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href="#Fumarolic_and_geothermal_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Fumarolic and geothermal activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fumarolic_and_geothermal_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_and_vegetation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_vegetation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Climate and vegetation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_vegetation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جبل تفتان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل تفتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تفتان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تفتان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тафтан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тафтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тафтан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тафтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABh-e_Taft%C4%81n" title="Kūh-e Taftān – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kūh-e Taftān" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftan" title="Taftan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Taftan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftan_(Vulkan)" title="Taftan (Vulkan) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taftan (Vulkan)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuh-i-Taft%C3%A1n" title="Kuh-i-Taftán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kuh-i-Taftán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftan_(vulkano)" title="Taftan (vulkano) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taftan (vulkano)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوه تفتان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه تفتان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftan" title="Taftan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taftan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftan" title="Taftan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Taftan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тефтан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тефтан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="തഫ്താൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തഫ്താൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تفتان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تفتان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تفتان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تفتان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E5%B1%B1" title="タフターン山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タフターン山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%81_%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوہ تفقان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوہ تفقان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftan" title="Taftan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taftan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тефтан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тефтан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAh-e_Taft%C3%A1n" title="Kúh-e Taftán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kúh-e Taftán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftan" title="Taftan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Taftan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABh-e_Taft%C4%81n" title="Kūh-e Taftān – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kūh-e Taftān" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тефтан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тефтан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%81_%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوہ تفقان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوہ تفقان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%9D%A6%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="塔夫坦火山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔夫坦火山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taftan_(volcano)&params=28_36_00_N_61_07_57_E_type:mountain_scale:100000">28°36′00″N 61°07′57″E / 28.60000°N 61.13250°E / 28.60000; 61.13250</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Volcano mountain in Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Taftan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Koh-i-Taftan ("Mountain of Taftan"),<a href="#cite_note-McMahon2009-1">[1]</a> The Boiling Mountain,<a href="#cite_note-Sykes1914-2">[2]</a> Ziyārat.<a href="#cite_note-HaftlangLang2003-3">[3]</a> Koh-i-Chehaltan ("Mountain of the Forty Beings"<a href="#cite_note-Sykes1897-4">[4]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-McMahon1897-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Taftan_Volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Taftan_Volcano.jpg/272px-Taftan_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Taftan_Volcano.jpg/408px-Taftan_Volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Taftan_Volcano.jpg/544px-Taftan_Volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,941 m (12,930 ft)<a href="#cite_note-peaklist-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,901 m (9,518 ft)<a href="#cite_note-peaklist-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">Ranked 109th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra prominent peak">Ultra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taftan_(volcano)&params=28_36_00_N_61_07_57_E_type:mountain_scale:100000">28°36′00″N 61°07′57″E / 28.60000°N 61.13250°E / 28.60000; 61.13250</a><a href="#cite_note-peaklist-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English translation</th><td class="infobox-data">The place of heat<a href="#cite_note-Cooper2014-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taftan is located in Iran"><img alt="Taftan is located in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1071" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.548%;left:86.012%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="Taftan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div>Taftan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Iran</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan">Sistan and Baluchestan</a>, Iran.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Uncertain</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taftan_shelter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Taftan_shelter.jpg/220px-Taftan_shelter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Taftan_shelter.jpg/330px-Taftan_shelter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Taftan_shelter.jpg/440px-Taftan_shelter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Shelter on Taftan</figcaption></figure> Taftan (<a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>: تپتان, Taptân, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: تفتان, Taftân, in <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> for "blistering, smoldering, fuming") is an <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> in south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan">Sistan and Baluchestan</a> province. With variable heights reported, all around 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea level, it is the highest mountain in south-eastern Iran. The nearest city is <a href="/wiki/Khash_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khash (city)">Khash</a>. Taftan has two main summits, Narkuh and Madehkuh, and various heights have been reported for both summits. The northwestern Narkuh has two <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">craters</a> and is the older of the two summits. The southeastern Madehkuh summit is surrounded by fresh-looking <a href="/wiki/Lava_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flows">lava flows</a> and has at least three craters. The principal rock at Taftan is <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>. Reports of historical volcanic activity are unclear and the youngest <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric</a> dates are 6,950 ± 20 years before present. Currently, the volcano features vigorous <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumarolic</a> activity that is visible from a great distance and involves numerous vents on Materkuh. Taftan appears to be part of a <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_activity" title="Geothermal activity">geothermal area</a>; there are a number of <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> around the volcano. Taftan is part of a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a> in Iran, together with <a href="/wiki/Bazman" title="Bazman">Bazman</a>, also in Iran, and <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Sultan" title="Koh-i-Sultan">Koh-i-Sultan</a> in Pakistan. This volcanic arc has formed on <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>-<a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> sedimentary layers and has resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic plate">oceanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a> beneath Iran at the <a href="/wiki/Makran_Trench" title="Makran Trench">Makran trench</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taftan_(volcano)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and geology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taftan_in_Iran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taftan_in_Iran.png/290px-Taftan_in_Iran.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taftan_in_Iran.png/435px-Taftan_in_Iran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taftan_in_Iran.png/580px-Taftan_in_Iran.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Taftan in Iran</figcaption></figure> Taftan is in Iran's <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Balochistan province</a>. Closest cities are <a href="/wiki/Khash,_Iran" title="Khash, Iran">Khash</a> 45 kilometres (28 mi) south and <a href="/wiki/Zahedan" title="Zahedan">Zahedan</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 kilometres (62 mi) north north-west.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2009-9">[9]</a> In 1844, Abdul-Nabi reported of the existence of the mountain, as well as its volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Reclus1906-10">[10]</a> In 1971, it was reported that some <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Beluch</a> tribes camp on Taftan's slopes outside of winter.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser320-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_setting">Regional setting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taftan_(volcano)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regional setting">edit</a>]</div> Volcanic activity has occurred in parts of Iran since the Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser321-12">[12]</a> During the Eocene and <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epochs</a>, volcanic activity reached its maximum, with thick <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> layers being deposited in central Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a> mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser322-13">[13]</a> The area around Taftan volcano belongs to a <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> zone which is variously referred to as the Sistan suture or the Zabul-Baloch zone. There, after a previous episode of <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a> and subsequent formation of an ocean, the Neh and Lut tectonic blocks collided during the Eocene epoch after a subduction episode that commenced in the <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a> age.<a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi44-14">[14]</a> Volcanic activity at Taftan itself appears to relate to the subduction of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a> beneath the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Iran_Plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Iran Plate (page does not exist)">Central Iran Plate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi44-14">[14]</a> occurring at a pace of 2.5–3.0 centimetres per year (0.98–1.18 in/year)<a href="#cite_note-Richards5-15">[15]</a> or 3.5–4.2 centimetres per year (1.4–1.7 in/year) at the Makran trench.<a href="#cite_note-PerelloRazique2008-16">[16]</a> This subduction is also responsible for volcanism at Bazman in Iran and Koh-i-Sultan in Pakistan;<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shakeri830-17">[17]</a> this chain is known as the Baluchistan volcanic arc.<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-PerelloRazique2008-16">[16]</a> The volcanism appears to not align with pre-existent structural trends in the basement.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser322-13">[13]</a> This subduction has also created an <a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">accretionary wedge</a> that forms the <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Saadat608-18">[18]</a> The convergence of the two blocks continued even after their collision, generating <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">strike-slip faults</a>. The Saravan fault east of Taftan is one such fault;<a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi44-14">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/2013_Saravan_earthquake" title="2013 Saravan earthquake">2013 Saravan earthquake</a> occurred on this fault.<a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi43-19">[19]</a> From some of these faults it has been inferred that the mass load from the Taftan edifice has measurable effects on tectonic <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stress</a> within the region.<a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi5-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_setting">Local setting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taftan_(volcano)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Local setting">edit</a>]</div> Taftan is the highest mountain in southeast Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper2014-7">[7]</a> The topography is overall steep.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri50-21">[21]</a> Deep valleys with U and V shapes have developed on Taftan, and the volcano has a strongly eroded appearance.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri830-17">[17]</a> One of these valleys, <a href="/wiki/Tamin" title="Tamin">Tamindan</a>, may be the Damindan valley in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> religious texts.<a href="#cite_note-Skrine322-22">[22]</a> One series of <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrites</a> surrounding Taftan which reaches thicknesses of 50 metres (160 ft) and reaches distances of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the edifice<a href="#cite_note-Richards7-23">[23]</a> may be 2 million years old.<a href="#cite_note-SaadatStern2010-24">[24]</a> The basement of Taftan is formed by various <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, along with some <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> volcanic rocks and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">metamorphic</a> rocks. At Taftan, the Nehbandan-Khash <a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">flysch</a> borders the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makran_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makran zone (page does not exist)">Makran zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2009-9">[9]</a> The oldest rocks are <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> from the Cretaceous period.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri830-17">[17]</a> The crust beneath Taftan is approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) thick.<a href="#cite_note-Saadat617-25">[25]</a> The main edifice is constructed on top of the Eocene flysch,<a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi44-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards6-26">[26]</a> although some Cretaceous sediments are also part of the basement.<a href="#cite_note-Richards6-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gansser324-27">[27]</a> Much of these rocks is coloured pink by <a href="/wiki/Haematite" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematite">haematite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban810-28">[28]</a> The 19 mya old Mirabad <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">pluton</a> may be associated with Taftan;<a href="#cite_note-KwanSun2014-29">[29]</a> it could be the remnant of a Miocene volcano.<a href="#cite_note-PangChung2014-30">[30]</a> Volcanic rocks of <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> age are widespread in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban809-31">[31]</a> Taftan is a volcano with several summits; the highest two are separated by a saddle and are named Narkuh or Narkooh and Materkuh or Madekooh,<a href="#cite_note-HaftlangLang2003-3">[3]</a> which are 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) apart.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser325-32">[32]</a> Narkuh is 4,100 metres (13,500 ft) high and Materkuh 3,950 metres (12,960 ft).<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2008-33">[33]</a> There are different heights reported for the summits, some of them placing Materkuh as the higher of the two:<a href="#cite_note-HaftlangLang2003-3">[3]</a> for example more recent Iranian maps cited in 2004 show Narkuh with a height of 3,840 metres (12,600 ft) and Materkuh with a height of 3,940 metres (12,930 ft), while Gansser in 1964 indicated a summit height of 4,050 metres (13,290 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Richards3-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wunderman2004-34">[34]</a> Another report from 1931 claimed a summit height of 3,973 metres (13,034 ft),<a href="#cite_note-Skrine321-35">[35]</a> a report in 1976 stated 4,032 metres (13,228 ft),<a href="#cite_note-ShearmanWalker1976-36">[36]</a> and a map in 2004 claimed a measurement of 4,061 metres (13,323 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban46-37">[37]</a> These summits rise 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above the surrounding plains.<a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi44-14">[14]</a> Narkuh has two craters, the northern of which is lower and is the source of more lava flows than the southern.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser325-32">[32]</a> The northwest Narkuh cone from the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> age is highly eroded, while the southeastern Materkuh cone has fresh appearing <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flows</a> and displays <a href="/wiki/Solfatara" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfatara">solfataric</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-HaftlangLang2003-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shakeri830-17">[17]</a> Materkuh has three principal craters,<a href="#cite_note-Gansser326-38">[38]</a> although the eastern side of the eastern crater has also been affected by erosion.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser325-32">[32]</a> Alternatively, an explosive eruption removed the eastern side and generated a steep ravine. The northern crater has been the source of lava flows, some of which are well preserved and reach lengths of 12 kilometres (7.5 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Gansser326-38">[38]</a> In general, thick andesitic lava flows cover Materkuh.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian357-39">[39]</a> In 1893 and 1914, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sykes" title="Percy Sykes">Percy Sykes</a> described a summit plateau with a surface of 370 metres (400 yd), at the side of which lay the two summits Ziaret Kuh ("Hill of Sacrifice", where pilgrims sacrificed goats) and Madar Kuh ("Mother Hill", containing fumaroles according to the 1893 report).<a href="#cite_note-Sykes1914-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-McMahon1897-5">[5]</a> Fumarolic alteration of the summit area has generated sulfur and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> deposits which resemble snowcap.<a href="#cite_note-Wunderman2004-34">[34]</a> One report in 1893 indicated that the summit area of the volcano was covered with ash from 3,400 metres (11,000 ft) upwards.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon1897-5">[5]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taftan Summit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg/294px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg/441px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg/588px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Taftan Summit, <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> The bulk of the volcano is formed by lava flows, along with <a href="/wiki/Volcaniclastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcaniclastic">volcaniclastic</a> rocks,<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2009-9">[9]</a> with dacites and pyroclastics lying on top of the Cretaceous-Eocene basement.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban45-40">[40]</a> These loose rocks formed by erosion, explosive activity and hot avalanches and are deposited in a large apron at the base of the volcano that extends over 30 kilometres (19 mi) away from the central vents.<a href="#cite_note-ShearmanWalker1976-36">[36]</a> Several fans of pyroclastic material, cemented by andesitic <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuffs</a>, surround the base of Taftan.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser328-41">[41]</a> Ignimbrites and <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> are also present, including <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuee_ardente" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuee ardente">nuee ardentes</a> and tuffs.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2008-33">[33]</a> Volcanic rocks cover a surface of 1,050 square kilometres (410 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Gansser324-27">[27]</a> There is also evidence of southeastern migration of the craters of Taftan, with Anjerk and Sardarya being more westerly vents.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian368-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards3-8">[8]</a> These preceding centres have left andesitic lava flows that are partially dissected and <a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">agglomerates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser325-32">[32]</a> The existence of a <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> at Taftan has been inferred.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban810-28">[28]</a> The table mountain Takht-i-Rostam 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Taftan may be the remnant of a basalt extrusion, but it doesn't appear to be related to Taftan.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser329-43">[43]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chamber</a> may lie beneath the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri835-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taftan_(volcano)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> Taftan has erupted lavas ranging from <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesite</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a>. The dominant rock is andesite, with <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO 2</a> content ranging from 49.8 to 63.5%.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian360-45">[45]</a> Grey andesites form the youngest rocks on the main summit and contain <a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">chlorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a> <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> inclusions.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser328-41">[41]</a> The andesites are vesicular.<a href="#cite_note-Reclus1906-10">[10]</a> The magma of Taftan volcano is very oxidized, as can be inferred from the composition of the surrounding ignimbrite and fumarole gases.<a href="#cite_note-MokhtariAhmadi2012-46">[46]</a> The lavas of Taftan are porphyritic. Mineral components include biotite, <a href="/wiki/Clinopyroxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinopyroxene">clinopyroxene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornblende" title="Hornblende">hornblende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopyroxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopyroxene">orthopyroxene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>. Other components are <a href="/wiki/Chalcopyrite" title="Chalcopyrite">chalcopyrite</a>, haematite, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri830-17">[17]</a> Complex <a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">phenocryst</a> assemblages found in a sample indicate that the magma formation is a complex process.<a href="#cite_note-Wunderman2004-34">[34]</a> Taftan rocks overall are <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Calc-alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Calc-alkaline">calc-alkaline</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Richards4-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2008-33">[33]</a> of sub–alkaline affinity.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian360-45">[45]</a> The magma that formed these rocks was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">crystal fractionation</a> and mixing processes.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2008-33">[33]</a> Its composition has characteristics of volcanic arc magmas.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2015-48">[48]</a> Crustal materials were involved in the formation of the magma,<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri830-17">[17]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> isotope data indicating crustal assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-Saadat617-25">[25]</a> Fumarolic activity affects surrounding rocks and pyroclastics.<a href="#cite_note-MokhtariAhmadi2012-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>, and white covers of possibly <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum sulfate">aluminum sulfate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> have been formed. <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">Gypsum</a> formed from the sulfur of the volcano is found in the form of crystals in the upper valleys of Taftan. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sinter" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/sinter">Sinter</a> and hydrothermally altered rocks are found farther down.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban48-49">[49]</a> Minerals formed by alteration processes include <a href="/wiki/Alunite" title="Alunite">alunite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarosite" title="Jarosite">jarosite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">pyrophyllite</a>, quartz, <a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">smectite</a>, sulfur and <a href="/wiki/Tridymite" title="Tridymite">tridymite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban52-50">[50]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Epithermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithermal">epithermal</a> mineralizations have been identified around Taftan.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2015-48">[48]</a> Other secondary factors at Taftan include <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2008-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eruptive_history">Eruptive history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taftan_(volcano)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eruptive history">edit</a>]</div> About five different active eruption periods have been discovered at Taftan volcano.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2009-9">[9]</a> Activity first involved lava and pyroclastics of dacitic to <a href="/wiki/Rhyodacitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyodacitic">rhyodacitic</a> composition. Later, upper <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> lavas were erupted along with agglomerates. These can be found up to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away from the cone.<a href="#cite_note-Sadeghi44-14">[14]</a> Three phases have been dated at 6.95 ± 0.72, 6.01 ± 0.15 and 0.71 ± 0.03 million years ago;<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian2008-33">[33]</a> an even older phase west-northwest of the current volcano occurred 8 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Richards6-26">[26]</a> while a <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> ignimbrite has produced an age of 404,000 ± 82,000 years before present.<a href="#cite_note-Richards11-51">[51]</a> The youngest dates have been obtained on lava flows and indicate ages of 6,950 ± 20 years ago, by <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KhaiatzadehAbbasnejadRanjbar7-52">[52]</a> Research published in 1897 indicated the absence of very fresh lava flows but the authors inferred from the fresh ash that volcanic activity had occurred during the present geological epoch.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon1897-5">[5]</a> That the name "Taftan" may be derived from an ancient Iranian word "taft" for "semi solid liquid material" could indicate that <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive activity</a> was witnessed by the people of that time period around the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser321-12">[12]</a> It is not certain that there were any <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> eruptions at Taftan, as clear evidence of such activity is missing.<a href="#cite_note-GVP-53">[53]</a> Eruptions are recorded in 1902, 1970 and 1993. A report of smoke emission in 1877 may have confused <a href="/wiki/Clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Clouds">clouds</a> for volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Reclus1906-10">[10]</a> In 1914, the volcano was described to be "belching out clouds of smoke",<a href="#cite_note-Sykes1914-2">[2]</a> although a report in 1971 indicated the absence of historical activity.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser329-43">[43]</a> These eruptions were accompanied by earthquake activity.<a href="#cite_note-RezaeinahalZare2014-54">[54]</a> During the eruption of 1902, heavy smoke and a night time glow on the volcano were observed.<a href="#cite_note-GVP-53">[53]</a> The eruption in 1993 involved a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60 metres (200 ft) long lava flow,<a href="#cite_note-Venzke1993-55">[55]</a> but it may have been a flow of molten sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri830-17">[17]</a> The volcano is currently classified as a <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant volcano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian357-39">[39]</a> Satellite imagery indicates, however, that <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(volcanology)" title="Deformation (volcanology)">ground deformation</a> occurs at Taftan.<a href="#cite_note-Shirzaei2012-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShirmohammadiPirasteh2024-57">[57]</a> Unofficial volcano hazard maps have been developed.<a href="#cite_note-KhaiatzadehAbbasnejadRanjbar8-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fumarolic_and_geothermal_activity">Fumarolic and geothermal activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taftan_(volcano)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fumarolic and geothermal activity">edit</a>]</div> Taftan displays vigorous <a href="/wiki/Fumarolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumarolic">fumarolic</a> activity, with high temperature vents found around the crater.<a href="#cite_note-MokhtariAhmadi2012-46">[46]</a> Fumaroles are found chiefly in the eastern and at the edge of the western crater, with minor fumaroles within the western crater, along some minor craters and along the major lava flow.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser326-38">[38]</a> These gas exhalations are known as "Dood" by local peoples and they appear as yellow-white clouds with a strong smell. The vents they come from have the shape of fissures, cracks and crevices.<a href="#cite_note-HaftlangLang2003-3">[3]</a> The larger fumaroles can reach diameters of 1 metre (3 ft 3 in).<a href="#cite_note-Gansser328-41">[41]</a> The occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_explosion" title="Hydrothermal explosion">hydrothermal explosions</a> has been inferred from the presence of <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> made up by volcanic rocks.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban810-28">[28]</a> Reportedly in 1897 the smell of the fumaroles was so strong as to be unbearable when one was close to the vents.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon1897-5">[5]</a> One report mentioned in a magazine of 1899 indicated the presence of seven steam vents at an altitude of 3,700 metres (12,000 ft), produced audible noise. Their steam plumes were visible at distances of 16–24 kilometres (10–15 mi);<a href="#cite_note-McMahon2009-1">[1]</a> later reporting indicated visibility to distances of 100 kilometres (62 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Gansser320-11">[11]</a> Another report in 1999 found a 1.5 by 5 metres (4 ft 11 in × 16 ft 5 in) solfatara surrounded by clay and sulfur deposits that looked like a snowcap.<a href="#cite_note-Wunderman1999-59">[59]</a> A fumarole field was described on the west side of the southeast cone, the venting clearly visible from a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_hut" title="Mountain hut">refuge</a> farther down the mountain and covering a surface area of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 square metres (110 sq ft).<a href="#cite_note-Wunderman2004-34">[34]</a> The name "Taftan" is derived from these exhalations, which make the mountain appear to be burning.<a href="#cite_note-HaftlangLang2003-3">[3]</a> The overall gas composition found at Taftan includes <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H 2S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">SO 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HaftlangLang2003-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> is present in high quantities in fumarolic gases, which also contain <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>. These gases are hence extremely acidic.<a href="#cite_note-MokhtariAhmadi2012-46">[46]</a> The fumaroles have altered rocks, forming highly colourful exposures especially on Taftan's eastern flank.<a href="#cite_note-Gansser328-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">Ammonium chloride</a> (salmiak) and sulfur has been collected around fumaroles.<a href="#cite_note-McMahon2009-1">[1]</a> The thick sulfur layers on the southeastern summit were formerly extracted for use in Iran and Pakistan. Sulfur and sulfate deposits are also found lower on the volcano, from hot springs around Gooshe, at Sangān and Torshāb.<a href="#cite_note-HaftlangLang2003-3">[3]</a> Hot springs are also found at Taftan, especially at over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) altitude.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri50-21">[21]</a> An analysis of five springs in May 2012 indicated temperatures of 11–56 °C (52–133 °F) and flow rates of 0.5–11 litres per second (0.018–0.388 cu ft/s).<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri51-60">[60]</a> The waters are very acidic due to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">H 2SO 4</a> from magmatic gases,<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri56-61">[61]</a> including the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H 2S</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban809-31">[31]</a> The hot waters around Taftan contain large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MokhtariAhmadi2012-46">[46]</a> probably because the hydrothermal system of Taftan is young and receives input of host rocks containing <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri833-62">[62]</a> They are influenced by the fumarolic gases,<a href="#cite_note-MokhtariAhmadi2012-46">[46]</a> as well as by volcanic rock composition. Some of the water in the area is juvenile,<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian20092-63">[63]</a> with magmatic water forming up to 20% of the water.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri835-44">[44]</a> Temperatures in the hydrothermal system are estimated to be between 104–210 °C (219–410 °F) and 75–185 °C (167–365 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri834-64">[64]</a> The composition of the water in various springs around Taftan varies in terms of elemental composition, probably reflecting the mixing between volcanic and meteoric waters and interaction with host rocks and <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri831-65">[65]</a> The geothermal area of Taftan is among the largest in the Makran zone of Iran;<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri49-66">[66]</a> it covers a surface area of 4,310 square kilometres (1,660 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-YousefiEhara2007-67">[67]</a> Other geothermal manifestations in southeastern Iran have been found at Bazman.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban810-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mud_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud pool">Mud pools</a> are also found at Taftan.<a href="#cite_note-YousefiNoorollahi2010-68">[68]</a> Probably due to decreased precipitation, before 2002 a trend to increased steam and decreased water release has been observed, especially in the upper part of the geothermal system.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban811-69">[69]</a> Hot springs and other geothermal manifestations are widespread in Iran and using them to gain geothermal energy has been studied; according to a report of 2002 hot springs at that time were mainly used for therapeutic purposes and bathing.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban809-31">[31]</a> A report in 2002 indicated that Taftan may be a feasible place to install a <a href="/wiki/Binary_cycle" title="Binary cycle">binary cycle</a> power plant.<a href="#cite_note-Ghazban814-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_vegetation">Climate and vegetation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taftan_(volcano)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate and vegetation">edit</a>]</div> The climate at Taftan features cold winters accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Snowfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowfall">snowfall</a> when temperatures drop below freezing between December and February, and hot summers with temperatures during July and August exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri830-17">[17]</a> Taftan is located in an <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> locale but has more precipitation than the surrounding area, thus providing water to the surrounding terrain.<a href="#cite_note-BiabangardMoradian20092-63">[63]</a> Average precipitation is 150 millimetres (5.9 in) per year.<a href="#cite_note-Shakeri50-21">[21]</a> Owing to the height of the mountain, there are distinct vegetation belts at Taftan. The lowlands around the mountain are covered with <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(plant)" title="Artemisia (plant)">Artemisia</a> steppe and occasional <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrubland</a>. Open <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">scrubs</a> occur in a higher altitude belt of 1,800–2,500 metres (5,900–8,200 ft) where the terrain is rocky, and <a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">thorn</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">cushion vegetation</a> at elevations of 2,600–3,700 metres (8,500–12,100 ft); there is little vegetation in the summit area.<a href="#cite_note-MalekiAkhani2018-71">[71]</a> The summit of Taftan and several other Iranian volcanoes were deemed national natural monuments in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Pullaiah-72">[72]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Taftan_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South view panorama in winter"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Taftan_Panorama.jpg/1000px-Taftan_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Taftan_Panorama.jpg/1500px-Taftan_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Taftan_Panorama.jpg/2000px-Taftan_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="731" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Taftan_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Taftan Panorama.jpg"> </a></div>South view <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panorama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a></div></div></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:990803-Taftan-IMG_5829-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taftan Summit, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran"><img alt="Taftan Summit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/990803-Taftan-IMG_5829-2.jpg/120px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5829-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/990803-Taftan-IMG_5829-2.jpg/180px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5829-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/990803-Taftan-IMG_5829-2.jpg/240px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5829-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taftan Summit, <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:990803-Taftan-IMG_5963-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Taftan, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran"><img alt="Mount Taftan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/990803-Taftan-IMG_5963-2.jpg/120px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5963-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/990803-Taftan-IMG_5963-2.jpg/180px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5963-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/990803-Taftan-IMG_5963-2.jpg/240px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5963-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4066" data-file-height="2710" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mount Taftan, <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:990802-Taftan-IMG_5812-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taftan Shelter, Mount Taftan, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran"><img alt="Taftan Shelter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/990802-Taftan-IMG_5812-2.jpg/120px-990802-Taftan-IMG_5812-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/990802-Taftan-IMG_5812-2.jpg/180px-990802-Taftan-IMG_5812-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/990802-Taftan-IMG_5812-2.jpg/240px-990802-Taftan-IMG_5812-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taftan Shelter, Mount Taftan, <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taftan Summit, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran"><img alt="Taftan Summit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg/120px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg/180px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg/240px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5873-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taftan Summit, <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:990803-Taftan-IMG_5851-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taftan Summit, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran"><img alt="Taftan Summit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/990803-Taftan-IMG_5851-2.jpg/120px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5851-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/990803-Taftan-IMG_5851-2.jpg/180px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5851-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/990803-Taftan-IMG_5851-2.jpg/240px-990803-Taftan-IMG_5851-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taftan Summit, <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:990802-Taftan-IMG_5804-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sulfur, Taftan Mountain, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran"><img alt="Sulfur in Taftan mountain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/990802-Taftan-IMG_5804-2.jpg/120px-990802-Taftan-IMG_5804-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/990802-Taftan-IMG_5804-2.jpg/180px-990802-Taftan-IMG_5804-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/990802-Taftan-IMG_5804-2.jpg/240px-990802-Taftan-IMG_5804-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sulfur, Taftan Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taftan_(volcano)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Iran" title="List of volcanoes in Iran">List of volcanoes in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of West Asia">List of Ultras of West Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taftan_(volcano)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McMahon2009-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McMahon2009_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMahon2009_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMahon2009_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon1899" class="citation journal cs1">McMahon, C. A. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016756800142359">"The Persian Volcano Koh-I-Taftan"</a>. 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Geothermics. 39 (2): 146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geoth..39..140Y">2010Geoth..39..140Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2009.11.001">10.1016/j.geothermics.2009.11.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geothermics&rft.atitle=Developing+the+geothermal+resources+map+of+Iran&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geothermics.2009.11.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Geoth..39..140Y&rft.aulast=Yousefi&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft.au=Noorollahi%2C+Younes&rft.au=Ehara%2C+Sachio&rft.au=Itoi%2C+Ryuichi&rft.au=Yousefi%2C+Amin&rft.au=Fujimitsu%2C+Yasuhiro&rft.au=Nishijima%2C+Jun&rft.au=Sasaki%2C+Kyuro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaftan+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghazban811-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghazban811_69-0">^</a> Ghazban, 2002, p.811 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghazban814-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghazban814_70-0">^</a> Ghazban, 2002, p.814 </li> <li id="cite_note-MalekiAkhani2018-71"><a href="#cite_ref-MalekiAkhani2018_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalekiAkhani2018" class="citation journal cs1">Maleki, Tahereh; Akhani, Hossein (February 2018). 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Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 217: 163–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2018.02.017">10.1016/j.jep.2018.02.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29447950">29447950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Ethnobotanical+and+ethnomedicinal+studies+in+Baluchi+tribes%3A+a+case+study+in+Mt.+Taftan%2C+southeastern+Iran&rft.volume=217&rft.pages=163-177&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jep.2018.02.017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29447950&rft.aulast=Maleki&rft.aufirst=Tahereh&rft.au=Akhani%2C+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaftan+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pullaiah-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Pullaiah_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullaiah2018" class="citation book cs1">Pullaiah, T. 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"Geology and geochemical evaluation of Taftan Volcano, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast of Iran". Chinese Journal of Geochemistry. 27 (4): 356–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11631-008-0356-z">10.1007/s11631-008-0356-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140725289">140725289</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/204762376">204762376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Geology+and+geochemical+evaluation+of+Taftan+Volcano%2C+Sistan+and+Baluchestan+Province%2C+southeast+of+Iran&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=356-369&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11631-008-0356-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140725289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Biabangard&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Moradian%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaftan+%28volcano%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Gansser, Augusto (August 1971). 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does not exist)">Bojagh</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayer-Nakhiloo_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayer-Nakhiloo National Park (page does not exist)">Dayer-Nakhiloo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghamishloo_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghamishloo National Park (page does not exist)">Ghamishloo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghatroyeh_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghatroyeh National Park (page does not exist)">Ghatroyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golestan_National_Park" title="Golestan National Park">Golestan</a> (BR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavir_National_Park" title="Kavir National Park">Kavir</a> (BR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabr_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabr National Park">Khabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojir_National_Park" title="Khojir National Park">Khojir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiasar_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiasar National Park (page does not exist)">Kiasar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolahghazi_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolahghazi National Park (page does not exist)">Kolahghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lar_National_Park" title="Lar National Park">Lar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayband_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayband Wildlife Sanctuary">Nayband</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paband_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paband National Park (page does not exist)">Paband</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salouk_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salouk National Park (page does not exist)">Salouk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarigol_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarigol National Park (page does not exist)">Sarigol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyahkooh_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyahkooh National Park (page does not exist)">Siyahkooh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkheh_Hesar_National_Park" title="Sorkheh Hesar National Park">Sorkh-e Hesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandooreh_National_Park" title="Tandooreh National Park">Tandooreh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang-e_Sayad_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang-e Sayad National Park (page does not exist)">Tang-e Sayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khar_Turan_National_Park" title="Khar Turan National Park">Khar Turan</a> (BR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a> (BR, IW)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#abdb75;;width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">National Natural Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alam-Kuh" title="Alam-Kuh">Alam-Kuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Damavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabalan" title="Sabalan">Sabalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarv-e_Abarkuh" title="Sarv-e Abarkuh">Sarv-e Abarkuh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taftan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#abdb75;;width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Wildlife Refuges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amirkalayeh_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amirkalayeh Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Amirkalayeh</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtegan_Wildlife_Refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtegan Wildlife Refuge">Bakhtegan</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoon_Wildlife_Refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamoon Wildlife Refuge">Hamoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miandasht_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Miandasht Wildlife Refuge">Miandasht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miankaleh_Wildlife_Refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge">Miankaleh</a> (BR, IW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robat_Shur_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robat Shur Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Robat Shur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selkeh_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selkeh Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Selkeh</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadegan_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shadegan Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Shadegan</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shidvar_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shidvar Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Shidvar</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorkhankol_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorkhankol Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Sorkhankol</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touran_Wildlife_Refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Touran Wildlife Refuge">Touran</a> (BR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#abdb75;;width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Protected Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvand_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvand Protected Area">Alvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arasbaran_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Arasbaran Protected Area">Arasbaran</a> (BR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjan_and_Parishan_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjan and Parishan Protected Area">Arjan and Parishan</a> (BR, IW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena Protected Area">Dena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinar_Kouh_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinar Kouh Protected Area (page does not exist)">Dinar Kouh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gando_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gando Protected Area (page does not exist)">Gando</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geno_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Geno Protected Area">Geno</a> (BR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Hara Protected Area">Hara</a> (BR, IW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraz_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraz Protected Area">Haraz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heleh_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heleh Protected Area (page does not exist)">Heleh</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jajrud">Jajrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Kouh_Protected_Area" title="Kabir Kouh Protected Area">Kabir Kouh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karkas_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karkas Protected Area (page does not exist)">Karkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkheh_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkheh Protected Area">Karkheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavir_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavir Protected Area">Kavir</a> (BR)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koulak_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koulak Protected Area (page does not exist)">Koulak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manesht_%26_Ghelarang_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manesht & Ghelarang Protected Area (page does not exist)">Manesht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianjangal_Protected_Area" title="Mianjangal Protected Area">Mianjangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozaffari_Protected_Area" title="Mozaffari Protected Area">Mozaffari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siahkeshim_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siahkeshim Protected Area (page does not exist)">Siahkeshim</a> (IW)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touran_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Touran Protected Area (page does not exist)">Touran</a> (BR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><div>BR: <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere Reserve">Biosphere Reserve</a> - IW: <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">International Wetland (Ramsar Site)</a> - All names as inscribed by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Environment, Iran">Department of Environment, Iran</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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