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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photosynthesis_and_carbon_fixation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photosynthesis_and_carbon_fixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Photosynthesis and carbon fixation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photosynthesis_and_carbon_fixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Below_1%" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Below_1%"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Below 1% </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Below_1%-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ventilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ventilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Ventilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ventilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indoor_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Indoor air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indoor_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor_areas_with_elevated_concentrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_areas_with_elevated_concentrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Outdoor areas with elevated concentrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_areas_with_elevated_concentrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Human physiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human physiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_in_the_blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_in_the_blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Transport in the blood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_in_the_blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_of_respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_of_respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Regulation of respiration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_of_respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentrations_and_role_in_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentrations_and_role_in_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Concentrations and role in the environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concentrations_and_role_in_the_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concentrations and role in the environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concentrations_and_role_in_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Oceans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ocean_acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Ocean acidification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrothermal_vents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrothermal_vents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Hydrothermal vents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrothermal_vents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Biological processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Combustion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By-product_from_hydrogen_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By-product_from_hydrogen_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 By-product from hydrogen production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By-product_from_hydrogen_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_decomposition_of_limestone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_decomposition_of_limestone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Thermal decomposition of limestone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_decomposition_of_limestone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Commercial uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commercial uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursor_to_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursor_to_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Precursor to chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursor_to_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuel_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuel_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Fossil fuel recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuel_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Foods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Beverages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winemaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winemaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Winemaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winemaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stunning_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stunning_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 Stunning animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stunning_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inert_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inert_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Inert gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inert_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_extinguisher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_extinguisher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Fire extinguisher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_extinguisher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercritical_CO2_as_solvent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercritical_CO2_as_solvent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Supercritical CO2 as solvent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercritical_CO2_as_solvent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refrigerant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrigerant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Refrigerant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrigerant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Minor uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History of discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Carbon dioxide</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" > 137 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstofdioksied" title="Koolstofdioksied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolstofdioksied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoffdioxid" title="Kohlenstoffdioxid – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenstoffdioxid" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A6%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="ካርቦን ክልቶኦክሳይድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርቦን ክልቶኦክሳይድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="ثنائي أكسيد الكربون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثنائي أكسيد الكربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxido_de_carbonio" title="Dioxido de carbonio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dioxido de carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="কাৰ্বন ডাই অক্সাইড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্বন ডাই অক্সাইড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xidu_de_carbonu" title="Dióxidu de carbonu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dióxidu de carbonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_qaz%C4%B1" title="Karbon qazı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbon qazı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کربون دی‌اوکسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربون دی‌اوکسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="কার্বন ডাই অক্সাইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বন ডাই অক্সাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-sng-h%C3%B2a_th%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Jī-sng-hòa thòaⁿ-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-sng-hòa thòaⁿ-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Дыяксід вугляроду – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяксід вугляроду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Дыяксыд вугляроду – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дыяксыд вугляроду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बन डाइआक्साइड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्बन डाइआक्साइड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksido" title="Karbon dioksido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbon dioksido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Въглероден диоксид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглероден диоксид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="དབྱང་གཉིས་སོལ་འགྱུར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབྱང་གཉིས་སོལ་འགྱུར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik-dioksid" title="Ugljik-dioksid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljik-dioksid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_carboni" title="Diòxid de carboni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diòxid de carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA_%D0%B9%C3%BF%C3%A7%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кăмрăк йÿçлĕхĕлле газ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмрăк йÿçлĕхĕлле газ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxid_uhli%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid uhličitý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oxid uhličitý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_deuocsid" title="Carbon deuocsid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbon deuocsid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuldioxid" title="Kuldioxid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kuldioxid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoffdioxid" title="Kohlenstoffdioxid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenstoffdioxid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuglikowy_dioksid" title="Wuglikowy dioksid – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wuglikowy dioksid" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsihappegaas" title="Süsihappegaas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsihappegaas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Διοξείδιο του άνθρακα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διοξείδιο του άνθρακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dióxido de carbono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbona_dioksido" title="Karbona dioksido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbona dioksido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono dioxido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کربن دی‌اکسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربن دی‌اکسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxyde_de_carbone" title="Dioxyde de carbone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dioxyde de carbone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9-ocsa%C3%ADd_charb%C3%B3in" title="Dé-ocsaíd charbóin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dé-ocsaíd charbóin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daa-ocseed_charboan" title="Daa-ocseed charboan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Daa-ocseed charboan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_d%C3%A0-ogsaid" title="Carbon dà-ogsaid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Carbon dà-ogsaid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dióxido de carbono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="КӀора миста газ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="КӀора миста газ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="二氧化碳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi-y%C3%B4ng-fa-than" title="Ngi-yông-fa-than – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngi-yông-fa-than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이산화 탄소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A6" title="Ածխաթթու գազ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխաթթու գազ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बन डाईऑक्साइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बन डाईऑक्साइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhlikowy_dioksid" title="Wuhlikowy dioksid – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuhlikowy dioksid" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikov(IV)_oksid" title="Ugljikov(IV) oksid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljikov(IV) oksid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbobioxo" title="Karbobioxo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbobioxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxydo" title="Carbon dioxydo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbon dioxydo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCalahle_ontuhlambili" title="UmCalahle ontuhlambili – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmCalahle ontuhlambili" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koltv%C3%ADs%C3%BDringur" title="Koltvísýringur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Koltvísýringur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anidride_carbonica" title="Anidride carbonica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anidride carbonica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%99" title="פחמן דו-חמצני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמן דו-חמצני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಂಗಾಲದ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗಾಲದ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირორჟანგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირორჟანგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88" title="کاربَن ڈایی آکسایڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کاربَن ڈایی آکسایڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Көмірқышқыл газ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көмірқышқыл газ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioksidi_kabonia" title="Dioksidi kabonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dioksidi kabonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyoksid_kab%C3%B2n" title="Diyoksid kabòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Diyoksid kabòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyoksid_di_karbonn" title="Dyoksid di karbonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dyoksid di karbonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbond%C3%AEoks%C3%AEd" title="Karbondîoksîd – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbondîoksîd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonii_dioxidum" title="Carbonii dioxidum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbonii dioxidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglek%C4%BCa_dioks%C4%ABds" title="Oglekļa dioksīds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oglekļa dioksīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelendioxid" title="Kuelendioxid – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelendioxid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglies_dioksidas" title="Anglies dioksidas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglies dioksidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooldioxide" title="Kooldioxide – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kooldioxide" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tabrelkijno" title="tabrelkijno – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tabrelkijno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9n-dioxid" title="Szén-dioxid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szén-dioxid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Јаглерод диоксид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглерод диоксид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etona_karb%C3%B4nika" title="Etona karbônika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Etona karbônika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="കാർബൺ ഡയോക്സൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബൺ ഡയോക്സൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बन डायॉक्साइड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्बन डायॉक्साइड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AA-i%C5%8Dng-hu%C3%A1-t%C3%A1ng" title="Nê-iōng-huá-táng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nê-iōng-huá-táng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန်ဒိုင်အောက်ဆိုက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဗွန်ဒိုင်အောက်ဆိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstofdioxide" title="Koolstofdioxide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolstofdioxide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="कार्बनडाइअक्साइड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बनडाइअक्साइड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="二酸化炭素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="二酸化炭素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6ldioksiid" title="Kööldioksiid – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kööldioksiid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbondioksid" title="Karbondioksid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbondioksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbondioksid" title="Karbondioksid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbondioksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxid_de_carb%C3%B2ni" title="Dioxid de carbòni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dioxid de carbòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarbon_daayi%27oksaayidii" title="Kaarbon daayi'oksaayidii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarbon daayi'oksaayidii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat_angidrid" title="Karbonat angidrid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karbonat angidrid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1" title="ਕਾਰਬਨ ਡਾਈਆਕਸਾਈਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬਨ ਡਾਈਆਕਸਾਈਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88" title="کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%89%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="کـاربن ډای اکسايد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کـاربن ډای اکسايد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaban_dayaxaid" title="Kaaban dayaxaid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaaban dayaxaid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anidrid_carb%C3%B2nica" title="Anidrid carbònica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anidrid carbònica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoffdioxid" title="Kohlenstoffdioxid – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kohlenstoffdioxid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwutlenek_w%C4%99gla" title="Dwutlenek węgla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dwutlenek węgla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dióxido de carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dioxid de carbon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimlasay" title="Chimlasay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chimlasay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Диоксид углерода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диоксид углерода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Харыалык диоксида – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харыалык диоксида" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2ssidu_de_carb%C3%B2niu" title="Diòssidu de carbòniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Diòssidu de carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caurbon_dioxide" title="Caurbon dioxide – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caurbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolestofdioxid" title="Koolestofdioxid – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Koolestofdioxid" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioksidi_i_karbonit" title="Dioksidi i karbonit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dioksidi i karbonit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anidridi_carb%C3%B2nica" title="Anidridi carbònica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Anidridi carbònica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxid_uhli%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid uhličitý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oxid uhličitý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljikov_dioksid" title="Ogljikov dioksid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljikov dioksid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwutlynek_w%C5%AFngla" title="Dwutlynek wůngla – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dwutlynek wůngla" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboon_laba_ogsaydh" title="Kaarboon laba ogsaydh – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaarboon laba ogsaydh" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کاربۆن دی ئۆکسید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆن دی ئۆکسید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Угљен-диоксид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљен-диоксид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljen-dioksid" title="Ugljen-dioksid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljen-dioksid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbon dioksida" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilidioksidi" title="Hiilidioksidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiilidioksidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koldioxid" title="Koldioxid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koldioxid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கார்பனீராக்சைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்பனீராக்சைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్ డయాక్సైడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బన్ డయాక్సైడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="คาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์บอนไดออกไซด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9B%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%93" title="ᎠᏛᎸᏓ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏛᎸᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbondioksit" title="Karbondioksit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbondioksit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8E" title="Діоксид вуглецю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діоксид вуглецю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%88" title="کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%AA_%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%AF" title="كاربون تۆت ئوكسىد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاربون تۆت ئوكسىد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngeihyangjvaqdanq" title="Ngeihyangjvaqdanq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngeihyangjvaqdanq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%27muiktuzgaz" title="Hil'muiktuzgaz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hil'muiktuzgaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyocside_di_carbone" title="Diyocside di carbone – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Diyocside di carbone" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Dióxido de carbono" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="二氧化碳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carbon dioxide" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="二氧化碳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="קוילן זייערס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוילן זייערס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rb%C3%B3n%C3%AC_%E1%BB%8Dl%E1%BB%8D%CC%81ks%C3%ADj%C3%ADn%C3%ACm%C3%A9j%C3%AC" title="Kárbónì ọlọ́ksíjínìméjì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kárbónì ọlọ́ksíjínìméjì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="二氧化碳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97is_dv%C4%97deg%C4%97nis" title="Onglėis dvėdegėnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglėis dvėdegėnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound with formula CO2</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CO2" and "CO₂" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CO2_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CO2 (disambiguation)">CO2 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Carbon dioxide </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Structural formula of carbon dioxide with bond length"><img alt="Structural formula of carbon dioxide with bond length" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.svg/180px-Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.svg/270px-Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.svg/360px-Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Structural formula of carbon dioxide with bond length</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_dioxide_3D_ball.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball-and-stick model of carbon dioxide"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of carbon dioxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carbon_dioxide_3D_ball.png/110px-Carbon_dioxide_3D_ball.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carbon_dioxide_3D_ball.png/165px-Carbon_dioxide_3D_ball.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carbon_dioxide_3D_ball.png/220px-Carbon_dioxide_3D_ball.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Ball-and-stick model of carbon dioxide</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Space-filling model of carbon dioxide"><img alt="Space-filling model of carbon dioxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Carbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png/110px-Carbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Carbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png/165px-Carbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Carbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png/220px-Carbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>Space-filling model of carbon dioxide</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Carbon dioxide</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Carbonic acid gas</li><li>Carbonic anhydride</li><li>Carbonic dioxide</li><li>Carbonic oxide</li><li>Carbon(IV) oxide</li><li>Methanedione</li><li>R-744 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">refrigerant</a>)</li><li>R744 (refrigerant alternative spelling)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">Dry ice</a> (solid phase)</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=124-38-9">124-38-9</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%3DO">Interactive image</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%28%3DO%29%3DO">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div> </td> <td>1900390 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16526">CHEBI:16526</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1231871">ChEMBL1231871</a> <img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.274.html">274</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.271">100.004.271</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number">EC Number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>204-696-9</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> </td> <td>E290 <a href="/wiki/E_number#E200–E299" title="E number">(preservatives)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00004">D00004</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Carbon+dioxide">Carbon+dioxide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/280">280</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>FF6400000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/142M471B3J">142M471B3J</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>1013 (gas), 1845 (solid) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4027028">DTXSID4027028</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/CO2/c2-1-3 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/CO2/c2-1-3</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYAO</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C=O</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C(=O)=O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>CO2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>44.009 g·mol−1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colorless gas </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Low concentrations: none</li><li>High concentrations: sharp; acidic<a href="#cite_note-AirProductsMSDS-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1562 kg/m3 (solid at 1 atm (100 kPa) and −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F))</li> <li>1101 kg/m3 (liquid at saturation −37 °C (−35 °F))</li> <li>1.977 kg/m3 (gas at 1 atm (100 kPa) and 0 °C (32 °F))</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a> (T, P) </td> <td>304.128(15) K<a href="#cite_note-Span_1999-2">[2]</a> (30.978(15) °C), 7.3773(30) MPa<a href="#cite_note-Span_1999-2">[2]</a> (72.808(30) atm) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation conditions</a></div> </td> <td>194.6855(30) K (−78.4645(30) °C) at 1 atm (0.101325 MPa) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>1.45 g/L at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa (0.99 atm) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> </td> <td>5.7292(30) MPa, 56.54(30) atm (20 °C (293.15 K)) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (pKa) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">Carbonic acid</a>: pKa1 = 3.6 pKa1(apparent) = 6.35 pKa2 = 10.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>−20.5·10−6 cm3/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> </td> <td>0.01662 W·m−1·K−1 (300 K (27 °C; 80 °F))<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (nD)</div> </td> <td>1.00045 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>14.90 μPa·s at 25 °C (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li>70 μPa·s at −78.5 °C (194.7 K)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></div> </td> <td>0 D </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td>Trigonal </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular shape</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linear_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear (chemistry)">Linear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">Heat capacity</a> (C)</div> </td> <td>37.135 J/(K·mol) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar entropy</a> (S⦵298)</div> </td> <td>214 J·mol−1·K−1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of formation</a> (ΔfH⦵298)</div> </td> <td>−393.5 kJ·mol−1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Pharmacology </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V03" title="ATC code V03">V03AN02</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V03AN02">WHO</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><a href="#cite_note-AG-20180212-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_812536d3481b3e86" /><map name="ImageMap_812536d3481b3e86"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard SA: Simple asphyxiant gas. E.g. nitrogen, helium" title="Special hazard SA: Simple asphyxiant gas. E.g. nitrogen, helium" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704">SA</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;">Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LCLo (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LCLo" title="Lethal dose">lowest published</a>)</div> </td> <td>90,000 ppm (162,000 mg/m3) (human, 5 min)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3)<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>40,000 ppm (72,000 mg/m3)<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/sds/aldrich/295108">Sigma-Aldrich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">anions</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">Carbon disulfide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_diselenide" title="Carbon diselenide">Carbon diselenide</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_ditelluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon ditelluride (page does not exist)">Carbon ditelluride</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">cations</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">Silicon dioxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">Germanium dioxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tin_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin dioxide">Tin dioxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">Lead dioxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium dioxide">Hafnium dioxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cerium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium dioxide">Cerium dioxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_dioxide" title="Thorium dioxide">Thorium dioxide</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a></div> </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxocarbon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">Carbonic acid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_selenide" title="Carbonyl selenide">Carbonyl selenide</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Supplementary data page </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_(data_page)" title="Carbon dioxide (data page)">Carbon dioxide (data page)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477004235&page2=Carbon+dioxide">verify</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Carbon dioxide is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>CO2. It is made up of <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> that each have one <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atom <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalently</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bonded</a> to two <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, atmospheric CO2 is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared radiation</a>, acting as a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Trace_gas" title="Trace gas">trace gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">in Earth's atmosphere</a> at 421 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm),<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> or about 0.042% (as of May 2022) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.028%.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge2013-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-noaa-12">[11]</a> Burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> is the main cause of these increased CO2 concentrations, which are the primary cause of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGIII_Ch_13-13">[12]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> was regulated by organisms and geological features. <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> use <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> from carbon dioxide and water in a process called <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, which produces oxygen as a waste product.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> In turn, oxygen is consumed and CO2 is released as waste by all <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic organisms</a> when they metabolize <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> to produce energy by <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">respiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> CO2 is released from organic materials when they <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decay</a> or combust, such as in forest fires. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> and mainly <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3), which causes <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric CO2</a> levels increase.<a href="#cite_note-NRC2010-16">[15]</a> Carbon dioxide is 53% more dense than dry air, but is long lived and thoroughly mixes in the atmosphere. About half of excess CO2 emissions to the atmosphere are absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">land</a> and ocean <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> These sinks can become saturated and are volatile, as decay and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> result in the CO2 being released back into the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> CO2 is eventually <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestered</a> (stored for the long term) in rocks and organic deposits like <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. Nearly all CO2 produced by humans goes into the atmosphere. Less than 1% of CO2 produced annually is put to commercial use, mostly in the fertilizer industry and in the oil and gas industry for <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a>. Other commercial applications include food and beverage production, metal fabrication, cooling, fire suppression and stimulating plant growth in greenhouses.<a href="#cite_note-IEA-2019-3-19">[18]</a>: 3 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_and_physical_properties">Chemical and physical properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure,_bonding_and_molecular_vibrations">Structure, bonding and molecular vibrations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram#Carbon_dioxide" title="Molecular orbital diagram">Molecular orbital diagram § Carbon dioxide</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">symmetry</a> of a carbon dioxide molecule is linear and <a href="/wiki/Centrosymmetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrosymmetric">centrosymmetric</a> at its equilibrium geometry. The <a href="/wiki/Bond_length" title="Bond length">length</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93oxygen_bond" title="Carbon–oxygen bond">carbon–oxygen bond</a> in carbon dioxide is 116.3 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a>, noticeably shorter than the roughly 140 pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply bonded <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carbonyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyls">carbonyls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green-20">[19]</a> Since it is centrosymmetric, the molecule has no <a href="/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment" title="Electric dipole moment">electric dipole moment</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co2_vibrations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Co2_vibrations.svg/220px-Co2_vibrations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Co2_vibrations.svg/330px-Co2_vibrations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Co2_vibrations.svg/440px-Co2_vibrations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy#Number_of_vibrational_modes" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Stretching and bending oscillations</a> of the CO2 molecule. Upper left: symmetric stretching. Upper right: antisymmetric stretching. Lower line: degenerate pair of bending modes.</figcaption></figure> As a linear triatomic molecule, CO2 has four <a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibration" title="Molecular vibration">vibrational modes</a> as shown in the diagram. In the symmetric and the antisymmetric stretching modes, the atoms move along the axis of the molecule. There are two bending modes, which are <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_energy_levels" title="Degenerate energy levels">degenerate</a>, meaning that they have the same frequency and same energy, because of the symmetry of the molecule. When a molecule touches a surface or touches another molecule, the two bending modes can differ in frequency because the interaction is different for the two modes. Some of the vibrational modes are observed in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared (IR) spectrum</a>: the antisymmetric stretching mode at <a href="/wiki/Wavenumber" title="Wavenumber">wavenumber</a> 2349 cm−1 (wavelength 4.25 μm) and the degenerate pair of bending modes at 667 cm−1 (wavelength 15.0 μm). The symmetric stretching mode does not create an electric dipole so is not observed in IR spectroscopy, but it is detected in <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a> at 1388 cm−1 (wavelength 7.20 μm), with a <a href="/wiki/Fermi_resonance" title="Fermi resonance">Fermi resonance</a> doublet at 1285 cm−1.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In the gas phase, carbon dioxide molecules undergo significant vibrational motions and do not keep a fixed structure. However, in a <a href="/wiki/Coulomb_explosion#Coulomb_Explosion_Imaging" title="Coulomb explosion">Coulomb explosion imaging</a> experiment, an instantaneous image of the molecular structure can be deduced. Such an experiment<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> has been performed for carbon dioxide. The result of this experiment, and the conclusion of theoretical calculations<a href="#cite_note-Jensen2020-23">[22]</a> based on an <a href="/wiki/Ab_initio_quantum_chemistry_methods" title="Ab initio quantum chemistry methods">ab initio</a> <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy_surface" title="Potential energy surface">potential energy surface</a> of the molecule, is that none of the molecules in the gas phase are ever exactly linear. This counter-intuitive result is trivially due to the fact that the nuclear motion <a href="/wiki/Volume_element" title="Volume element">volume element</a> vanishes for linear geometries.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen2020-23">[22]</a> This is so for all molecules except <a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">diatomic molecules</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_aqueous_solution">In aqueous solution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">Carbonic acid</a></div> Carbon dioxide is <a href="/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> in water, in which it reversibly forms <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2CO3 (carbonic acid), which is a <a href="/wiki/Acid_strength" title="Acid strength">weak acid</a>, because its ionization in water is incomplete. <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3</dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">hydration equilibrium constant</a> of carbonic acid is, at 25 °C: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {h} }={\frac {{\ce {[H2CO3]}}}{{\ce {[CO2_{(aq)}]}}}}=1.70\times 10^{-3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.70</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {h} }={\frac {{\ce {[H2CO3]}}}{{\ce {[CO2_{(aq)}]}}}}=1.70\times 10^{-3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b01be634ec0c3d83cbf3aa2c71bbd51b9ce0e26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:30.588ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {h} }={\frac {{\ce {[H2CO3]}}}{{\ce {[CO2_{(aq)}]}}}}=1.70\times 10^{-3}}"></dd></dl> Hence, the majority of the carbon dioxide is not converted into carbonic acid, but remains as CO2 molecules, not affecting the pH. The relative concentrations of CO2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2CO3, and the <a href="/wiki/Deprotonation" title="Deprotonation">deprotonated</a> forms <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3 (<a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2−3(<a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a>) depend on the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>. As shown in a <a href="/wiki/Bjerrum_plot" title="Bjerrum plot">Bjerrum plot</a>, in neutral or slightly alkaline water (pH > 6.5), the bicarbonate form predominates (>50%) becoming the most prevalent (>95%) at the pH of seawater. In very alkaline water (pH > 10.4), the predominant (>50%) form is carbonate. The oceans, being mildly alkaline with typical pH = 8.2–8.5, contain about 120 mg of bicarbonate per liter. Being <a href="/wiki/Diprotic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diprotic acid">diprotic</a>, carbonic acid has two <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">acid dissociation constants</a>, the first one for the dissociation into the bicarbonate (also called hydrogen carbonate) ion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3): <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2CO3 ⇌ HCO−3 + H+</dd> <dd>Ka1 = 2.5 × 10−4 mol/L; pKa1 = 3.6 at 25 °C.<a href="#cite_note-Green-20">[19]</a></dd></dl> This is the true first acid dissociation constant, defined as <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a1} }={\frac {{\ce {[HCO3- ][H+]}}}{{\ce {[H2CO3]}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a1} }={\frac {{\ce {[HCO3- ][H+]}}}{{\ce {[H2CO3]}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f6013fac05dba06751345e4d824c525ed2c43b12" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:20.365ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a1} }={\frac {{\ce {[HCO3- ][H+]}}}{{\ce {[H2CO3]}}}}}"></dd></dl> where the denominator includes only covalently bound <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2CO3 and does not include hydrated CO2(aq). The much smaller and often-quoted value near 4.16 × 10−7 (or pKa1 = 6.38) is an apparent value calculated on the (incorrect) assumption that all dissolved CO2 is present as carbonic acid, so that <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a1} }{\rm {(apparent)}}={\frac {{\ce {[HCO3- ][H+]}}}{{\ce {[H2CO3] + [CO2_{(aq)}]}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>aq</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a1} }{\rm {(apparent)}}={\frac {{\ce {[HCO3- ][H+]}}}{{\ce {[H2CO3] + [CO2_{(aq)}]}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ae2fa07440c037d6054ce4e7ef95c15c59264e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:38.92ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {a1} }{\rm {(apparent)}}={\frac {{\ce {[HCO3- ][H+]}}}{{\ce {[H2CO3] + [CO2_{(aq)}]}}}}}"></dd></dl> Since most of the dissolved CO2 remains as CO2 molecules, Ka1(apparent) has a much larger denominator and a much smaller value than the true Ka1.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The bicarbonate ion is an <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> species that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH of the solution. At high pH, it dissociates significantly into the <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> ion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2−3): <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3 ⇌ CO2−3 + H+</dd> <dd>Ka2 = 4.69 × 10−11 mol/L; pKa2 = 10.329</dd></dl> In organisms, carbonic acid production is catalysed by the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a>. In addition to altering its acidity, the presence of carbon dioxide in water also affects its electrical properties. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millipore_co2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Millipore_co2.svg/400px-Millipore_co2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Millipore_co2.svg/600px-Millipore_co2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Millipore_co2.svg/800px-Millipore_co2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Electrical conductivity of carbondioxide saturated desalinated water when heated from 20 to 98 °C. The shadowed regions indicate the error bars associated with the measurements. Data on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ddiesing/water/blob/main/millipore-carbon-dioxide-temperataure.csv">github </a>. A comparison with the temperature dependence of vented desalinated water can be found <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_conduction_of_vented_and_CO2_saturated_desalinated_water_as_function_of_temperature.svg">here</a> .</figcaption></figure> When carbon dioxide dissolves in desalinated water, the electrical conductivity increases significantly from below 1 μS/cm to nearly 30 μS/cm. When heated, the water begins to gradually lose the conductivity induced by the presence of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22b27f6bda6edf27861a94c0e7544b276c6d289d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}} }"> , especially noticeable as temperatures exceed 30 °C. The <a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)#Conductivity_of_purified_water_in_electrochemical_experiments" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">temperature dependence</a> of the electrical conductivity of fully deionized water without CO2 saturation is comparably low in relation to these data. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_reactions">Chemical reactions</h3></div> CO2 is a potent <a href="/wiki/Electrophile" title="Electrophile">electrophile</a> having an electrophilic reactivity that is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Benzaldehyde" title="Benzaldehyde">benzaldehyde</a> or strongly electrophilic <a href="/wiki/%CE%91,%CE%B2-unsaturated_carbonyl_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound">α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds</a>. However, unlike electrophiles of similar reactivity, the reactions of nucleophiles with CO2 are thermodynamically less favored and are often found to be highly reversible.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The reversible reaction of carbon dioxide with <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamates</a> is used in CO2 scrubbers and has been suggested as a possible starting point for carbon capture and storage by <a href="/wiki/Amine_gas_treating" title="Amine gas treating">amine gas treating</a>. Only very strong nucleophiles, like the <a href="/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion">carbanions</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organolithium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organolithium compound">organolithium compounds</a> react with CO2 to give <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate" title="Carboxylate">carboxylates</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">MR + CO2 → RCO2M</dd> <dd>where M = <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> and R = <a href="/wiki/Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aryl" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryl">aryl</a>.</dd></dl> In <a href="/wiki/Metal_carbon_dioxide_complex" title="Metal carbon dioxide complex">metal carbon dioxide complexes</a>, CO2 serves as a <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a>, which can facilitate the conversion of CO2 to other chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The reduction of CO2 to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a> is ordinarily a difficult and slow reaction: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2 + 2 e− + 2 H+ → CO + H2O</dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Redox_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox potential">redox potential</a> for this reaction near pH 7 is about −0.53 V versus the <a href="/wiki/Standard_hydrogen_electrode" title="Standard hydrogen electrode">standard hydrogen electrode</a>. The nickel-containing enzyme <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_dehydrogenase" title="Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase">carbon monoxide dehydrogenase</a> catalyses this process.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Photoautotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoautotrophs">Photoautotrophs</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>) use the energy contained in sunlight to <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesize</a> simple <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> from CO2 absorbed from the air and water: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">n CO2 + n H2O → (CH2O)n + n O2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide data">Carbon dioxide data</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg/220px-Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg/330px-Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg/440px-Dry_Ice_Pellets_Subliming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Pellets of "dry ice", a common form of solid carbon dioxide</figcaption></figure> Carbon dioxide is colorless. At low concentrations, the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.<a href="#cite_note-AirProductsMSDS-1">[1]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>, the density of carbon dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m3, about 1.53 times that of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">air</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Carbon dioxide has no liquid state at pressures below 0.51795(10) <a href="/wiki/MPa" class="mw-redirect" title="MPa">MPa</a><a href="#cite_note-Span_1999-2">[2]</a> (5.11177(99) <a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>). At a pressure of 1 atm (0.101325 MPa), the gas <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (physics)">deposits</a> directly to a solid at temperatures below 194.6855(30) K<a href="#cite_note-Span_1999-2">[2]</a> (−78.4645(30) °C) and the solid <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimes</a> directly to a gas above this temperature. In its solid state, carbon dioxide is commonly called <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg/250px-Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg/375px-Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg/500px-Carbon_dioxide_pressure-temperature_phase_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Pressure–temperature <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagram</a> of carbon dioxide. Note that it is a log-lin chart.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_carbon_dioxide" title="Liquid carbon dioxide">Liquid carbon dioxide</a> forms only at <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressures</a> above 0.51795(10) MPa<a href="#cite_note-Span_1999-2">[2]</a> (5.11177(99) atm); the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> of carbon dioxide is 216.592(3) K<a href="#cite_note-Span_1999-2">[2]</a> (−56.558(3) °C) at 0.51795(10) MPa<a href="#cite_note-Span_1999-2">[2]</a> (5.11177(99) atm) (see phase diagram). The <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">critical point</a> is 304.128(15) K<a href="#cite_note-Span_1999-2">[2]</a> (30.978(15) °C) at 7.3773(30) MPa<a href="#cite_note-Span_1999-2">[2]</a> (72.808(30) atm). Another form of solid carbon dioxide observed at high pressure is an <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> glass-like solid.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> This form of glass, called <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbonia" title="Amorphous carbonia">carbonia</a>, is produced by <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooling</a> heated CO2 at extreme pressures (40–48 <a href="/wiki/GPa" class="mw-redirect" title="GPa">GPa</a>, or about 400,000 atmospheres) in a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_anvil" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond anvil">diamond anvil</a>. This discovery confirmed the theory that carbon dioxide could exist in a glass state similar to other members of its elemental family, like <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> (silica glass) and <a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">germanium dioxide</a>. Unlike silica and germania glasses, however, carbonia glass is not stable at normal pressures and reverts to gas when pressure is released. At temperatures and pressures above the critical point, carbon dioxide behaves as a <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">supercritical carbon dioxide</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Table of thermal and physical properties of saturated liquid carbon dioxide:<a href="#cite_note-Holman-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Incropera-31">[30]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a> (°C) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (kg/m3) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Specific_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat">Specific heat</a> (kJ/(kg⋅K)) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinematic viscosity">Kinematic viscosity</a> (m2/s) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> (W/(m⋅K)) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity" title="Thermal diffusivity">Thermal diffusivity</a> (m2/s) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Prandtl_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Prandtl Number">Prandtl Number</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−50 </td> <td>1156.34 </td> <td>1.84 </td> <td>1.19 × 10−7 </td> <td>0.0855 </td> <td>4.02 × 10−8 </td> <td>2.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−40 </td> <td>1117.77 </td> <td>1.88 </td> <td>1.18 × 10−7 </td> <td>0.1011 </td> <td>4.81 × 10−8 </td> <td>2.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−30 </td> <td>1076.76 </td> <td>1.97 </td> <td>1.17 × 10−7 </td> <td>0.1116 </td> <td>5.27 × 10−8 </td> <td>2.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−20 </td> <td>1032.39 </td> <td>2.05 </td> <td>1.15 × 10−7 </td> <td>0.1151 </td> <td>5.45 × 10−8 </td> <td>2.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−10 </td> <td>983.38 </td> <td>2.18 </td> <td>1.13 × 10−7 </td> <td>0.1099 </td> <td>5.13 × 10−8 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>926.99 </td> <td>2.47 </td> <td>1.08 × 10−7 </td> <td>0.1045 </td> <td>4.58 × 10−8 </td> <td>2.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>860.03 </td> <td>3.14 </td> <td>1.01 × 10−7 </td> <td>0.0971 </td> <td>3.61 × 10−8 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>772.57 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>9.10 × 10−8 </td> <td>0.0872 </td> <td>2.22 × 10−8 </td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>597.81 </td> <td>36.4 </td> <td>8.00 × 10−8 </td> <td>0.0703 </td> <td>0.279 × 10−8 </td> <td>28.7 </td></tr> </tbody></table> Table of thermal and physical properties of carbon dioxide (CO2) at atmospheric pressure:<a href="#cite_note-Holman-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Incropera-31">[30]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Temperature (K) </th> <th>Density (kg/m3) </th> <th>Specific heat (kJ/(kg⋅°C)) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic viscosity">Dynamic viscosity</a> (kg/(m⋅s)) </th> <th>Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) </th> <th>Thermal conductivity (W/(m⋅°C)) </th> <th>Thermal diffusivity (m2/s) </th> <th>Prandtl Number </th></tr> <tr> <td>220 </td> <td>2.4733 </td> <td>0.783 </td> <td>1.11 × 10−5 </td> <td>4.49 × 10−6 </td> <td>0.010805 </td> <td>5.92 × 10−6 </td> <td>0.818 </td></tr> <tr> <td>250 </td> <td>2.1657 </td> <td>0.804 </td> <td>1.26 × 10−5 </td> <td>5.81 × 10−6 </td> <td>0.012884 </td> <td>7.40 × 10−6 </td> <td>0.793 </td></tr> <tr> <td>300 </td> <td>1.7973 </td> <td>0.871 </td> <td>1.50 × 10−5 </td> <td>8.32 × 10−6 </td> <td>0.016572 </td> <td>1.06 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>350 </td> <td>1.5362 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>1.72 × 10−5 </td> <td>1.12 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.02047 </td> <td>1.48 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.755 </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 </td> <td>1.3424 </td> <td>0.942 </td> <td>1.93 × 10−5 </td> <td>1.44 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.02461 </td> <td>1.95 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.738 </td></tr> <tr> <td>450 </td> <td>1.1918 </td> <td>0.98 </td> <td>2.13 × 10−5 </td> <td>1.79 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.02897 </td> <td>2.48 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.721 </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 </td> <td>1.0732 </td> <td>1.013 </td> <td>2.33 × 10−5 </td> <td>2.17 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.03352 </td> <td>3.08 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.702 </td></tr> <tr> <td>550 </td> <td>0.9739 </td> <td>1.047 </td> <td>2.51 × 10−5 </td> <td>2.57 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.03821 </td> <td>3.75 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.685 </td></tr> <tr> <td>600 </td> <td>0.8938 </td> <td>1.076 </td> <td>2.68 × 10−5 </td> <td>3.00 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.04311 </td> <td>4.48 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.668 </td></tr> <tr> <td>650 </td> <td>0.8143 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>2.88 × 10−5 </td> <td>3.54 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.0445 </td> <td>4.97 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.712 </td></tr> <tr> <td>700 </td> <td>0.7564 </td> <td>1.13 </td> <td>3.05 × 10−5 </td> <td>4.03 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.0481 </td> <td>5.63 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.717 </td></tr> <tr> <td>750 </td> <td>0.7057 </td> <td>1.15 </td> <td>3.21 × 10−5 </td> <td>4.55 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.0517 </td> <td>6.37 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.714 </td></tr> <tr> <td>800 </td> <td>0.6614 </td> <td>1.17 </td> <td>3.37 × 10−5 </td> <td>5.10 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.0551 </td> <td>7.12 × 10−5 </td> <td>0.716 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2></div> Carbon dioxide is an end product of <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a> in organisms that obtain energy by breaking down sugars, fats and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> with oxygen as part of their <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. This includes all plants, algae and animals and <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic</a> fungi and bacteria. In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the skin (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>) or the gills (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>), from where it dissolves in the water, or to the lungs from where it is exhaled. During active photosynthesis, <a href="/wiki/Compensation_point" title="Compensation point">plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release</a> in respiration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photosynthesis_and_carbon_fixation">Photosynthesis and carbon fixation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvin-cycle4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Calvin-cycle4.svg/220px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Calvin-cycle4.svg/330px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Calvin-cycle4.svg/440px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the <a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">Calvin cycle</a> and carbon fixation</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a> is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and cyanobacteria into <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">energy-rich</a> organic molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> to produce sugars from which other <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> can be constructed, and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> is produced as a by-product. <a href="/wiki/RuBisCO" title="RuBisCO">Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase</a>, commonly abbreviated to RuBisCO, is the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, the production of two molecules of <a href="/wiki/3-phosphoglycerate" class="mw-redirect" title="3-phosphoglycerate">3-phosphoglycerate</a> from CO2 and <a href="/wiki/Ribulose_bisphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribulose bisphosphate">ribulose bisphosphate</a>, as shown in the diagram at left. RuBisCO is thought to be the single most abundant protein on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">Phototrophs</a> use the products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> of more complex organic molecules, such as <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, and proteins. These are used for their own growth, and also as the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a> and webs that feed other organisms, including animals such as ourselves. Some important phototrophs, the <a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">coccolithophores</a> synthesise hard <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> scales.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> A globally significant species of coccolithophore is <a href="/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emiliania huxleyi">Emiliania huxleyi</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> scales have formed the basis of many <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, where what was previously atmospheric carbon can remain fixed for geological timescales.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto-and_heterotrophs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/220px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/330px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/440px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="3167" /></a><figcaption>Overview of photosynthesis and respiration. Carbon dioxide (at right), together with water, form oxygen and organic compounds (at left) by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> (green), which can be <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">respired</a> (red) to water and CO2.</figcaption></figure> Plants can grow as much as 50% faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Elevated CO2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO2 in FACE experiments.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations result in fewer stomata developing on plants<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> which leads to reduced water usage and increased <a href="/wiki/Water-use_efficiency" title="Water-use efficiency">water-use efficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Studies using <a href="/wiki/Free-Air_Concentration_Enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-Air Concentration Enrichment">FACE</a> have shown that CO2 enrichment leads to decreased concentrations of micronutrients in crop plants.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> This may have knock-on effects on other parts of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> as herbivores will need to eat more food to gain the same amount of protein.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The concentration of secondary <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolites">metabolites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanoid" title="Phenylpropanoid">phenylpropanoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a> can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO2.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Plants also emit CO2 during respiration, and so the majority of plants and algae, which use <a href="/wiki/C3_photosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="C3 photosynthesis">C3 photosynthesis</a>, are only net absorbers during the day. Though a growing forest will absorb many tons of CO2 each year, a mature forest will produce as much CO2 from respiration and decomposition of dead specimens (e.g., fallen branches) as is used in photosynthesis in growing plants.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral, mature forests can continue to accumulate carbon<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> and remain valuable <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>, helping to maintain the carbon balance of Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide poisoning">Carbon dioxide poisoning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_symptoms_of_carbon_dioxide_toxicity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Main_symptoms_of_carbon_dioxide_toxicity.svg/250px-Main_symptoms_of_carbon_dioxide_toxicity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Main_symptoms_of_carbon_dioxide_toxicity.svg/375px-Main_symptoms_of_carbon_dioxide_toxicity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Main_symptoms_of_carbon_dioxide_toxicity.svg/500px-Main_symptoms_of_carbon_dioxide_toxicity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1033" /></a><figcaption>Symptoms of carbon dioxide toxicity, by increasing <a href="/wiki/Volume_percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume percent">volume percent</a> in air<a href="#cite_note-friedman-46">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (412 ppm), depending on the location.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In humans, exposure to CO2 at concentrations greater than 5% causes the development of <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">hypercapnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_acidosis" title="Respiratory acidosis">respiratory acidosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Permentier-2017-48">[47]</a> Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.<a href="#cite_note-USEPA-49">[48]</a> Concentrations of more than 10% may cause convulsions, coma, and death. CO2 levels of more than 30% act rapidly leading to loss of consciousness in seconds.<a href="#cite_note-Permentier-2017-48">[47]</a> Because it is heavier than air, in locations where the gas seeps from the ground (due to sub-surface volcanic or geothermal activity) in relatively high concentrations, without the dispersing effects of wind, it can collect in sheltered/pocketed locations below average ground level, causing animals located therein to be suffocated. Carrion feeders attracted to the carcasses are then also killed. Children have been killed in the same way near the city of <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> by CO2 emissions from the nearby volcano <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo" title="Mount Nyiragongo">Mount Nyiragongo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> term for this phenomenon is <a href="/wiki/Mazuku" title="Mazuku">mazuku</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo13_apparatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Apollo13_apparatus.jpg/220px-Apollo13_apparatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Apollo13_apparatus.jpg/330px-Apollo13_apparatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Apollo13_apparatus.jpg/440px-Apollo13_apparatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Rising levels of CO2 threatened the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> astronauts, who had to adapt cartridges from the command module to supply the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">carbon dioxide scrubber</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>, which they used as a lifeboat.</figcaption></figure> Adaptation to increased concentrations of CO2 occurs in humans, including <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_adaptation" title="Respiratory adaptation">modified breathing</a> and kidney bicarbonate production, in order to balance the effects of blood acidification (<a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>). Several studies suggested that 2.0 percent inspired concentrations could be used for closed air spaces (e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>) since the adaptation is physiological and reversible, as deterioration in performance or in normal physical activity does not happen at this level of exposure for five days.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Yet, other studies show a decrease in cognitive function even at much lower levels.<a href="#cite_note-pollutant2012-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-scores2016-54">[53]</a> Also, with ongoing respiratory <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>, adaptation or compensatory mechanisms will be unable to reverse the condition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Below_1%">Below 1%</h4></div> There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%. Occupational CO2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.<a href="#cite_note-inspectpedia-55">[54]</a> At this CO2 concentration, <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Studies in animals at 0.5% CO2 have demonstrated kidney calcification and bone loss after eight weeks of exposure.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> A study of humans exposed in 2.5 hour sessions demonstrated significant negative effects on cognitive abilities at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000 ppm) CO2 likely due to CO2 induced increases in cerebral blood flow.<a href="#cite_note-pollutant2012-53">[52]</a> Another study observed a decline in basic activity level and information usage at 1000 ppm, when compared to 500 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-scores2016-54">[53]</a> However a review of the literature found that a reliable subset of studies on the phenomenon of carbon dioxide induced cognitive impairment to only show a small effect on high-level decision making (for concentrations below 5000 ppm). Most of the studies were confounded by inadequate study designs, environmental comfort, uncertainties in exposure doses and differing cognitive assessments used.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Similarly a study on the effects of the concentration of CO2 in motorcycle helmets has been criticized for having dubious methodology in not noting the self-reports of motorcycle riders and taking measurements using mannequins. Further when normal motorcycle conditions were achieved (such as highway or city speeds) or the visor was raised the concentration of CO2 declined to safe levels (0.2%).<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Typical CO2 concentration effects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Concentration</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td>280 ppm</td> <td>Pre-industrial levels </td></tr> <tr> <td>421 ppm</td> <td>Current (May 2022) levels </td></tr> <tr> <td>~1121 ppm</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a> recommendation for indoor air<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5,000 ppm</td> <td>USA 8h exposure limit<a href="#cite_note-inspectpedia-55">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000 ppm</td> <td>Cognitive impairment, Canada's long term exposure limit<a href="#cite_note-friedman-46">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000-20,000 ppm</td> <td>Drowsiness<a href="#cite_note-USEPA-49">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20,000-50,000 ppm</td> <td>Headaches, sleepiness; poor concentration, loss of attention, slight nausea also possible<a href="#cite_note-inspectpedia-55">[54]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ventilation">Ventilation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2Mini_monitor_TFA_Dostmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/CO2Mini_monitor_TFA_Dostmann.jpg/220px-CO2Mini_monitor_TFA_Dostmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/CO2Mini_monitor_TFA_Dostmann.jpg/330px-CO2Mini_monitor_TFA_Dostmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/CO2Mini_monitor_TFA_Dostmann.jpg/440px-CO2Mini_monitor_TFA_Dostmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">carbon dioxide sensor</a> that measures CO2 concentration using a <a href="/wiki/Nondispersive_infrared_sensor" title="Nondispersive infrared sensor">nondispersive infrared sensor</a></figcaption></figure> Poor ventilation is one of the main causes of excessive CO2 concentrations in closed spaces, leading to poor <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality</a>. Carbon dioxide differential above outdoor concentrations at steady state conditions (when the occupancy and ventilation system operation are sufficiently long that CO2 concentration has stabilized) are sometimes used to estimate ventilation rates per person.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Higher CO2 concentrations are associated with occupant health, comfort and performance degradation.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a> Standard 62.1–2007 ventilation rates may result in indoor concentrations up to 2,100 ppm above ambient outdoor conditions. Thus if the outdoor concentration is 400 ppm, indoor concentrations may reach 2,500 ppm with ventilation rates that meet this industry consensus standard. Concentrations in poorly ventilated spaces can be found even higher than this (range of 3,000 or 4,000 ppm). Miners, who are particularly vulnerable to gas exposure due to insufficient ventilation, referred to mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen as "<a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">blackdamp</a>", "choke damp" or "stythe". Before more effective technologies were developed, <a href="/wiki/Miners" class="mw-redirect" title="Miners">miners</a> would frequently monitor for dangerous levels of blackdamp and other gases in mine shafts by bringing a caged <a href="/wiki/Domestic_Canary" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic Canary">canary</a> with them as they worked. The canary is more sensitive to asphyxiant gases than humans, and as it became unconscious would stop singing and fall off its perch. The <a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">Davy lamp</a> could also detect high levels of blackdamp (which sinks, and collects near the floor) by burning less brightly, while <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, another suffocating gas and explosion risk, would make the lamp burn more brightly. In February 2020, three people died from suffocation at a party in Moscow when dry ice (frozen CO2) was added to a swimming pool to cool it down.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> A similar accident occurred in 2018 when a woman died from CO2 fumes emanating from the large amount of dry ice she was transporting in her car.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indoor_air">Indoor air</h4></div> Humans spend more and more time in a confined atmosphere (around 80-90% of the time in a building or vehicle). According to the French <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_sanitaire_de_l%27alimentation,_de_l%27environnement_et_du_travail" title="Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail">Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety</a> (ANSES) and various actors in France, the CO2 rate in the indoor air of buildings (linked to human or animal occupancy and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> installations), weighted by air renewal, is "usually between about 350 and 2,500 ppm".<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In homes, schools, nurseries and offices, there are no systematic relationships between the levels of CO2 and other pollutants, and indoor CO2 is statistically not a good predictor of pollutants linked to outdoor road (or air, etc.) traffic.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> CO2 is the parameter that changes the fastest (with hygrometry and oxygen levels when humans or animals are gathered in a closed or poorly ventilated room). In poor countries, many open hearths are sources of CO2 and CO emitted directly into the living environment.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outdoor_areas_with_elevated_concentrations">Outdoor areas with elevated concentrations</h4></div> Local concentrations of carbon dioxide can reach high values near strong sources, especially those that are isolated by surrounding terrain. At the Bossoleto hot spring near <a href="/wiki/Rapolano_Terme" title="Rapolano Terme">Rapolano Terme</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, Italy, situated in a bowl-shaped depression about 100 m (330 ft) in diameter, concentrations of CO2 rise to above 75% overnight, sufficient to kill insects and small animals. After sunrise the gas is dispersed by convection.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> High concentrations of CO2 produced by disturbance of deep lake water saturated with CO2 are thought to have caused 37 fatalities at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Monoun" title="Lake Monoun">Lake Monoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> in 1984 and 1700 casualties at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nyos" title="Lake Nyos">Lake Nyos</a>, Cameroon in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_physiology">Human physiology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content">Content</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Reference_range" title="Reference range">Reference ranges</a> or averages for <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure_of_carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial pressure of carbon dioxide">partial pressures of carbon dioxide</a> (abbreviated <a href="/wiki/PCO2" title="PCO2">pCO2</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Blood compartment </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Kilopascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilopascal">kPa</a>) </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Mm_Hg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mm Hg">mm Hg</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Venous</a> blood carbon dioxide </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.5–6.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">41–51<a href="#cite_note-brookside-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alveolar <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_gas_pressures" title="Pulmonary gas pressures">pulmonary gas pressures</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas#carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">Arterial blood carbon dioxide</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.7–6.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35–45<a href="#cite_note-brookside-72">[71]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The body produces approximately 2.3 pounds (1.0 kg) of carbon dioxide per day per person,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> containing 0.63 pounds (290 g) of carbon. In humans, this carbon dioxide is carried through the <a href="/wiki/Venous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous system">venous system</a> and is breathed out through the lungs, resulting in lower concentrations in the <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a>. The carbon dioxide content of the blood is often given as the <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a>, which is the pressure which carbon dioxide would have had if it alone occupied the volume.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In humans, the blood carbon dioxide contents are shown in the adjacent table. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_in_the_blood">Transport in the blood</h3></div> CO2 is carried in blood in three different ways. Exact percentages vary between arterial and venous blood. <ul><li>Majority (about 70% to 80%) is converted to <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> ions <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3 by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> in the red blood cells,<a href="#cite_note-solarnav-75">[74]</a> by the reaction:</li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO−3</dd></dl> <ul><li>5–10% is dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a><a href="#cite_note-solarnav-75">[74]</a></li> <li>5–10% is bound to <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> as <a href="/wiki/Carbamino" title="Carbamino">carbamino</a> compounds<a href="#cite_note-solarnav-75">[74]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">Hemoglobin</a>, the main oxygen-carrying molecule in <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, the CO2 bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead, it combines with the N-terminal groups on the four globin chains. However, because of <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">allosteric</a> effects on the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of CO2 decreases the amount of oxygen that is bound for a given partial pressure of oxygen. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Haldane_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Haldane Effect">Haldane Effect</a>, and is important in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Conversely, a rise in the partial pressure of CO2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_effect" title="Bohr effect">Bohr effect</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation_of_respiration">Regulation of respiration</h3></div> Carbon dioxide is one of the mediators of local <a href="/wiki/Autoregulation" title="Autoregulation">autoregulation</a> of blood supply. If its concentration is high, the <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> expand to allow a greater blood flow to that tissue.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Bicarbonate ions are crucial for regulating blood pH. A person's breathing rate influences the level of CO2 in their blood. Breathing that is too slow or shallow causes <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_acidosis" title="Respiratory acidosis">respiratory acidosis</a>, while breathing that is too rapid leads to <a href="/wiki/Hyperventilation" title="Hyperventilation">hyperventilation</a>, which can cause <a href="/wiki/Alkalosis" title="Alkalosis">respiratory alkalosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Although the body requires oxygen for metabolism, low oxygen levels normally do not stimulate breathing. Rather, breathing is stimulated by higher carbon dioxide levels. As a result, breathing low-pressure air or a gas mixture with no oxygen at all (such as pure nitrogen) can lead to loss of consciousness without ever experiencing <a href="/wiki/Air_hunger" class="mw-redirect" title="Air hunger">air hunger</a>. This is especially perilous for high-altitude fighter pilots. It is also why flight attendants instruct passengers, in case of loss of cabin pressure, to apply the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">oxygen mask</a> to themselves first before helping others; otherwise, one risks losing consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-solarnav-75">[74]</a> The respiratory centers try to maintain an arterial CO2 pressure of 40 <a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a>. With intentional hyperventilation, the CO2 content of arterial blood may be lowered to 10–20 mmHg (the oxygen content of the blood is little affected), and the respiratory drive is diminished. This is why one can hold one's breath longer after hyperventilating than without hyperventilating. This carries the risk that unconsciousness may result before the need to breathe becomes overwhelming, which is why hyperventilation is particularly dangerous before free diving.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concentrations_and_role_in_the_environment">Concentrations and role in the environment</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/330px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/495px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/660px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Atmospheric CO2 concentration measured at <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Observatory" title="Mauna Loa Observatory">Mauna Loa Observatory</a> in Hawaii from 1958 to 2023 (also called the <a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Keeling Curve</a>). The rise in CO2 over that time period is clearly visible. The concentration is expressed as μmole per mole, or <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a>. </figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, carbon dioxide is a <a href="/wiki/Trace_gas" title="Trace gas">trace gas</a> that plays an integral part in the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic carbon cycle</a>. It is one of three main <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere reached 427 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (0.0427%) on a <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">molar basis</a> in 2024, representing 3341 gigatonnes of CO2.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> This is an increase of 50% since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, up from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years prior to the mid-18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_Eggleton-2013-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_NOAA-June2022-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_NOAA-2020-82">[81]</a> The increase <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_attribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change attribution">is due to human activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_Etheridge-1996-83">[82]</a> The current increase in CO2 concentrations is primarily driven by the burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_IPCC-AR6-84">[83]</a> Other significant human activities that emit CO2 include <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> production, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> burning. The increase in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> increase the absorption and emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere. This has led to a <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">rise in average global temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>. Another direct effect is the <a href="/wiki/CO2_fertilization_effect" title="CO2 fertilization effect">CO2 fertilization effect</a>. The increase in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 causes a range of further <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> on the environment and human living conditions. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. It absorbs and emits <a href="/wiki/Infrared_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared radiation">infrared radiation</a> at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies. The two <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> are 4.26 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> (2,347 cm−1) (asymmetric stretching <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">vibrational mode</a>) and 14.99 μm (667 cm−1) (bending vibrational mode). CO2 plays a significant role in influencing <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Light emission from the Earth's surface is most intense in the infrared region between 200 and 2500 cm−1,<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> as opposed to light emission from the much hotter <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> which is most intense in the visible region. Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric CO2 traps energy near the surface, warming the surface of Earth and its lower atmosphere. Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_UCAR-2012-87">[86]</a> The present atmospheric concentration of CO2 is the highest for 14 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_Ahmed-2023-88">[87]</a> Concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 ppm during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian period</a> about 500 million years ago, and as low as 180 ppm during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> of the last two million years.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_Eggleton-2013-80">[79]</a> Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO2 concentrations peaked at approximately 2,000 ppm. This peak happened during the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period (400 million years ago). Another peak occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period (220–200 million years ago).<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_carbon_budget_components.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Global_carbon_budget_components.png/300px-Global_carbon_budget_components.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Global_carbon_budget_components.png/450px-Global_carbon_budget_components.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Global_carbon_budget_components.png/600px-Global_carbon_budget_components.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2597" /></a><figcaption>Annual CO2 flows from anthropogenic sources (left) into Earth's atmosphere, land, and ocean sinks (right) since the 1960s. Units in equivalent gigatonnes carbon per year.<a href="#cite_note-gcb19-90">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceans">Oceans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ocean_acidification">Ocean acidification</h4></div> Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2CO3), bicarbonate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3), and carbonate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2−3). There is about fifty times as much carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans as exists in the atmosphere. The oceans act as an enormous <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>, and have taken up about a third of CO2 emitted by human activity.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_acidification&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> is the ongoing decrease in the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_role-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">Carbon dioxide emissions</a> from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels</a> exceeding 422 ppm (as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_dioxide&action=edit">[update]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> CO2 from the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2CO3) which <a href="/wiki/Dissociate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociate">dissociates</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicarbonate ion">bicarbonate ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3) and a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">hydrogen ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+). The presence of free hydrogen ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidity</a> (this does not mean that <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> is acidic yet; it is still <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a>, with a pH higher than 8). <a href="/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification" title="Marine biogenic calcification">Marine calcifying organisms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_raven05-94">[93]</a> A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean depth and location. Colder and higher latitude waters are capable of absorbing more CO2. This can cause acidity to rise, lowering the pH and carbonate saturation levels in these areas. There are several other factors that influence the atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchange, and thus local ocean acidification. These include <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> zones, proximity to large continental rivers, <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> coverage, and atmospheric exchange with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> burning and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_Jian2019-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg/300px-Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg/450px-Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg/600px-Pterapod_shell_dissolved_in_seawater_adjusted_to_an_ocean_chemistry_projected_for_the_year_2100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Pterapod shell dissolved in seawater adjusted to an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">ocean chemistry</a> projected for the year 2100</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Decreased_calcification_in_marine_organisms" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification § Decreased calcification in marine organisms</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_acidification&action=edit#Decreased_calcification_in_marine_organisms">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats. One of the most important repercussions of increasing ocean acidity relates to the production of shells out of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CaCO3).<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_raven05-94">[93]</a> This process is called calcification and is important to the biology and survival of a wide range of marine organisms. Calcification involves the <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a> of dissolved ions into solid <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CaCO3 structures, structures for many marine organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">coccolithophores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a>, etc. After they are formed, these <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CaCO3 structures are vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolution</a> unless the surrounding seawater contains <a href="/wiki/Saturated_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated solution">saturating</a> concentrations of carbonate ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO2−3). Very little of the extra carbon dioxide that is added into the ocean remains as dissolved carbon dioxide. The majority dissociates into additional bicarbonate and free hydrogen ions. The increase in hydrogen is larger than the increase in bicarbonate,<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_Mitchell-98">[97]</a> creating an imbalance in the reaction: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3 ⇌ CO2−3 + H+</dd></dl> To maintain chemical equilibrium, some of the carbonate ions already in the ocean combine with some of the hydrogen ions to make further bicarbonate. Thus the ocean's concentration of carbonate ions is reduced, removing an essential building block for marine organisms to build shells, or calcify: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ca2+ + CO2−3 ⇌ CaCO3</dd></dl></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydrothermal_vents">Hydrothermal vents</h4></div> Carbon dioxide is also introduced into the oceans through hydrothermal vents. The Champagne hydrothermal vent, found at the Northwest Eifuku volcano in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a>, produces almost pure liquid carbon dioxide, one of only two known sites in the world as of 2004, the other being in the <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Trough" title="Okinawa Trough">Okinawa Trough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The finding of a submarine lake of liquid carbon dioxide in the Okinawa Trough was reported in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> The burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> for energy produces 36.8 billion tonnes of CO2 per year as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Nearly all of this goes into the atmosphere, where approximately half is subsequently absorbed into natural <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Less than 1% of CO2 produced annually is put to commercial use.<a href="#cite_note-IEA-2019-3-19">[18]</a>: 3  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_processes">Biological processes</h3></div> Carbon dioxide is a by-product of the <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermentation</a> of sugar in the <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a> and in the production of <a href="/wiki/Bioethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethanol">bioethanol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a> metabolizes sugar to produce CO2 and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, also known as alcohol, as follows: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C6H12O6 → 2 CO2 + 2 CH3CH2OH</dd></dl> All <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">aerobic</a> organisms produce CO2 when they oxidize <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. The large number of reactions involved are exceedingly complex and not described easily. Refer to <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic respiration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. The equation for the respiration of glucose and other <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharides</a> is: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic organisms">Anaerobic organisms</a> decompose organic material producing methane and carbon dioxide together with traces of other compounds.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Regardless of the type of organic material, the production of gases follows well defined <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">kinetic pattern</a>. Carbon dioxide comprises about 40–45% of the gas that emanates from decomposition in landfills (termed "<a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">landfill gas</a>"). Most of the remaining 50–55% is methane.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combustion">Combustion</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Carbon-based_fuel" title="Carbon-based fuel">carbon-based fuels</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>), petroleum distillates (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>), coal, wood and generic organic matter produces carbon dioxide and, except in the case of pure carbon, water. As an example, the chemical reaction between methane and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> is reduced from its oxides with <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> and carbon dioxide:<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 3 CO2 + 2 Fe</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By-product_from_hydrogen_production">By-product from hydrogen production</h4></div> Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the industrial production of hydrogen by <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam reforming</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Water_gas_shift_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Water gas shift reaction">water gas shift reaction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">ammonia production</a>. These processes begin with the reaction of water and natural gas (mainly methane).<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermal_decomposition_of_limestone">Thermal decomposition of limestone</h4></div> It is produced by thermal decomposition of limestone, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CaCO3 by heating (<a href="/wiki/Calcining" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcining">calcining</a>) at about 850 °C (1,560 °F), in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">quicklime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a>, CaO), a compound that has many industrial uses: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CaCO3 → CaO + CO2</dd></dl> Acids liberate CO2 from most metal carbonates. Consequently, it may be obtained directly from natural carbon dioxide <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a>, where it is produced by the action of acidified water on <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>. The reaction between <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) is shown below: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2CO3</dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2CO3) then decomposes to water and CO2: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O</dd></dl> Such reactions are accompanied by foaming or bubbling, or both, as the gas is released. They have widespread uses in industry because they can be used to neutralize waste acid streams. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_uses">Commercial uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_use_in_2015_-_IEA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pie chart of commercial CO2 use. See caption for description." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CO2_use_in_2015_-_IEA.png/220px-CO2_use_in_2015_-_IEA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CO2_use_in_2015_-_IEA.png/330px-CO2_use_in_2015_-_IEA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CO2_use_in_2015_-_IEA.png/440px-CO2_use_in_2015_-_IEA.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>The biggest commercial uses of CO2 are in producing urea for fertilizer and in extracting oil from the ground. Beverages, food, metal fabrication, and other uses account for 3%, 3%, 2%, and 4% of commercial CO2 use, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></figcaption></figure> Around 230 Mt of CO2 are used each year,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> mostly in the fertiliser industry for urea production (130 million tonnes) and in the oil and gas industry for <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a> (70 to 80 million tonnes).<a href="#cite_note-IEA-2019-3-19">[18]</a>: 3  Other commercial applications include food and beverage production, metal fabrication, cooling, fire suppression and stimulating plant growth in greenhouses.<a href="#cite_note-IEA-2019-3-19">[18]</a>: 3  Technology exists to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">capture CO2 from industrial flue gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">from the air</a>. Research is ongoing on ways to use <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#CO2_utilization_in_products" title="Carbon capture and storage">captured CO2 in products</a> and some of these processes have been deployed commercially.<a href="#cite_note-Dziejarski-2023-109">[108]</a> However, the potential to use products is very small compared to the total volume of CO2 that could foreseeably be captured.<a href="#cite_note-IEA-2024-110">[109]</a> The vast majority of captured CO2 is considered a waste product and sequestered in underground geologic formations.<a href="#cite_note-Sekera-2020-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursor_to_chemicals">Precursor to chemicals</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ACarbon_dioxide&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+15+February+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Carbon+dioxide">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_dioxide&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (July 2014)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></div> In the chemical industry, carbon dioxide is mainly consumed as an ingredient in the production of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, with a smaller fraction being used to produce <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> and a range of other products.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Some carboxylic acid derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">sodium salicylate</a> are prepared using CO2 by the <a href="/wiki/Kolbe%E2%80%93Schmitt_reaction" title="Kolbe–Schmitt reaction">Kolbe–Schmitt reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Captured CO2 could be to produce <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electrofuel" title="Electrofuel">electrofuels</a>. To be carbon-neutral, the CO2 would need to come from bioenergy production or <a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">direct air capture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IEA-2020-114">[113]</a>: 21–24  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuel_recovery">Fossil fuel recovery</h3></div> Carbon dioxide is used in <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a> where it is injected into or adjacent to producing oil wells, usually under <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical</a> conditions, when it becomes <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">miscible</a> with the oil. This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by 7–23% additional to <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum#Primary_recovery" title="Extraction of petroleum">primary extraction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> It acts as both a pressurizing agent and, when dissolved into the underground <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, significantly reduces its viscosity, and changing surface chemistry enabling the oil to flow more rapidly through the reservoir to the removal well.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Most CO2 injected in CO2-EOR projects comes from naturally occurring underground CO2 deposits.<a href="#cite_note-IEA-2019-117">[116]</a> Some CO2 used in EOR is captured from industrial facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_processing" title="Natural-gas processing">natural gas processing plants</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture</a> technology and transported to the oilfield in pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-IEA-2019-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis. The atmospheres of greenhouses may (if of large size, must) be enriched with additional CO2 to sustain and increase the rate of plant growth.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as <a href="/wiki/Whiteflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiteflies">whiteflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spider_mite" title="Spider mite">spider mites</a> in a greenhouse.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Some plants respond more favorably to rising carbon dioxide concentrations than others, which can lead to vegetation regime shifts like <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foods">Foods</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soda_bubbles_macro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Soda_bubbles_macro.jpg/220px-Soda_bubbles_macro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Soda_bubbles_macro.jpg/330px-Soda_bubbles_macro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Soda_bubbles_macro.jpg/440px-Soda_bubbles_macro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Carbon dioxide bubbles in a soft drink</figcaption></figure> Carbon dioxide is a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> used as a propellant and acidity regulator in the food industry. It is approved for usage in the EU<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> (listed as <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E290), US,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Australia and New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> (listed by its <a href="/wiki/INS_number" class="mw-redirect" title="INS number">INS number</a> 290). A candy called <a href="/wiki/Pop_Rocks" title="Pop Rocks">Pop Rocks</a> is pressurized with carbon dioxide gas<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> at about 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a> (40 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>; 580 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>). When placed in the mouth, it dissolves (just like other hard candy) and releases the gas bubbles with an audible pop. <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">Leavening agents</a> cause dough to rise by producing carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast" title="Baker's yeast">Baker's yeast</a> produces carbon dioxide by fermentation of sugars within the dough, while chemical leaveners such as <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a> release carbon dioxide when heated or if exposed to <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beverages">Beverages</h4></div> Carbon dioxide is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonated</a> <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soda_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda water">soda water</a>. Traditionally, the carbonation of beer and sparkling wine came about through natural fermentation, but many manufacturers carbonate these drinks with carbon dioxide recovered from the fermentation process. In the case of bottled and kegged beer, the most common method used is carbonation with recycled carbon dioxide. With the exception of British <a href="/wiki/Cask_ale#Real_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask ale">real ale</a>, draught beer is usually transferred from kegs in a cold room or cellar to dispensing taps on the bar using pressurized carbon dioxide, sometimes mixed with nitrogen. The taste of soda water (and related taste sensations in other carbonated beverages) is an effect of the dissolved carbon dioxide rather than the bursting bubbles of the gas. <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_4" title="Carbonic anhydrase 4">Carbonic anhydrase 4</a> converts carbon dioxide to <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> leading to a <a href="/wiki/Sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour">sour</a> taste, and also the dissolved carbon dioxide induces a <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory">somatosensory</a> response.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Winemaking">Winemaking</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_ice_used_to_preserve_grapes_after_harvest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dry_ice_used_to_preserve_grapes_after_harvest.jpg/220px-Dry_ice_used_to_preserve_grapes_after_harvest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dry_ice_used_to_preserve_grapes_after_harvest.jpg/330px-Dry_ice_used_to_preserve_grapes_after_harvest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dry_ice_used_to_preserve_grapes_after_harvest.jpg/440px-Dry_ice_used_to_preserve_grapes_after_harvest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Dry ice used to preserve grapes after harvest</figcaption></figure> Carbon dioxide in the form of <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a> is often used during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_soak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold soak (page does not exist)">cold soak</a> phase in <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> to cool clusters of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> quickly after picking to help prevent spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> by wild <a href="/wiki/Yeast_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast (wine)">yeast</a>. The main advantage of using dry ice over water ice is that it cools the grapes without adding any additional water that might decrease the sugar concentration in the <a href="/wiki/Grape_must" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape must">grape must</a>, and thus the <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> concentration in the finished wine. Carbon dioxide is also used to create a hypoxic environment for <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">carbonic maceration</a>, the process used to produce <a href="/wiki/Beaujolais" title="Beaujolais">Beaujolais</a> wine. Carbon dioxide is sometimes used to top up wine bottles or other <a href="/wiki/Storage_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage (wine)">storage</a> vessels such as barrels to prevent oxidation, though it has the problem that it can dissolve into the wine, making a previously still wine slightly fizzy. For this reason, other gases such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> are preferred for this process by professional wine makers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stunning_animals">Stunning animals</h4></div> Carbon dioxide is often used to "stun" animals before slaughter.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> "Stunning" may be a misnomer, as the animals are not knocked out immediately and may suffer distress.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inert_gas">Inert gas</h3></div> Carbon dioxide is one of the most commonly used compressed gases for pneumatic (pressurized gas) systems in portable pressure tools. Carbon dioxide is also used as an atmosphere for <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, although in the welding arc, it reacts to <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidize</a> most metals. Use in the automotive industry is common despite significant evidence that welds made in carbon dioxide are more <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> than those made in more inert atmospheres.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> When used for <a href="/wiki/MIG_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="MIG welding">MIG welding</a>, CO2 use is sometimes referred to as MAG welding, for Metal Active Gas, as CO2 can react at these high temperatures. It tends to produce a hotter puddle than truly inert atmospheres, improving the flow characteristics. Although, this may be due to atmospheric reactions occurring at the puddle site. This is usually the opposite of the desired effect when welding, as it tends to embrittle the site, but may not be a problem for general mild steel welding, where ultimate ductility is not a major concern. Carbon dioxide is used in many consumer products that require pressurized gas because it is inexpensive and nonflammable, and because it undergoes a phase transition from gas to liquid at room temperature at an attainable pressure of approximately 60 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> (870 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>; 59 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a>), allowing far more carbon dioxide to fit in a given container than otherwise would. Life jackets often contain canisters of pressured carbon dioxide for quick inflation. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> capsules of CO2 are also sold as supplies of compressed gas for <a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">air guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paintball" title="Paintball">paintball</a> markers/guns, inflating bicycle tires, and for making <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">carbonated water</a>. High concentrations of carbon dioxide can also be used to kill pests. Liquid carbon dioxide is used in <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_drying" title="Supercritical drying">supercritical drying</a> of some food products and technological materials, in the preparation of specimens for <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron microscopy">scanning electron microscopy</a><a href="#cite_note-Nordestgaard-132">[131]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">decaffeination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">coffee beans</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_53023_Fire_Prevention_Week.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/US_Army_53023_Fire_Prevention_Week.jpg/220px-US_Army_53023_Fire_Prevention_Week.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/US_Army_53023_Fire_Prevention_Week.jpg/330px-US_Army_53023_Fire_Prevention_Week.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/US_Army_53023_Fire_Prevention_Week.jpg/440px-US_Army_53023_Fire_Prevention_Week.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Use of a CO2 fire extinguisher</figcaption></figure> Carbon dioxide can be used to extinguish flames by flooding the environment around the flame with the gas. It does not itself react to extinguish the flame, but starves the flame of oxygen by displacing it. Some <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher#Halons,_Halon-replacement_clean_agents_and_carbon_dioxide" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguishers</a>, especially those designed for <a href="/wiki/Electrical_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical fire">electrical fires</a>, contain liquid carbon dioxide under pressure. Carbon dioxide extinguishers work well on small flammable liquid and electrical fires, but not on ordinary combustible fires, because they do not cool the burning substances significantly, and when the carbon dioxide disperses, they can catch fire upon exposure to <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric oxygen">atmospheric oxygen</a>. They are mainly used in server rooms.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Carbon dioxide has also been widely used as an extinguishing agent in fixed fire-protection systems for local application of specific hazards and total flooding of a protected space.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> standards recognize carbon dioxide systems for fire protection of ship holds and engine rooms. Carbon dioxide-based fire-protection systems have been linked to several deaths, because it can cause suffocation in sufficiently high concentrations. A review of CO2 systems identified 51 incidents between 1975 and the date of the report (2000), causing 72 deaths and 145 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercritical_CO2_as_solvent">Supercritical CO2 as solvent</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">Supercritical carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></div> Liquid carbon dioxide is a good <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> for many <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> and is used to <a href="/wiki/Decaffeinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Decaffeinate">decaffeinate</a> <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tsotsas-136">[135]</a> Carbon dioxide has attracted attention in the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> and other chemical processing industries as a less toxic alternative to more traditional solvents such as <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">organochlorides</a>. It is also used by some <a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaners" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry cleaners">dry cleaners</a> for this reason. It is used in the preparation of some <a href="/wiki/Aerogel#Production" title="Aerogel">aerogels</a> because of the properties of supercritical carbon dioxide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_automotive_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable automotive air conditioning">Sustainable automotive air conditioning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg/440px-Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg/660px-Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg/880px-Comparison_carbon_dioxide_water_phase_diagrams.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the pressure–temperature phase diagrams of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) as a log-lin chart with phase transitions points at 1 atmosphere</figcaption></figure> Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerants</a>, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Solid carbon dioxide is always below −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) at regular atmospheric pressure, regardless of the air temperature. Liquid carbon dioxide (industry nomenclature R744 or R-744) was used as a refrigerant prior to the use of <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane" title="Dichlorodifluoromethane">dichlorodifluoromethane</a> (R12, a <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbon</a> (CFC) compound).<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> CO2 might enjoy a renaissance because one of the main substitutes to CFCs, <a href="/wiki/1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane">1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane</a> (<a href="/wiki/R134a" class="mw-redirect" title="R134a">R134a</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbon" title="Hydrofluorocarbon">hydrofluorocarbon</a> (HFC) compound) contributes to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> more than CO2 does. CO2 physical properties are highly favorable for cooling, refrigeration, and heating purposes, having a high volumetric cooling capacity. Due to the need to operate at pressures of up to 130 bars (1,900 psi; 13,000 kPa), CO2 systems require highly mechanically resistant reservoirs and components that have already been developed for mass production in many sectors. In automobile air conditioning, in more than 90% of all driving conditions for latitudes higher than 50°, CO2 (R744) operates more efficiently than systems using HFCs (e.g., R134a). Its environmental advantages (<a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">GWP</a> of 1, non-ozone depleting, non-toxic, non-flammable) could make it the future working fluid to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, and heat pump water heaters, among others. <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> has fielded CO2-based beverage coolers and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> is interested in CO2 refrigeration and heating technology.<a href="#cite_note-ccref1-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-usforces-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_uses">Minor uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_Dioxide_Laser_At_The_Laser_Effects_Test_Facility.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Carbon_Dioxide_Laser_At_The_Laser_Effects_Test_Facility.jpg/300px-Carbon_Dioxide_Laser_At_The_Laser_Effects_Test_Facility.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Carbon_Dioxide_Laser_At_The_Laser_Effects_Test_Facility.jpg/450px-Carbon_Dioxide_Laser_At_The_Laser_Effects_Test_Facility.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Carbon_Dioxide_Laser_At_The_Laser_Effects_Test_Facility.jpg/600px-Carbon_Dioxide_Laser_At_The_Laser_Effects_Test_Facility.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Carbon-dioxide_laser" title="Carbon-dioxide laser">carbon-dioxide laser</a></figcaption></figure> Carbon dioxide is the <a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">lasing medium</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Carbon-dioxide_laser" title="Carbon-dioxide laser">carbon-dioxide laser</a>, which is one of the earliest type of lasers. Carbon dioxide can be used as a means of controlling the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of swimming pools,<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> by continuously adding gas to the water, thus keeping the pH from rising. Among the advantages of this is the avoidance of handling (more hazardous) acids. Similarly, it is also used in the maintaining <a href="/wiki/Reef_aquarium" title="Reef aquarium">reef aquaria</a>, where it is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Calcium_reactor" title="Calcium reactor">calcium reactors</a> to temporarily lower the pH of water being passed over <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> in order to allow the calcium carbonate to dissolve into the water more freely, where it is used by some <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> to build their skeleton. Used as the primary coolant in the British <a href="/wiki/Advanced_gas-cooled_reactor" title="Advanced gas-cooled reactor">advanced gas-cooled reactor</a> for nuclear power generation. Carbon dioxide induction is commonly used for the euthanasia of laboratory research animals. Methods to administer CO2 include placing animals directly into a closed, prefilled chamber containing CO2, or exposure to a gradually increasing concentration of CO2. The <a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a>'s 2020 guidelines for carbon dioxide induction state that a displacement rate of 30–70% of the chamber or cage volume per minute is optimal for the humane euthanasia of small rodents.<a href="#cite_note-avma-141">[140]</a>: 5, 31  Percentages of CO2 vary for different species, based on identified optimal percentages to minimize distress.<a href="#cite_note-avma-141">[140]</a>: 22  Carbon dioxide is also used in several related <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_cleaning" title="Carbon dioxide cleaning">cleaning and surface-preparation</a> techniques. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon-dioxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carbon-dioxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png/170px-Carbon-dioxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carbon-dioxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png/255px-Carbon-dioxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carbon-dioxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png/340px-Carbon-dioxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Crystal structure of <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a></figcaption></figure> Carbon dioxide was the first gas to be described as a discrete substance. In about 1640,<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a> observed that when he burned <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting <a href="/wiki/Ash_(analytical_chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash (analytical chemistry)">ash</a> was much less than that of the original charcoal. His interpretation was that the rest of the charcoal had been transmuted into an invisible substance he termed a "gas" (from Greek "chaos") or "wild spirit" (spiritus sylvestris).<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> The properties of carbon dioxide were further studied in the 1750s by the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a>. He found that <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>) could be heated or treated with <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> to yield a gas he called "fixed air". He observed that the fixed air was denser than air and supported neither flame nor animal life. Black also found that when bubbled through <a href="/wiki/Limewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Limewater">limewater</a> (a saturated aqueous solution of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a>), it would <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a> calcium carbonate. He used this phenomenon to illustrate that carbon dioxide is produced by animal respiration and microbial fermentation. In 1772, English chemist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> published a paper entitled Impregnating Water with Fixed Air in which he described a process of dripping <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (or oil of vitriol as Priestley knew it) on chalk in order to produce carbon dioxide, and forcing the gas to dissolve by agitating a bowl of water in contact with the gas.<a href="#cite_note-Priestley-144">[143]</a> Carbon dioxide was first liquefied (at elevated pressures) in 1823 by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davy-145">[144]</a> The earliest description of solid carbon dioxide (<a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a>) was given by the French inventor <a href="/wiki/Adrien-Jean-Pierre_Thilorier" title="Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier">Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier</a>, who in 1835 opened a pressurized container of liquid carbon dioxide, only to find that the cooling produced by the rapid evaporation of the liquid yielded a "snow" of solid CO2.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Carbon dioxide in combination with nitrogen was known from earlier times as <a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">Blackdamp</a>, stythe or choke damp.<a href="#cite_note-148">[b]</a> Along with the other types of <a href="/wiki/Damp_(mining)" class="mw-redirect" title="Damp (mining)">damp</a> it was encountered in mining operations and well sinking. Slow oxidation of coal and biological processes replaced the oxygen to create a <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocating</a> mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas_test" title="Arterial blood gas test">Arterial blood gas test</a> – A test of blood taken from an artery that measures the amounts of certain dissolved gases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosch_reaction" title="Bosch reaction">Bosch reaction</a> – Process that is used to industrially create hydrogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> – Removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide through human activity (from the atmosphere)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Plass" title="Gilbert Plass">Gilbert Plass</a> – Canadian physicist (1920–2004) (early work on CO2 and climate change)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gases_Observing_Satellite" title="Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite">Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite</a> – Earth observation satellite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions">List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_carbon_efficient_power_stations" title="List of least carbon efficient power stations">List of least carbon efficient power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meromictic_lake" title="Meromictic lake">Meromictic lake</a> – Permanently stratified lake with layers of water that do not intermix</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Carbon_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2">Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2</a> – NASA climate satellite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_gas" title="Soil gas">Soil gas</a> – Gases in the air space between soil components</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> where "part" here means per <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Sometimes spelt "choak-damp" in 19th Century texts. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AirProductsMSDS-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AirProductsMSDS_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AirProductsMSDS_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729131131/http://www.airproducts.com/~/media/Files/PDF/company/product-summary-carbon-dioxide.pdf?la=en">"Carbon Dioxide"</a> (PDF). Air Products. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airproducts.com/~/media/Files/PDF/company/product-summary-carbon-dioxide.pdf?la=en">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 July 2020. 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Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Futurific+Leading+Indicators+Magazine&rft.pub=CRAES+LLC&rft.isbn=978-0-9847670-1-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0XeSJLflq90C%26q%3DPop%2BRocks%2Bis%2Bpressurized%2Bwith%2Bcarbon%2Bdioxide%2Bgas%26pg%3DPA7-IA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon+dioxide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay2015" class="citation book cs1">Vijay GP (25 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bmaCgAAQBAJ&q=Leavening+agents+cause+dough+to+rise+by+producing+carbon+dioxide&pg=PT29">Indian Breads: A Comprehensive Guide to Traditional and Innovative Indian Breads</a>. 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Retrieved 1 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Solidification+de+l%27Acide+carbonique&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Thilorier&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k29606%2Ff194.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon+dioxide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThilorier1836" class="citation journal cs1">Thilorier AJ (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GwqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446">"Solidification of carbonic acid"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+and+Edinburgh+Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Solidification+of+carbonic+acid&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E447&rft.date=1836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786443608648911&rft.aulast=Thilorier&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4GwqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbon+dioxide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldane1894" class="citation journal cs1">Haldane, John (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/115391">"Notes of an Enquiry into the Nature and Physiological Action of Black-Damp, as Met with in Podmore Colliery, Staffordshire, and Lilleshall Colliery, Shropshire"</a>. 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title="Boron">B</a>12O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">Carbon suboxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>3O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Chlorine perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloryl_perchlorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloryl perchlorate">Chloryl perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Cobalt(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_pentoxide" title="Dichlorine pentoxide">Dichlorine pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Iron(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II,IV)_oxide" title="Lead(II,IV) oxide">Lead(II,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide" title="Manganese(II,III) oxide">Manganese(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitic_anhydride" title="Mellitic anhydride">Mellitic anhydride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>12O9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide">Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>6O11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Silver(I,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(III,IV) oxide">Terbium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>4O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide">Tribromine octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>3O8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triuranium_octoxide" title="Triuranium octoxide">Triuranium octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>3O8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+1 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_oxide" title="Aluminium(I) oxide">Aluminium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">Copper(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_monoxide" title="Caesium monoxide">Caesium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_monoxide" title="Dibromine monoxide">Dibromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Dichlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Gallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine(I)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine(I) oxide">Iodine(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Lithium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Mercury(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">Potassium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_oxide" title="Rubidium oxide">Rubidium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide" title="Silver oxide">Silver oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_oxide" title="Thallium(I) oxide">Thallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Sodium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Water (hydrogen oxide)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>2O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+2 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">Barium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium monoxide">Berkelium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">Beryllium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monoxide" title="Boron monoxide">Boron monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine monoxide">Bromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">Calcium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_monoxide" title="Chlorine monoxide">Chlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_oxide" title="Chromium(II) oxide">Chromium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">Cobalt(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">Copper(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide" title="Dinitrogen dioxide">Dinitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_oxide" title="Europium(II) oxide">Europium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">Germanium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">Iodine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_oxide" title="Lead(II) oxide">Lead(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">Magnesium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">Manganese(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">Mercury(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide" title="Nickel(II) oxide">Nickel(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">Niobium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_oxide" title="Palladium(II) oxide">Palladium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_monoxide" title="Polonium monoxide">Polonium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_monoxide" title="Protactinium monoxide">Protactinium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_oxide" title="Radium oxide">Radium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_oxide" title="Strontium oxide">Strontium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dioxide" title="Disulfur dioxide">Disulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_monoxide" title="Thorium monoxide">Thorium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_oxide" title="Tin(II) oxide">Tin(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_oxide" title="Vanadium(II) oxide">Vanadium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(II)_oxide" title="Yttrium(II) oxide">Yttrium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium monoxide">Zirconium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+3 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_oxide" title="Actinium(III) oxide">Actinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Aluminium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Americium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Antimony trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">Arsenic trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_oxide" title="Berkelium(III) oxide">Berkelium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bismuth(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">Boron trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Caesium sesquioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxide" title="Californium(III) oxide">Californium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Cerium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Chromium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Cobalt(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">Dinitrogen trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dysprosium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_oxide" title="Einsteinium(III) oxide">Einsteinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Erbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Europium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_oxide" title="Gadolinium(III) oxide">Gadolinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Gallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Gold(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Holmium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">Indium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">Lanthanum oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lutetium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Manganese(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Neodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_oxide" title="Nickel(III) oxide">Nickel(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide" title="Phosphorus trioxide">Phosphorus trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>4O6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III) oxide">Praseodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_oxide" title="Promethium(III) oxide">Promethium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_oxide" title="Rhodium(III) oxide">Rhodium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_oxide" title="Samarium(III) oxide">Samarium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_oxide" title="Scandium oxide">Scandium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III)_oxide" title="Terbium(III) oxide">Terbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(III)_oxide" title="Thallium(III) oxide">Thallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_oxide" title="Thulium(III) oxide">Thulium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide" title="Titanium(III) oxide">Titanium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_oxide" title="Tungsten(III) oxide">Tungsten(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_oxide" title="Vanadium(III) oxide">Vanadium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">Ytterbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_oxide" title="Yttrium(III) oxide">Yttrium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>2O3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+4 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">Americium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(IV)_oxide" title="Berkelium(IV) oxide">Berkelium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">Bromine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium dioxide">Californium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>O2)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">Carbon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">Cerium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">Chlorine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Chromium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(IV)_oxide" title="Curium(IV) oxide">Curium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">Germanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_dioxide" title="Iodine dioxide">Iodine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium dioxide">Iridium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">Hafnium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">Lead dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">Manganese dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">Molybdenum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(IV)_oxide" title="Neptunium(IV) oxide">Neptunium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">Niobium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_dioxide" title="Osmium dioxide">Osmium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum dioxide">Platinum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide" title="Plutonium(IV) oxide">Plutonium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dioxide" title="Polonium dioxide">Polonium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(IV) oxide">Praseodymium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(IV)_oxide" title="Protactinium(IV) oxide">Protactinium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhenium(IV) oxide">Rhenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhodium(IV) oxide">Rhodium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_oxide" title="Ruthenium(IV) oxide">Ruthenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">Selenium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">Silicon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(IV)_oxide" title="Technetium(IV) oxide">Technetium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_dioxide" title="Tellurium dioxide">Tellurium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(IV) oxide">Terbium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_dioxide" title="Thorium dioxide">Thorium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_oxide" title="Tin(IV) oxide">Tin dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_oxide" title="Tungsten(IV) oxide">Tungsten(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">Uranium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(IV)_oxide" title="Vanadium(IV) oxide">Vanadium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+5 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentoxide" title="Antimony pentoxide">Antimony pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">Arsenic pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bismuth pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide" title="Niobium pentoxide">Niobium pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">Phosphorus pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(V)_oxide" title="Protactinium(V) oxide">Protactinium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_pentoxide" title="Tantalum pentoxide">Tantalum pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_pentoxide" title="Tungsten pentoxide">Tungsten pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">Vanadium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>2O5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+6 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">Chromium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">Molybdenum trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_trioxide" title="Polonium trioxide">Polonium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_trioxide" title="Rhenium trioxide">Rhenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_trioxide" title="Selenium trioxide">Selenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">Sulfur trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_trioxide" title="Tellurium trioxide">Tellurium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trioxide" title="Tungsten trioxide">Tungsten trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_trioxide" title="Uranium trioxide">Uranium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_trioxide" title="Xenon trioxide">Xenon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+7 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Dichlorine heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Manganese heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(VII)_oxide" title="Rhenium(VII) oxide">Rhenium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(VII)_oxide" title="Technetium(VII) oxide">Technetium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>2O7)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+8 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroxide" title="Iridium tetroxide">Iridium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">Ruthenium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">Xenon tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassium_tetroxide" title="Hassium tetroxide">Hassium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>O4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboxide" title="Suboxide">Suboxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">Oxyanion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonide" title="Ozonide">Ozonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">Peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">Superoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxypnictide" title="Oxypnictide">Oxypnictide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Oxides are sorted by <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Category:Oxides" title="Category:Oxides">Category:Oxides</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxocarbons77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides_of_carbon" title="Template:Oxides of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxides_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Oxides of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxocarbons77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxocarbons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common oxides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CO2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exotic oxides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetroxide" title="Carbon tetroxide">CO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pentoxide" title="Carbon pentoxide">CO5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_hexoxide" title="Carbon hexoxide">CO6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">C2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_dione" title="Ethylene dione">C2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalic_anhydride" title="Oxalic anhydride">C2O3</a></li> <li>C2O4 (<a href="/wiki/1,2-Dioxetanedione" title="1,2-Dioxetanedione">1,2-Dioxetanedione</a> and <a href="/wiki/1,3-Dioxetanedione" title="1,3-Dioxetanedione">1,3-Dioxetanedione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">C3O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C3O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropanetrione" title="Cyclopropanetrione">C3O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3,5-Trioxanetrione" title="1,3,5-Trioxanetrione">C3O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarbon_dioxide" title="Tetracarbon dioxide">C4O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobutanetetrone" title="Cyclobutanetetrone">C4O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxane_tetraketone" title="Dioxane tetraketone">C4O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentacarbon_dioxide" title="Pentacarbon dioxide">C5O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentanepentone" title="Cyclopentanepentone">C5O5</a></li> <li>C6O6 (<a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanehexone" title="Cyclohexanehexone">Cyclohexanehexone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethylenetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" title="Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride">Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone_biscarbonate" title="Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone biscarbonate">C8O8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexahydroxybenzene_triscarbonate" title="Hexahydroxybenzene triscarbonate">C9O9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" title="Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic dianhydride">C10O8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone_bisoxalate" title="Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone bisoxalate">C10O10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaoxotricyclobutabenzene" title="Hexaoxotricyclobutabenzene">C12O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitic_anhydride" title="Mellitic anhydride">C12O9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexahydroxybenzene_trisoxalate" title="Hexahydroxybenzene trisoxalate">C12O12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polymers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_oxide" title="Graphite oxide">Graphite oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymeric_carbon_suboxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymeric carbon suboxide (page does not exist)">C3O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonyl" title="Polycarbonyl">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymeric_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymeric carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">CO2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds derived from oxides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">Metal carbonyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">Carbonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate_(functional_group)" title="Polycarbonate (functional group)">Polycarbonates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dicarbonate" title="Dicarbonate">Dicarbonates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tricarbonate" title="Tricarbonate">Tricarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxydicarbonate" title="Peroxydicarbonate">Peroxydicarbonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon_and_related_ions134" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon_and_related_ions134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">Inorganic compounds of</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and related ions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monofluoride" title="Carbon monofluoride">CF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">CO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetroxide" title="Carbon tetroxide">CO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pentoxide" title="Carbon pentoxide">CO5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_hexoxide" title="Carbon hexoxide">CO6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenedithione" title="Ethenedithione">C2S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">CS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_diselenide" title="Carbon diselenide">CSe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C3O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_subsulfide" title="Carbon subsulfide">C3S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">SiC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon ions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">Carbides</a> [:C≡C:]2−, [::C::]4−, [:C=C=C:]4−</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a> [:C≡N:]−</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">Cyanate</a> [:O−C≡N:]−</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">Thiocyanate</a> [:S−C≡N:]−</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminate" title="Fulminate">Fulminate</a> [:C≡N−O:]−</li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27110079" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q27110079">Thiofulminate</a> [:C≡N−S:]−</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nanostructures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_intercalation_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite intercalation compounds">Graphite intercalation compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulleride" title="Fulleride">Fullerides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxides and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nitride" title="Carbon nitride">Nitrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">Metal carbonyls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">Carbonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change567" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multi-breadbasket failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_cyanide" title="Iron(II) cyanide">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2H+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten atoms or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70 fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a> molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2D+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H2NCO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/16px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/24px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/16px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/32px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxygen_compounds20" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template talk:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxygen_compounds20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compounds" title="Oxygen compounds">Oxygen compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Ag4O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Al2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">AmO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Am2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">As2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">As2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Au2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">B2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">BaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">BeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bi2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth_tetroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuth tetroxide (page does not exist)">BiO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bi2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">BrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_trioxide" title="Dibromine trioxide">Br2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_pentoxide" title="Dibromine pentoxide">Br2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide">Br 3O 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C3O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_peroxide" title="Calcium peroxide">CaO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">CdO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">CeO2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium(III,IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium(III,IV) oxide (page does not exist)">Ce3O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Ce2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">ClO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Cl2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_peroxide" title="Chlorine peroxide">Cl2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_trioxide" title="Dichlorine trioxide">Cl2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Cl2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_hexoxide" title="Dichlorine hexoxide">Cl2O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Cl2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">CoO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Co2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Co3O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">CrO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Cr2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Cr2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromic_chromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromic chromate (page does not exist)">Cr5O12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_superoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium superoxide">CsO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Cs2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">CuO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dy2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Er2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Eu2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">FeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Fe2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Fe3O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Ga2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Ga2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">GeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">GeO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">2H2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">3H2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">H218O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">H2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">HfO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">HgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Hg2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Ho2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine tetroxide">I2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_pentoxide" title="Iodine pentoxide">I2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine_hexoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodine hexoxide (page does not exist)">I2O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraiodine_nonoxide" title="Tetraiodine nonoxide">I4O9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">In2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(IV)_oxide" title="Iridium(IV) oxide">IrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">KO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxide" title="Potassium peroxide">K2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">La2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Li2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_peroxide" title="Lithium peroxide">Li2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lu2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_peroxide" title="Magnesium peroxide">Mg2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">MnO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">MnO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Mn2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Mn2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">MoO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">MoO3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(III)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(III) oxide (page does not exist)">Mo2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen trioxide">N2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">N2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">N2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">NaO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">Na2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">NbO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">NbO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Nd2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_monofluoride" title="Dioxygen monofluoride">O2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_monofluoride" title="Oxygen monofluoride">OF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_difluoride" title="Oxygen difluoride">OF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride" title="Dioxygen difluoride">O2F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxygen_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioxygen difluoride">O3F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen_difluoride" title="Tetraoxygen difluoride">O4F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxygen_difluoride" title="Pentaoxygen difluoride">O5F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaoxygen_difluoride" title="Hexaoxygen difluoride">O6F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxygenyl_hexafluoroplatinate" title="Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate">O2PtF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides" title="Template:Oxides">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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