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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scientific ideas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_ideas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific ideas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mysticism_and_modern_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysticism_and_modern_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mysticism and modern science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysticism_and_modern_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> 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id="toc-Carbon_dioxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Carbon dioxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Willow_tree_experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Willow_tree_experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Willow tree experiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Willow_tree_experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spontaneous_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spontaneous_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Spontaneous generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spontaneous_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_philosophical_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_philosophical_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious and philosophical opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_philosophical_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_portrait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_portrait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disputed portrait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_portrait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Baptist van Helmont</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Helmont" title="Jan van Helmont – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jan van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="يان بابتست فان هيلمونت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يان بابتست فان هيلمونت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ژان باپتیست ون هلمونت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژان باپتیست ون هلمونت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ян Баптыста ван Гельмант – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ян Баптыста ван Гельмант" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ян ван Хелмонт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ян ван Хелмонт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Helmont" title="Jan van Helmont – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jan van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_van_Helmont" title="Jean-Baptiste van Helmont – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jean-Baptiste van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Johan Baptista van Helmont – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptist_Van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist Van Helmont – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jan Baptist Van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ژان باپتیست ون هلمونت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان باپتیست ون هلمونت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Van_Helmont" title="Jean-Baptiste Van Helmont – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean-Baptiste Van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jan Baptist van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%80_%EB%B0%A5%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80_%ED%8C%90_%ED%97%AC%EB%AA%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="얀 밥티스타 판 헬몬트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="얀 밥티스타 판 헬몬트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.B._van_Helmont" title="J.B. van Helmont – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="J.B. van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_van_Helmont" title="Jean Baptiste van Helmont – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean Baptiste van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98" title="יאן בפטיסט ואן הלמונט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאן בפטיסט ואן הלמונט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="იან ბაპტისტ ვან ჰელმონტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იან ბაპტისტ ვან ჰელმონტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Johan Baptista van Helmont – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Johan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="يان بابتست فان هيلمونت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يان بابتست فان هيلمونت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%97%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="ယန် ဘပ်တစ် ဗန် ဟဲလ်မွန့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယန် ဘပ်တစ် ဗန် ဟဲလ်မွန့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="ヤン・ファン・ヘルモント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤン・ファン・ヘルモント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Johann Baptist van Helmont – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johann Baptist van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Helmont" title="Johann Helmont – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Johann Helmont" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82,_%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гельмонт, Ян Баптиста ван – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гельмонт, Ян Баптиста ван" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Johan Baptista van Helmont – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Johan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jan Baptist van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جان باپتیست ڤان ھیلمۆنت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جان باپتیست ڤان ھیلمۆنت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jan Baptist van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptista van Helmont – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ยัน บัปติสต์ ฟัน แฮ็ลโมนต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยัน บัปติสต์ ฟัน แฮ็ลโมนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jan Baptist van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ян Баптиста ван Гельмонт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ян Баптиста ван Гельмонт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Baptista_van_Helmont" title="Johan Baptista van Helmont – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Johan Baptista van Helmont" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9" title="海爾蒙特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海爾蒙特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9" title="扬·巴普蒂斯塔·范·海尔蒙特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="扬·巴普蒂斯塔·范·海尔蒙特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jan Baptist van Helmont</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_portrait.jpg/220px-Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="326" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of van Helmont by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beale" title="Mary Beale">Mary Beale</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">12 January 1580<sup id="cite_ref-birth_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day Belgium)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 1644<span style="display:none">(1644-12-30)</span> (aged 64)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Vilvoorde" title="Vilvoorde">Vilvoorde</a>, Spanish Netherlands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day Belgium)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Leuven</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_chemistry" title="Pneumatic chemistry">Pneumatic chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Delrio" title="Martin Delrio">Martin Delrio</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jan Baptist van Helmont</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HEL</span>-mont</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈjɑm<span class="wrap"> </span>bɑpˈtɪst<span class="wrap"> </span>fɑn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɦɛlmɔnt]</a></span>; 12 January 1580<sup id="cite_ref-birth_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 30 December 1644) was a <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. He worked during the years just after <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">iatrochemistry</a>, and is sometimes considered to be "the founder of <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_chemistry" title="Pneumatic chemistry">pneumatic chemistry</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Holmyard_1931_121_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmyard_1931_121-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Helmont is remembered today largely for his 5-year willow tree experiment, his introduction of the word "<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>" (from the Greek word <i>chaos</i>) into the vocabulary of science, and his ideas on <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jan Baptist van Helmont was the youngest of five children of Maria (van) Stassaert and Christiaen van Helmont, a public prosecutor and Brussels council member, who had married in the <a href="/wiki/St._Michael_and_Gudula_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral">Sint-Goedele</a> church in 1567.<sup id="cite_ref-leuven_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leuven-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">Leuven</a>, and after ranging restlessly from one science to another and finding satisfaction in none, turned to medicine. He interrupted his studies, and for a few years he traveled through <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to his own country, van Helmont obtained a medical degree in 1599.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He practiced at <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> at the time of the great plague in 1605, after which he wrote a book titled <i>De Peste</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (On Plague), which was reviewed by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a> in 1667.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1609 he finally obtained his doctoral degree in medicine. The same year he married Margaret van Ranst, who was of a wealthy noble family. Van Helmont and Margaret lived in <a href="/wiki/Vilvoorde" title="Vilvoorde">Vilvoorde</a>, near Brussels, and had six or seven children.<sup id="cite_ref-leuven_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leuven-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inheritance of his wife enabled him to retire early from his medical practice and occupy himself with chemical experiments until his death on 30 December 1644. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_ideas">Scientific ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scientific ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_and_his_son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont_and_his_son.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Jan Baptist van Helmont (left) and his son <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Mercurius_van_Helmont" title="Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont">Franciscus-Mercurius</a>, from the <i>Ortus medicinae</i> (first published posthumously in 1648)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysticism_and_modern_science">Mysticism and modern science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mysticism and modern science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Van Helmont was a disciple of the mystic and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, though he scornfully repudiated the errors of most contemporary authorities, including Paracelsus. On the other hand, he engaged in the <a href="/wiki/New_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="New learning">new learning</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimentation</a> that was producing men like <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_page_of_Ortus_medicinae_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Title_page_of_Ortus_medicinae_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Title_page_of_Ortus_medicinae_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Title_page_of_Ortus_medicinae_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Title_page_of_Ortus_medicinae_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Title_page_of_Ortus_medicinae_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Title_page_of_Ortus_medicinae_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <i>Ortus medicinae</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservation_of_mass">Conservation of mass</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conservation of mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Van Helmont was a careful observer of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>; his analysis of data gathered in his experiments suggests that he had a concept of the conservation of mass. He was an early experimenter in seeking to determine how plants gain mass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elements">Elements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Van Helmont, <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> were the two primitive elements. Fire he explicitly denied to be an <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">element</a>, and earth is not one because it can be reduced to water.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gases">Gases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_J.B._van_Helmont,_Aufgang...1683_Wellcome_L0003194.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Portrait_of_J.B._van_Helmont%2C_Aufgang...1683_Wellcome_L0003194.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_J.B._van_Helmont%2C_Aufgang...1683_Wellcome_L0003194.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Portrait_of_J.B._van_Helmont%2C_Aufgang...1683_Wellcome_L0003194.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_J.B._van_Helmont%2C_Aufgang...1683_Wellcome_L0003194.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Portrait_of_J.B._van_Helmont%2C_Aufgang...1683_Wellcome_L0003194.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_J.B._van_Helmont%2C_Aufgang...1683_Wellcome_L0003194.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>Posthumous portrait of van Helmont</figcaption></figure> <p>Van Helmont is regarded as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_chemistry" title="Pneumatic chemistry">pneumatic chemistry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Holmyard_1931_121_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmyard_1931_121-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he was the first to understand that there are gases distinct in kind from atmospheric air and furthermore invented the word "<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He derived the word <b>gas</b> from the Greek word <b>chaos</b> (χᾰ́ος). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_dioxide">Carbon dioxide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He perceived that his "gas sylvestre" (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>) given off by burning charcoal, was the same as that produced by <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermenting</a> <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a>, a gas which sometimes renders the air of caves unbreathable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion">Digestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Van Helmont wrote extensively on the subject of digestion. In <i>Oriatrike or Physick Refined</i> (1662, an English translation of <i>Ortus medicinae</i>), van Helmont considered earlier ideas on the subject, such as food being digested through the body's internal heat. But if that were so, he asked, how could cold-blooded animals live? His own opinion was that digestion was aided by a chemical reagent, or "ferment", within the body, such as inside the stomach. Harré suggests that van Helmont's theory was "very near to our modern concept of an enzyme".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Helmont proposed and described six different stages of digestion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Willow_tree_experiment">Willow tree experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Willow tree experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helmont's experiment on a willow tree has been considered among the earliest quantitative studies on plant nutrition and growth and as a milestone in the history of biology. The experiment was only published posthumously in <i>Ortus Medicinae</i> (1648) and may have been inspired by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a> who wrote on the same idea in <i>De staticis experimentis</i> (1450). Helmont grew a willow tree and measured the amount of soil, the weight of the tree and the water he added. After five years the plant had gained about 164 lbs (74 kg). Since the amount of soil was nearly the same as it had been when he started his experiment (it lost only 57 grams), he deduced that the tree's weight gain had come entirely from water.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spontaneous_generation">Spontaneous generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spontaneous generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Van Helmont described a recipe for the <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a> of mice (a piece of dirty cloth plus wheat for 21 days) and scorpions (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, placed between two bricks and left in sunlight). His notes suggest he may have attempted to do these things.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_philosophical_opinions">Religious and philosophical opinions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious and philosophical opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1963_NEDER_OVER_HEEMBEEK_LA_TOUR_ROMANE_dessin_par_L%C3%A9on_van_Dievoet_1963.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1963_NEDER_OVER_HEEMBEEK_LA_TOUR_ROMANE_dessin_par_L%C3%A9on_van_Dievoet_1963.JPG/220px-1963_NEDER_OVER_HEEMBEEK_LA_TOUR_ROMANE_dessin_par_L%C3%A9on_van_Dievoet_1963.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1963_NEDER_OVER_HEEMBEEK_LA_TOUR_ROMANE_dessin_par_L%C3%A9on_van_Dievoet_1963.JPG/330px-1963_NEDER_OVER_HEEMBEEK_LA_TOUR_ROMANE_dessin_par_L%C3%A9on_van_Dievoet_1963.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/1963_NEDER_OVER_HEEMBEEK_LA_TOUR_ROMANE_dessin_par_L%C3%A9on_van_Dievoet_1963.JPG/440px-1963_NEDER_OVER_HEEMBEEK_LA_TOUR_ROMANE_dessin_par_L%C3%A9on_van_Dievoet_1963.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> tower of the old church in <a href="/wiki/Neder-Over-Heembeek" title="Neder-Over-Heembeek">Neder-Over-Heembeek</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Neder-Over-Heembeek,+Belgium&hl=en&ll=50.895312,4.395027&spn=0.000974,0.002411&sll=53.800651,-4.064941&sspn=14.880788,39.506836&oq=neder+o&hnear=Neder-Over-Heembeek,+Brussels,+Belgium&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=50.895353,4.395259&panoid=wE3-R1UIfxyoJvzlumRmDQ&cbp=12,207.55,,0,-13.31%7Cthe">house</a> where van Helmont performed an alchemical transmutation. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Van_Dievoet_family" title="Van Dievoet family">Leon Van Dievoet</a>, 1963.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JB_van_Helmont_statue,_Brussels.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/JB_van_Helmont_statue%2C_Brussels.JPG/220px-JB_van_Helmont_statue%2C_Brussels.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/JB_van_Helmont_statue%2C_Brussels.JPG/330px-JB_van_Helmont_statue%2C_Brussels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/JB_van_Helmont_statue%2C_Brussels.JPG/440px-JB_van_Helmont_statue%2C_Brussels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Monument for Jan Baptist van Helmont in Brussels</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a faithful Catholic, he incurred the suspicion of the Church by his tract <i>De magnetica vulnerum curatione</i> (1621), against <a href="/wiki/Jean_Roberti" title="Jean Roberti">Jean Roberti</a>, since he could not explain the effects of his 'miraculous cream'. The Jesuits therefore argued that Helmont used 'magic' and convinced the inquisition to scrutinize his writings. It was the lack of scientific evidence that drove Roberti to this step.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works were collected and edited by his son <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Mercurius_van_Helmont" title="Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont">Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Elzevir" title="Lodewijk Elzevir">Lodewijk Elzevir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> as <i>Ortus medicinae, vel opera et opuscula omnia</i> ("The Origin of Medicine, or Complete Works") in 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ortus medicinae</i> was based on, but not restricted to, the material of <i>Dageraad ofte Nieuwe Opkomst der Geneeskunst</i> ("Daybreak, or the New Rise of Medicine"), which was published in 1644 in Van Helmont's native Dutch. His son Frans's writings, <i>Cabbalah Denudata</i> (1677) and <i>Opuscula philosophica</i> (1690) are a mixture of theosophy, mysticism and alchemy.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over and above the <i><a href="/wiki/Archeus" title="Archeus">archeus</a></i>, he believed that there is the sensitive <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> which is the husk or shell of the immortal mind. Before <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">the Fall</a> the archeus obeyed the immortal mind and was directly controlled by it, but at the Fall men also received the sensitive soul and with it lost immortality, for when it perishes the immortal mind can no longer remain in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Helmont described the <i>archeus</i> as "aura vitalis seminum, vitae directrix" ("The chief Workman [Archeus] consists of the conjoyning of the vitall air, as of the matter, with the seminal likeness, which is the more inward spiritual kernel, containing the fruitfulness of the Seed; but the visible Seed is onely the husk of this.").<sup id="cite_ref-oriatrike_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oriatrike-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the archeus, van Helmont believed in other governing agencies resembling the archeus which were not always clearly distinguished from it. From these he invented the term <i>blas</i> (motion), defined as the "vis motus tam alterivi quam localis" ("twofold motion, to wit, locall, and alterative"), that is, natural motion and motion that can be altered or voluntary. Of<i> blas</i> there were several kinds, e.g. blas humanum (blas of humans), blas of stars and blas meteoron (blas of meteors); of meteors he said "constare gas materiâ et blas efficiente" ("Meteors do consist of their matter Gas, and their efficient cause Blas, as well the Motive, as the altering").<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Helmont "had frequent visions throughout his life and laid great stress upon them".<sup id="cite_ref-moon_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moon-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His choice of a medical profession has been attributed to a conversation with the angel <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jensen_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jensen-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of his writings described imagination as a celestial, and possibly magical, force.<sup id="cite_ref-Clericuzio_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clericuzio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Van Helmont was skeptical of specific mystical theories and practices, he refused to discount magical forces as explanations for certain natural phenomena. This stance, reflected in a 1621 paper on sympathetic principles,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may have contributed to his prosecution, and subsequent house arrest several years later, in 1634, which lasted a few weeks. The trial, however, never came to a conclusion. He was neither sentenced nor rehabilitated.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputed_portrait">Disputed portrait</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Disputed portrait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, the historian <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Jardine" title="Lisa Jardine">Lisa Jardine</a> proposed that a portrait held in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a>, traditionally identified as <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a>, might represent <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lisa_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lisa-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jardine's hypothesis was subsequently disproved by <a href="/wiki/William_B._Jensen" title="William B. Jensen">William B. Jensen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the German researcher Andreas Pechtl of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg_University_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz">Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz</a>, who showed that the portrait in fact depicts van Helmont. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1875, he was honoured by Belgian botanist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cogniaux" title="Alfred Cogniaux">Alfred Cogniaux</a> (1841–1916), who named a genus of flowering plants from South America, <i><a href="/wiki/Helmontia" title="Helmontia">Helmontia</a></i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a> family).<sup id="cite_ref-POWO_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWO-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Mercurius_van_Helmont" title="Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont">Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont</a>, his son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thomson_(physician)" title="George Thomson (physician)">George Thomson (physician)</a> (c. 1619–1676), English physician and notable advocate of Helmontian medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hydrogen_technologies" title="Timeline of hydrogen technologies">Timeline of hydrogen technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_chemistry" title="Pneumatic chemistry">Pneumatic chemistry</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birth-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Helmont's date of birth has been a source of some confusion. According to his own statement (published in his posthumous <i>Ortus medicinae</i>) he was born in 1577. However, the birth register of St Gudula, Brussels, shows him to have been born on 12 January 1579 <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Old Style</a>, i.e. 12 January 1580 by modern dating. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPartington1936" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._Partington" title="J. R. Partington">Partington, J. R.</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033793600200291">"Joan Baptista Van Helmont"</a>. <i>Annals of Science</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 359–84 (359). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033793600200291">10.1080/00033793600200291</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=Joan+Baptista+Van+Helmont&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=359-84+%28359%29&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033793600200291&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00033793600200291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His name is also found rendered as <b>Jan-Baptiste van Helmont</b>, <b>Johannes Baptista van Helmont</b>, <b>Johann Baptista von Helmont</b>, <b>Joan Baptista van Helmont</b>, and other minor variants switching between <i>von</i> and <i>van</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Pagel, <i>Joan Baptista Van Helmont: Reformer of Science and Medicine</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 10 n. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/helmont">"Helmont"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmyard_1931_121-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmyard_1931_121_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmyard_1931_121_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1931" class="citation book cs1">Holmyard, Eric John (1931). <i>Makers of Chemistry</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Chemistry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=Eric+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leuven-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leuven_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leuven_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van den Bulck, E. (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.mech.kuleuven.be/~erik/local_heroes.html">Johannes Baptist Van Helmont</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526005223/http://people.mech.kuleuven.be/~erik/local_heroes.html">Archived</a> 26 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Helmont,_Jean_Baptiste_van" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Helmont, Jean Baptiste van">Helmont, Jean Baptiste van</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 249–250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helmont%2C+Jean+Baptiste+van&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=249-250&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/helmont.html">The Galileo Project: Helmont, Johannes Baptista Van</a>. galileo.rice.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Baptistae Van Helmont <i>Opuscula Medica Inaudita: IV. De Peste</i>, Editor Hieronymo Christian Paullo (Frankfurt am Main), Publisher sumptibus Hieronimi Christiani Paulii, typis Matthiæ Andræ, 1707.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison Flood, "Isaac Newton proposed curing plague with toad vomit, unseen papers show", in "The Guardian", 2 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2015" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Jacob (Fall 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/tryals-and-tribulations">"Tryals and tribulations"</a>, <i>Distillations Magazine</i>, <b>1</b> (3): 14–15</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tryals+and+tribulations&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Ftryals-and-tribulations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarré1983" class="citation book cs1">Harré, Rom (1983). <i>Great Scientific Experiments</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286036-1"><bdi>978-0-19-286036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Scientific+Experiments&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=33-35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286036-1&rft.aulast=Harr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Rom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1970" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Michael (1970) [1901]. <i>Lectures on the History of Physiology</i>. 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London: William Rider & Son. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joannesbaptistav00redg/page/46">46</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joannes+Baptista+van+Helmont%3B+alchemist%2C+physician+and+philosopher&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=William+Rider+%26+Son&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Redgrove&rft.aufirst=H.+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoannesbaptistav00redg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarline2003" class="citation book cs1">Harline, Craig (2003). <i>Miracles at the Jesus Oak : histories of the supernatural in Reformation Europe</i>. New York: Doubleday. pp. 179–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385508209" title="Special:BookSources/9780385508209"><bdi>9780385508209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miracles+at+the+Jesus+Oak+%3A+histories+of+the+supernatural+in+Reformation+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179-240&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780385508209&rft.aulast=Harline&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lisa-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lisa_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardine2010" class="citation news cs1">Jardine, Lisa (19 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/jun/19/close-examination-national-gallery-lisa-jardine">"Mistaken identities"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mistaken+identities&rft.date=2010-06-19&rft.aulast=Jardine&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2010%2Fjun%2F19%2Fclose-examination-national-gallery-lisa-jardine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_William_B.2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Jensen" title="William B. Jensen">Jensen, William B.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/119.%20Helmont.pdf">"A previously unrecognized portrait of Joan Baptist van Helmont (1579–1644)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ambix</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 263–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Famb.2004.51.3.263">10.1179/amb.2004.51.3.263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170689495">170689495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambix&rft.atitle=A+previously+unrecognized+portrait+of+Joan+Baptist+van+Helmont+%281579%E2%80%931644%29&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-268&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Famb.2004.51.3.263&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170689495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Jensen%2C+William+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.che.uc.edu%2Fjensen%2FW.%2520B.%2520Jensen%2FReprints%2F119.%2520Helmont.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POWO-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-POWO_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:13303-1">"Helmontia Cogn. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"</a>. <i>Plants of the World Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Helmontia+Cogn.+%7C+Plants+of+the+World+Online+%7C+Kew+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A13303-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Steffen Ducheyne, <i>Johannes Baptista Van Helmonts Experimentele Aanpak: Een Poging tot Omschrijving</i>, in: Gewina, Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Techniek, 1, vol. 30, 2007, pp. 11–25. (Dutch)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucheyne2006" class="citation web cs1">Ducheyne, Steffen (1 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/36444514">"Joan Baptista Van Helmont and the Question of Experimental Modernism"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>. pp. 305–332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Joan+Baptista+Van+Helmont+and+the+Question+of+Experimental+Modernism&rft.pages=305-332&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.aulast=Ducheyne&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F36444514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungFerguson1906" class="citation book cs1">Young, J.; Ferguson, J. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA381"><i>Bibliotheca Chemica: A Catalogue of the Alchemical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Books in the Collection of the Late James Young of Kelly and Durris ...</i></a> Bibliotheca Chemica. J. Maclehose and sons. p. 381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Chemica%3A+A+Catalogue+of+the+Alchemical%2C+Chemical+and+Pharmaceutical+Books+in+the+Collection+of+the+Late+James+Young+of+Kelly+and+Durris+...&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Chemica&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=J.+Maclehose+and+sons&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfJYAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Friedrich Giesecke: Die Mystik Joh. Baptist von Helmonts, Leitmeritz, 1908 (Dissertation), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diemystikjohbapt00gies#page/n3/mode/2up%20">Digitalisat</a>. (German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Klaaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Klaaren">Eugene M. Klaaren</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousorigins00klaarich">Religious Origins of Modern Science</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1683-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-1683-5">0-8028-1683-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPMHAAAAIAAJ&dq=van+helmont&pg=PA22">Moore, F. J.</a> (1918). <i>A History of Chemistry</i>, New York: McGraw-Hill.</li> <li>Pagel, Walter (2002). <i>Joan Baptista van Helmont: Reformer of Science and Medicine</i>, Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsely2002" class="citation book cs1">Isely, Duane (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=an6r8m0JfV8C&pg=PA53"><i>One Hundred and One Botanists</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana" title="West Lafayette, Indiana">West Lafayette, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. pp. 53–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-283-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-283-1"><bdi>978-1-55753-283-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/947193619">947193619</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+and+One+Botanists&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F947193619&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-283-1&rft.aulast=Isely&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dan6r8m0JfV8C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Redgrove, I. M. L. and Redgrove, H. Stanley (2003). <i>Joannes Baptista van Helmont: Alchemist, Physician and Philosopher</i>, Kessinger Publishing.</li> <li>Johann Werfring: <i>Die Einbildungslehre Johann Baptista van Helmonts</i>. In: Johann Werfring: <i>Der Ursprung der Pestilenz. Zur Ätiologie der Pest im loimografischen Diskurs der frühen Neuzeit</i>, Wien: Edition Praesens, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7069-0002-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7069-0002-5">3-7069-0002-5</a>, pp. 206–222. (German)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldavian</a> prince and scholar, <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Dimitrie Cantemir</a>, wrote a biography of Helmont, which is now difficult to locate. It is cited in Debus, Allen G. (2002) <i>The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian science and medicine in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries</i>. Courier Dover Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486421759" title="Special:BookSources/0486421759">0486421759</a> on pages 311 and 312, as Catemir, Dimitri (Demetrius) (1709); Ioannis Baptistae Van Helmont physices universalis doctrine et christianae fidei congrua et necessaria philosophia. Wallachia. Debus refers to a suggestion of his colleague William H. McNeill for this information and cites Badaru, Dan (1964); Filozofia lui Dilmitrie Cantemir. Editura Academici Republicii Popular Romine, Bucharest pages 394–410 for further information. Debus further remarks that the work of Cantemir contains merely a paraphrase and selection of "Ortus Medicinae", but it made the views of van Helmont available to Eastern Europe.</li> <li>Nature 433, 197 (20 January 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F433197a">10.1038/433197a</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaus_Bernet2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Claus Bernet (2005). "Jan Baptist van Helmont". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/h/helmont_j_b"><i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i></a></span> (in German). Vol. 25. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 597–621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-332-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-88309-332-7"><bdi>3-88309-332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jan+Baptist+van+Helmont&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Nordhausen&rft.pages=cols.+597-621&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-88309-332-7&rft.au=Claus+Bernet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Fh%2Fhelmont_j_b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJan+Baptist+van+Helmont" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomson, Thomas</a> (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historychemistr01thomgoog/page/n532"><i>The History of Chemistry</i></a>, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426120732/http://usuarios.lycos.es/rotedu/Helmont.html"><i>Ortus Medicinae</i> (<i>Origin of Medicine</i>, 1648)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alchemy" title="Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alchemy" title="Template talk:Alchemy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_(general)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy (general)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemists" title="List of alchemists">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greco-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294169#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=104901">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/16986977">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/981684">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119142953.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119142953">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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