindh%2C_Pakistan%2C_April_2012_%288405077775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Children in a rural area of Sindh, 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_in_Sant_Nenuram_ashram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Temple_in_Sant_Nenuram_ashram.jpg/220px-Temple_in_Sant_Nenuram_ashram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Temple_in_Sant_Nenuram_ashram.jpg/330px-Temple_in_Sant_Nenuram_ashram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Temple_in_Sant_Nenuram_ashram.jpg/440px-Temple_in_Sant_Nenuram_ashram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sant_Nenuram_Ashram" title="Sant Nenuram Ashram">Sant Nenuram Ashram</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture, folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_heritage">Cultural heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg/220px-Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg/330px-Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg/440px-Archaeological_Ruins_at_Moenjodaro-108221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Mosque_at_Banbhore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grand_Mosque_at_Banbhore.jpg/220px-Grand_Mosque_at_Banbhore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grand_Mosque_at_Banbhore.jpg/330px-Grand_Mosque_at_Banbhore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Grand_Mosque_at_Banbhore.jpg/440px-Grand_Mosque_at_Banbhore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of an ancient mosque at <a href="/wiki/Bhambore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhambore">Bhambore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_in_Sindh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Women_in_Sindh.jpg/250px-Women_in_Sindh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Women_in_Sindh.jpg/330px-Women_in_Sindh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Women_in_Sindh.jpg/500px-Women_in_Sindh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village</figcaption></figure> <p>The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten (an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such as the spinning wheel (<a href="/wiki/Charkha_(spinning_wheel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charkha (spinning wheel)">charkha</a>) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to the woollens and linens of the age.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in Sindh so they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever". Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. Sindhi people began celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on 6 December 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_in_the_Thar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/House_in_the_Thar.JPG/220px-House_in_the_Thar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/House_in_the_Thar.JPG/330px-House_in_the_Thar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/House_in_the_Thar.JPG/440px-House_in_the_Thar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Huts in the Thar desert</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sindh" title="Tourism in Sindh">Tourism in Sindh</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Sindh&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mazar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mazar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg/220px-Mazar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mazar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg/330px-Mazar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mazar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg/440px-Mazar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sindh" title="Tourism in Sindh">Sindh</a> is a province in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p> The province includes a number of important historical sites. The <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> (IVC) was a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> (mature period 2600–1900 BC) which was centred mostly in the Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourism_in_Sindh_tribune.com.pk_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourism_in_Sindh_tribune.com.pk-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Larkana" title="Larkana">Larkana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourism_in_Sindh_tribune.com.pk_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourism_in_Sindh_tribune.com.pk-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic architecture is quite prominent as well as colonial and post-partition sites. Natural sites, like <a href="/wiki/Manchar_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchar Lake">Manchar Lake</a> have increasingly been a source of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a> in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-Tourism_in_Sindh_:0_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tourism_in_Sindh_:0-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukkur_bridge_hdr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sukkur Bridge"><img alt="Sukkur Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sukkur_bridge_hdr.jpg/120px-Sukkur_bridge_hdr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sukkur_bridge_hdr.jpg/250px-Sukkur_bridge_hdr.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Bridge_(Pakistan)" title="Lansdowne Bridge (Pakistan)">Sukkur Bridge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorakh_Hill_Morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gorakh Hill Station, Dadu"><img alt="Gorakh Hill Station, Dadu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gorakh_Hill_Morning.jpg/120px-Gorakh_Hill_Morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gorakh_Hill_Morning.jpg/250px-Gorakh_Hill_Morning.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gorakh_Hill" title="Gorakh Hill">Gorakh Hill Station</a>, Dadu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FaizMahal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faiz Mahal, Khairpur"><img alt="Faiz Mahal, Khairpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FaizMahal.jpg/120px-FaizMahal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FaizMahal.jpg/180px-FaizMahal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FaizMahal.jpg/240px-FaizMahal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Mahal" title="Faiz Mahal">Faiz Mahal</a>, Khairpur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rani_Kort_Wall_%26_Forte_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world Thana Bula Khan, Jamshoro"><img alt="Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world Thana Bula Khan, Jamshoro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rani_Kort_Wall_%26_Forte_View.jpg/120px-Rani_Kort_Wall_%26_Forte_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rani_Kort_Wall_%26_Forte_View.jpg/180px-Rani_Kort_Wall_%26_Forte_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rani_Kort_Wall_%26_Forte_View.jpg/240px-Rani_Kort_Wall_%26_Forte_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ranikot_Fort" title="Ranikot Fort">Ranikot Fort</a>, one of the largest forts in the world Thana Bula Khan, Jamshoro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaukhandi tombs, Karachi"><img alt="Chaukhandi tombs, Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img09.jpg/120px-PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img09.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img09.jpg/250px-PK_Chaukhandi_Necropolis_near_Karachi_asv2020-02_img09.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6824" data-file-height="3412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chaukhandi_tombs" title="Chaukhandi tombs">Chaukhandi tombs</a>, Karachi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhodesar_temple,_Nagarparkar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar, near Nagarparkar"><img alt="Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar, near Nagarparkar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bhodesar_temple%2C_Nagarparkar.JPG/120px-Bhodesar_temple%2C_Nagarparkar.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bhodesar_temple%2C_Nagarparkar.JPG/180px-Bhodesar_temple%2C_Nagarparkar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bhodesar_temple%2C_Nagarparkar.JPG/240px-Bhodesar_temple%2C_Nagarparkar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of 9th century <a href="/wiki/Nagarparkar_Jain_Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarparkar Jain Temples">Jain temple</a> in Bhodesar, near <a href="/wiki/Nagarparkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarparkar">Nagarparkar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro"><img alt="Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg/120px-Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg/250px-Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excavated ruins of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img11_Clifton_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karachi Beach"><img alt="Karachi Beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img11_Clifton_Beach.jpg/120px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img11_Clifton_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img11_Clifton_Beach.jpg/180px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img11_Clifton_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img11_Clifton_Beach.jpg/240px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img11_Clifton_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7072" data-file-height="5304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karachi Beach</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QASIM_Fort.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Qasim fort, Manora Island Karachi"><img alt="Qasim fort, Manora Island Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/QASIM_Fort.JPG/120px-QASIM_Fort.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/QASIM_Fort.JPG/180px-QASIM_Fort.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/QASIM_Fort.JPG/240px-QASIM_Fort.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Qasim_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasim fort">Qasim fort</a>, Manora Island Karachi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Kot_Diji_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kot Diji, Khairpur"><img alt="Kot Diji, Khairpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Detail_of_Kot_Diji_Fort.jpg/120px-Detail_of_Kot_Diji_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Detail_of_Kot_Diji_Fort.jpg/250px-Detail_of_Kot_Diji_Fort.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kot_Diji" title="Kot Diji">Kot Diji</a>, Khairpur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakirwarolake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur"><img alt="Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bakirwarolake.jpg/120px-Bakirwarolake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bakirwarolake.jpg/250px-Bakirwarolake.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img32_National_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi"><img alt="National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img32_National_Museum.jpg/120px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img32_National_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img32_National_Museum.jpg/180px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img32_National_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img32_National_Museum.jpg/240px-PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img32_National_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6807" data-file-height="3829" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Pakistan" title="National Museum of Pakistan">National Museum of Pakistan</a>, Karachi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Kirthar_NP_asv2020-02_img18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kirthar National Park, Thano Bula Khan, Jamshoro"><img alt="Kirthar National Park, Thano Bula Khan, Jamshoro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PK_Kirthar_NP_asv2020-02_img18.jpg/120px-PK_Kirthar_NP_asv2020-02_img18.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PK_Kirthar_NP_asv2020-02_img18.jpg/180px-PK_Kirthar_NP_asv2020-02_img18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/PK_Kirthar_NP_asv2020-02_img18.jpg/240px-PK_Kirthar_NP_asv2020-02_img18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7464" data-file-height="4976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kirthar_National_Park" title="Kirthar National Park">Kirthar National Park</a>, Thano Bula Khan, Jamshoro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karoonjhar_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar"><img alt="Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Karoonjhar_Mountains.jpg/120px-Karoonjhar_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Karoonjhar_Mountains.jpg/250px-Karoonjhar_Mountains.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karoonjhar_Mountains" title="Karoonjhar Mountains">Karoonjhar Mountains</a>, Tharparkar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahjahan_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta"><img alt="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shahjahan_mosque.jpg/120px-Shahjahan_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shahjahan_mosque.jpg/250px-Shahjahan_mosque.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4262" data-file-height="2830" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, Matiari"><img alt="Tomb of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, Matiari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mausoleum_of_Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai_05.jpg/120px-Mausoleum_of_Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mausoleum_of_Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai_05.jpg/180px-Mausoleum_of_Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mausoleum_of_Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai_05.jpg/240px-Mausoleum_of_Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3907" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai</a>, Matiari</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keenjhar_Lake_view_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Keenjhar Lake"><img alt="Keenjhar Lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Keenjhar_Lake_view_1.jpg/120px-Keenjhar_Lake_view_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Keenjhar_Lake_view_1.jpg/180px-Keenjhar_Lake_view_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Keenjhar_Lake_view_1.jpg/240px-Keenjhar_Lake_view_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Keenjhar_Lake" title="Keenjhar Lake">Keenjhar Lake</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar,_Sehwan_Shareed,_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Sehwan Sharif, Jamshoro"><img alt="Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Sehwan Sharif, Jamshoro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg/120px-Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg/180px-Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg/240px-Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar" title="Lal Shahbaz Qalandar">Lal Shahbaz Qalandar</a>, Sehwan Sharif, Jamshoro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_Mian_Noor_Muhammed_Abbassi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad, Benazirabad"><img alt="Tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad, Benazirabad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Shrine_Mian_Noor_Muhammed_Abbassi.jpg/120px-Shrine_Mian_Noor_Muhammed_Abbassi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Shrine_Mian_Noor_Muhammed_Abbassi.jpg/250px-Shrine_Mian_Noor_Muhammed_Abbassi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad, Benazirabad</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CNIC_Codes">CNIC Codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: CNIC Codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad Division</a> (41XXX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi Division</a> (42101-42501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana Division</a> (43XXX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_Division" title="Mirpur Khas Division">Mirpur Khas Division</a> (44XXX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_Division" title="Sukkur Division">Sukkur Division</a> + <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazirabad_Division" title="Shaheed Benazirabad Division">Shaheed Benazirabad Division</a> (45XXX)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Sind">Arab Sind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_Print" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh Print">Bagh Prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_from_Mirpur-Khas" title="Brahma from Mirpur-Khas">Brahma from Mirpur-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debal" title="Debal">Debal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sindhology" title="Institute of Sindhology">Institute of Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sindh_by_population" title="List of cities in Sindh by population">List of cities in Sindh by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_heritage_sites_in_Sindh" title="List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh">List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Sindh" title="List of medical schools in Sindh">List of medical schools in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Pakistan">List of districts of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_people" title="List of Sindhi people">List of Sindhi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_tribes" title="List of Sindhi tribes">List of Sindhi tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansura,_Sindh" title="Mansura, Sindh">Mansura, Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Highways_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Highways of Sindh">Provincial Highways of Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Division" title="Sind Division">Sind Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_cricket_team" title="Sindh cricket team">Sindh cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_clothing" title="Sindhi clothing">Sindhi clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_Kingdom" title="Sindhu Kingdom">Sindhu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_Sindh" title="Sufism in Sindh">Sufism in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_paintings_of_Sindh" title="Tomb paintings of Sindh">Tomb paintings of Sindh</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-g-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sindh's contribution to national economy was 23.7%, or $345 billion (PPP) and $86 billion (nominal) in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-kp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially recognised by the province; regulated by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">provincial government</a>'s autonomous institution <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Language_Authority" title="Sindhi Language Authority">Sindhi Language Authority</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official status of Urdu and English is recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Pakistani constitution</a>; with Urdu being regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">federal government</a>'s autonomous institution <a href="/wiki/National_Language_Promotion_Department" title="National Language Promotion Department">National Language Promotion Department</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Note-Brooke-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note-Brooke_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke2014">Brooke (2014)</a>, p. 296. "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....' 17 (footnote):<br /> (a) <a href="#CITEREFGiosanCliftMacklinFuller2012">Giosan et al. (2012)</a>;<br /> (b) <a href="#CITEREFPontonGiosanEglintonFuller2012">Ponton et al. (2012)</a>;<br /> (c) <a href="#CITEREFRashidEnglandThompsonPolyak2011">Rashid et al. (2011)</a>;<br /> (d) <a href="#CITEREFMadellaFuller2006">Madella & Fuller (2006)</a>;<br />Compare with the very different interpretations in <br /> (e) <a href="#CITEREFPossehl2002">Possehl (2002)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA239">237–245</a><br /> (f) <a href="#CITEREFStaubwasserSirockoGrootesSegl2003">Staubwasser et al. (2003)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1941-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1941_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1941_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1941 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dadu_District" title="Dadu District">Dadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_District_(Sind)" title="Karachi District (Sind)">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawabshah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabshah District">Nawabshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here:<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1941_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1941-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1931-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1931_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1931_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1931 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_District_(Sind)" title="Karachi District (Sind)">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawabshah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabshah District">Nawabshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1931 census data here:<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1931_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1931-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1921-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1921_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1921_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1921 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_District_(Sind)" title="Karachi District (Sind)">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawabshah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabshah District">Nawabshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1921 census data here:<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1921_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1921-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1911-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1911_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1911_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1911 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi_District_(Sind)" title="Karachi District (Sind)">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1911 census data here:<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1911_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1911-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1901-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1901_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1901_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1901 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karachi_District_(Sind)" title="Karachi District (Sind)">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1901 census data here:<sup id="cite_ref-sindh1901_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1901-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1891-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1891_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1891_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1891 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karachi_District_(Sind)" title="Karachi District (Sind)">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1891 census data here: <sup id="cite_ref-sindh1891_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1891-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1881-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1881_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1881_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1881 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karachi_District_(Sind)" title="Karachi District (Sind)">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1881 census data here: <sup id="cite_ref-sindh1881_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1881-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1872-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1872_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1872_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1872 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karachi_District_(Sind)" title="Karachi District (Sind)">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>), in Sindh Province, British India. Religious affiliation was not enumerated in <a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>. See 1872 census data here: <sup id="cite_ref-sindh1872_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sindh1872-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1951-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1951_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)">Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SindhHindu-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SindhHindu_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1872 census: Also includes <a href="/wiki/Tribals_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribals in India">Tribals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>).<br /><br />1881 census: Also includes <a href="/wiki/Tribals_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribals in India">Tribals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>).<br /><br />1891 census: Also includes <a href="/wiki/Tribals_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribals in India">Tribals</a>.<br /><br />1901 census: Also includes <a href="/wiki/Tribals_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribals in India">Tribals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1901Census-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1901Census_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1901Census_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1901 census: Enumerated as Hindus.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2023_Census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2023_Census_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Sindh.pdf">"Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Sindh province)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk)</i>. 5 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28www.pbs.gov.pk%29&rft.atitle=Announcement+of+Results+of+7th+Population+and+Housing+Census-2023+%28Sindh+province%29&rft.date=2023-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2FSindh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kp_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kpbos.gov.pk/assets/docs/reports/NTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf">"GDP OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA'S DISTRICTS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>kpbos.gov.pk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kpbos.gov.pk&rft.atitle=GDP+OF+KHYBER+PUKHTUNKHWA%27S+DISTRICTS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkpbos.gov.pk%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2Freports%2FNTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D564%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIEPCH%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2022%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PAK/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global">"Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>Globaldatalab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+-+Subnational+HDI+-+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Fshdi%2FPAK%2F%3Flevels%3D1%252B4%26interpolation%3D1%26extrapolation%3D0%26nearest_real%3D0%26colour_scales%3Dglobal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214183543/http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/party_pos/en/19">"Welcome to the Website of Provincial Assembly of Sindh"</a>. <i>www.pas.gov.pk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/party_pos/en/19">the original</a> on 14 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pas.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Website+of+Provincial+Assembly+of+Sindh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.gov.pk%2Findex.php%2Fmembers%2Fparty_pos%2Fen%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616174048/http://www.lgdsindh.com.pk/">"LgdSindh - News Blog"</a>. <i>LgdSindh</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lgdsindh.com.pk/">the original</a> on 16 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LgdSindh&rft.atitle=LgdSindh+-+News+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lgdsindh.com.pk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nation,_2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation,_2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff_reporter2014" class="citation news cs1">Staff reporter (9 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nation.com.pk/business/09-Mar-2014/sindh-must-exploit-potential-for-fruit-production">"Sindh must exploit potential for fruit production"</a>. The Nation, 2014. The Nation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sindh+must+exploit+potential+for+fruit+production&rft.date=2014-03-09&rft.au=Staff+reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2Fbusiness%2F09-Mar-2014%2Fsindh-must-exploit-potential-for-fruit-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SALU_Press-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SALU_Press_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkhandSaud" class="citation journal cs1">Markhand, Ghulam Sarwar; Saud, Adila A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1934949">"Dates in Sindh"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the International Dates Seminar</i>. SALU Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Dates+Seminar&rft.atitle=Dates+in+Sindh&rft.aulast=Markhand&rft.aufirst=Ghulam+Sarwar&rft.au=Saud%2C+Adila+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1934949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_News,_2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_News,_2007_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2007" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (3 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/264225/how-to-grow-bananas">"How to grow Bananas"</a>. Dawn News, 2007. Dawn News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+to+grow+Bananas&rft.date=2007-09-03&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F264225%2Fhow-to-grow-bananas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuddus1992" class="citation book cs1">Quddus, Syed Abdul (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_dtAAAAMAAJ&q=babul+islam+sindh"><i>Sindh, the Land of Indus Civilisation</i></a>. Royal Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-407-131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-407-131-2"><bdi>978-969-407-131-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindh%2C+the+Land+of+Indus+Civilisation&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-969-407-131-2&rft.aulast=Quddus&rft.aufirst=Syed+Abdul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_dtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbabul%2Bislam%2Bsindh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uE26AAAAIAAJ&q=babul+islam+sindh+qasim"><i>JPRS Report: Near East & South Asia</i></a>. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JPRS+Report%3A+Near+East+%26+South+Asia&rft.pub=Foreign+Broadcast+Information+Service&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuE26AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbabul%2Bislam%2Bsindh%2Bqasim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WakabayashiKothari2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WakabayashiKothari2009_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudy_WakabayashiRita_Kothari2009" class="citation book cs1">Judy Wakabayashi; Rita Kothari (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=viRCNDBYd4kC&pg=PT132"><i>Decentering Translation Studies: India and Beyond</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 132–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2430-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2430-9"><bdi>978-90-272-2430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decentering+Translation+Studies%3A+India+and+Beyond&rft.pages=132-&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2430-9&rft.au=Judy+Wakabayashi&rft.au=Rita+Kothari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DviRCNDBYd4kC%26pg%3DPT132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk">"Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (Pakistan)"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Properties+inscribed+on+the+World+Heritage+List+%28Pakistan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fpk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Now_or_Never-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Now_or_Never_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoudhary_Rahmat_Ali1933" class="citation web cs1">Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F">"Now or Never. Are we to live or perish forever?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Now+or+Never.+Are+we+to+live+or+perish+forever%3F&rft.date=1933-01-28&rft.au=Choudhary+Rahmat+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNow_or_Never%3B_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%253F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ikram1995-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ikram1995_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._M._Ikram1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._M._Ikram" title="S. M. Ikram">S. M. Ikram</a> (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA177"><i>Indian Muslims and partition of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 177–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-374-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-374-6"><bdi>978-81-7156-374-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Muslims+and+partition+of+India&rft.pages=177-&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-374-6&rft.au=S.+M.+Ikram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7q9EubOYZmwC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhiroze_Vasunia20136-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhiroze_Vasunia20136_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhiroze_Vasunia2013">Phiroze Vasunia 2013</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southworth, Franklin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7336735/The_Reconstruction_of_Prehistoric_South_Asian_Language_Contact">The Reconstruction of Prehistoric South Asian Language Contact</a> (1990) p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrow, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=īntu&searchhws=yes">Dravidian Etymology Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301115537/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=%C4%ABntu&searchhws=yes">Archived</a> 1 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/506227/sind-not-sindh/">"Sindh, not Sind"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a></i>. Web Desk. 12 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sindh%2C+not+Sind&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F506227%2Fsind-not-sindh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanyal,_Sanjeev2013" class="citation book cs1">Sanyal, Sanjeev (10 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/855957425"><i>Land of the seven rivers : a brief history of India's geography</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-342093-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-342093-4"><bdi>978-0-14-342093-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855957425">855957425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+the+seven+rivers+%3A+a+brief+history+of+India%27s+geography&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855957425&rft.isbn=978-0-14-342093-4&rft.au=Sanyal%2C+Sanjeev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F855957425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/138">"Archaeological Ruins at Moanjodaro"</a>. <i>The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization+%28UNESCO%29+website&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Ruins+at+Moanjodaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mohenjodaro.net_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohenjodaro.net/mohenjodaroessay.html">"Mohenjo-Daro: An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mohenjo-Daro%3A+An+Ancient+Indus+Valley+Metropolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohenjodaro.net%2Fmohenjodaroessay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18491900">"Mohenjo Daro: Could this ancient city be lost forever?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mohenjo+Daro%3A+Could+this+ancient+city+be+lost+forever%3F&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18491900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Bryant (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. pp. 159–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raychaudhuri2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raychaudhuri2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra</a> (1953). <i>Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. p. 197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India%3A+From+the+Accession+of+Parikshit+to+the+Extinction+of+Gupta+Dynasty&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Hemchandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_209]-[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_210]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_209]-[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_210]_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_209]-[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli201572385pagen227mode2up_210]_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain1974">Jain 1974</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up">209</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up">210</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESikdar1964501-502-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESikdar1964501-502_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSikdar1964">Sikdar 1964</a>, p. 501-502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raychaudhuri-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raychaudhuri_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFH.C._Raychaudhuri1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">H.C. Raychaudhuri</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft"><i>Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty</i></a>. University of Calcutta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-5272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-5272-9"><bdi>978-1-4400-5272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India%3A+From+the+Accession+of+Parikshit+to+the+Extinction+of+the+Gupta+Dynasty&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-5272-9&rft.au=H.C.+Raychaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalhistory00raycuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. A. Dandamaev. "A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire" p 147. BRILL, 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004091726" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004091726">978-9004091726</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Hidus</i> could be the areas of Sindh, or Taxila and West Punjab." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PA204"><i>Cambridge Ancient History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 2002. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521228046" title="Special:BookSources/9780521228046"><bdi>9780521228046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521228046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNDpPqeDjo0C%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafi U. Samad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNUwBYGYgxsC&pg=PA33"><i>The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys.</i></a> Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 33 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875868592" title="Special:BookSources/0875868592">0875868592</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDani198137-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDani198137_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDani1981">Dani 1981</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEggermont197513-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEggermont197513_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEggermont1975">Eggermont 1975</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe200933-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe200933_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThorpe2009">Thorpe 2009</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRawlinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Rawlinson, H. G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UmMnh1XKJjQC"><i>Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1549-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1549-6"><bdi>978-81-206-1549-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intercourse+Between+India+and+the+Western+World%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+of+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1549-6&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmMnh1XKJjQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee" title="Touraj Daryaee">Daryaee, Touraj</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LU0BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857716668" title="Special:BookSources/9780857716668"><bdi>9780857716668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sasanian+Persia%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780857716668&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLU0BAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NS_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchindelAlramDaryaeePendleton2016" class="citation book cs1">Schindel, Nikolaus; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj; Pendleton, Elizabeth (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GqONDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion</i></a>. Oxbow Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">126–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785702105" title="Special:BookSources/9781785702105"><bdi>9781785702105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthian+and+Early+Sasanian+Empires%3A+adaptation+and+expansion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785702105&rft.aulast=Schindel&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rft.au=Alram%2C+Michael&rft.au=Daryaee%2C+Touraj&rft.au=Pendleton%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGqONDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1996133,_152–153-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1996133,_152–153_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1996133,_152–153_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink1996">Wink 1996</a>, pp. 133, 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsif201665,_81–82,_131–134-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsif201665,_81–82,_131–134_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsif2016">Asif 2016</a>, pp. 65, 81–82, 131–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1996151-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1996151_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink1996">Wink 1996</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 505 <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians">The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians</a></i> by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gier-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gier_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas F. Gier, <i>FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES</i>, presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/mm.htm">[1]</a>. Retrieved 11 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naik-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naik_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaik2010" class="citation book cs1">Naik, C.D. (2010). <i>Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions</i>. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-792-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-792-8"><bdi>978-81-7835-792-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Dalits%3A+Social+Philosophy+and+Traditions&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Kalpaz+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-792-8&rft.aulast=Naik&rft.aufirst=C.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 164 <i>Notes on the religious, moral, and political state of India before the Mahomedan invasion, chiefly founded on the travels of the Chinese Buddhist priest Fai Han in India, AD 399, and on the commentaries of Messrs. Remusat, Klaproth and Burnouf, Lieutenant-Colonel W.H. Sykes</i> by Sykes, Colonel;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink1991152–153-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink1991152–153_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink1991">Wink 1991</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl_HareirMbaye2012" class="citation cs2">El Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA602"><i>The Spread of Islam Throughout the World</i></a>, UNESCO, p. 602, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104153-2"><bdi>978-92-3-104153-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Islam+Throughout+the+World&rft.pages=602&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104153-2&rft.aulast=El+Hareir&rft.aufirst=Idris&rft.au=Mbaye%2C+Ravane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVYT4Kraym0C%26pg%3DPA602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLean,_Derryl_N._1989_pp._1262-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacLean,_Derryl_N._1989_pp._1262_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacLean,_Derryl_N._1989_pp._1262_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLean, Derryl N. (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, pp. 126, BRILL, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3">90-04-08551-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. A. Rizvi, "A socio-intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Volo. 1, pp. 138, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEl_HareirMbaye2012" class="citation cs2">El Hareir, Idris; Mbaye, Ravane (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA601"><i>The Spread of Islam Throughout the World</i></a>, UNESCO, pp. <span class="nowrap">601–</span>602, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104153-2"><bdi>978-92-3-104153-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Islam+Throughout+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E601-%3C%2Fspan%3E602&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104153-2&rft.aulast=El+Hareir&rft.aufirst=Idris&rft.au=Mbaye%2C+Ravane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVYT4Kraym0C%26pg%3DPA601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra</a> (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvggAAAAMAAJ"><i>Readings in political history of India, ancient, mediaeval, and modern</i></a>, B.R. Pub. Corp., on behalf of Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies, p. 216</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+political+history+of+India%2C+ancient%2C+mediaeval%2C+and+modern&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=B.R.+Pub.+Corp.%2C+on+behalf+of+Indian+Society+for+Prehistoric+and+Quaternary+Studies&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvggAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967337-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967337_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathi1967">Tripathi 1967</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsif201635-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsif201635_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsif2016">Asif 2016</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. M. ( Nagendra Kumar Singh), <i>Muslim Kingship in India</i>, Anmol Publications, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-261-0436-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-261-0436-8">81-261-0436-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-0436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-0436-9">978-81-261-0436-9</a> pg 43-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maclean2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maclean2_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. M. ( Derryl N. Maclean), <i>Religion and society in Arab Sindh</i>, Published by Brill, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3">90-04-08551-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08551-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08551-0">978-90-04-08551-0</a> pg 140-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdulla1987" class="citation book cs1">Abdulla, Ahmed (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lI9AAAAMAAJ&q=ghaznavid+mansura"><i>An Observation: Perspective of Pakistan</i></a>. Tanzeem Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Observation%3A+Perspective+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Tanzeem+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Abdulla&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lI9AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dghaznavid%2Bmansura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHabib2011" class="citation book cs1">Habib, Irfan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&q=ghaznavid+mansura&pg=PA6"><i>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2791-1"><bdi>978-81-317-2791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+History+of+Medieval+India%2C+1200-1500&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2791-1&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK8kO4J3mXUAC%26q%3Dghaznavid%2Bmansura%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui" class="citation journal cs1">Siddiqui, Habibullah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf">"The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025–1351 CE)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literary+Conference+on+Soomra+Period+in+Sindh&rft.atitle=The+Soomras+of+Sindh%3A+their+origin%2C+main+characteristics+and+rule+%E2%80%93+an+overview+%28general+survey%29+%281025%E2%80%931351+CE%29&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Habibullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uok.edu.pk%2Ffaculties%2Fsindhi%2Fdocs%2FsoomroEng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJDL-2007-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IJDL-2007_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Arab Conquest". <i>International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 91. 2007. <q>The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Conquest&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dani-2007-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dani-2007_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDani2007" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty"><i>History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages</i></a>. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-2020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-35-2020-0"><bdi>978-969-35-2020-0</bdi></a>. <q>But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Pakistan%3A+Pakistan+through+ages&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Sang-e+Meel+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-969-35-2020-0&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_xtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsoomra%2Bdynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collinet-2008a-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collinet-2008a_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collinet-2008a_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collinet-2008a_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collinet-2008a_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollinet2008" class="citation book cs1">Collinet, Annabelle (2008). "Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). <i>Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies</i>. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 11, 113 (note 43). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547503-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547503-6"><bdi>978-0-19-547503-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+Sehwan+Sharif+through+Ceramics+%28The+Islamic+Period%29&rft.btitle=Sindh+through+history+and+representations+%3A+French+contributions+to+Sindhi+studies&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=9%2C+11%2C+113+%28note+43%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547503-6&rft.aulast=Collinet&rft.aufirst=Annabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boivin-2008a-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boivin-2008a_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boivin-2008a_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoivin2008" class="citation book cs1">Boivin, Michel (2008). "Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). <i>Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies</i>. Karachi: Oxford University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547503-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547503-6"><bdi>978-0-19-547503-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shivaite+Cults+And+Sufi+Centres%3A+A+Reappraisal+Of+The+Medieval+Legacy+In+Sindh&rft.btitle=Sindh+through+history+and+representations+%3A+French+contributions+to+Sindhi+studies&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547503-6&rft.aulast=Boivin&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray201932-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray201932_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAniruddha_Ray2019" class="citation book cs1">Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43"><i>The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 43–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-000729-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-000729-9"><bdi>978-1-00-000729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultanate+of+Delhi+%281206-1526%29%3A+Polity%2C+Economy%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pages=43-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.isbn=978-1-00-000729-9&rft.au=Aniruddha+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNSNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/143">"Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Monuments+at+Makli%2C+Thatta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(Pakistan)Latif197622-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-(Pakistan)Latif197622_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Organization_(Pakistan)Abdul_Latif1976" class="citation book cs1">Census Organization (Pakistan); Abdul Latif (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63maAAAAIAAJ&q=yadav+rajputs"><i>Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana</i></a>. Manager of Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Census+of+Pakistan%2C+1972%3A+Larkana&rft.pub=Manager+of+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Census+Organization+%28Pakistan%29&rft.au=Abdul+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63maAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyadav%2Brajputs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRapsonHaigBurnDodwell1965" class="citation book cs1">Rapson, Edward James; Haig, Sir Wolseley; Burn, Sir Richard; Dodwell, Henry (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBNZAAAAYAAJ&q=Samma+"><i>The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig</i></a>. Chand. p. 518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+India%3A+Turks+and+Afghans%2C+edited+by+W.+Haig&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Chand&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Rapson&rft.aufirst=Edward+James&rft.au=Haig%2C+Sir+Wolseley&rft.au=Burn%2C+Sir+Richard&rft.au=Dodwell%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBNZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DSamma%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guj2-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guj2_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU._M._ChokshiM._R._Trivedi1989" class="citation book cs1">U. M. Chokshi; M. R. Trivedi (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qHiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gujarat State Gazetteer</i></a>. Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. p. 274. <q>It was the conquest of Kutch by the Sindhi tribe of Sama Rajputs that marked the emergence of Kutch as a separate kingdom in the 14th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat+State+Gazetteer&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Director%2C+Government+Print.%2C+Stationery+and+Publications%2C+Gujarat+State&rft.date=1989&rft.au=U.+M.+Chokshi&rft.au=M.+R.+Trivedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qHiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-panhwar.com22-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-panhwar.com22_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-panhwar.com22_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225062314/http://www.panhwar.com/Article162.htm">"Directions in the History and Archaeology of Sindh by M. H. Panhwar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panhwar.com/Article162.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directions+in+the+History+and+Archaeology+of+Sindh+by+M.+H.+Panhwar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panhwar.com%2FArticle162.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2179&order_by=year&showdescription=1">Archnet.org: Thattah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606120407/https://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2179&order_by=year&showdescription=1">Archived</a> 2012-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(Pakistan)Latif19763-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-(Pakistan)Latif19763_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Organization_(Pakistan)Abdul_Latif1976" class="citation book cs1">Census Organization (Pakistan); Abdul Latif (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63maAAAAIAAJ&q=yadav+rajputs"><i>Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Larkana</i></a>. Manager of Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Census+of+Pakistan%2C+1972%3A+Larkana&rft.pub=Manager+of+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Census+Organization+%28Pakistan%29&rft.au=Abdul+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63maAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyadav%2Brajputs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Jacobabad</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Travels of Marco Polo - Complete (Mobi Classics) By Marco Polo, Rustichello of Pisa, Henry Yule (Translator)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosworth_p._329-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth_p._329_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth, "New Islamic Dynasties," p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarling1999" class="citation book cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA39"><i><span></span></i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia<i> by Nicholas Tarling p.39</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521663700" title="Special:BookSources/9780521663700"><bdi>9780521663700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia+by+Nicholas+Tarling+p.39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521663700&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtsMLNmMzbkC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052446/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01475176655936417554480/p0000002.htm">"Hispania [Publicaciones periódicas]. Volume 74, Number 3, September 1991"</a>. <i>Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01475176655936417554480/p0000002.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca+Virtual+Miguel+de+Cervantes&rft.atitle=Hispania+%5BPublicaciones+peri%C3%B3dicas%5D.+Volume+74%2C+Number+3%2C+September+1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F01475176655936417554480%2Fp0000002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrohī1998" class="citation book cs1">Brohī, ʻAlī Aḥmad (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kalhoras+a+local+Sindhi+tribe+of+Channa+origin"><i>The Temple of Sun God: Relics of the Past</i></a>. Sangam Publications. p. 175. <q>Kalhoras a local Sindhi tribe of Channa origin...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Temple+of+Sun+God%3A+Relics+of+the+Past&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Sangam+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Broh%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0gBuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DKalhoras%2Ba%2Blocal%2BSindhi%2Btribe%2Bof%2BChanna%2Borigin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton1851" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Richard Francis (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZQMzQLsyk0C&dq=They+were+originally+Channa+Sindhis+,+and+therefore+converted+Hindoos&pg=PA410"><i>Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus</i></a>. W. H. Allen. p. 410. <q>Kalhoras...were originally Channa Sindhis, and therefore converted Hindoos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindh%2C+and+the+Races+that+Inhabit+the+Valley+of+the+Indus&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZQMzQLsyk0C%26dq%3DThey%2Bwere%2Boriginally%2BChanna%2BSindhis%2B%2C%2Band%2Btherefore%2Bconverted%2BHindoos%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerkaaik2004" class="citation book cs1">Verkaaik, Oskar (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk"><i>Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk/page/94">94</a>, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69111-709-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69111-709-6"><bdi>978-0-69111-709-6</bdi></a>. <q>The area of the Hindu-built mansion Pakka Qila was built in 1768 by the Kalhora kings, a local dynasty of Arab origin that ruled Sindh independently from the decaying Moghul Empire beginning in the mid-eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrants+and+Militants%3A+Fun+and+Urban+Violence+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=94%2C+99&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-69111-709-6&rft.aulast=Verkaaik&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmigrantsmilitant0000verk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/230879/history-of-khairpur-and-the-royal-talpurs-of-sindh/">"History of Khairpur and the royal Talpurs of Sindh"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. 21 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=History+of+Khairpur+and+the+royal+Talpurs+of+Sindh&rft.date=2018-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F230879%2Fhistory-of-khairpur-and-the-royal-talpurs-of-sindh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-2006-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon-2006_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon-2006_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSolomonBond2006" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, R. V.; Bond, J. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=talpur+sindh&pg=PA337"><i>Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1965-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1965-4"><bdi>978-81-206-1965-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+States%3A+A+Biographical%2C+Historical%2C+and+Administrative+Survey&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1965-4&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rft.au=Bond%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47sfj8DUwNgC%26dq%3Dtalpur%2Bsindh%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaloch1987" class="citation book cs1">Baloch, Inayatullah (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox0NAAAAIAAJ&q=talpurs+vassals"><i>The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan": A Study of Baluch Nationalism</i></a>. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515049993" title="Special:BookSources/9783515049993"><bdi>9783515049993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+%22Greater+Baluchistan%22%3A+A+Study+of+Baluch+Nationalism&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Steiner+Verlag+Wiesbaden&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9783515049993&rft.aulast=Baloch&rft.aufirst=Inayatullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOx0NAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtalpurs%2Bvassals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiad2021" class="citation book cs1">Ziad, Waleed (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-ZFEAAAQBAJ&dq=durranis+talpur&pg=PA53"><i>Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674248816" title="Special:BookSources/9780674248816"><bdi>9780674248816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Caliphate%3A+Sufi+Saints+Beyond+the+Oxus+and+Indus&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780674248816&rft.aulast=Ziad&rft.aufirst=Waleed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-ZFEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddurranis%2Btalpur%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talpur-2002-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Talpur-2002_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talpur.org/Home/historical-background">"The Royal Talpurs of Sindh - Historical Background"</a>. <i>www.talpur.org</i>. 24 July 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.talpur.org&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Talpurs+of+Sindh+-+Historical+Background&rft.date=2002-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talpur.org%2FHome%2Fhistorical-background&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General Napier apocryphally reported his conquest of the province to his superiors with the one-word message <i>peccavi</i>, a schoolgirl's pun recorded in <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch (magazine)</a> relying on the Latin word's meaning, "I have sinned", homophonous to "I have Sindh". <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ehrlich" title="Eugene Ehrlich">Eugene Ehrlich</a>, <i>Nil Desperandum: A Dictionary of Latin Tags and Useful Phrases </i>[Original title: <i>Amo, Amas, Amat and More</i>], BCA 1992 [1985], p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LongSingh2015-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LongSingh2015_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LongSingh2015_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LongSingh2015_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LongSingh2015_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._LongGurharpal_SinghYunas_SamadIan_Talbot2015" class="citation cs2">Roger D. Long; Gurharpal Singh; Yunas Samad; Ian Talbot (8 October 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102"><i>State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security</i></a>, Routledge, pp. 102–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44820-4"><bdi>978-1-317-44820-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Nation-Building+in+Pakistan%3A+Beyond+Islam+and+Security&rft.pages=102-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44820-4&rft.au=Roger+D.+Long&rft.au=Gurharpal+Singh&rft.au=Yunas+Samad&rft.au=Ian+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzivCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malik1999-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malik1999_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malik1999_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFI._Malik1999" class="citation cs2">I. Malik (3 June 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyWBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>Islam, Nationalism and the West: Issues of Identity in Pakistan</i></a>, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 56–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37539-0"><bdi>978-0-230-37539-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Nationalism+and+the+West%3A+Issues+of+Identity+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=56-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1999-06-03&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37539-0&rft.au=I.+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyWBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minault1982-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minault1982_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGail_Minault1982" class="citation cs2">Gail Minault (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAW8GreFqjkC&pg=PA105"><i>The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India</i></a>, Columbia University Press, pp. 105–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05072-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05072-2"><bdi>978-0-231-05072-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khilafat+Movement%3A+Religious+Symbolism+and+Political+Mobilization+in+India&rft.pages=105-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-231-05072-2&rft.au=Gail+Minault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAW8GreFqjkC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari199277-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari199277_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari199277_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsari1992">Ansari 1992</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society2007-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Society2007_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPakistan_Historical_Society2007" class="citation cs2">Pakistan Historical Society (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_svAQAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society</i></a>, Pakistan Historical Society., p. 245</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Pakistan+Historical+Society.&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_svAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Priya Kumar & Rita Kothari (2016) Sindh, 1947 and Beyond, <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i>, 39:4, 775, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856401.2016.1244752">10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jalal20022-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jalal20022_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal2002" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (4 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA415"><i>Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 415–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59937-0"><bdi>978-1-134-59937-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self+and+Sovereignty%3A+Individual+and+Community+in+South+Asian+Islam+Since+1850&rft.pages=415-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-134-59937-0&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSa6CAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LongSingh20152-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LongSingh20152_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._LongGurharpal_SinghYunas_SamadIan_Talbot2015" class="citation book cs1">Roger D. Long; Gurharpal Singh; Yunas Samad; Ian Talbot (8 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102"><i>State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 102–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44820-4"><bdi>978-1-317-44820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Nation-Building+in+Pakistan%3A+Beyond+Islam+and+Security&rft.pages=102-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44820-4&rft.au=Roger+D.+Long&rft.au=Gurharpal+Singh&rft.au=Yunas+Samad&rft.au=Ian+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzivCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society20072-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Society20072_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPakistan_Historical_Society2007" class="citation book cs1">Pakistan Historical Society (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_svAQAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society</i></a>. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Pakistan+Historical+Society.&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_svAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jalal2002-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jalal2002_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jalal2002_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJalal2002">Jalal 2002</a>, p. 415</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghIyer2016-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SinghIyer2016_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmritjit_SinghNalini_IyerRahul_K._Gairola2016" class="citation cs2">Amritjit Singh; Nalini Iyer; Rahul K. Gairola (15 June 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics</i></a>, Lexington Books, pp. 127–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3105-4"><bdi>978-1-4985-3105-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+India%27s+Partition%3A+New+Essays+on+Memory%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=127-&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4&rft.au=Amritjit+Singh&rft.au=Nalini+Iyer&rft.au=Rahul+K.+Gairola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmA0DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2016-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2016_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhaled_Ahmed2016" class="citation cs2">Khaled Ahmed (18 August 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TbzBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT230"><i>Sleepwalking to Surrender: Dealing with Terrorism in Pakistan</i></a>, Penguin Books Limited, pp. 230–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86057-62-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86057-62-4"><bdi>978-93-86057-62-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleepwalking+to+Surrender%3A+Dealing+with+Terrorism+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=230-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.isbn=978-93-86057-62-4&rft.au=Khaled+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbzBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kukreja2003-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kukreja2003_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeena_Kukreja2003" class="citation cs2">Veena Kukreja (24 February 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dp05sFFSAbIC&pg=PA138"><i>Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises</i></a>, SAGE Publications, pp. 138–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9683-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9683-5"><bdi>978-0-7619-9683-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Pakistan%3A+Political+Processes%2C+Conflicts+and+Crises&rft.pages=138-&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9683-5&rft.au=Veena+Kukreja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddp05sFFSAbIC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992115-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992115_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992115_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsari1992">Ansari 1992</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992122-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnsari1992122_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsari1992">Ansari 1992</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malik19992-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malik19992_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFI._Malik1999" class="citation book cs1">I. Malik (3 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyWBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>Islam, Nationalism and the West: Issues of Identity in Pakistan</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 56–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37539-0"><bdi>978-0-230-37539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Nationalism+and+the+West%3A+Issues+of+Identity+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=56-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1999-06-03&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37539-0&rft.au=I.+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyWBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kukreja20032-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kukreja20032_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeena_Kukreja2003" class="citation book cs1">Veena Kukreja (24 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dp05sFFSAbIC&pg=PA138"><i>Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 138–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9683-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9683-5"><bdi>978-0-7619-9683-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Pakistan%3A+Political+Processes%2C+Conflicts+and+Crises&rft.pages=138-&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9683-5&rft.au=Veena+Kukreja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddp05sFFSAbIC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Priya Kumar & Rita Kothari (2016) Sindh, 1947 and Beyond, <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i>, 39:4, 776–777, DOI: 10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk">"Population Census 2023"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Census+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh1941-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1941_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1941_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1941_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1941_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1941" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545">"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 12, Sind"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545">saoa.crl.28215545</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064845/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1941.+Vol.+12%2C+Sind&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh1931-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1931_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1931_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1931" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128">"Census of India 1931. Vol. 8, Bombay. Pt. 2, Statistical tables"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797128">saoa.crl.25797128</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1931.+Vol.+8%2C+Bombay.+Pt.+2%2C+Statistical+tables.&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25797128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25797128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh1921-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1921_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1921_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1921" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131">"Census of India 1921. Vol. 8, Bombay Presidency. Pt. 2, Tables : imperial and provincial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394131">saoa.crl.25394131</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1921.+Vol.+8%2C+Bombay+Presidency.+Pt.+2%2C+Tables+%3A+imperial+and+provincial.&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25394131%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25394131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh1911-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1911_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1911_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1911" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770">"Census of India 1911. Vol. 7, Bombay. Pt. 2, Imperial tables"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393770">saoa.crl.25393770</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1911.+Vol.+7%2C+Bombay.+Pt.+2%2C+Imperial+tables.&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393770%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25393770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh1901-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1901_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1901_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1901" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895">"Census of India 1901. Vols. 9-11, Bombay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25366895">saoa.crl.25366895</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1901.+Vols.+9-11%2C+Bombay.&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25366895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25366895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh1891-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1891_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1891_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1891" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352815">"Census of India, 1891. Vol. VIII, Bombay and its feudatories. Part II, Imperial tables"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352815">saoa.crl.25352815</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1891.+Vol.+VIII%2C+Bombay+and+its+feudatories.+Part+II%2C+Imperial+tables&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25352815%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25352815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh1881-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1881_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1881_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057678">"Census of India, 1891. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_11.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+mother+tongue%2C+sex+and+rural%2Furban%2C+census-2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Fsindh%2Fdcr%2Ftable_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rehman-2015-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rehman-2015_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRehman2015" class="citation news cs1">Rehman, Zia Ur (18 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/57104-with-a-handful-of-subberstwo-newspapers-barely-keeping-gujarati-alive-in-karachi">"With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi"</a>. <i>The News International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511563201" title="Special:BookSources/9780511563201"><bdi>9780511563201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufi+saints+and+state+power%3A+the+pirs+of+Sind%2C+1843%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780511563201&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Sarah+F.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsif2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Manan_Ahmed_Asif" title="Manan Ahmed Asif">Asif, Manan Ahmed</a> (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>A Book of Conquest</i></a>, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-66011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-66011-3"><bdi>978-0-674-66011-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Conquest&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-66011-3&rft.aulast=Asif&rft.aufirst=Manan+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4oxDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooke2014" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, John L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9TSAgAAQBAJ"><i>Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87164-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87164-8"><bdi>978-0-521-87164-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+and+the+Course+of+Global+History%3A+A+Rough+Journey&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87164-8&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9TSAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDani1981" class="citation book cs1">Dani, A.H. (1981). "Sindhu – Sauvira : A glimpse into the early history of Sind". In Khuhro, Hamida (ed.). <i>Sind through the centuries : proceedings of an international seminar held in Karachi in Spring 1975</i>. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577250-0"><bdi>978-0-19-577250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sindhu+%E2%80%93+Sauvira+%3A+A+glimpse+into+the+early+history+of+Sind&rft.btitle=Sind+through+the+centuries+%3A+proceedings+of+an+international+seminar+held+in+Karachi+in+Spring+1975&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577250-0&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEggermont1975" class="citation book cs1">Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nG0_xoDS3hUC"><i>Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-037-2"><bdi>978-90-6186-037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Campaigns+in+Sind+and+Baluchistan+and+the+Siege+of+the+Brahmin+Town+of+Harmatelia&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-6186-037-2&rft.aulast=Eggermont&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Herman+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnG0_xoDS3hUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiosanCliftMacklinFuller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Giosan L, Clift PD, Macklin MG, Fuller DQ, et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387054">"Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (26): <span class="nowrap">E1688 –</span> <span class="nowrap">E1694</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..109E1688G">2012PNAS..109E1688G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1112743109">10.1073/pnas.1112743109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387054">3387054</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22645375">22645375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fluvial+landscapes+of+the+Harappan+civilization&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE1688+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE1694%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3387054%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..109E1688G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22645375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1112743109&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Giosan&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Clift%2C+PD&rft.au=Macklin%2C+MG&rft.au=Fuller%2C+DQ&rft.au=Constantinescu%2C+S&rft.au=Durcan%2C+JA&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T&rft.au=Duller+GAT&rft.au=Tabrez%2C+AR&rft.au=Gangal%2C+K&rft.au=Adhikari%2C+R&rft.au=Alizai%2C+A&rft.au=Filip%2C+F&rft.au=VanLaningham%2C+S&rft.au=Syvitski+JPM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3387054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJain1974" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Kailash Chand (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-xDAAAAIAAJ"><i>Lord Mahāvīra and His Times</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0738-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0738-4"><bdi>978-0-8426-0738-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0738-4&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Kailash+Chand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-xDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJalal2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (4 January 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA415"><i>Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59937-0"><bdi>978-1-134-59937-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self+and+Sovereignty%3A+Individual+and+Community+in+South+Asian+Islam+Since+1850&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-134-59937-0&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSa6CAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadellaFuller2006" class="citation journal cs1">Madella, Marco; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2006). "Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration". <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>25</b> (<span class="nowrap">11–</span>12): <span class="nowrap">1283–</span>1301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006QSRv...25.1283M">2006QSRv...25.1283M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2005.10.012">10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Palaeoecology+and+the+Harappan+Civilisation+of+South+Asia%3A+a+reconsideration&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1283-%3C%2Fspan%3E1301&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2005.10.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006QSRv...25.1283M&rft.aulast=Madella&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._R._Malkani" title="K. 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Allied Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sindh+Story&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Malkani&rft.aufirst=Kewal+Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhiroze_Vasunia2013" class="citation book cs1">Phiroze Vasunia (16 May 2013). <i>The Classics and Colonial India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-9920-323-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-9920-323-9"><bdi>978-01-9920-323-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classics+and+Colonial+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.isbn=978-01-9920-323-9&rft.au=Phiroze+Vasunia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPontonGiosanEglintonFuller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ponton, Camilo; Giosan, Liviu; Eglinton, Tim I.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1347997/1/2011GL050722.pdf">"Holocene aridification of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>39</b> (3). L03704. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GeoRL..39.3704P">2012GeoRL..39.3704P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011GL050722">10.1029/2011GL050722</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1912%2F5100">1912/5100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Holocene+aridification+of+India&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=L03704&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1912%2F5100&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2011GL050722&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012GeoRL..39.3704P&rft.aulast=Ponton&rft.aufirst=Camilo&rft.au=Giosan%2C+Liviu&rft.au=Eglinton%2C+Tim+I.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Joel+E.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Pushpendra&rft.au=Collett%2C+Tim+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1347997%2F1%2F2011GL050722.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPossehl2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Possehl" title="Gregory Possehl">Possehl, Gregory L.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154"><i>The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-1642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-1642-9"><bdi>978-0-7591-1642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Civilization%3A+A+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-1642-9&rft.aulast=Possehl&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXVgeAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashidEnglandThompsonPolyak2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rashid, Harunur; England, Emily; Thompson, Lonnie; Polyak, Leonid (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Rashid%20et%20al%20Terr%20Atmos%20Ocean%20Sci%202011v222p215.pdf">"Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">215–</span>228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011TAOS...22..215R">2011TAOS...22..215R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3319%2FTAO.2010.09.17.02%28TibXS%29">10.3319/TAO.2010.09.17.02(TibXS)</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1017-0839">1017-0839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial%2C+Atmospheric+and+Oceanic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+Glacial+to+Holocene+Indian+Summer+Monsoon+Variability+Based+upon+Sediment+Records+Taken+from+the+Bay+of+Bengal&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1017-0839&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3319%2FTAO.2010.09.17.02%28TibXS%29&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011TAOS...22..215R&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Harunur&rft.au=England%2C+Emily&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Lonnie&rft.au=Polyak%2C+Leonid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.bpcrc.osu.edu%2FIcecore%2Fpublications%2FRashid%2520et%2520al%2520Terr%2520Atmos%2520Ocean%2520Sci%25202011v222p215.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSikdar1964" class="citation book cs1">Sikdar, Jogendra Chandra (1964). <i>Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra</i>. Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India: Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa. pp. <span class="nowrap">388–</span>464.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Bhagawat%C4%ABs%C5%ABtra&rft.place=Muzaffarpur%2C+Bihar%2C+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E388-%3C%2Fspan%3E464&rft.pub=Research+Institute+of+Prakrit%2C+Jainology+%26+Ahimsa&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Sikdar&rft.aufirst=Jogendra+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaubwasserSirockoGrootesSegl2003" class="citation journal cs1">Staubwasser, M.; Sirocko, F.; Grootes, P. M.; Segl, M. (2003). "Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>30</b> (8): 1425. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GeoRL..30.1425S">2003GeoRL..30.1425S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002GL016822">10.1029/2002GL016822</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129178112">129178112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Climate+change+at+the+4.2+ka+BP+termination+of+the+Indus+valley+civilization+and+Holocene+south+Asian+monsoon+variability&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1425&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002GL016822&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129178112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003GeoRL..30.1425S&rft.aulast=Staubwasser&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Sirocko%2C+F.&rft.au=Grootes%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Segl%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2009" class="citation cs2">Thorpe, Showick Thorpe Edgar (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC"><i>The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e</i></a>, Pearson Education India, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2133-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2133-9"><bdi>978-81-317-2133-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+General+Studies+Manual+2009%2C+1%2Fe&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2133-9&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Showick+Thorpe+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAo1X2eagywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTripathi1967" class="citation cs2">Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOVpOG6MPMcC&pg=PA337"><i>History of Ancient India</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0018-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0018-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0018-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0018-2&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Rama+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOVpOG6MPMcC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWink1991" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC"><i>Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004095098" title="Special:BookSources/9004095098"><bdi>9004095098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-+Hind%3A+The+slave+kings+and+the+Islamic+conquest.+2&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9004095098&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWink1996" class="citation book cs1">Wink, Andre (1996). <i>Al Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09249-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09249-8"><bdi>90-04-09249-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+Hind%3A+The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-09249-8&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindh&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sindh" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sindh">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sindh" class="extiw" title="voy:Sindh">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119234920/http://www.transport.gos.pk/">Sindh Transport Department official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sindh.gov.pk">Government of Sindh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531075317/http://www.sindh.gov.pk/">Archived</a> 31 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Guide of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmoz.pk/Provinces/Sindh/">Sindh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405093443/http://dmoz.pk/Provinces/Sindh/">Archived</a> 5 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126053250/http://www.lgdsindh.com.pk/districts1.htm">Map of the districts of Sindh</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindh_topics" title="Template:Sindh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindh_topics" title="Template talk:Sindh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sindh&#124;link=Sindh_Province_of_Sindh_topics421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh"><img alt="Sindh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindh</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahir_of_Aror" title="Dahir of Aror">Brahman dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ab-ul-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ab-ul-Islam">Muslim caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomra dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_dynasty" title="Samma dynasty">Samma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhora dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpur" title="Talpur">Talpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">British period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_heritage_sites_in_Sindh" title="List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh">Cultural heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Government</a> <br /> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Sindh" title="Category:Politics of Sindh">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh" title="Chief Minister of Sindh">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh" title="Governor of Sindh">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Archives" title="Sindh Archives">Sindh Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commissioners_and_governors_of_Sind_(British_India)" title="List of commissioners and governors of Sind (British India)">Commissioners of Sind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutto_family" title="Bhutto family">Bhutto family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Police" title="Sindh Police">Sindh Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_High_Court" title="Sindh High Court">Sindh High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Information_Department" title="Sindh Information Department">Sindh Information Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Coastal_Development_Authority" title="Sindh Coastal Development Authority">Sindh Coastal Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sindh" title="Economy of Sindh">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_workies" title="Sindhi workies">Sindh workies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Ajrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindhi Cultural Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_people" title="List of Sindhi people">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhi diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Adabi_Board" title="Sindhi Adabi Board">Sindhi Adabi Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhology" title="Sindhology">Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_poets" title="List of Sindhi-language poets">Sindhi poets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Sindhi folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folk_tales" title="Sindhi folk tales">Sindhi folk tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_bhagat" title="Sindhi bhagat">Sindhi bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun" title="Sassui Punnhun">Sassui Punnhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Sindhi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Sindhi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_films" title="List of Sindhi-language films">List of Sindhi-language films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Sindhi media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_tribes" title="Category:Sindhi tribes">Sindhi tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Sindhi Hindu festivals">List of Sindhi Hindu festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sindh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sindh_by_population" title="List of cities in Sindh by population">List of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan#Sindh" title="Districts of Pakistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Sindh" title="List of tehsils of Sindh">List of talukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sindh" title="Climate of Sindh">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Karachi" title="Climate of Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hyderabad,_Sindh" title="Climate of Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nawabshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nawabshah">Nawabshah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Sindh" title="Fauna of Sindh">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Places_of_historical_interest_in_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of historical interest in Sindh">Historical places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karachi" title="Education in Karachi">Education in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sindhology" title="Institute of Sindhology">Institute of Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sindh" title="University of Sindh">UoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">UoK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">SMIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehran_University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Mehran University of Engineering & Technology">MUET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sindh_Medical_University" title="Jinnah Sindh Medical University">JSMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_University_of_Medical_%26_Health_Sciences" title="Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences">LUMHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Agriculture_University" title="Sindh Agriculture University">SAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Museum" title="Sindh Museum">Sindh Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_cricket_team" title="Sindh cricket team">Sindh cricket team</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Premier_League" title="Sindh Premier League">Domestic league</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">Malakhra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Flora & fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sindhi" title="Red Sindhi">Red Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sindhi media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Sindhi-language media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sindhi websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Wikipedia" title="Sindhi Wikipedia">Sindhi Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Sindhiana" title="Encyclopedia Sindhiana">Encyclopedia Sindhiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sindh" title="Tourism in Sindh">Sindh tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Sindh Tourism Development Corporation">Sindh Tourism Development Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Sindh288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Sindh" title="Template:Districts of Sindh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Sindh" title="Template talk:Districts of Sindh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Sindh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Sindh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Sindh288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Sindh" title="List of districts in Sindh">Districts</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Provincial capital: <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badin_District" title="Badin District">Badin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujawal_District" title="Sujawal District">Sujawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatta_District" title="Thatta District">Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_District" title="Dadu District">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshoro_District" title="Jamshoro District">Jamshoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiari_District" title="Matiari District">Matiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tando_Allahyar_District" title="Tando Allahyar District">Tando Allahyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan_District" title="Tando Muhammad Khan District">Tando Muhammad Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindh_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/100px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/150px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png 1.5x, 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District">Malir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazimabad_District_(Karachi_Central)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazimabad District (Karachi Central)">Nazimabad (Karachi Central)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad_District" title="Jacobabad District">Jacobabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmore_District" title="Kashmore District">Kashmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qambar_Shahdadkot_District" title="Qambar Shahdadkot District">Qambar Shahdadkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_Division" title="Mirpur Khas Division">Mirpur Khas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_District" title="Mirpur Khas District">Mirpur Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umerkot_District" title="Umerkot District">Umerkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Abad_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Benazir Abad Division">Shaheed Benazir Abad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naushahro_Feroze_District" title="Naushahro Feroze District">Naushahro Feroze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_District" title="Sanghar District">Sanghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Abad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Benazir Abad District">Shaheed Benazir Abad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_Division" title="Sukkur Division">Sukkur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghotki_District" title="Ghotki District">Ghotki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairpur_District" title="Khairpur District">Khairpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:Green;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_districts_of_Pakistan" title="Template:List of districts of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_districts_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:List of districts of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_districts_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of districts of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template" 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id="List_of_districts_in_Balochistan1625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Balochistan" title="List of districts in Balochistan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">List of districts in Balochistan</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Qalat_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalat Division">Qalat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaran_District" title="Awaran District">Awaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalat_District" title="Kalat District">Kalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdar_District" title="Khuzdar District">Khuzdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasbela_District" title="Lasbela District">Lasbela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastung_District" title="Mastung District">Mastung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Sikandarabad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Sikandarabad District">Shaheed Sikandarabad</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balochistan_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Balochistan"><img alt="Districts of Balochistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balochistan_Districts.svg/100px-Balochistan_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balochistan_Districts.svg/150px-Balochistan_Districts.svg.png 1.5x, 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1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Nasirabad_Division" title="Nasirabad Division">Nasirabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafarabad District">Jafarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhal_Magsi_District" title="Jhal Magsi District">Jhal Magsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_District" title="Kachhi District">Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasirabad_District" title="Nasirabad District">Nasirabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohbatpur_District" title="Sohbatpur District">Sohbatpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Quetta_Division" title="Quetta Division">Quetta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killa_Abdullah_District" title="Killa Abdullah District">Killa Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishin_District" title="Pishin District">Pishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetta_District" title="Quetta District">Quetta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Sibi_Division" title="Sibi Division">Sibi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Bugti_District" title="Dera Bugti District">Dera Bugti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnai_District" title="Harnai District">Harnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlu_District" title="Kohlu District">Kohlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehri_District" title="Lehri District">Lehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibi_District" title="Sibi District">Sibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat_District" title="Ziarat District">Ziarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Zhob_Division" title="Zhob Division">Zhob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killa_Saifullah_District" title="Killa Saifullah District">Killa Saifullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherani_District" title="Sherani District">Sherani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhob_District" title="Zhob District">Zhob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Rakhshan_Division" title="Rakhshan Division">Rakhshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagai_District" title="Chagai District">Chagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharan_District" title="Kharan District">Kharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushki_District" title="Nushki District">Nushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washuk_District" title="Washuk District">Washuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaman_District" title="Chaman District">Chaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Loralai_Division" title="Loralai Division">Loralai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkhan_District" title="Barkhan District">Barkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duki_District" title="Duki District">Duki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loralai_District" title="Loralai District">Loralai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musakhel_District,_Pakistan" title="Musakhel District, Pakistan">Musakhel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:Green;color:white;"><div id="Districts_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa1625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Division" title="Bannu Division">Bannu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_District" title="Bannu District">Bannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakki_Marwat_District" title="Lakki Marwat District">Lakki Marwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Waziristan_District" title="North Waziristan District">North Waziristan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"><img alt="Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Districts.svg/100px-Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Districts.svg/150px-Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Districts.svg/200px-Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_Division" title="Dera Ismail Khan Division">Dera Ismail Khan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_South_Waziristan_District" title="Upper South Waziristan District">Upper South Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_South_Waziristan_District" title="Lower South Waziristan District">Lower South Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_District" title="Tank District">Tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Division" title="Hazara Division">Hazara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbottabad_District" title="Abbottabad District">Abbottabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battagram_District" title="Battagram District">Battagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripur_District" title="Haripur District">Haripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolai-Palas_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolai-Palas District">Kolai-Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Kohistan_District" title="Lower Kohistan District">Lower Kohistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansehra_District" title="Mansehra District">Mansehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghar_District" title="Torghar District">Torghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kohistan_District" title="Upper Kohistan District">Upper Kohistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Kohat_Division" title="Kohat Division">Kohat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangu_District,_Pakistan" title="Hangu District, Pakistan">Hangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_District" title="Karak District">Karak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohat_District" title="Kohat District">Kohat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurram_District" title="Kurram District">Kurram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orakzai_District" title="Orakzai District">Orakzai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Malakand_Division" title="Malakand Division">Malakand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_District" title="Bajaur District">Bajaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buner_District" title="Buner District">Buner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chitral_District" title="Lower Chitral District">Lower Chitral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dir_District" title="Lower Dir District">Lower Dir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakand_District" title="Malakand District">Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangla_District" title="Shangla District">Shangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chitral_District" title="Upper Chitral District">Upper Chitral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Dir_District" title="Upper Dir District">Upper Dir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Mardan_Division" title="Mardan Division">Mardan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardan_District" title="Mardan District">Mardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabi_District" title="Swabi District">Swabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Division" title="Peshawar Division">Peshawar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charsadda_District,_Pakistan" title="Charsadda District, Pakistan">Charsadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_District" title="Khyber District">Khyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_District" title="Mohmand District">Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera_District" title="Nowshera District">Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:Green;color:white;"><div id="Districts_of_Punjab1625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Districts of Punjab</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_Division" title="Bahawalpur Division">Bahawalpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalnagar_District" title="Bahawalnagar District">Bahawalnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_District" title="Bahawalpur District">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District" title="Rahim Yar Khan District">Rahim Yar Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_(Pakistan)_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Punjab"><img alt="Districts of Punjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Punjab_%28Pakistan%29_Districts.svg/100px-Punjab_%28Pakistan%29_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Punjab_%28Pakistan%29_Districts.svg/150px-Punjab_%28Pakistan%29_Districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Punjab_%28Pakistan%29_Districts.svg/200px-Punjab_%28Pakistan%29_Districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_Division" title="Dera Ghazi Khan Division">Dera Ghazi Khan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layyah_District" title="Layyah District">Layyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajanpur_District" title="Rajanpur District">Rajanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunsa_District" title="Taunsa District">Taunsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kot_Addu_District" title="Kot Addu District">Kot Addu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_Division" title="Faisalabad Division">Faisalabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiniot_District" title="Chiniot District">Chiniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_District" title="Faisalabad District">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh_District" title="Toba Tek Singh District">Toba Tek Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_Division" title="Gujranwala Division">Gujranwala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narowal_District" title="Narowal District">Narowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Gujrat_Division" title="Gujrat Division">Gujrat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizabad_District" title="Hafizabad District">Hafizabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_Bahauddin_District" title="Mandi Bahauddin District">Mandi Bahauddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazirabad_District" title="Wazirabad District">Wazirabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Division" title="Lahore Division">Lahore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasur_District" title="Kasur District">Kasur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib_District" title="Nankana Sahib District">Nankana Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravi_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravi District (page does not exist)">Ravi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Multan_Division" title="Multan Division">Multan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanewal_District" title="Khanewal District">Khanewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhran_District" title="Lodhran District">Lodhran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehari_District" title="Vehari District">Vehari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_Division" title="Rawalpindi Division">Rawalpindi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakwal_District" title="Chakwal District">Chakwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree_District" title="Murree District">Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talagang_District" title="Talagang District">Talagang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal_Division" title="Sahiwal Division">Sahiwal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okara_District" title="Okara District">Okara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpattan_District" title="Pakpattan District">Pakpattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal_District" title="Sahiwal District">Sahiwal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Sargodha_Division" title="Sargodha Division">Sargodha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakkar_District" title="Bhakkar District">Bhakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushab_District" title="Khushab District">Khushab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargodha_District" title="Sargodha District">Sargodha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:Green;color:white;"><div id="Districts_of_Sindh1625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Districts of Sindh</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Division" title="Hyderabad Division">Hyderabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badin_District" title="Badin District">Badin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatta_District" title="Thatta District">Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujawal_District" title="Sujawal District">Sujawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_District" title="Dadu District">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshoro_District" title="Jamshoro District">Jamshoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiari_District" title="Matiari District">Matiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tando_Allahyar_District" title="Tando Allahyar District">Tando Allahyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan_District" title="Tando Muhammad Khan District">Tando Muhammad Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindh_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Sindh"><img alt="Districts of Sindh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/100px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/150px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sindh_Districts.svg/200px-Sindh_Districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Central_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi Central District">Karachi Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_East_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi East District">Karachi East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_South_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi South District">Karachi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_West_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi West District">Karachi West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korangi_District" title="Korangi District">Korangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malir_District" title="Malir District">Malir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keamari_District" title="Keamari District">Keamari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Larkana_Division" title="Larkana Division">Larkana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobabad_District" title="Jacobabad District">Jacobabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmore_District" title="Kashmore District">Kashmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qambar_Shahdadkot_District" title="Qambar Shahdadkot District">Qambar Shahdadkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikarpur_District" title="Shikarpur District">Shikarpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_Division" title="Mirpur Khas Division">Mirpur Khas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_District" title="Mirpur Khas District">Mirpur Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umerkot_District" title="Umerkot District">Umerkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_Division" title="Sukkur Division">Sukkur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghotki_District" title="Ghotki District">Ghotki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairpur_District" title="Khairpur District">Khairpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Abad_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Benazir Abad Division">Shaheed Benazir Abad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naushahro_Feroze_District" title="Naushahro Feroze District">Naushahro Feroze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_District" title="Sanghar District">Sanghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Abad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed Benazir Abad District">Shaheed Benazir Abad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:Green;color:white;"><div id="Districts_of_Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir1625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Jammu and Kashmir"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Division" title="Mirpur Division">Mirpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimber_District" title="Bhimber District">Bhimber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotli_District" title="Kotli District">Kotli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_District" title="Mirpur District">Mirpur</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AJK_Districts_Names.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir"><img alt="Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/AJK_Districts_Names.svg/120px-AJK_Districts_Names.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/AJK_Districts_Names.svg/250px-AJK_Districts_Names.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="4166" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad_Division" title="Muzaffarabad Division">Muzaffarabad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hattian_Bala_District" title="Hattian Bala District">Hattian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad_District" title="Muzaffarabad District">Muzaffarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Neelam District">Neelam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Poonch_Division" title="Poonch Division">Poonch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_District" title="Bagh District">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveli_District" title="Haveli District">Haveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch_District,_Pakistan" title="Poonch District, Pakistan">Poonch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhanoti_District" title="Sudhanoti District">Sudhanoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:Green;color:white;"><div id="Districts_of_Gilgit–Baltistan1625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Baltistan_Division" title="Baltistan Division">Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghanche_District" title="Ghanche District">Ghanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharmang_District" title="Kharmang District">Kharmang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rondu District">Rondu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigar_District" title="Shigar District">Shigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skardu_District" title="Skardu District">Skardu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgit-Baltistan_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan"><img alt="Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gilgit-Baltistan_Districts.svg/120px-Gilgit-Baltistan_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gilgit-Baltistan_Districts.svg/250px-Gilgit-Baltistan_Districts.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Division" title="Gilgit Division">Gilgit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghizer_District_(2019-)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghizer District (2019-)">Ghizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit_District" title="Gilgit District">Gilgit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupis-Yasin_District" title="Gupis-Yasin District">Gupis-Yasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza_District" title="Hunza District">Hunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_District" title="Nagar District">Nagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 green, inset -1px -1px 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Diamer_Division" title="Diamer Division">Diamer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astore_District" title="Astore District">Astore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darel_District" title="Darel District">Darel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamer_District" title="Diamer District">Diamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangir_District" title="Tangir District">Tangir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:Green;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Districts of Pakistan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x17px_Provinces_and_administrative_units_of_Pakistan226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Administrative units of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Administrative units of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative units of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px_Provinces_and_administrative_units_of_Pakistan226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Provinces and administrative units</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/66px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/99px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/132px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Former_administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Former administrative units of Pakistan">Former administrative units of Pakistan</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_articles445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics" title="Template talk:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_articles445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Indo-Hephthalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Muhammad ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-nation theory (Pakistan)">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Jinnah's 14 Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dominion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Monarchy of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pakistan (1947–present)">1947–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">1971 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">1971 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamisation</a></li> <li>Insurgencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Balochistan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Liberalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan" title="Geography of Pakistan">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan" title="List of beaches in Pakistan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan" title="List of deserts of Pakistan">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of Pakistan">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan" title="List of islands of Pakistan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan" title="List of lakes of Pakistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan" title="List of mountain ranges of Pakistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan" title="List of mountain passes">Passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan" title="List of rivers of Pakistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan" title="Topography of Pakistan">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan" title="List of valleys in Pakistan">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Pakistan">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwatar_Bay" title="Gwatar Bay">Gwatar Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indus Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_Basin" title="Sistan Basin">Sistan Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Coal mines in Pakistan">Coal fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan">Gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan" title="List of minerals of Pakistan">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Oil fields of Pakistan">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan" title="List of volcanoes in Pakistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan" title="List of floods in Pakistan">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan" title="List of ecoregions in Pakistan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan" title="Climate change in Pakistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan" title="Environmental issues in Pakistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan" title="Protected areas of Pakistan">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan" title="List of national parks of Pakistan">national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan" title="List of game reserves of Pakistan">game reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan">sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan" title="Wildlife of Pakistan">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan" title="Flora of Pakistan">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan" title="Fauna of Pakistan">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological sites in Pakistan">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan" title="List of extreme weather records in Pakistan">weather records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Borders of Pakistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan" title="List of natural disasters in Pakistan">Natural disasters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan" title="List of earthquakes in Pakistan">earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan" title="List of floods">floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Subdivisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pakistan">cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Governance445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Governance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)">National Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">C<sup>2</sup>NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">National government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani chief ministers">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">Union councils</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Majlis-e-Shoora</i>)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate <span style="font-size: 85%;">(upper house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly <span style="font-size: 85%;">(lower house)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Federal Shariat Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Pakistan">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002" title="Legal Framework Order, 2002">LFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">PPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Bill" title="Women's Protection Bill">WPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order" title="Provisional Constitutional Order">PCO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan" title="Enforced disappearances in Pakistan">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan" title="Law enforcement in Pakistan">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)" title="Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)">Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistani Intelligence community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan" title="Electricity sector in Pakistan">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity" title="List of power stations in Pakistan">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Petroleum industry in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan" title="Housing in Pakistan">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Post" title="Pakistan Post">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan" title="List of tallest buildings in Pakistan">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan" title="List of bridges in Pakistan">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan" title="Water resources management in Pakistan">Water management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)" title="Board of Investment (Pakistan)">Investment board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size: 85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_%26_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities & Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">Stock markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan" title="Trading Corporation of Pakistan">Trading Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Directive investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan#Economy" title="Pakistan">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Military economisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Public-private partnering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Redundant Islamic economisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_Culture445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Pakistan">Society and Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Society of Pakistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurat_March" title="Aurat March">Aurat March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan" title="Crime in Pakistan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan" title="Divorce in Pakistan">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan" title="Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan">Institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan" title="Feudalism in Pakistan">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Gender discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan" title="Mass media in Pakistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement (Pakistan)">Me Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis" title="List of Pakistanis">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan" title="Prostitution in Pakistan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan" title="Time in Pakistan">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan" title="Urbanisation in Pakistan">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan" title="Demographics of Pakistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Pakistani">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan" title="Youth in Pakistan">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_architecture" title="Pakistani architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films" title="Lists of Pakistani films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Dance in Pakistan">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan" title="List of festivals in Pakistan">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folklore" title="Pakistani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mushaira" title="Mushaira">Mushaira</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles of Pakistan">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan" title="Theatre of Pakistan">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_clothing" title="Pakistani clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan" title="Etiquette in Pakistan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan" title="Gun law in Pakistan">Gun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan" title="List of songs about Pakistan">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Athletics in Pakistan">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Baseball in Pakistan">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Boxing in Pakistan">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan" title="Cricket in Pakistan">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation" title="Pakistan Hockey Federation">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan" title="Football in Pakistan">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Golf in Pakistan">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Motorsport in Pakistan">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Marathon" title="Lahore Marathon">Marathon (Lahore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Pakistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics" title="Pakistan at the Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Polo in Pakistan">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Rugby union in Pakistan">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan" title="Squash in Pakistan">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Swimming in Pakistan">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tennis in Pakistan">Tennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of botanical gardens in Pakistan">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan" title="List of cemeteries in Pakistan">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan" title="List of churches in Pakistan">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan" title="List of forts in Pakistan">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan" title="List of Hindu temples in Pakistan">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan" title="List of libraries in Pakistan">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan" title="List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan">Mausolea and shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan" title="List of mosques in Pakistan">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan" title="List of museums in Pakistan">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan" title="List of parks and gardens in Pakistan">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stadiums">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan" title="List of zoos in Pakistan">Zoos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan" title="Outline of Pakistan">Basic topics</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37211#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1455" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37211#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1455" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37211#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/266545469">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1254272/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055082-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88193625">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12067912v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12067912v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sind (Pákistán : provincie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge232027&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007567317905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/82112217-60d3-4a2b-a377-e93538bd1e6e">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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[\"CITEREFTunio2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU._M._ChokshiM._R._Trivedi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeena_Kukreja2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVerkaaik2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWink1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWink1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiad2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 24,\n [\"Administrative units of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 14,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 53,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Districts of Sindh\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 24,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 3,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 7,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Increase\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"List of districts of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"N/a\"] = 76,\n [\"Naskh\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nq\"] = 2,\n [\"Pakistan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 118,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 7,\n [\"Sindh topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sindhis\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Pakistani English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nvalue too small\t0.01\t[[Sikhism]] (0.01%)\nvalue too 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