CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sulfur - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9b0a3425-9ec7-413b-b92d-c781dc54a4b4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sulfur","wgTitle":"Sulfur","wgCurRevisionId":1258684905,"wgRevisionId":1258684905,"wgArticleId":27127,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use American English from August 2024","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use dmy dates from March 2016","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Anglo-Norman-language text","Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text","Chembox having GHS data","Chembox container only","Webarchive template wayback links","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch","Sulfur","Chemical elements","Chalcogens","Reactive nonmetals","Polyatomic nonmetals","Agricultural chemicals","Anti-acne preparations","Dietary minerals","Industrial minerals","Inorganic polymers","Native element minerals","Orthorhombic minerals","Minerals in space group 70","Pyrotechnic fuels","Chemical elements with primitive orthorhombic structure"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Sulfur","wgRelevantArticleId":27127,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1258684905,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q682","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/1200px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/800px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="667"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/640px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sulfur - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sulfur rootpage-Sulfur skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sulfur" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sulfur" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sulfur" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sulfur" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Physical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Chemical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allotropes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allotropes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Allotropes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allotropes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Natural occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electron_transfer_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electron_transfer_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Electron transfer reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electron_transfer_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogenation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogenation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Hydrogenation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogenation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Combustion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halogenation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halogenation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Halogenation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halogenation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudohalides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudohalides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Pseudohalides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudohalides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_sulfides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_sulfides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Metal sulfides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_sulfides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Organic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Modern times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Spelling and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sulfuric_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulfuric_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sulfuric acid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulfuric_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_important_sulfur_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_important_sulfur_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Other important sulfur chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_important_sulfur_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertilizer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilizer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Fertilizer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilizer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungicide_and_pesticide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungicide_and_pesticide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Fungicide and pesticide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungicide_and_pesticide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceuticals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceuticals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Pharmaceuticals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceuticals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Batteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transferring_sulfur_between_inorganic_and_biomolecules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transferring_sulfur_between_inorganic_and_biomolecules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transferring sulfur between inorganic and biomolecules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transferring_sulfur_between_inorganic_and_biomolecules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protein_and_organic_metabolites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein_and_organic_metabolites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Protein and organic metabolites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein_and_organic_metabolites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalloproteins_and_inorganic_cofactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalloproteins_and_inorganic_cofactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Metalloproteins and inorganic cofactors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalloproteins_and_inorganic_cofactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulfate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulfate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Sulfate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulfate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Deficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Precautions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Precautions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxicity_of_sulfur_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity_of_sulfur_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Toxicity of sulfur compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity_of_sulfur_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sulfur</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" > 179 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swawel" title="Swawel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swawel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%9D" title="ድኝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድኝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95" title="गन्धक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गन्धक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كبريت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كبريت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixufre" title="Ixufre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ixufre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Ծծումբ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ծծումբ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfu" title="Sulfu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Sulfu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azufre" title="Azufre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Azufre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0" title="सल्फर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सल्फर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaysy" title="Itaysy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itaysy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80" title="ЧӀабатӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЧӀабатӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuphri" title="Asuphri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Asuphri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCk%C3%BCrd" title="Kükürd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kükürd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urirang" title="Urirang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Urirang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%95" title="গন্ধক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গন্ধক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BB-h%C3%B4ng" title="Liû-hông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liû-hông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82" title="Көкөрт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көкөрт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Серка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Серка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95" title="गंधक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गंधक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asupre" title="Asupre – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asupre" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сяра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сяра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མུ་ཟི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མུ་ཟི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sumpor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sulfur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sofre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B3%D0%BA%C4%95%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кӳкĕрт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кӳкĕрт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asupri" title="Asupri – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Asupri" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADra" title="Síra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Síra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolfu" title="Zolfu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Zolfu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylffwr" title="Sylffwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sylffwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilibi" title="Chilibi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chilibi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svovl" title="Svovl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svovl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كبريت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كبريت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwefel" title="Schwefel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwefel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ސަލްފަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަލްފަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81eetsoii" title="Łeetsoii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łeetsoii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4vel" title="Väävel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väävel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Θείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Палыкандал – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Палыкандал" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azufre" title="Azufre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Azufre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuro" title="Sulfuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sulfuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azufri" title="Azufri – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Azufri" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sufre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="گوگرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوگرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sulfur" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A1vul" title="Svávul – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Svávul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufre" title="Soufre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soufre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfar" title="Solfar – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Solfar" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfar" title="Sulfar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sulfar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sulfur" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfar" title="Sulfar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sulfar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xofre" title="Xofre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xofre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="硫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%95" title="ગંધક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગંધક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B9-v%C3%B2ng" title="Liù-vòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Liù-vòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Күкр – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Күкр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9" title="황 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulufura" title="Sulufura – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Sulufura" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Ծծումբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծծումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95" title="गंधक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गंधक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrik" title="Syrik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Syrik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sumpor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfo" title="Sulfo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sulfo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belerang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfure" title="Sulfure – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sulfure" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сондон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сондон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-sulphur" title="I-sulphur – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-sulphur" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibabuli" title="Isibabuli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isibabuli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennisteinn" title="Brennisteinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brennisteinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolfo" title="Zolfo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zolfo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גופרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גופרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wlirang" title="Wlirang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wlirang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%CA%8Af%C9%A9r%C9%A9" title="Sʊfɩrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sʊfɩrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%95" title="ಗಂಧಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಂಧಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გოგირდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გოგირდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82" title="Күкірт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күкірт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sulfur" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuri" title="Sulfuri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sulfuri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Тэг – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тэг" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souf_(eleman)" title="Souf (eleman) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Souf (eleman)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewkurd" title="Kewkurd – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kewkurd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82" title="Күкүрт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күкүрт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сера – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сера" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solper" title="Solper – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Solper" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ຊູນຟູຣິກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊູນຟູຣິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur" title="Sulphur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sulphur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93rs" title="Sērs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwiefel" title="Schwiefel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwiefel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siera" title="Siera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Siera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorfano" title="Sorfano – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sorfano" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfer" title="Solfer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Solfer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki" title="Rikki – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Rikki" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sliri" title="sliri – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sliri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfer" title="Solfer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Solfer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9n" title="Kén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сулфур – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сулфур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solifara" title="Solifara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Solifara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഗന്ധകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗന്ധകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungatara" title="Pungatara – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pungatara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95" title="गंधक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गंधक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كبريت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كبريت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Belerang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%94" title="ꯁꯜꯐꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯜꯐꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balerang" title="Balerang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Balerang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B9-u%C3%B2ng" title="Liù-uòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Liù-uòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxofre" title="Alxofre – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Alxofre" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Хүхэр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүхэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="ကန့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကန့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlequiquiztl%C4%81lli" title="Tlequiquiztlālli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlequiquiztlālli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwavel" title="Zwavel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwavel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95" title="गन्धक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गन्धक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95" title="गन्धक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गन्धक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%BB%84" title="硫黄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="硫黄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaawel" title="Swaawel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaawel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svovel" title="Svovel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svovel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svovel" title="Svovel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svovel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfre" title="Sulfre – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sulfre" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sofre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%95" title="ଗନ୍ଧକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗନ୍ଧକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waalgaa" title="Waalgaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waalgaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltingugurt" title="Oltingugurt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oltingugurt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%95" title="ਗੰਧਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੰਧਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0" title="सल्फर – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सल्फर" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DA%A9" title="گندھک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گندھک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB" title="ကန်ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကန်ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%DA%93" title="گوگړ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گوگړ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfa" title="Solfa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Solfa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorfo" title="Sorfo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sorfo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swevel" title="Swevel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swevel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siarka" title="Siarka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siarka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enxofre" title="Enxofre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enxofre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sulf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallina" title="Sallina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sallina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сулфур – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сулфур" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Күкэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Күкэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83" title="गन्धकः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गन्धकः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9rfuru" title="Sùrfuru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sùrfuru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swieuwel" title="Swieuwel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Swieuwel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuri" title="Sulfuri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sulfuri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9rfuru" title="Sùrfuru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sùrfuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ගෙන්දගම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෙන්දගම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sulfur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81" title="گندرف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گندرف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADra" title="Síra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Síra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDveplo" title="Žveplo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žveplo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salfar" title="Salfar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Salfar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="گۆگرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆگرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сумпор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сумпор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sumpor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walirang" title="Walirang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Walirang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki" title="Rikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svavel" title="Svavel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svavel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asupre" title="Asupre – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asupre" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கந்தகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கந்தகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akebri" title="Akebri – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akebri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Күкерт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күкерт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="గంధకము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గంధకము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="กำมะถัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กำมะถัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сулфур – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сулфур" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCk%C3%BCrt" title="Kükürt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kükürt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сірка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сірка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DA%A9" title="گندھک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گندھک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%88%DA%AD%DA%AF%DB%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="گۈڭگۈرت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گۈڭگۈرت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuengzcungq" title="Vuengzcungq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vuengzcungq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik" title="Rik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Lưu huỳnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lưu huỳnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfin" title="Sulfin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sulfin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoufe" title="Shoufe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Shoufe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="硫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfer_(element)" title="Sulfer (element) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sulfer (element)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asupre" title="Asupre – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asupre" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="硫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%9C" title="שוועבל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוועבל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAlf%C3%BAr%C3%B9" title="Súlfúrù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Súlfúrù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="硫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="硫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B9%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⵡⴹⵉⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵡⴹⵉⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q682#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sulfur" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sulfur" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sulfur" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&oldid=1258684905" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sulfur&id=1258684905&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSulfur">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSulfur">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sulfur&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Chemicals/Sulfurs" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q682" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle">Checked</indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on 21 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sulfur (disambiguation)">Sulfur (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 16 (S)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sulfur, 16S</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine,_San_Pablo_de_Napa,_Daniel_Campos_Province,_Potos%C3%AD,_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/220px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/330px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg/440px-Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Sulfur</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data">Sulphur (British spelling)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">see <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur" title="Allotropes of sulfur">Allotropes of sulfur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Lemon yellow <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a> microcrystals</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(S)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[32.059, 32.076]<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>32.06±0.02 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Sulfur in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> ↑ S ↓ <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> ← sulfur → <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">16</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">group 16 (chalcogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">period 3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>] 3s2 3p4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">alpha (α-S8): 388.36 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (115.21 °C, 239.38 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">717.8 K (444.6 °C, 832.3 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">alpha (α-S8): 2.07 g/cm3 beta (β-S8): 1.96 g/cm3 gamma (γ-S8): 1.92 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.819 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1314 K, 20.7 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">beta (β-S8): 1.727 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">beta (β-S8): 45 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22.75 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>375 </td> <td>408 </td> <td>449 </td> <td>508 </td> <td>591 </td> <td>717 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −2, +2, +4, +6 −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-3">[3]</a> 0, +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-3">[3]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-3">[3]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-GE28-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.58 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 999.6 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 2252 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3357 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#sulfur" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105±3 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of sulfur</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">alpha (α-S8): <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">oF128</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orthorhombic crystal structure for alpha (α-S8): sulfur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/50px-Orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/75px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/100px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></div>a = 1.0460 nm b = 1.2861 nm c = 2.4481 nm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crystal structure</th><td class="infobox-data">beta (β-S8): <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">monoclinic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">mP48</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lattice constants</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Monoclinic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monoclinic crystal structure for beta (β-S8): sulfur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monoclinic.svg/50px-Monoclinic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monoclinic.svg/75px-Monoclinic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monoclinic.svg/100px-Monoclinic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="143" /></a></div>a = 1.0923 nm b = 1.0851 nm c = 1.0787 nm β = 95.905° (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.205 W/(m⋅K) (amorphous)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2×1015  Ω⋅m (at 20 °C) (amorphous)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-magnet-5">[5]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">alpha (α-S8): −15.5×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.7 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7704-34-9 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data">before 2000 BCE<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> (1777)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sulfur" title="Isotopes of sulfur">Isotopes of sulfur</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_sulfur_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox sulfur isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_sulfur_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox sulfur isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">32S </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">94.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">33S </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.760% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">34S </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.37% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">35S </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">87.37 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine-35" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine-35">35Cl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">36S </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.02% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; background: #F8F9FA;">34S abundances vary greatly (between 3.96 and 4.77 percent) in natural samples.</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sulfur" title="Category:Sulfur">Category: Sulfur</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_sulfur" title="Template:Infobox sulfur">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_sulfur" title="Template talk:Infobox sulfur">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_sulfur" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox sulfur">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> S and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 16. It is <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">abundant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvalency_(chemistry)" title="Polyvalency (chemistry)">multivalent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetallic</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard conditions for temperature and pressure">normal conditions</a>, sulfur atoms form <a href="/wiki/Octasulfur" title="Octasulfur">cyclic octatomic molecules</a> with the chemical formula <a href="/wiki/Octasulfur" title="Octasulfur">S8</a>. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> solid at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>. Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, <a href="/wiki/Native_element_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Native element minerals">native</a> form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide minerals">sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate minerals">sulfate minerals</a>. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_India" title="Outline of ancient India">ancient India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. Historically and in literature sulfur is also called brimstone,<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-1997a-8">[8]</a> which means "burning stone".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-2014-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Elements-2014-11">[11]</a> The greatest commercial use of the element is the production of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> for sulfate and phosphate <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, and other chemical processes. Sulfur is used in <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">matches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a>. Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a> scent, <a href="/wiki/Bad_breath" title="Bad breath">bad breath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> are due to <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur">organosulfur</a> compounds. <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes. Sulfur is an <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">essential element</a> for all life, almost always in the form of <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur compounds">organosulfur compounds</a> or metal sulfides. <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> (two <a href="/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid" title="Proteinogenic amino acid">proteinogenic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a>, and many other <a href="/wiki/Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids" title="Non-proteinogenic amino acids">non-coded</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cystine" title="Cystine">cystine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">taurine</a>, etc.) and two vitamins (<a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">biotin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>) are organosulfur compounds crucial for life. Many <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> also contain sulfur, including <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">iron–sulfur proteins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">Disulfides</a>, S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of the (among others) protein <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers. Sulfur is one of the core chemical elements needed for <a href="/wiki/Biochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biochemical">biochemical</a> functioning and is an elemental <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">macronutrient</a> for all living organisms. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning-sulfur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Burning-sulfur.png/170px-Burning-sulfur.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Burning-sulfur.png/255px-Burning-sulfur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Burning-sulfur.png/340px-Burning-sulfur.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>As a solid, sulfur is a characteristic lemon yellow; when burned, sulfur melts into a blood-red liquid and emits a blue flame.</figcaption></figure> Sulfur forms several polyatomic molecules. The best-known allotrope is <a href="/wiki/Octasulfur" title="Octasulfur">octasulfur</a>, cyclo-S8. The <a href="/wiki/Point_group" title="Point group">point group</a> of cyclo-S8 is D4d and its dipole moment is 0 D.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Octasulfur is a soft, bright-yellow solid that is odorless.<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> It melts at 115.21 °C (239.38 °F),<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> and boils at 444.6 °C (832.3 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-1997a-8">[8]</a> At 95.2 °C (203.4 °F), below its melting temperature, cyclo-octasulfur begins slowly changing from α-octasulfur to the β-<a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-1997b-16">[14]</a> The structure of the S8 ring is virtually unchanged by this phase transition, which affects the intermolecular interactions. Cooling molten sulfur freezes at 119.6 °C (247.3 °F),<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> as it predominantly consists of the β-S8 molecules.<a href="#cite_note-21">[c]</a> Between its melting and boiling temperatures, octasulfur changes its allotrope again, turning from β-octasulfur to γ-sulfur, again accompanied by a lower density but increased <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> due to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-1997b-16">[14]</a> At higher temperatures, the viscosity decreases as depolymerization occurs. Molten sulfur assumes a dark red color above 200 °C (392 °F). The density of sulfur is about 2 g/cm3, depending on the allotrope; all of the stable allotropes are excellent electrical insulators. Sulfur <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimes</a> more or less between 20 °C (68 °F) and 50 °C (122 °F).<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a> and, to a lesser extent, in other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">nonpolar</a> organic solvents, such as <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> Under normal conditions, sulfur <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyzes</a> very slowly to mainly form <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2 S 8 + 4 H 2O → 3 H 2S + H 2SO 4</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_hydrogen_sulfide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Liquid_hydrogen_sulfide.png/88px-Liquid_hydrogen_sulfide.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Liquid_hydrogen_sulfide.png/132px-Liquid_hydrogen_sulfide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Liquid_hydrogen_sulfide.png/176px-Liquid_hydrogen_sulfide.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="810" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg/88px-Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg/132px-Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg/176px-Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="932" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Liquid hydrogen sulfide inside a test tube. Right: A bottle of sulfuric acid.</div></div></div></div> The reaction involves adsorption of protons onto S 8 clusters, followed by <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation" title="Disproportionation">disproportionation</a> into the reaction products.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> The second, fourth and sixth <a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">ionization energies</a> of sulfur are 2252 kJ/mol, 4556 kJ/mol and 8495.8 kJ/mol, respectively. The composition of reaction products of sulfur with oxidants (and its oxidation state) depends on whether releasing of reaction energy overcomes these thresholds. Applying <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysts</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Endothermic_process" title="Endothermic process">supply of external energy</a> may vary sulfur's oxidation state and the composition of reaction products. While reaction between sulfur and oxygen under normal conditions gives sulfur dioxide (oxidation state +4), formation of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">sulfur trioxide</a> (oxidation state +6) requires a temperature of 400–600 °C (750–1,100 °F) and presence of a catalyst. In reactions with elements of lesser <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a>, it reacts as an oxidant and forms sulfides, where it has oxidation state −2. Sulfur reacts with nearly all other elements except noble gases, even with the notoriously unreactive metal <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> (yielding <a href="/wiki/Iridium_disulfide" title="Iridium disulfide">iridium disulfide</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Munson-1968-24">[21]</a> Some of those reactions require elevated temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Wiberg-2001-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allotropes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur" title="Allotropes of sulfur">Allotropes of sulfur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls.png/220px-Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls.png/330px-Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls.png/440px-Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>The structure of the cyclooctasulfur molecule, S8</figcaption></figure> Sulfur forms over 30 solid <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a>, more than any other element.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Besides S8, several other rings are known.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> Removing one atom from the crown gives S7, which is of a deeper yellow than S8. <a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a> analysis of "elemental sulfur" reveals an equilibrium mixture of mainly S8, but with S7 and small amounts of S6.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Larger rings have been prepared, including S12 and S18.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">Amorphous</a> or "plastic" sulfur is produced by rapid cooling of molten sulfur—for example, by pouring it into cold water. <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a> studies show that the amorphous form may have a <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helical</a> structure with eight atoms per turn. The long coiled polymeric molecules make the brownish substance <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elastic</a>, and in bulk it has the feel of crude rubber. This form is <a href="/wiki/Metastability_in_molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastability in molecules">metastable</a> at room temperature and gradually reverts to the crystalline molecular allotrope, which is no longer elastic. This process happens over a matter of hours to days, but can be rapidly catalyzed. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sulfur" title="Isotopes of sulfur">Isotopes of sulfur</a></div> Sulfur has 23 known <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, four of which are stable: 32S (94.99%±0.26%), 33S (0.75%±0.02%), 34S (4.25%±0.24%), and 36S (0.01%±0.01%).<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC-2011-32">[29]</a> Other than 35S, with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 87 days, the <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactive</a> isotopes of sulfur have half-lives less than 3 hours. The preponderance of 32S is explained by its production in the so-called alpha-process (one of the main classes of nuclear fusion reactions) in exploding stars. Other stable sulfur isotopes are produced in the bypass processes related with 34Ar, and their composition depends on a type of a stellar explosion. For example, proportionally more 33S comes from <a href="/wiki/Novae" class="mw-redirect" title="Novae">novae</a> than from <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> On the planet Earth the sulfur isotopic composition was determined by the Sun. Though it was assumed that the distribution of different sulfur isotopes would be more or less equal, it has been found that proportions of the two most abundant sulfur isotopes 32S and 34S varies in different samples. Assaying of the isotope ratio (<a href="/wiki/%CE%9434S" title="Δ34S">δ34S</a>) in the samples suggests their chemical history, and with support of other methods, it allows to age-date the samples, estimate temperature of equilibrium between ore and water, determine pH and oxygen <a href="/wiki/Fugacity" title="Fugacity">fugacity</a>, identify the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the time of formation of the sample, or suggest the main sources of sulfur in ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> However, there are ongoing discussions over the real reason for the δ34S shifts, biological activity or postdeposit alteration.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> For example, when <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">sulfide minerals</a> are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ34S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The <a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ13C</a> and δ34S of coexisting <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate minerals">carbonate minerals</a> and sulfides can be used to determine the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and oxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation. Scientists measure the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_isotope_biogeochemistry" title="Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry">sulfur isotopes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> in rocks and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> to study the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> conditions in past oceans. <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_microorganism" title="Sulfate-reducing microorganism">Sulfate-reducing bacteria</a> in marine sediment fractionate <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_isotope_biogeochemistry" title="Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry">sulfur isotopes</a> as they take in <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> and produce <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a>. Prior to the 2010s, it was thought that sulfate reduction could fractionate <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_isotope_biogeochemistry" title="Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry">sulfur isotopes</a> up to 46 <a href="/wiki/Permil" class="mw-redirect" title="Permil">permil</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> and fractionation larger than 46 permil recorded in sediments must be due to <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation" title="Disproportionation">disproportionation</a> of sulfur compounds in the sediment. This view has changed since the 2010s as experiments showed that <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_microorganism" title="Sulfate-reducing microorganism">sulfate-reducing bacteria</a> can fractionate to 66 permil.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> As substrates for disproportionation are limited by the product of <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_microorganism" title="Sulfate-reducing microorganism">sulfate reduction</a>, the isotopic effect of disproportionation should be less than 16 permil in most sedimentary settings.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a> ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrologic</a> studies. Differences in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundances</a> can be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the 34S of ecosystem components. <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain">Rocky Mountain</a> lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have measurably different 34S values than lakes believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate. The radioactive 35S is formed in <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_spallation" title="Cosmic ray spallation">cosmic ray spallation</a> of the atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Argon-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon-40">40Ar</a>. This fact may be used to verify the presence of recent (up to 1 year) atmospheric sediments in various materials. This isotope may be obtained artificially by different ways. In practice, the reaction <a href="/wiki/Chlorine-35" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine-35">35Cl</a> + <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">n</a> → 35S + <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">p</a> is used by irradiating <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a> with neutrons.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> The isotope 35S is used in various sulfur-containing compounds as a <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_tracer" title="Radioactive tracer">radioactive tracer</a> for many biological studies, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Hershey-Chase_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hershey-Chase experiment">Hershey-Chase experiment</a>. Because of the weak <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta activity</a> of 35S, its compounds are relatively safe as long as they are not ingested or absorbed by the body.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nearly_exhausted_sulphur_vat_from_which_railroad_cars_are_loaded,_Freeport_Sulphur_Co.,_Hoskins_Mound,_Texas,_1a35438v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nearly_exhausted_sulphur_vat_from_which_railroad_cars_are_loaded%2C_Freeport_Sulphur_Co.%2C_Hoskins_Mound%2C_Texas%2C_1a35438v.jpg/220px-Nearly_exhausted_sulphur_vat_from_which_railroad_cars_are_loaded%2C_Freeport_Sulphur_Co.%2C_Hoskins_Mound%2C_Texas%2C_1a35438v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nearly_exhausted_sulphur_vat_from_which_railroad_cars_are_loaded%2C_Freeport_Sulphur_Co.%2C_Hoskins_Mound%2C_Texas%2C_1a35438v.jpg/330px-Nearly_exhausted_sulphur_vat_from_which_railroad_cars_are_loaded%2C_Freeport_Sulphur_Co.%2C_Hoskins_Mound%2C_Texas%2C_1a35438v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nearly_exhausted_sulphur_vat_from_which_railroad_cars_are_loaded%2C_Freeport_Sulphur_Co.%2C_Hoskins_Mound%2C_Texas%2C_1a35438v.jpg/440px-Nearly_exhausted_sulphur_vat_from_which_railroad_cars_are_loaded%2C_Freeport_Sulphur_Co.%2C_Hoskins_Mound%2C_Texas%2C_1a35438v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6075" data-file-height="4550" /></a><figcaption>Sulfur vat from which railroad cars are loaded, Freeport Sulphur Co., Hoskins Mound, Texas (1943)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/220px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/330px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/440px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>Most of the yellow and orange hues of <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> are due to elemental sulfur and sulfur compounds deposited by active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menambang_Belerang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Menambang_Belerang.jpg/220px-Menambang_Belerang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Menambang_Belerang.jpg/330px-Menambang_Belerang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Menambang_Belerang.jpg/440px-Menambang_Belerang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Sulfur extraction, East Java</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawah_Ijen_-East_Java_-Indonesia_-sulphur-31July2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kawah_Ijen_-East_Java_-Indonesia_-sulphur-31July2009.jpg/220px-Kawah_Ijen_-East_Java_-Indonesia_-sulphur-31July2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kawah_Ijen_-East_Java_-Indonesia_-sulphur-31July2009.jpg/330px-Kawah_Ijen_-East_Java_-Indonesia_-sulphur-31July2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kawah_Ijen_-East_Java_-Indonesia_-sulphur-31July2009.jpg/440px-Kawah_Ijen_-East_Java_-Indonesia_-sulphur-31July2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A man carrying sulfur blocks from <a href="/wiki/Kawah_Ijen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawah Ijen">Kawah Ijen</a>, a volcano in East Java, Indonesia, 2009</figcaption></figure> 32S is created inside massive stars, at a depth where the temperature exceeds 2.5×109 K, by the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon burning">fusion</a> of one nucleus of silicon plus one nucleus of helium.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> As this nuclear reaction is part of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">alpha process</a> that produces elements in abundance, sulfur is the 10th <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements#Universe" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">most common element in the universe</a>. Sulfur, usually as sulfide, is present in many types of <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_chondrite" title="Ordinary chondrite">Ordinary chondrites</a> contain on average 2.1% sulfur, and <a href="/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite" title="Carbonaceous chondrite">carbonaceous chondrites</a> may contain as much as 6.6%. It is normally present as <a href="/wiki/Troilite" title="Troilite">troilite</a> (FeS), but there are exceptions, with carbonaceous chondrites containing free sulfur, sulfates and other sulfur compounds.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> The distinctive colors of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> moon <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> are attributed to various forms of molten, solid, and gaseous sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> In July 2024, elemental sulfur was accidentally discovered to exist on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a> drove over and crushed a rock, revealing sulfur crystals inside it.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Sulfur is the fifth most common element by mass in the Earth. Elemental sulfur can be found near <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> regions in many parts of the world, especially along the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a>; such volcanic deposits are mined in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan. These deposits are polycrystalline, with the largest documented single crystal measuring 22 cm × 16 cm × 11 cm (8.7 in × 6.3 in × 4.3 in).<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> was a major source of sulfur in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Lakes of molten sulfur up to about 200 m (660 ft) in diameter have been found on the sea floor, associated with <a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">submarine volcanoes</a>, at depths where the boiling point of water is higher than the melting point of sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-de_Ronde-2015-47">[44]</a> Native sulfur is synthesized by <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic bacteria">anaerobic bacteria</a> acting on <a href="/wiki/Sulfate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate minerals">sulfate minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_dome" title="Salt dome">salt domes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Significant deposits in salt domes occur along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a> in eastern Europe and western Asia. Native sulfur may be produced by geological processes alone. Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes were once the basis for commercial production in the United States, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Nehb-2006-50">[47]</a> Such sources have become of secondary commercial importance, and most are no longer worked but commercial production is still carried out in the <a href="/wiki/Osiek,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Osiek, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Osiek</a> mine in Poland. Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the <a href="/wiki/Mineral#Sulfides" title="Mineral">sulfide minerals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> (iron sulfide), <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> (mercury sulfide), <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> (lead sulfide), <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a> (zinc sulfide), and <a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">stibnite</a> (antimony sulfide); and the <a href="/wiki/Mineral#Sulfates" title="Mineral">sulfate minerals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> (calcium sulfate), <a href="/wiki/Alunite" title="Alunite">alunite</a> (potassium aluminium sulfate), and <a href="/wiki/Barite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barite">barite</a> (barium sulfate). On Earth, just as upon Jupiter's moon Io, elemental sulfur occurs naturally in volcanic emissions, including emissions from <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>. The main industrial source of sulfur has become <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-2014-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_compounds" title="Sulfur compounds">Sulfur compounds</a></div> Common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of sulfur range from −2 to +6. Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electron_transfer_reactions">Electron transfer reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electron transfer reactions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapis_lazuli_block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lapis_lazuli_block.jpg/170px-Lapis_lazuli_block.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lapis_lazuli_block.jpg/255px-Lapis_lazuli_block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lapis_lazuli_block.jpg/340px-Lapis_lazuli_block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a> owes its blue color to a <a href="/wiki/Trisulfur" title="Trisulfur">trisulfur</a> radical anion (S− 3)</figcaption></figure> Sulfur polycations, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>S2+8, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S2+4 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S2+16 are produced when sulfur is reacted with oxidizing agents in a strongly acidic solution.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> The colored solutions produced by dissolving sulfur in <a href="/wiki/Oleum" title="Oleum">oleum</a> were first reported as early as 1804 by C. F. Bucholz, but the cause of the color and the structure of the polycations involved was only determined in the late 1960s. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S2+8 is deep blue, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S2+4 is yellow and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S2+16 is red.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-1997b-16">[14]</a> Reduction of sulfur gives various <a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">polysulfides</a> with the formula S2− x, many of which have been obtained in crystalline form. Illustrative is the production of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrasulfide" title="Sodium tetrasulfide">sodium tetrasulfide</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">4 Na + S8 → 2 Na2S4</div> Some of these dianions dissociate to give <a href="/wiki/Radical_anion" title="Radical anion">radical anions</a>, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Trisulfur" title="Trisulfur">S−3</a> gives the blue color of the rock <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S@CNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/S%40CNT.jpg/220px-S%40CNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/S%40CNT.jpg/330px-S%40CNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/S%40CNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Two parallel sulfur chains grown inside a single-wall <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotube</a> (CNT, a). Zig-zag (b) and straight (c) S chains inside double-wall CNTs<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> This reaction highlights a distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to <a href="/wiki/Catenation" title="Catenation">catenate</a> (bind to itself by formation of chains). <a href="/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">Protonation</a> of these polysulfide anions produces the <a href="/wiki/Polysulfane" title="Polysulfane">polysulfanes</a>, H2Sx, where x = 2, 3, and 4.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Ultimately, reduction of sulfur produces sulfide salts: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">16 Na + S8 → 8 Na2S</div> The interconversion of these species is exploited in the <a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Sodium–sulfur battery">sodium–sulfur battery</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogenation">Hydrogenation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hydrogenation">edit</a>]</div> Treatment of sulfur with hydrogen gives <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. When dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide is mildly acidic:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-1997a-8">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">H2S ⇌ HS− + H+</div> Hydrogen sulfide gas and the hydrosulfide anion are extremely toxic to mammals, due to their inhibition of the oxygen-carrying capacity of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">cytochromes</a> in a manner analogous to <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azide</a> (see below, under precautions). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustion">Combustion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Combustion">edit</a>]</div> The two principal sulfur oxides are obtained by burning sulfur: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">S + O2 → SO2 (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">sulfur trioxide</a>)</div> Many other sulfur oxides are observed including the <a href="/wiki/Lower_sulfur_oxides" title="Lower sulfur oxides">sulfur-rich oxides</a> include <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">sulfur monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_monoxide" title="Disulfur monoxide">disulfur monoxide</a>, disulfur dioxides, and <a href="/wiki/Higher_sulfur_oxides" title="Higher sulfur oxides">higher oxides</a> containing peroxo groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halogenation">Halogenation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Halogenation">edit</a>]</div> Sulfur reacts with <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> to give the highly reactive <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_tetrafluoride" title="Sulfur tetrafluoride">sulfur tetrafluoride</a> and the highly inert <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Whereas fluorine gives S(IV) and S(VI) compounds, chlorine gives S(II) and S(I) derivatives. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dichloride" title="Sulfur dichloride">sulfur dichloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dichloride" title="Disulfur dichloride">disulfur dichloride</a>, and higher chlorosulfanes arise from the chlorination of sulfur. <a href="/wiki/Sulfuryl_chloride" title="Sulfuryl chloride">Sulfuryl chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorosulfuric_acid" title="Chlorosulfuric acid">chlorosulfuric acid</a> are derivatives of sulfuric acid; <a href="/wiki/Thionyl_chloride" title="Thionyl chloride">thionyl chloride</a> (SOCl2) is a common reagent in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lauss-55">[52]</a> Bromine also oxidizes sulfur to form <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dibromide" title="Sulfur dibromide">sulfur dibromide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dibromide" title="Disulfur dibromide">disulfur dibromide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lauss-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudohalides">Pseudohalides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pseudohalides">edit</a>]</div> Sulfur oxidizes <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">sulfite</a> to give <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a>, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_sulfides">Metal sulfides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metal sulfides">edit</a>]</div> Sulfur reacts with many metals. Electropositive metals give polysulfide salts. Copper, zinc, and silver are attacked by sulfur; see <a href="/wiki/Tarnishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnishing">tarnishing</a>. Although many <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">metal sulfides</a> are known, most are prepared by high temperature reactions of the elements.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Geoscientists also study the isotopes of metal sulfides in rocks and sediment to study environmental conditions in the Earth's past.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_compounds">Organic compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Organic compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur compounds">Organosulfur compounds</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Illustrative organosulfur compounds</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:L-Cystein_-_L-Cysteine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(L)-cysteine, an amino acid containing a thiol group"><img alt="(L)-cysteine, an amino acid containing a thiol group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/L-Cystein_-_L-Cysteine.svg/120px-L-Cystein_-_L-Cysteine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/L-Cystein_-_L-Cysteine.svg/180px-L-Cystein_-_L-Cysteine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/L-Cystein_-_L-Cysteine.svg/240px-L-Cystein_-_L-Cysteine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="121" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">(L)-<a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> containing a thiol group</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Methionin_-_Methionine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Methionine, an amino acid containing a thioether"><img alt="Methionine, an amino acid containing a thioether" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Methionin_-_Methionine.svg/120px-Methionin_-_Methionine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Methionin_-_Methionine.svg/180px-Methionin_-_Methionine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Methionin_-_Methionine.svg/240px-Methionin_-_Methionine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="121" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a>, an amino acid containing a thioether</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiamin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thiamine or vitamin B1"><img alt="Thiamine or vitamin B1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thiamin.svg/120px-Thiamin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thiamin.svg/180px-Thiamin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thiamin.svg/240px-Thiamin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="201" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine</a> or vitamin B1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Biotin_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biotin or vitamin B7"><img alt="Biotin or vitamin B7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biotin_structure.svg/120px-Biotin_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biotin_structure.svg/180px-Biotin_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Biotin_structure.svg/240px-Biotin_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="670" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a> or vitamin B7</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Penicillin_core.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penicillin, an antibiotic ("R" is the variable group)"><img alt="Penicillin, an antibiotic ("R" is the variable group)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg/120px-Penicillin_core.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg/180px-Penicillin_core.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg/240px-Penicillin_core.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">Penicillin</a>, an antibiotic ("R" is the variable group)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Allicin_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allicin, a chemical compound in garlic"><img alt="Allicin, a chemical compound in garlic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Allicin_skeletal.svg/120px-Allicin_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Allicin_skeletal.svg/180px-Allicin_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Allicin_skeletal.svg/240px-Allicin_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="140" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a>, a chemical compound in garlic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Diphenyl_disulfide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diphenyl disulfide, a representative disulfide"><img alt="Diphenyl disulfide, a representative disulfide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Diphenyl_disulfide.svg/120px-Diphenyl_disulfide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Diphenyl_disulfide.svg/180px-Diphenyl_disulfide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Diphenyl_disulfide.svg/240px-Diphenyl_disulfide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="269" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Diphenyl_disulfide" title="Diphenyl disulfide">Diphenyl disulfide</a>, a representative disulfide</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dibenzothiophen_-_Dibenzothiophene.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dibenzothiophene, a component of crude oil"><img alt="Dibenzothiophene, a component of crude oil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dibenzothiophen_-_Dibenzothiophene.svg/120px-Dibenzothiophen_-_Dibenzothiophene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dibenzothiophen_-_Dibenzothiophene.svg/180px-Dibenzothiophen_-_Dibenzothiophene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dibenzothiophen_-_Dibenzothiophene.svg/240px-Dibenzothiophen_-_Dibenzothiophene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="101" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dibenzothiophene" title="Dibenzothiophene">Dibenzothiophene</a>, a component of crude oil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), a surfactant"><img alt="Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), a surfactant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid_structure.svg/120px-Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid_structure.svg/180px-Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid_structure.svg/240px-Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="180" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid">Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid</a> (PFOS), a surfactant</div> </li> </ul> Some of the main classes of sulfur-containing organic compounds include the following:<a href="#cite_note-Cremlyn-1996-58">[55]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">Thiols</a> or mercaptans (so called because they capture mercury as <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelators</a>) are the sulfur analogs of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>; treatment of thiols with base gives <a href="/wiki/Thiolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiolate">thiolate</a> ions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioether" class="mw-redirect" title="Thioether">Thioethers</a> are the sulfur analogs of <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ethers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonium" title="Sulfonium">Sulfonium</a> ions have three groups attached to a cationic sulfur center. <a href="/wiki/Dimethylsulfoniopropionate" title="Dimethylsulfoniopropionate">Dimethylsulfoniopropionate</a> (DMSP) is one such compound, important in the marine organic <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">sulfur cycle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfoxide" title="Sulfoxide">Sulfoxides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfone" title="Sulfone">sulfones</a> are thioethers with one and two oxygen atoms attached to the sulfur atom, respectively. The simplest sulfoxide, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">dimethyl sulfoxide</a>, is a common solvent; a common sulfone is <a href="/wiki/Sulfolane" title="Sulfolane">sulfolane</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">Sulfonic acids</a> are used in many detergents.</li></ul> Compounds with carbon–sulfur multiple bonds are uncommon, an exception being <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a>, a volatile colorless liquid that is structurally similar to carbon dioxide. It is used as a reagent to make the polymer <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> and many organosulfur compounds. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">carbon monosulfide</a> is stable only as an extremely dilute gas, found between solar systems.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Organosulfur compounds are responsible for some of the unpleasant odors of decaying organic matter. They are widely known as the <a href="/wiki/Odorizer" title="Odorizer">odorant</a> in domestic natural gas, garlic odor, and skunk spray, as well as a component of <a href="/wiki/Bad_breath" title="Bad breath">bad breath</a> odor. Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">monoterpenoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_mercaptan" title="Grapefruit mercaptan">grapefruit mercaptan</a> in small concentrations is the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations. <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">Sulfur mustard</a>, a potent <a href="/wiki/Blister_agent" title="Blister agent">vesicant</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">used in World War I</a> as a disabling agent.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Sulfur–sulfur bonds are a structural component used to stiffen rubber, similar to the disulfide bridges that rigidify proteins (see biological below). In the most common type of industrial "curing" or hardening and strengthening of natural <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, elemental sulfur is heated with the rubber to the point that chemical reactions form <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a> bridges between <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> units of the polymer. This process, patented in 1843,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] made rubber a major industrial product, especially in automobile tires. Because of the heat and sulfur, the process was named <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanization</a>, after the Roman god of the forge and <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MODOAzufre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MODOAzufre.jpg/220px-MODOAzufre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MODOAzufre.jpg/330px-MODOAzufre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MODOAzufre.jpg/440px-MODOAzufre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption>Pharmaceutical container for sulfur from the first half of the 20th century. From the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Objeto_del_Objeto" title="Museo del Objeto del Objeto">Museo del Objeto del Objeto</a> collection</figcaption></figure> Being abundantly available in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times and is referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>). <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="English translations of the Bible">English translations of the Christian Bible</a> commonly referred to burning sulfur as "brimstone", giving rise to the term "<a href="/wiki/Fire_and_brimstone" title="Fire and brimstone">fire-and-brimstone</a>" <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>, in which listeners are reminded of the fate of <a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">eternal damnation</a> that await the unbelieving and unrepentant. It is from this part of the Bible<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> that <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> is implied to "smell of sulfur" (likely due to its association with volcanic activity). According to the <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a>, a sulfur ointment was used in ancient <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to treat granular eyelids. Sulfur was used for <a href="/wiki/Fumigation" title="Fumigation">fumigation</a> in preclassical <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>;<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> this is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> discusses sulfur in book 35 of his <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, saying that its best-known source is the island of <a href="/wiki/Melos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos">Melos</a>. He mentions its use for fumigation, medicine, and bleaching cloth.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> A natural form of sulfur known as shiliuhuang (石硫黄) was known in China since the 6th century BC and found in <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-1986-65">[62]</a> By the 3rd century, the Chinese had discovered that sulfur could be extracted from <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-1986-65">[62]</a> Chinese <a href="/wiki/Daoists" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoists">Daoists</a> were interested in sulfur's flammability and its reactivity with certain metals, yet its earliest practical uses were found in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang-1986-65">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a> of 1044 AD described various formulas for Chinese <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a>, which is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> (KNO 3), <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, and sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulphur_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sulphur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/132px-Sulphur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sulphur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/198px-Sulphur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sulphur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/264px-Sulphur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sulfur</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sulfur_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Black_sulfur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/132px-Black_sulfur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Black_sulfur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/198px-Black_sulfur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Black_sulfur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/264px-Black_sulfur_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brimstone</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Alchemical signs for sulfur, or the <a href="/wiki/Combustibility_and_flammability" title="Combustibility and flammability">combustible</a> elements, and brimstone, an older/archaic name for sulfur<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a></div></div></div></div> Indian alchemists, practitioners of the "science of chemicals" (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: रसशास्त्र, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: rasaśāstra), wrote extensively about the use of sulfur in alchemical operations with mercury, from the eighth century AD onwards.<a href="#cite_note-White-1996-68">[65]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Rasa_shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa shastra">rasaśāstra</a> tradition, sulfur is called "the smelly" (गन्धक, gandhaka). Early <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> gave sulfur a unique <a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">alchemical symbol</a>, a triangle atop a cross (🜍). (This is sometimes confused with the astronomical crossed-spear symbol ⚴ for <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">2 Pallas</a>.) The variation known as brimstone has a symbol combining a <a href="/wiki/Two-barred_cross" title="Two-barred cross">two-barred cross</a> atop a <a href="/wiki/Infinity_symbol" title="Infinity symbol">lemniscate</a> (🜏). In traditional skin treatment, elemental sulfur was used (mainly in creams) to alleviate such conditions as <a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">scabies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ringworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringworm">ringworm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>. The mechanism of action is unknown—though elemental sulfur does oxidize slowly to sulfurous acid, which is (through the action of <a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">sulfite</a>) a mild reducing and antibacterial agent.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern times">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18810703_Sulphur_Soap_-_advertisement_in_The_Helena_Independent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/18810703_Sulphur_Soap_-_advertisement_in_The_Helena_Independent.png/280px-18810703_Sulphur_Soap_-_advertisement_in_The_Helena_Independent.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/18810703_Sulphur_Soap_-_advertisement_in_The_Helena_Independent.png/420px-18810703_Sulphur_Soap_-_advertisement_in_The_Helena_Independent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/18810703_Sulphur_Soap_-_advertisement_in_The_Helena_Independent.png/560px-18810703_Sulphur_Soap_-_advertisement_in_The_Helena_Independent.png 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Sulfur has antifungal, antibacterial, and <a href="/wiki/Keratolytic" title="Keratolytic">keratolytic</a> activity; in the past it was used against acne vulgaris, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, pityriasis versicolor, scabies, and warts.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-2004-72">[69]</a> This 1881 advertisement baselessly claims efficacy against rheumatism, gout, baldness, and graying of hair.</figcaption></figure> Sulfur appears in a column of fixed (non-acidic) <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> in a chemical table of 1718.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> used sulfur in combustion experiments, writing of some of these in 1777.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Sulfur deposits in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> were the dominant source for more than a century. By the late 18th century, about 2,000 tonnes per year of sulfur were imported into <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France, for the production of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> for use in the <a href="/wiki/Leblanc_process" title="Leblanc process">Leblanc process</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrializing</a> Britain, with the repeal of <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> on salt in 1824, demand for sulfur from Sicily surged. The increasing British control and exploitation of the mining, refining, and transportation of sulfur, coupled with the failure of this lucrative export to transform Sicily's backward and impoverished economy, led to the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_Crisis_of_1840" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur Crisis of 1840">Sulfur Crisis of 1840</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies">King Ferdinand II</a> gave a monopoly of the sulfur industry to a French firm, violating an earlier 1816 trade agreement with Britain. A peaceful solution was eventually negotiated by France.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> In 1867, elemental sulfur was discovered in underground deposits in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The highly successful <a href="/wiki/Frasch_process" title="Frasch process">Frasch process</a> was developed to extract this resource.<a href="#cite_note-Botsch-2001-77">[74]</a> In the late 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a> makers used molten sulfur to produce <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_inlay" title="Sulfur inlay">decorative inlays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mass-2003-78">[75]</a> Molten sulfur is sometimes still used for setting steel bolts into drilled concrete holes where high shock resistance is desired for floor-mounted equipment attachment points. Pure powdered sulfur was used as a medicinal tonic and laxative.<a href="#cite_note-Nehb-2006-50">[47]</a> Since the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Contact_process" title="Contact process">contact process</a>, the majority of sulfur is used to make sulfuric acid for a wide range of uses, particularly fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In recent times, the main source of sulfur has become <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. This is due to the requirement to remove sulfur from fuels in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, and has resulted in a surplus of sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-2014-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling_and_etymology">Spelling and etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spelling and etymology">edit</a>]</div> Sulfur is derived from the Latin word sulpur, which was <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">Hellenized</a> to sulphur in the erroneous belief that the Latin word came from Greek. This spelling was later reinterpreted as representing an /f/ sound and resulted in the spelling sulfur, which appears in Latin toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical period</a>. The true Ancient Greek word for sulfur, θεῖον, theîon (from earlier θέειον, théeion), is the source of the international chemical prefix <a href="/wiki/Thio-" title="Thio-">thio-</a>. The Modern Standard Greek word for sulfur is θείο, theío. In 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-French</a>, it was sulfre. In the 14th century, the erroneously Hellenized Latin -ph- was restored in Middle English sulphre. By the 15th century, both full Latin spelling variants sulfur and sulphur became common in English. The parallel f~ph spellings continued in Britain until the 19th century, when the word was standardized as sulphur.<a href="#cite_note-OED-80">[77]</a> On the other hand, sulfur was the form chosen in the United States, whereas Canada uses both. The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> adopted the spelling sulfur in 1990<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> as did the Nomenclature Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a> in 1992, restoring the spelling sulfur to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford Dictionaries</a> note that "in chemistry and other technical uses ... the -f- spelling is now the standard form for this and related words in British as well as US contexts, and is increasingly used in general contexts as well."<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soufre_extraction_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soufre_extraction_1.jpg/220px-Soufre_extraction_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soufre_extraction_1.jpg/330px-Soufre_extraction_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soufre_extraction_1.jpg/440px-Soufre_extraction_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Sicilian kiln used to obtain sulfur from volcanic rock (diagram from a 1906 chemistry book)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergelut_dengan_asap_nan_beracun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bergelut_dengan_asap_nan_beracun.jpg/170px-Bergelut_dengan_asap_nan_beracun.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bergelut_dengan_asap_nan_beracun.jpg/255px-Bergelut_dengan_asap_nan_beracun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bergelut_dengan_asap_nan_beracun.jpg/340px-Bergelut_dengan_asap_nan_beracun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Traditional sulfur mining at <a href="/wiki/Ijen" title="Ijen">Ijen Volcano</a>, East Java, Indonesia. This image shows the dangerous and rugged conditions the miners face, including toxic smoke and high drops, as well as their lack of protective equipment. The pipes over which they are standing are for condensing sulfur vapors.</figcaption></figure> Sulfur may be found by itself and historically was usually obtained in this form; <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> has also been a source of sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> In volcanic regions in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, in ancient times, it was found on the surface of the Earth, and the "<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_method" title="Sicilian method">Sicilian process</a>" was used: sulfur deposits were piled and stacked in brick kilns built on sloping hillsides, with airspaces between them. Then, some sulfur was pulverized, spread over the stacked ore and ignited, causing the free sulfur to melt down the hills. Eventually the surface-borne deposits played out, and miners excavated veins that ultimately dotted the Sicilian landscape with labyrinthine mines. Mining was unmechanized and labor-intensive, with pickmen freeing the ore from the rock, and mine-boys or <a href="/wiki/Carusu" title="Carusu">carusi</a> carrying baskets of ore to the surface, often through a mile or more of tunnels. Once the ore was at the surface, it was reduced and extracted in smelting ovens. The conditions in <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mining_in_Sicily" title="Sulfur mining in Sicily">Sicilian sulfur mines</a> were horrific, prompting <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> to write "I am not prepared just now to say to what extent I believe in a physical hell in the next world, but a sulfur mine in Sicily is about the nearest thing to hell that I expect to see in this life."<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> Sulfur is still mined from surface deposits in poorer nations with volcanoes, such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and worker conditions have not improved much since Booker T. Washington's days.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Elemental sulfur was extracted from <a href="/wiki/Salt_dome" title="Salt dome">salt domes</a> (where it sometimes occurs in nearly pure form) until the late 20th century, when it became a side product of other industrial processes such as in oil refining, in which sulfur is undesired. As a mineral, native sulfur under salt domes is thought to be a fossil mineral resource, produced by the action of anaerobic bacteria on sulfate deposits. It was removed from such salt-dome mines mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Frasch_process" title="Frasch process">Frasch process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nehb-2006-50">[47]</a> In this method, superheated water was pumped into a native sulfur deposit to melt the sulfur, and then compressed air returned the 99.5% pure melted product to the surface. Throughout the 20th century this procedure produced elemental sulfur that required no further purification. Due to a limited number of such sulfur deposits and the high cost of working them, this process for mining sulfur has not had significant use anywhere in the world since 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Eow-2002-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schreiner-2008-89">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg/220px-AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg/330px-AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg/440px-AlbertaSulfurAtVancouverBC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Sulfur recovered from hydrocarbons in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, stockpiled for shipment in <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(city)" title="North Vancouver (city)">North Vancouver</a>, British Columbia</figcaption></figure> Since then, sulfur has typically been produced from petroleum, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and related fossil resources, from which it is obtained mainly as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-2014-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur compound">Organosulfur compounds</a>, undesirable impurities in petroleum, may be upgraded by subjecting them to <a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">hydrodesulfurization</a>, which cleaves the C–S bonds:<a href="#cite_note-Eow-2002-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schreiner-2008-89">[86]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">R-S-R + 2 H2 → 2 RH + H2S</div> The resulting hydrogen sulfide from this process, and also as it occurs in natural gas, is converted into elemental sulfur by the <a href="/wiki/Claus_process" title="Claus process">Claus process</a>, which entails oxidation of some hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and then the <a href="/wiki/Comproportionation" title="Comproportionation">comproportionation</a> of the two:<a href="#cite_note-Eow-2002-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schreiner-2008-89">[86]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">3 O2 + 2 H2S → 2 SO2 + 2 H2O</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">SO2 + 2 H2S → 3 S + 2 H2O</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfur_price_world_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sulfur_price_world_production.svg/300px-Sulfur_price_world_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sulfur_price_world_production.svg/450px-Sulfur_price_world_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sulfur_price_world_production.svg/600px-Sulfur_price_world_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Production and price (US market) of elemental sulfur</figcaption></figure> Due to the high sulfur content of the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Oil_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabasca Oil Sands">Athabasca Oil Sands</a>, stockpiles of elemental sulfur from this process exist throughout <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Hyndman-1982-90">[87]</a> Another way of storing sulfur is as a <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">binder</a> for concrete, the resulting product having some desirable properties (see <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_concrete" title="Sulfur concrete">sulfur concrete</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mohamed-2010-91">[88]</a> The world production of sulfur in 2011 amounted to 69 million tonnes (Mt), with more than 15 countries contributing more than 1 Mt each. Countries producing more than 5 Mt are <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (9.6), the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (8.8), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (7.1) and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (7.1).<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Production has been slowly increasing from 1900 to 2010; the price was unstable in the 1980s and around 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Apodaca-2010-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulfuric_acid">Sulfuric acid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sulfuric acid">edit</a>]</div> Elemental sulfur is used mainly as a precursor to other chemicals. Approximately 85% (1989) is converted to <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (H2SO4): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄8 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S8 + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">O2 + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2O → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2SO4</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfuric_acid_2000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sulfuric_acid_2000.png/300px-Sulfuric_acid_2000.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sulfuric_acid_2000.png/450px-Sulfuric_acid_2000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sulfuric_acid_2000.png/600px-Sulfuric_acid_2000.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Sulfuric acid production in 2000</figcaption></figure> In 2010, the United States produced more sulfuric acid than any other inorganic industrial chemical.<a href="#cite_note-Apodaca-2010-93">[90]</a> The principal use for the acid is the extraction of phosphate ores for the production of fertilizer manufacturing. Other applications of sulfuric acid include oil refining, wastewater processing, and mineral extraction.<a href="#cite_note-Nehb-2006-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_important_sulfur_chemistry">Other important sulfur chemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other important sulfur chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Sulfur reacts directly with methane to give <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a>, which is used to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">cellophane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nehb-2006-50">[47]</a> One of the uses of elemental sulfur is in <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanization</a> of rubber, where <a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">polysulfide</a> chains crosslink organic polymers. Large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">sulfites</a> are used to <a href="/wiki/Bleach_(chemical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleach (chemical)">bleach</a> <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> and to preserve <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruit</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium lauryl sulfate">sodium lauryl sulfate</a>) are sulfate derivatives. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">Calcium sulfate</a>, gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is mined on the scale of 100 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> each year for use in <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a> and fertilizers. When silver-based <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> was widespread, sodium and ammonium <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a> were widely used as "fixing agents". Sulfur is a component of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> ("black powder"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fertilizer">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> synthesized by <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">living organisms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> contain <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur compounds">organosulfur</a> groups (<a href="/wiki/Thioester" title="Thioester">thioester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiol</a> respectively). The <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a> protecting many living organisms against <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a> also contains organic sulfur. Some <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> also produce different <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur compounds">organosulfur compounds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">syn-propanethial-S-oxide</a> responsible of lacrymal irritation (onions), or <a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">diallyl disulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">allicin</a> (garlic). <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">Sulfates</a>, commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwaters</a> are often a sufficient natural source of sulfur for plants and bacteria. <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(aerosol_physics)" title="Deposition (aerosol physics)">Atmospheric deposition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO2) is also a common artificial source (<a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">coal combustion</a>) of sulfur for the soils. Under normal circumstances, in most agricultural soils, sulfur is not a <a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">limiting nutrient</a> for plants and <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Liebig%27s_law_of_the_minimum#Liebig's_barrel" title="Liebig's law of the minimum">Liebig's barrel</a>). However, in some circumstances, soils can be depleted in <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>, e.g. if this later is leached by <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_water" title="Meteoric water">meteoric water</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>) or if the requirements in sulfur for some types of crops are high. This explains that sulfur is increasingly recognized and used as a component of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>. The most important form of sulfur for fertilizer is <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a>, commonly found in nature as the mineral <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> (CaSO4·2H2O). Elemental sulfur is <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> (not soluble in water) and cannot be used directly by plants. Elemental sulfur (ES) is sometimes mixed with <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a> to amend depleted soils for crops with high requirement in organo-sulfur. Over time, <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic</a> processes with <a href="/wiki/Earth_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth atmosphere">atmospheric</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_microbiology" title="Soil microbiology">soil bacteria</a> can <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidize</a> and convert elemental sulfur to soluble derivatives, which can then be used by microorganisms and plants. Sulfur improves the efficiency of other essential plant nutrients, particularly <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrogen</a> and phosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-sulphurinstitute-2020-94">[91]</a> Biologically produced sulfur particles are naturally <a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> due to a <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymer</a> coating and are easier to disperse over the land in a spray of diluted slurry, resulting in a faster uptake by plants. The plants requirement for sulfur equals or exceeds the requirement for <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">essential nutrient for plant</a> growth, <a href="/wiki/Root_nodule" title="Root nodule">root nodule</a> formation of legumes, and immunity and defense systems. Sulfur deficiency has become widespread in many countries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Because atmospheric inputs of sulfur continue to decrease, the deficit in the sulfur input/output is likely to increase unless sulfur fertilizers are used. Atmospheric inputs of sulfur decrease because of actions taken to limit <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-2011-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-sulphurinstitute-2020-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungicide_and_pesticide">Fungicide and pesticide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fungicide and pesticide">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulphur_Candle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sulphur_Candle.jpg/180px-Sulphur_Candle.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sulphur_Candle.jpg/270px-Sulphur_Candle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Sulphur_Candle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Sulfur candle originally sold for home fumigation</figcaption></figure> Elemental sulfur is one of the oldest fungicides and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. "Dusting sulfur", elemental sulfur in powdered form, is a common fungicide for grapes, strawberry, many vegetables and several other crops. It has a good efficacy against a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> diseases as well as black spot. In organic production, sulfur is the most important fungicide. It is the only fungicide used in <a href="/wiki/Organic_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic agriculture">organically</a> farmed apple production against the main disease <a href="/wiki/Apple_scab" title="Apple scab">apple scab</a> under colder conditions. Biosulfur (biologically produced elemental sulfur with hydrophilic characteristics) can also be used for these applications. Standard-formulation dusting sulfur is applied to crops with a sulfur duster or <a href="/wiki/Aerial_application" title="Aerial application">from a dusting plane</a>. Wettable sulfur is the commercial name for dusting sulfur formulated with additional ingredients to make it water <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">miscible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mohamed-2010-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> It has similar applications and is used as a <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicide</a> against <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a> and other mold-related problems with plants and soil. Elemental sulfur powder is used as an "<a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic</a>" (i.e., "green") <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a> (actually an <a href="/wiki/Acaricide" title="Acaricide">acaricide</a>) against <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>. A common method of application is dusting the clothing or limbs with sulfur powder. A diluted solution of <a href="/wiki/Lime_sulfur" title="Lime sulfur">lime sulfur</a> (made by combining <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> with elemental sulfur in water) is used as a dip for pets to destroy <a href="/wiki/Ringworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringworm">ringworm (fungus)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mange" title="Mange">mange</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous conditions">dermatoses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>. Sulfur candles of almost pure sulfur were burned to <a href="/wiki/Fumigant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumigant">fumigate</a> structures and wine barrels, but are now considered too toxic for residences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pharmaceuticals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_(pharmacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur (pharmacy)">Sulfur (pharmacy)</a></div> Sulfur (specifically <a href="/wiki/Octasulfur" title="Octasulfur">octasulfur</a>, S8) is used in pharmaceutical skin preparations for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a> and other conditions. It acts as a <a href="/wiki/Keratolytic" title="Keratolytic">keratolytic</a> agent and also kills bacteria, fungi, <a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">scabies</a> mites, and other parasites.<a href="#cite_note-Springer-1978-100">[97]</a> Precipitated sulfur and colloidal sulfur are used, in form of <a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">lotions</a>, creams, powders, soaps, and bath additives, for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">acne vulgaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acne_rosacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne rosacea">acne rosacea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">seborrhoeic dermatitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arzneibuch-Kommentar-101">[98]</a> Many drugs contain sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Early examples include antibacterial <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamides</a>, known as sulfa drugs. A more recent example is mucolytic <a href="/wiki/Acetylcysteine" title="Acetylcysteine">acetylcysteine</a>. Sulfur is a part of many bacterial defense molecules. Most <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-lactam" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-lactam">β-lactam</a> antibiotics, including the <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalosporins">cephalosporins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monobactam" title="Monobactam">monobactams</a> contain sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-Cremlyn-1996-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batteries">Batteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Batteries">edit</a>]</div> Due to their high energy density and the availability of sulfur, there is ongoing research in creating rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">lithium–sulfur batteries</a>. Until now, carbonate electrolytes have caused failures in such batteries after a single cycle. In February 2022, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a> have not only created a prototypical battery that lasted 4000 recharge cycles, but also found the first monoclinic gamma sulfur that remained stable below 95 degrees Celsius.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> Sulfur is an essential component of all living <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. It is the eighth most abundant element in the human body by weight,<a href="#cite_note-sulphurinstitute-2021-104">[101]</a> about equal in abundance to <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, and slightly greater than <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> A 70 kg (150 lb) human body contains about 140 grams (4.9 oz) of sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> The main dietary source of sulfur for humans is sulfur-containing amino-acids,<a href="#cite_note-Parcell-2002-107">[104]</a> which can be found in plant and animal proteins.<a href="#cite_note-Ingenbleek-2013-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transferring_sulfur_between_inorganic_and_biomolecules">Transferring sulfur between inorganic and biomolecules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transferring sulfur between inorganic and biomolecules">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">Sulfur cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_metabolism" title="Sulfur metabolism">Sulfur metabolism</a></div> In the 1880s, while studying <a href="/wiki/Beggiatoa" title="Beggiatoa">Beggiatoa</a> (a bacterium living in a sulfur rich environment), <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Winogradsky" title="Sergei Winogradsky">Sergei Winogradsky</a> found that it oxidized <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H2S) as an energy source, forming intracellular sulfur droplets. Winogradsky referred to this form of metabolism as inorgoxidation (oxidation of inorganic compounds).<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Another contributor, who continued to study it was <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> Primitive bacteria that live around deep ocean <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">volcanic vents</a> oxidize hydrogen sulfide for their nutrition, as discovered by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Elements-2014-11">[11]</a> Sulfur oxidizers can use as energy sources reduced sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, <a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">sulfite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Polythionates" title="Polythionates">polythionates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tetrathionate" title="Tetrathionate">tetrathionate</a>).<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> They depend on enzymes such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxygenase" title="Sulfur dioxygenase">sulfur oxygenase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_oxidase" title="Sulfite oxidase">sulfite oxidase</a> to oxidize sulfur to sulfate. Some <a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">lithotrophs</a> can even use the energy contained in sulfur compounds to produce sugars, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">chemosynthesis</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> use hydrogen sulfide in place of water as the <a href="/wiki/Electron_donor" title="Electron donor">electron donor</a> in chemosynthesis, a process similar to <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> that produces sugars and uses oxygen as the <a href="/wiki/Electron_acceptor" title="Electron acceptor">electron acceptor</a>. Sulfur-based chemosynthesis may be simplifiedly compared with photosynthesis: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">H2S + CO2 → sugars + S</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">H2O + CO2 → sugars + O2</div> There are bacteria combining these two ways of nutrition: <a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">green sulfur bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purple_sulfur_bacteria" title="Purple sulfur bacteria">purple sulfur bacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Also sulfur-oxidizing bacteria can go into symbiosis with larger organisms, enabling the later to use hydrogen sulfide as food to be oxidized. Example: the <a href="/wiki/Giant_tube_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant tube worm">giant tube worm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate-reducing bacteria">sulfate-reducing bacteria</a>, that, by contrast, "breathe sulfate" instead of oxygen. They use organic compounds or molecular hydrogen as the energy source. They use sulfur as the electron acceptor, and reduce various oxidized sulfur compounds back into sulfide, often into hydrogen sulfide. They can grow on other partially oxidized sulfur compounds (e.g. thiosulfates, thionates, polysulfides, sulfites). There are studies pointing that many deposits of native sulfur in places that were the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">the ancient oceans</a> have biological origin.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> These studies indicate that this native sulfur have been obtained through biological activity, but what is responsible for that (sulfur-oxidizing bacteria or sulfate-reducing bacteria) is still unknown for sure. Sulfur is absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> from soil as <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> and transported as a phosphate ester. Sulfate is reduced to sulfide via sulfite before it is incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> and other organosulfur compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Heldt-1996-117">[114]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO2−4 → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO2−3 → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2S → cysteine (thiol) → methionine (thioether)</div> While the plants' role in transferring sulfur to animals by <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a> is more or less understood, the role of sulfur bacteria is just getting investigated.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protein_and_organic_metabolites">Protein and organic metabolites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Protein and organic metabolites">edit</a>]</div> In all forms of life, most of the sulfur is contained in two <a href="/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid" title="Proteinogenic amino acid">proteinogenic amino acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a>), thus the element is present in all <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> that contain these amino acids, as well as in respective <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Some of the sulfur is comprised in certain metabolites—many of which are <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a>—and sulfated polysaccharides of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">chondroitin sulfates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disulfide-bridges-made-in-Avogadro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Disulfide bonds between two alpha-helix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Disulfide-bridges-made-in-Avogadro.png/220px-Disulfide-bridges-made-in-Avogadro.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Disulfide-bridges-made-in-Avogadro.png/330px-Disulfide-bridges-made-in-Avogadro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Disulfide-bridges-made-in-Avogadro.png/440px-Disulfide-bridges-made-in-Avogadro.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Schematic representation of disulfide bridges (in yellow) between two protein helices</figcaption></figure> Proteins, to execute their <a href="/wiki/Protein#Cellular_functions" title="Protein">biological function</a>, need to have specific space geometry. Formation of this geometry is performed in a process called <a href="/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein folding</a>, and is provided by intra- and inter-molecular bonds. The process has several stages. While at premier stages a polypeptide chain folds due to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>, at later stages folding is provided (apart from hydrogen bonds) by <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> between two sulfur atoms of two cysteine residues (so called disulfide bridges) at different places of a chain (tertiary protein structure) as well as between two cysteine residues in two separated protein subunits (quaternary protein structure). Both structures easily may be seen in <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Bond_energy" title="Bond energy">bond energy</a> of a covalent disulfide bridge is higher than the energy of a <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bond" title="Coordinate covalent bond">coordinate bond</a> or hydrophobic interaction, higher disulfide bridges content leads to higher energy needed for protein <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denaturation</a>. In general disulfide bonds are necessary in proteins functioning outside cellular space, and they do not change proteins' conformation (geometry), but serve as its stabilizers.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Within <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> cysteine residues of proteins are saved in reduced state (i.e. in -SH form) by <a href="/wiki/Thioredoxin" title="Thioredoxin">thioredoxins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> This property manifests in following examples. <a href="/wiki/Lysozyme" title="Lysozyme">Lysozyme</a> is stable enough to be applied as a drug.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Feathers and hair have relative strength, and consisting in them <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> is considered indigestible by most organisms. However, there are fungi and bacteria containing <a href="/wiki/Keratinase" title="Keratinase">keratinase</a>, and are able to destruct keratin. Many important cellular enzymes use prosthetic groups ending with -SH moieties to handle reactions involving acyl-containing biochemicals: two common examples from basic metabolism are <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" title="Coenzyme A">coenzyme A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-lipoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-lipoic acid">alpha-lipoic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2000-124">[121]</a> Cysteine-related metabolites <a href="/wiki/Homocysteine" title="Homocysteine">homocysteine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">taurine</a> are other sulfur-containing amino acids that are similar in structure, but not coded by <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, and are not part of the <a href="/wiki/Primary_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary structure">primary structure</a> of proteins, take part in various locations of mammalian physiology.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Two of the 13 classical vitamins, <a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">biotin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, contain sulfur, and serve as cofactors to several enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> In intracellular chemistry, sulfur operates as a carrier of reducing hydrogen and its electrons for cellular repair of oxidation. Reduced <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a>, a sulfur-containing tripeptide, is a reducing agent through its sulfhydryl (–SH) moiety derived from <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">Methanogenesis</a>, the route to most of the world's methane, is a multistep biochemical transformation of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. This conversion requires several organosulfur cofactors. These include <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_M" title="Coenzyme M">coenzyme M</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH3SCH2CH2SO−3, the immediate precursor to <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalloproteins_and_inorganic_cofactors">Metalloproteins and inorganic cofactors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Metalloproteins and inorganic cofactors">edit</a>]</div> Metalloproteins—in which the active site is a transition metal ion (or metal-sulfide cluster) often coordinated by sulfur atoms of cysteine residues<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a>—are essential components of enzymes involved in electron transfer processes. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Plastocyanin" title="Plastocyanin">plastocyanin</a> (Cu2+) and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous-oxide_reductase" title="Nitrous-oxide reductase">nitrous oxide reductase</a> (Cu–S). The function of these enzymes is dependent on the fact that the transition metal ion can undergo <a href="/wiki/Redox_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox reaction">redox reactions</a>. Other examples include many zinc proteins,<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_cluster" title="Iron–sulfur cluster">iron–sulfur clusters</a>. Most pervasive are the <a href="/wiki/Ferrodoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrodoxin">ferrodoxins</a>, which serve as electron shuttles in cells. In bacteria, the important <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenase</a> enzymes contain an Fe–Mo–S cluster and is a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> that performs the important function of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>, converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia that can be used by microorganisms and plants to make proteins, DNA, RNA, alkaloids, and the other organic nitrogen compounds necessary for life.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Sulfur is also present in <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_cofactor" title="Molybdenum cofactor">molybdenum cofactor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FdRedox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FdRedox.png/660px-FdRedox.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FdRedox.png/990px-FdRedox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FdRedox.png/1320px-FdRedox.png 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Easiness of electron flow in a cluster provides catalytic effect of a respective enzyme.</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulfate">Sulfate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sulfate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sulfation#Sulfation_in_biology" title="Sulfation">Sulfation § Sulfation in biology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Deficiency">edit</a>]</div> In humans <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acid</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> is conditionally essential and may be synthesized from non-essential <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a> (sulfur donor would be methionine in this case). Dietary deficiency rarely happens in common conditions. Artificial methionine deficiency is attempted to apply in cancer treatment,<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> but the method is still potentially dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isolated_sulfite_oxidase_deficiency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (page does not exist)">Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency</a> is a rare, fatal genetic disease preventing production of <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_oxidase" title="Sulfite oxidase">sulfite oxidase</a>, needed to metabolize sulfites to sulfates.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Sulfur </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Flammable"><img alt="GHS02: Flammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Warning </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H315: Causes skin irritation">H315</abbr><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_482e25fdfe95519d" /><map name="ImageMap_482e25fdfe95519d"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acid_rain_woods1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Acid_rain_woods1.JPG/220px-Acid_rain_woods1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Acid_rain_woods1.JPG/330px-Acid_rain_woods1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Acid_rain_woods1.JPG/440px-Acid_rain_woods1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Effect of acid rain on a forest, Jizera Mountains, Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> Though elemental sulfur is only minimally absorbed through the skin and is of low toxicity to humans, inhalation of sulfur dust or contact with eyes or skin may cause irritation. Excessive ingestion of sulfur can cause a burning sensation or diarrhea,<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> and cases of life-threatening metabolic acidosis have been reported after patients deliberately consumed sulfur as a folk remedy.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity_of_sulfur_compounds">Toxicity of sulfur compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Toxicity of sulfur compounds">edit</a>]</div> When sulfur burns in air, it produces <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>. In water, this gas produces sulfurous acid and sulfites; sulfites are antioxidants that inhibit growth of aerobic bacteria and a useful <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> in small amounts. At high concentrations these acids harm the <a href="/wiki/Human_lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lungs">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Human eyes">eyes</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> In organisms without lungs such as insects, sulfite in high concentration prevents <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">Sulfur trioxide</a> (made by catalysis from sulfur dioxide) and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> are similarly highly acidic and corrosive in the presence of water. Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent that can strip available water molecules and water components from sugar and organic tissue.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> The burning of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> by industry and <a href="/wiki/Power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plants">power plants</a> generates sulfur dioxide (SO2) that reacts with atmospheric water and oxygen to produce <a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid">sulfurous acid</a> (H2SO3).<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> These acids are components of <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, lowering the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and freshwater bodies, sometimes resulting in substantial damage to the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weathering">chemical weathering</a> of statues and structures. Fuel standards increasingly require that fuel producers extract sulfur from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> to prevent acid rain formation. This extracted and refined sulfur represents a large portion of sulfur production. In coal-fired power plants, <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gases</a> are sometimes purified. More modern power plants that use <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesis gas">synthesis gas</a> extract the sulfur before they burn the gas. <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> is about one-half as <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, and intoxicates by the same mechanism (inhibition of the respiratory enzyme <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_oxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome oxidase">cytochrome oxidase</a>),<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> though hydrogen sulfide is less likely to cause sudden poisonings from small inhaled amounts (near its <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) of 20 ppm) because of its disagreeable odor.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> However, its presence in ambient air at concentration over 100–150 ppm quickly deadens the sense of smell,<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> and a victim may breathe increasing quantities without noticing until severe symptoms cause death. Dissolved <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrosulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrosulfide">hydrosulfide</a> salts are toxic by the same mechanism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> But impure samples have an odor similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">matches</a>. A strong odor called "smell of sulfur" actually is given off by several sulfur compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur">organosulfur</a> compounds. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Sulfur's melting point at 115.21°C was determined by two laboratories of the US Department of Energy (Jefferson Lab and Los Alamos National Lab).<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Greenwood and Earnshaw say that at fast heating for microcrystalline α-S8 the melting point is 115.1 °C (239.2 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-1997a-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Historically, it was rather difficult to find the exact melting point of sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> When heated slowly, the melting point may range from 114.6 °C (238.3 °F) to 120.4 °C (248.7 °F)<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-1997a-8">[8]</a> (factors that interfere with a definite melting point, are the <a href="/wiki/Crystallization_of_polymers" title="Crystallization of polymers">polymerlike nature</a> of sulfur<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> and a large number of allotropes.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a>) Melting point may be presented as a temperature range, depending on the allotropic composition of a sample at the time of melting. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_lava" title="Blue lava">Blue lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratospheric_sulfur_aerosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratospheric sulfur aerosols">Stratospheric sulfur aerosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_assimilation" title="Sulfur assimilation">Sulfur assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_isotope_biogeochemistry" title="Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry">Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_sulfur_diesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-low sulfur diesel">Ultra-low sulfur diesel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/sulfur.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Sulfur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Sulfur&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fsulfur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnet-5"><a href="#cite_ref-magnet_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiagulfsulfur.com/sulfur/history">"Sulfur History"</a>. Georgiagulfsulfur.com. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulfur+History&rft.pub=Georgiagulfsulfur.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiagulfsulfur.com%2Fsulfur%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-1997a-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-1997a_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-1997a_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-1997a_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-1997a_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-1997a_8-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-3365-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-3365-4"><bdi>0-7506-3365-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brimstone">"Brimstone" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 571.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brimstone&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=571&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-2014-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight-2014_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight-2014_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight-2014_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight-2014_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_Knight2014" class="citation web cs1">Laurence Knight (19 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28369829">"Sulphur surplus: Up to our necks in a diabolical element"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulphur+surplus%3A+Up+to+our+necks+in+a+diabolical+element&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft.au=Laurence+Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-28369829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Elements-2014-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Elements-2014_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Elements-2014_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p027xnp2">"Sulfur"</a>. Elements. BBC. 11 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elements&rft.atitle=Sulfur&rft.date=2014-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp027xnp2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988">. Download <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.live.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/6/redir/version/2.0/mediaset/audio-nondrm-download/proto/https/vpid/p02rc2q5.mp3">here</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRettigTrotter1987" class="citation journal cs1">Rettig, S. J.; Trotter, J. (15 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.iucr.org/c/issues/1987/12/00/a27614/a27614.pdf">"Refinement of the structure of orthorhombic sulfur, α-S8"</a> (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section C. 43 (12): 2260–2262. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AcCrC..43.2260R">1987AcCrC..43.2260R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0108270187088152">10.1107/S0108270187088152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0108-2701">0108-2701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica+Section+C&rft.atitle=Refinement+of+the+structure+of+orthorhombic+sulfur%2C+%CE%B1-S8&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2260-2262&rft.date=1987-12-15&rft.issn=0108-2701&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0108270187088152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987AcCrC..43.2260R&rft.aulast=Rettig&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Trotter%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iucr.org%2Fc%2Fissues%2F1987%2F12%2F00%2Fa27614%2Fa27614.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Sulfur">"Sulfur | S (Element) - PubChem"</a>. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Sulfur+%7C+S+%28Element%29+-+PubChem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Felement%2FSulfur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-1997b-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-1997b_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-1997b_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-1997b_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. pp. 645–665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=645-665&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolingPrausnitzO'Connell2000" class="citation book cs1">Poling, Bruce E.; Prausnitz, John M.; O'Connell, John P. (27 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9tGclC3ZRX0C">The Properties of Gases and Liquids 5E</a>. McGraw Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149999-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149999-6"><bdi>978-0-07-149999-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Properties+of+Gases+and+Liquids+5E&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2000-11-27&rft.isbn=978-0-07-149999-6&rft.aulast=Poling&rft.aufirst=Bruce+E.&rft.au=Prausnitz%2C+John+M.&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9tGclC3ZRX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.05%3A_Changes_of_State">"7.5: Changes of State"</a>. Chemistry LibreTexts. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=7.5%3A+Changes+of+State&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeneral_Chemistry%2FChem1_%28Lower%29%2F07%253A_Solids_and_Liquids%2F7.05%253A_Changes_of_State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozhevnikovPayneOlsonMcDonald2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kozhevnikov, V. F.; Payne, W. B.; Olson, J. K.; McDonald, C. L.; Inglefield, C. E. (15 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15473808/">"Physical properties of sulfur near the polymerization transition"</a>. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 121 (15): 7379–7386. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0405012">physics/0405012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JChPh.121.7379K">2004JChPh.121.7379K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1794031">10.1063/1.1794031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9606">0021-9606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15473808">15473808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=Physical+properties+of+sulfur+near+the+polymerization+transition&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=7379-7386&rft.date=2004-10-15&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JChPh.121.7379K&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0405012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15473808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1794031&rft.issn=0021-9606&rft.aulast=Kozhevnikov&rft.aufirst=V.+F.&rft.au=Payne%2C+W.+B.&rft.au=Olson%2C+J.+K.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=Inglefield%2C+C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F15473808%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInostrozaFernandezAguileraLayana2023" class="citation journal cs1">Inostroza, Manuel; Fernandez, Bárbara; Aguilera, Felipe; Layana, Susana; Walter, Thomas R.; Zimmer, Martin; Rodríguez-Díaz, Augusto; Oelze, Marcus (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2023.1197363">"Physical and chemical characteristics of active sulfur flows observed at Lastarria volcano (northern Chile) in January 2019"</a>. Frontiers in Earth Science. 11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023FrEaS..1197363I">2023FrEaS..1197363I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2023.1197363">10.3389/feart.2023.1197363</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-6463">2296-6463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Earth+Science&rft.atitle=Physical+and+chemical+characteristics+of+active+sulfur+flows+observed+at+Lastarria+volcano+%28northern+Chile%29+in+January+2019&rft.volume=11&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=2296-6463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffeart.2023.1197363&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023FrEaS..1197363I&rft.aulast=Inostroza&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+B%C3%A1rbara&rft.au=Aguilera%2C+Felipe&rft.au=Layana%2C+Susana&rft.au=Walter%2C+Thomas+R.&rft.au=Zimmer%2C+Martin&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-D%C3%ADaz%2C+Augusto&rft.au=Oelze%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffeart.2023.1197363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1929" class="citation journal cs1">Tucker, Roy P. (1 January 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50229a014">"Notes on the Sublimation of Sulfur between 25° and 50°C"</a>. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 21 (1): 44–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50229a014">10.1021/ie50229a014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7866">0019-7866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Sublimation+of+Sulfur+between+25%C2%B0+and+50%C2%B0C&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-47&rft.date=1929-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie50229a014&rft.issn=0019-7866&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Roy+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fie50229a014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaldonado-ZagalBoden1982" class="citation journal cs1">Maldonado-Zagal, S. B.; Boden, P. J. (1 January 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/000705982798274336">"Hydrolysis of Elemental Sulphur in Water and its Effect on the Corrosion of Mild Steel"</a>. British Corrosion Journal. 17 (3): 116–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F000705982798274336">10.1179/000705982798274336</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0599">0007-0599</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Corrosion+Journal&rft.atitle=Hydrolysis+of+Elemental+Sulphur+in+Water+and+its+Effect+on+the+Corrosion+of+Mild+Steel&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=116-120&rft.date=1982-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F000705982798274336&rft.issn=0007-0599&rft.aulast=Maldonado-Zagal&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rft.au=Boden%2C+P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1179%2F000705982798274336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munson-1968-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Munson-1968_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Munson, Ronald A. (February 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090001/https://htracyhall.org/ocr/HTH-Archives/Cabinet%208/Drawer%203%20(MATI%20-%20MOZ)/(Munson,%20R.A.)%20(Muntoni,%20C.)%20(Murase,%20K.)%20(linked)/(Munson,%20R.A.)%20(Muntoni,%20C.)%20(Murase,%20K.)-237_OCR.pdf">"The synthesis of iridium disulfide and nickel diarsenide having the pyrite structure"</a> (PDF). Inorganic Chemistry. 7 (2): 389–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50060a047">10.1021/ic50060a047</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://htracyhall.org/ocr/HTH-Archives/Cabinet%208/Drawer%203%20(MATI%20-%20MOZ)/(Munson,%20R.A.)%20(Muntoni,%20C.)%20(Murase,%20K.)%20(linked)/(Munson,%20R.A.)%20(Muntoni,%20C.)%20(Murase,%20K.)-237_OCR.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+synthesis+of+iridium+disulfide+and+nickel+diarsenide+having+the+pyrite+structure&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389-390&rft.date=1968-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic50060a047&rft.aulast=Munson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhtracyhall.org%2Focr%2FHTH-Archives%2FCabinet%25208%2FDrawer%25203%2520%28MATI%2520-%2520MOZ%29%2F%28Munson%2C%2520R.A.%29%2520%28Muntoni%2C%2520C.%29%2520%28Murase%2C%2520K.%29%2520%28linked%29%2F%28Munson%2C%2520R.A.%29%2520%28Muntoni%2C%2520C.%29%2520%28Murase%2C%2520K.%29-237_OCR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiberg-2001-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiberg-2001_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgon_WibergNils_Wiberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Egon Wiberg; Nils Wiberg (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC&pg=PA513">Inorganic Chemistry</a>. Academic Press. pp. 513–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9"><bdi>978-0-12-352651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=513-&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.au=Egon+Wiberg&rft.au=Nils+Wiberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtth5g59dEIC%26pg%3DPA513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteudelEckert2003" class="citation book cs1">Steudel, Ralf; Eckert, Bodo (2003). Solid Sulfur Allotropes Sulfur Allotropes. Topics in Current Chemistry. Vol. 230. pp. 1–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fb12110">10.1007/b12110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40191-9"><bdi>978-3-540-40191-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid+Sulfur+Allotropes+Sulfur+Allotropes&rft.series=Topics+in+Current+Chemistry&rft.pages=1-80&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fb12110&rft.isbn=978-3-540-40191-9&rft.aulast=Steudel&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft.au=Eckert%2C+Bodo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteudel1982" class="citation book cs1">Steudel, R. (1982). "Homocyclic sulfur molecules". Inorganic Ring Systems. Topics in Current Chemistry. Vol. 102. pp. 149–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-11345-2_10">10.1007/3-540-11345-2_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-11345-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-11345-4"><bdi>978-3-540-11345-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homocyclic+sulfur+molecules&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Ring+Systems&rft.series=Topics+in+Current+Chemistry&rft.pages=149-176&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-11345-2_10&rft.isbn=978-3-540-11345-4&rft.aulast=Steudel&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebbeWassermanPeetVatvars1982" class="citation journal cs1">Tebbe, Fred N.; Wasserman, E.; Peet, William G.; Vatvars, Arturs; Hayman, Alan C. (1982). "Composition of Elemental Sulfur in Solution: Equilibrium of S 6, S7, and S8 at Ambient Temperatures". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (18): 4971–4972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00382a050">10.1021/ja00382a050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Composition+of+Elemental+Sulfur+in+Solution%3A+Equilibrium+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22chemf+nowrap%22%3ES%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Ainline-block%3Bmargin-bottom%3A-0.3em%3Bvertical-align%3A-0.4em%3Bline-height%3A1em%3Bfont-size%3A80%25%3Btext-align%3Aleft%22%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E%3Cbr+%2F%3E%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3Ainherit%3Bline-height%3Ainherit%3Bvertical-align%3Abaseline%22%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%2C+S%3Csub%3E7%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+and+S%3Csub%3E8%3C%2Fsub%3E+at+Ambient+Temperatures&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=4971-4972&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00382a050&rft.aulast=Tebbe&rft.aufirst=Fred+N.&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+E.&rft.au=Peet%2C+William+G.&rft.au=Vatvars%2C+Arturs&rft.au=Hayman%2C+Alan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1964" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Beat (1964). "Solid Allotropes of Sulfur". Chemical Reviews. 64 (4): 429–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60230a004">10.1021/cr60230a004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Solid+Allotropes+of+Sulfur&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=429-451&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr60230a004&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Beat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1976" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Beat (1976). "Elemental sulfur". Chemical Reviews. 76 (3): 367–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr60301a003">10.1021/cr60301a003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Elemental+sulfur&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-388&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr60301a003&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Beat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaaw.org/sulfur.htm">Sulfur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-2011-32"><a href="#cite_ref-CRC-2011_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2011" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 1.14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4398-5511-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4398-5511-0"><bdi>1-4398-5511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=1.14&rft.edition=92nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=1-4398-5511-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/science/np/articles/searching-origins-presolar-grains">"Searching for the Origins of Presolar Grains"</a>. Energy.gov. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy.gov&rft.atitle=Searching+for+the+Origins+of+Presolar+Grains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Fscience%2Fnp%2Farticles%2Fsearching-origins-presolar-grains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaytanYaoFaulGray2020" class="citation book cs1">Paytan, Adina; Yao, Weiqi; Faul, Kristina; Gray, E.T. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347656764">"Sulfur Isotope Stratigraphy"</a>. Geologic Time Scale. pp. 259–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-824360-2.00009-7">10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00009-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128243602" title="Special:BookSources/9780128243602"><bdi>9780128243602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sulfur+Isotope+Stratigraphy&rft.btitle=Geologic+Time+Scale&rft.pages=259-278&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-824360-2.00009-7&rft.isbn=9780128243602&rft.aulast=Paytan&rft.aufirst=Adina&rft.au=Yao%2C+Weiqi&rft.au=Faul%2C+Kristina&rft.au=Gray%2C+E.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F347656764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/the-first-sulfur-eaters/">"NASA Astrobiology"</a>. astrobiology.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=astrobiology.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+Astrobiology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fthe-first-sulfur-eaters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhaberKaplan1980" class="citation journal cs1">Goldhaber, M.B.; Kaplan, I.R. (April 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304420380900638">"Mechanisms of sulfur incorporation and isotope fractionation during early diagenesis in sediments of the gulf of California"</a>. Marine Chemistry. 9 (2): 95–143. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980MarCh...9...95G">1980MarCh...9...95G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4203%2880%2990063-8">10.1016/0304-4203(80)90063-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+sulfur+incorporation+and+isotope+fractionation+during+early+diagenesis+in+sediments+of+the+gulf+of+California&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-143&rft.date=1980-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-4203%2880%2990063-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980MarCh...9...95G&rft.aulast=Goldhaber&rft.aufirst=M.B.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+I.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0304420380900638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimBosakOno2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sim, Min Sub; Bosak, Tanja; Ono, Shuhei (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1205103">"Large Sulfur Isotope Fractionation Does Not Require Disproportionation"</a>. Science. 333 (6038): 74–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...333...74S">2011Sci...333...74S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1205103">10.1126/science.1205103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21719675">21719675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1248182">1248182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Large+Sulfur+Isotope+Fractionation+Does+Not+Require+Disproportionation&rft.volume=333&rft.issue=6038&rft.pages=74-77&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1248182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...333...74S&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1205103&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21719675&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=Min+Sub&rft.au=Bosak%2C+Tanja&rft.au=Ono%2C+Shuhei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1205103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsangBöttcherWortmann2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tsang, Man-Yin; Böttcher, Michael Ernst; Wortmann, Ulrich Georg (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0009254123002334">"Estimating the effect of elemental sulfur disproportionation on the sulfur-isotope signatures in sediments"</a>. Chemical Geology. 632: 121533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2023.121533">10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258600480">258600480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Geology&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+effect+of+elemental+sulfur+disproportionation+on+the+sulfur-isotope+signatures+in+sediments&rft.volume=632&rft.pages=121533&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2023.121533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258600480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Man-Yin&rft.au=B%C3%B6ttcher%2C+Michael+Ernst&rft.au=Wortmann%2C+Ulrich+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0009254123002334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimKwakParkBang2005" class="citation conference cs1">Kim, Ik Soo; Kwak, Seung Im; Park, Ul Jae; Bang, Hong Sik; Han, Hyun Soo (1 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/20765660">Production of Sulfur-35 by the Cation Exchange Process</a>. 2005 autumn meeting of the KNS, Busan (Korea, Republic of), 27–28 Oct 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Production+of+Sulfur-35+by+the+Cation+Exchange+Process&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Ik+Soo&rft.au=Kwak%2C+Seung+Im&rft.au=Park%2C+Ul+Jae&rft.au=Bang%2C+Hong+Sik&rft.au=Han%2C+Hyun+Soo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fetdeweb%2Fbiblio%2F20765660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehs.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/radioisotope-s35.pdf">"Sulfur-35 (35 S) safety information and specific handling precautions"</a> (PDF). Yale Environmental Health & Safety.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+Environmental+Health+%26+Safety&rft.atitle=Sulfur-35+%2835+S%29+safety+information+and+specific+handling+precautions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehs.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fradioisotope-s35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1957" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, A. G. W. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/eprint/CRL-41.pdf">"Stellar Evolution, Nuclear Astrophysics, and Nucleogenesis"</a> (PDF). CRL-41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CRL-41&rft.atitle=Stellar+Evolution%2C+Nuclear+Astrophysics%2C+and+Nucleogenesis&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=A.+G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Feprint%2FCRL-41.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1962" class="citation book cs1">Mason, B. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meteorites0000maso">Meteorites</a>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meteorites0000maso/page/160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908678-84-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908678-84-6"><bdi>978-0-908678-84-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorites&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-908678-84-6&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeteorites0000maso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopesWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosaly_Lopes" title="Rosaly Lopes">Lopes, Rosaly M. C.</a>; Williams, David A. (2005). "Io after Galileo". Reports on Progress in Physics. 68 (2): 303–340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RPPh...68..303L">2005RPPh...68..303L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F68%2F2%2FR02">10.1088/0034-4885/68/2/R02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44208045">44208045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&rft.atitle=Io+after+Galileo&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-340&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44208045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F68%2F2%2FR02&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005RPPh...68..303L&rft.aulast=Lopes&rft.aufirst=Rosaly+M.+C.&rft.au=Williams%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2024" class="citation web cs1">Strickland, Ashley (20 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/20/science/nasa-curiosity-rover-mars-sulfur-rocks/index.html">"NASA's Curiosity rover makes its 'most unexpected' find on Mars"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Curiosity+rover+makes+its+%27most+unexpected%27+find+on+Mars&rft.date=2024-07-20&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F07%2F20%2Fscience%2Fnasa-curiosity-rover-mars-sulfur-rocks%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickwood1981" class="citation journal cs1">Rickwood, P. C. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM66/AM66_885.pdf">"The largest crystals"</a> (PDF). American Mineralogist. 66: 885–907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=The+largest+crystals&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=885-907&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Rickwood&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fammin%2FAM66%2FAM66_885.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutney2007" class="citation book cs1">Kutney, Gerald (2007). Sulfur: history, technology, applications & industry. Toronto: ChemTec. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-895198-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-895198-37-9"><bdi>978-1-895198-37-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/79256100">79256100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sulfur%3A+history%2C+technology%2C+applications+%26+industry&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=ChemTec&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F79256100&rft.isbn=978-1-895198-37-9&rft.aulast=Kutney&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Ronde-2015-47"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Ronde-2015_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_RondeChadwickDitchburnEmbley2015" class="citation book cs1">de Ronde, C. E. J.; Chadwick, W. W. Jr.; Ditchburn, R. G.; Embley, R. W.; Tunnicliffe, V.; Baker, E. T.; Walker, S. L.; Ferrini, V. L.; Merle, S. M. (2015). "Molten Sulfur Lakes of Intraoceanic Arc Volcanoes". Volcanic Lakes. Springer. pp. 261–288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015vola.book.....R">2015vola.book.....R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-36833-2">10.1007/978-3-642-36833-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-36832-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-36832-5"><bdi>978-3-642-36832-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199492543">199492543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Molten+Sulfur+Lakes+of+Intraoceanic+Arc+Volcanoes&rft.btitle=Volcanic+Lakes&rft.pages=261-288&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-36833-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199492543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015vola.book.....R&rft.isbn=978-3-642-36832-5&rft.aulast=de+Ronde&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+J.&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+W.+W.+Jr.&rft.au=Ditchburn%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Embley%2C+R.+W.&rft.au=Tunnicliffe%2C+V.&rft.au=Baker%2C+E.+T.&rft.au=Walker%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Ferrini%2C+V.+L.&rft.au=Merle%2C+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinHurlbut1985" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (20th ed.). Wiley. pp. 265–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-80580-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-80580-7"><bdi>0-471-80580-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Mineralogy&rft.pages=265-66&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-471-80580-7&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=Hurlbut%2C+Cornelius+S.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-3826.html">"Sulphur: Mineral information, data and localities"</a>. www.mindat.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mindat.org&rft.atitle=Sulphur%3A+Mineral+information%2C+data+and+localities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-3826.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nehb-2006-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nehb-2006_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nehb-2006_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nehb-2006_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nehb-2006_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nehb-2006_50-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehbVydra2006" class="citation book cs1">Nehb, Wolfgang; Vydra, Karel (2006). "Sulfur". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a25_507.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a25_507.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sulfur&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a25_507.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Nehb&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Vydra%2C+Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Shriver, Atkins. Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 2010; pp 416 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujimoriMorelos-GómezZhuMuramatsu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fujimori, Toshihiko; Morelos-Gómez, Aarón; Zhu, Zhen; Muramatsu, Hiroyuki; Futamura, Ryusuke; Urita, Koki; Terrones, Mauricio; Hayashi, Takuya; Endo, Morinobu; Young Hong, Sang; Chul Choi, Young; Tománek, David; Kaneko, Katsumi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717502">"Conducting linear chains of sulphur inside carbon nanotubes"</a>. Nature Communications. 4: 2162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCo...4.2162F">2013NatCo...4.2162F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms3162">10.1038/ncomms3162</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717502">3717502</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23851903">23851903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Conducting+linear+chains+of+sulphur+inside+carbon+nanotubes&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=2162&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3717502%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23851903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms3162&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatCo...4.2162F&rft.aulast=Fujimori&rft.aufirst=Toshihiko&rft.au=Morelos-G%C3%B3mez%2C+Aar%C3%B3n&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Zhen&rft.au=Muramatsu%2C+Hiroyuki&rft.au=Futamura%2C+Ryusuke&rft.au=Urita%2C+Koki&rft.au=Terrones%2C+Mauricio&rft.au=Hayashi%2C+Takuya&rft.au=Endo%2C+Morinobu&rft.au=Young+Hong%2C+Sang&rft.au=Chul+Choi%2C+Young&rft.au=Tom%C3%A1nek%2C+David&rft.au=Kaneko%2C+Katsumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3717502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauer1963" class="citation book cs1">Brauer, G., ed. (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press. p. 421.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Preparative+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=421&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasek1961" class="citation journal cs1">Hasek, W. R. (1961). "1,1,1-Trifluoroheptane". <a href="/wiki/Organic_Syntheses" title="Organic Syntheses">Organic Syntheses</a>. 41: 104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471264180.os041.28">10.1002/0471264180.os041.28</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.atitle=1%2C1%2C1-Trifluoroheptane&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471264180.os041.28&rft.aulast=Hasek&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lauss-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lauss_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lauss_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaussSteffens" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lauss, H.-D.; Steffens, W. "Sulfur Halides". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a25_623">10.1002/14356007.a25_623</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sulfur+Halides&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a25_623&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Lauss&rft.aufirst=H.-D.&rft.au=Steffens%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanCraig1978" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, D. J.; Craig, J. R. (1978). Mineral Chemistry of Metal Sulfides. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21489-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21489-0"><bdi>0-521-21489-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mineral+Chemistry+of+Metal+Sulfides&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-521-21489-0&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft.au=Craig%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsangInagaki2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tsang, Man-Yin; Inagaki, Fumio (29 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffrym.2020.00070">"Microbial Life Deep Under the Seafloor—A Story of Not Giving Up"</a>. Frontiers for Young Minds. 8: 70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffrym.2020.00070">10.3389/frym.2020.00070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-6846">2296-6846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+for+Young+Minds&rft.atitle=Microbial+Life+Deep+Under+the+Seafloor%E2%80%94A+Story+of+Not+Giving+Up&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffrym.2020.00070&rft.issn=2296-6846&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Man-Yin&rft.au=Inagaki%2C+Fumio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffrym.2020.00070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cremlyn-1996-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cremlyn-1996_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cremlyn-1996_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCremlyn1996" class="citation book cs1">Cremlyn, R. J. (1996). An Introduction to Organosulfur Chemistry. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-95512-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-95512-4"><bdi>0-471-95512-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Organosulfur+Chemistry&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-95512-4&rft.aulast=Cremlyn&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonPenziasWannierLinke1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson, R. W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias, A. A.</a>; Wannier, P. G.; Linke, R. A. (15 March 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F182072">"Isotopic abundances in interstellar carbon monosulfide"</a>. Astrophysical Journal. 204: L135–L137. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ApJ...204L.135W">1976ApJ...204L.135W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F182072">10.1086/182072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Isotopic+abundances+in+interstellar+carbon+monosulfide&rft.volume=204&rft.pages=L135-L137&rft.date=1976-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F182072&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976ApJ...204L.135W&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft.au=Penzias%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Wannier%2C+P.+G.&rft.au=Linke%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F182072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanoub2011" class="citation book cs1">Banoub, Joseph (2011). Detection of Biological Agents for the Prevention of Bioterrorism. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011dbap.book.....B">2011dbap.book.....B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-9815-3">10.1007/978-90-481-9815-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9815-3"><bdi>978-90-481-9815-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/697506461">697506461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detection+of+Biological+Agents+for+the+Prevention+of+Bioterrorism&rft.series=NATO+Science+for+Peace+and+Security+Series+A%3A+Chemistry+and+Biology&rft.pages=183&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F697506461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-9815-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011dbap.book.....B&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9815-3&rft.aulast=Banoub&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/words/Sulfur">"Sulfur in the Bible (14 instances)"</a>. bible.knowing-jesus.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible.knowing-jesus.com&rft.atitle=Sulfur+in+the+Bible+%2814+instances%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.knowing-jesus.com%2Fwords%2FSulfur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2009" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, George Robert (4 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ed0yC98aAKYC&pg=PA242">Archaeomineralogy</a>. Springer. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78593-4"><bdi>978-3-540-78593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeomineralogy&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft.isbn=978-3-540-78593-4&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=George+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ded0yC98aAKYC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Od.+22.480">Odyssey, book 22, lines 480–495</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 16 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Pliny the Elder on science and technology, John F. Healy, Oxford University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814687-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814687-6">0-19-814687-6</a>, pp. 247–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-1986-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang-1986_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang-1986_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang-1986_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang,_Yunming1986" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Yunming (1986). "The History of Science Society: Ancient Chinese Sulfur Manufacturing Processes". <a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a>. 77 (3): 487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F354207">10.1086/354207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144187385">144187385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Science+Society%3A+Ancient+Chinese+Sulfur+Manufacturing+Processes&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=487&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F354207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144187385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yunming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamYates1994" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph; <a href="/wiki/Robin_D._S._Yates" title="Robin D. S. Yates">Yates, Robin</a> (1994). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 6, Military Technology: Missiles and Sieges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521327275" title="Special:BookSources/9780521327275"><bdi>9780521327275</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489677531">489677531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Volume+5%3A+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Part+6%2C+Military+Technology%3A+Missiles+and+Sieges&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489677531&rft.isbn=9780521327275&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Yates%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch1955" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Rudolf (1955). The book of signs : which contains all manner of symbols used from the earliest times to the Middle Ages by primitive peoples and early Christians. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20162-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-20162-7"><bdi>0-486-20162-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+signs+%3A+which+contains+all+manner+of+symbols+used+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+Middle+Ages+by+primitive+peoples+and+early+Christians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-486-20162-7&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-1996-68"><a href="#cite_ref-White-1996_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1996" class="citation book cs1">White, David Gordon (1996). The Alchemical Body — Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89499-7"><bdi>978-0-226-89499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alchemical+Body+%E2%80%94+Siddha+Traditions+in+Medieval+India&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-89499-7&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinReimerCarter1988" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, A. N.; Reimer, R. J.; Carter, D. M. (1988). "Sulfur revisited". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 18 (3): 553–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2888%2970079-1">10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70079-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2450900">2450900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Sulfur+revisited&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=553-558&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2888%2970079-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2450900&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rft.au=Reimer%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Carter%2C+D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaibachSurberOrkin1990" class="citation journal cs1">Maibach, H. I.; Surber, C.; Orkin, M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2808%2981225-X">"Sulfur revisited"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 23 (1): 154–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2808%2981225-X">10.1016/S0190-9622(08)81225-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2365870">2365870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Sulfur+revisited&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=154-156&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2808%2981225-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2365870&rft.aulast=Maibach&rft.aufirst=H.+I.&rft.au=Surber%2C+C.&rft.au=Orkin%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0190-9622%252808%252981225-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaNicol2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, A. K.; Nicol, K. (2004). "The use of sulfur in dermatology". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 3 (4): 427–31. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15303787">15303787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Drugs+in+Dermatology&rft.atitle=The+use+of+sulfur+in+dermatology&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=427-31&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15303787&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft.au=Nicol%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta-2004-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta-2004_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaNicol2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Aditya K; Nicol, Karyn (July–August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15303787/">"The Use of Sulfur in Dermatology"</a>. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 3 (4): 427–431. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15303787">15303787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Drugs+in+Dermatology&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Sulfur+in+Dermatology&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=427-431&rft.date=2004-07%2F2004-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15303787&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Aditya+K&rft.au=Nicol%2C+Karyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F15303787%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan1996" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Arthur (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fOasz2GUMC&pg=PA66">Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration and Revolution</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56672-8"><bdi>978-0-521-56672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antoine+Lavoisier%3A+Science%2C+Administration+and+Revolution&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56672-8&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-fOasz2GUMC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoirier1998" class="citation book cs1">Poirier, Jean-Pierre (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5h0BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">Lavoisier: Chemist, Biologist, Economist</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 107–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1649-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1649-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-1649-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lavoisier%3A+Chemist%2C+Biologist%2C+Economist&rft.pages=107-8&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1649-3&rft.aulast=Poirier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5h0BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiall,_Lucy1998" class="citation book cs1">Riall, Lucy (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZg4ecXXmNYC">Sicily and the Unification of Italy: Liberal Policy and Local Power, 1859–1866</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191542619" title="Special:BookSources/9780191542619"><bdi>9780191542619</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily+and+the+Unification+of+Italy%3A+Liberal+Policy+and+Local+Power%2C+1859%E2%80%931866&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780191542619&rft.au=Riall%2C+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZg4ecXXmNYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, D. W. (April 1995). "Prelude to the Sulphur War of 1840: The Neapolitan Perspective". European History Quarterly. 25 (2): 163–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026569149502500201">10.1177/026569149502500201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145807900">145807900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Prelude+to+the+Sulphur+War+of+1840%3A+The+Neapolitan+Perspective&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-180&rft.date=1995-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026569149502500201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145807900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botsch-2001-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Botsch-2001_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotsch2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Botsch, Walter (2001). "Chemiker, Techniker, Unternehmer: Zum 150. Geburtstag von Hermann Frasch". Chemie in unserer Zeit (in German). 35 (5): 324–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-3781%28200110%2935%3A5%3C324%3A%3AAID-CIUZ324%3E3.0.CO%3B2-9">10.1002/1521-3781(200110)35:5<324::AID-CIUZ324>3.0.CO;2-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemie+in+unserer+Zeit&rft.atitle=Chemiker%2C+Techniker%2C+Unternehmer%3A+Zum+150.+Geburtstag+von+Hermann+Frasch&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=324-331&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1521-3781%28200110%2935%3A5%3C324%3A%3AAID-CIUZ324%3E3.0.CO%3B2-9&rft.aulast=Botsch&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mass-2003-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Mass-2003_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassAnderson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mass, Jennifer L; Anderson, Mark J (2003). "Pennsylvania German sulfur-inlaid furniture: characterization, reproduction, and ageing phenomena of the inlays". Measurement Science and Technology. 14 (9): 1598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0957-0233%2F14%2F9%2F311">10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0957-0233">0957-0233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250882259">250882259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Measurement+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania+German+sulfur-inlaid+furniture%3A+characterization%2C+reproduction%2C+and+ageing+phenomena+of+the+inlays&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1598&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250882259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0957-0233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0957-0233%2F14%2F9%2F311&rft.aulast=Mass&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Mark+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKogel2006" class="citation book cs1">Kogel, Jessica (2006). Industrial minerals & rocks: commodities, markets, and uses (7th ed.). Colorado: Littleton. p. 935. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-233-8"><bdi>978-0-87335-233-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62805047">62805047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+minerals+%26+rocks%3A+commodities%2C+markets%2C+and+uses&rft.place=Colorado&rft.pages=935&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Littleton&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62805047&rft.isbn=978-0-87335-233-8&rft.aulast=Kogel&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-80"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-sulphur" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=sulphur">"sulphur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sulphur&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dsulphur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.301">"So long sulphur"</a>. Nature Chemistry. 1 (5): 333. 4 August 2009. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatCh...1Q.333.">2009NatCh...1Q.333.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.301">10.1038/nchem.301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21378874">21378874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=So+long+sulphur&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=333&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21378874&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.301&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NatCh...1Q.333.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnchem.301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry:_Inorganic_Chemistry_Division,_Commission_on_Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry1990" class="citation book cs1">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: Inorganic Chemistry Division, Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (1990). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, (Recommendations 1990). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications. pp. 39, 40, 41, 240, 247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry%2C+%28Recommendations+1990%29&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=39%2C+40%2C+41%2C+240%2C+247&rft.pub=Blackwell+Scientific+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.au=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry%3A+Inorganic+Chemistry+Division%2C+Commission+on+Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNaught1991" class="citation journal cs1">McNaught, Alan (1991). "Journal style update". The Analyst. 116 (11): 1094. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Ana...116.1094M">1991Ana...116.1094M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FAN9911601094">10.1039/AN9911601094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Analyst&rft.atitle=Journal+style+update&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1094&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FAN9911601094&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Ana...116.1094M&rft.aulast=McNaught&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120085132/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sulphur">"sulphur – definition of sulphur in English"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sulphur">the original</a> on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=sulphur+%E2%80%93+definition+of+sulphur+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fsulphur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiegelKent2007" class="citation book cs1">Riegel, Emil; Kent, James (2007). Kent and Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 1171. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007karh.book......">2007karh.book......</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-27842-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-27842-1"><bdi>978-0-387-27842-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/74650396">74650396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kent+and+Riegel%27s+Handbook+of+Industrial+Chemistry+and+Biotechnology&rft.pages=1171&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F74650396&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007karh.book......&rft.isbn=978-0-387-27842-1&rft.aulast=Riegel&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Kent%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington1912" class="citation book cs1">Washington, Booker T. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/manfarthestdownr00wash#page/214">The Man Farthest Down: A Record of Observation and Study in Europe</a>. Doubleday, Page. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Farthest+Down%3A+A+Record+of+Observation+and+Study+in+Europe&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=Booker+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmanfarthestdownr00wash%23page%2F214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElvaney2015" class="citation journal cs1">McElvaney, Kevin (25 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/the-men-who-mine-volcanoes-indonesia/385913/">"The Men Who Mine Volcanos"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Men+Who+Mine+Volcanos&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft.aulast=McElvaney&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ffeatures%2Farchive%2F2015%2F02%2Fthe-men-who-mine-volcanoes-indonesia%2F385913%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eow-2002-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eow-2002_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eow-2002_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eow-2002_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEow2002" class="citation journal cs1">Eow, John S. (2002). "Recovery of sulfur from sour acid gas: A review of the technology". Environmental Progress. 21 (3): 143–162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EnvPr..21..143E">2002EnvPr..21..143E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fep.670210312">10.1002/ep.670210312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Progress&rft.atitle=Recovery+of+sulfur+from+sour+acid+gas%3A+A+review+of+the+technology&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=143-162&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fep.670210312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002EnvPr..21..143E&rft.aulast=Eow&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schreiner-2008-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schreiner-2008_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schreiner-2008_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schreiner-2008_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schreiner, Bernhard (2008). "Der Claus-Prozess. Reich an Jahren und bedeutender denn je". Chemie in unserer Zeit. 42 (6): 378–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fciuz.200800461">10.1002/ciuz.200800461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemie+in+unserer+Zeit&rft.atitle=Der+Claus-Prozess.+Reich+an+Jahren+und+bedeutender+denn+je&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=378-392&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fciuz.200800461&rft.aulast=Schreiner&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyndman-1982-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Hyndman-1982_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyndmanLiuDenney1982" class="citation book cs1">Hyndman, A. W.; Liu, J. K.; Denney, D. W. (1982). "Sulfur Recovery from Oil Sands". Sulfur: New Sources and Uses. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 183. pp. 69–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbk-1982-0183.ch005">10.1021/bk-1982-0183.ch005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8412-0713-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8412-0713-4"><bdi>978-0-8412-0713-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sulfur+Recovery+from+Oil+Sands&rft.btitle=Sulfur%3A+New+Sources+and+Uses&rft.series=ACS+Symposium+Series&rft.pages=69-82&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbk-1982-0183.ch005&rft.isbn=978-0-8412-0713-4&rft.aulast=Hyndman&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft.au=Liu%2C+J.+K.&rft.au=Denney%2C+D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohamed-2010-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohamed-2010_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohamed-2010_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamedEl-Gamal2010" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed, Abdel-Mohsen Onsy; El-Gamal, Maisa M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OYecyRmnTEkC&pg=PA104">Sulfur concrete for the construction industry: a sustainable development approach</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lauderdale">Fort Lauderdale</a>: J. Ross. pp. 104–105, 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60427-005-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60427-005-1"><bdi>978-1-60427-005-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/531718953">531718953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sulfur+concrete+for+the+construction+industry%3A+a+sustainable+development+approach&rft.place=Fort+Lauderdale&rft.pages=104-105%2C+109&rft.pub=J.+Ross&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F531718953&rft.isbn=978-1-60427-005-1&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Abdel-Mohsen+Onsy&rft.au=El-Gamal%2C+Maisa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOYecyRmnTEkC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Apodaca, Lori E. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/sulfur/mcs-2012-sulfu.pdf">"Sulfur"</a>. Mineral Commodity Summaries. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Apodaca-2010-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apodaca-2010_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apodaca-2010_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApodaca,_Lori_E." class="citation web cs1">Apodaca, Lori E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/sulfur/myb1-2010-sulfu.pdf">"Mineral Yearbook 2010: Sulfur"</a> (PDF). United States Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Yearbook+2010%3A+Sulfur&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.au=Apodaca%2C+Lori+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fassets%2Fpalladium%2Fproduction%2Fmineral-pubs%2Fsulfur%2Fmyb1-2010-sulfu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sulphurinstitute-2020-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sulphurinstitute-2020_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sulphurinstitute-2020_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sulphurinstitute.org/about-sulphur/faq/#plants">"FAQ – The Sulphur Institute"</a>. sulphurinstitute.org. <a href="/wiki/The_Sulphur_Institute" title="The Sulphur Institute">The Sulphur Institute</a>. 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sulphurinstitute.org&rft.atitle=FAQ+%E2%80%93+The+Sulphur+Institute&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sulphurinstitute.org%2Fabout-sulphur%2Ffaq%2F%23plants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoHawkesfordMcGrath1999" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, F.; Hawkesford, M. J.; McGrath, S. P. (1999). "Sulphur Assimilation and Effects on Yield and Quality of Wheat". Journal of Cereal Science. 30 (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjcrs.1998.0241">10.1006/jcrs.1998.0241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cereal+Science&rft.atitle=Sulphur+Assimilation+and+Effects+on+Yield+and+Quality+of+Wheat&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjcrs.1998.0241&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Hawkesford%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=McGrath%2C+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake-Kalff2000" class="citation journal cs1">Blake-Kalff, M. M. A. (2000). "Diagnosing sulfur deficiency in field-grown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)". Plant and Soil. 225 (1/2): 95–107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PlSoi.225...95B">2000PlSoi.225...95B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026503812267">10.1023/A:1026503812267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44208638">44208638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&rft.atitle=Diagnosing+sulfur+deficiency+in+field-grown+oilseed+rape+%28Brassica+napus+L.%29+and+wheat+%28Triticum+aestivum+L.%29&rft.volume=225&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=95-107&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44208638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1026503812267&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PlSoi.225...95B&rft.aulast=Blake-Kalff&rft.aufirst=M.+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeccotti1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ceccotti, S. P. (1996). "Plant nutrient sulphur-a review of nutrient balance, environmental impact and fertilizers". Fertilizer Research. 43 (1–3): 117–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00747690">10.1007/BF00747690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42207099">42207099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertilizer+Research&rft.atitle=Plant+nutrient+sulphur-a+review+of+nutrient+balance%2C+environmental+impact+and+fertilizers&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=117-125&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00747690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42207099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ceccotti&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-2011-98"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-2011_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=all">Glossary</a>, United States: <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a>, acid rain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213175357/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=all">archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2011, retrieved 15 February 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=acid+rain&rft.pub=NASA+Earth+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FGlossary%2F%3Fmode%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvery,_Richard_L.1968" class="citation web cs1">Every, Richard L.; et al. (20 August 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3398227.pdf">"Method for Preparation of Wettable Sulfur"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 20 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Method+for+Preparation+of+Wettable+Sulfur&rft.date=1968-08-20&rft.au=Every%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepatentsonline.com%2F3398227.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer-1978-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Springer-1978_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis (in German). Vol. 6B (4th ed.). Berlin–Heidelberg–New York: Springer. 1978. pp. 672–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-07738-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-07738-1"><bdi>978-3-540-07738-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagers+Handbuch+der+Pharmazeutischen+Praxis&rft.place=Berlin%E2%80%93Heidelberg%E2%80%93New+York&rft.pages=672-9&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-540-07738-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arzneibuch-Kommentar-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Arzneibuch-Kommentar_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arzneibuch-Kommentar. Wissenschaftliche Erläuterungen zum Europäischen Arzneibuch und zum Deutschen Arzneibuch [Pharmacopoeia Commentary. Scientific annotations to the European Pharmacopoeia and the German Pharmacopoeia] (in German) (23rd ed.). Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. 2004. Monographie Schwefel zum äußerlichen Gebrauch [Monograph Sulfur for external use]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8047-2575-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8047-2575-1"><bdi>978-3-8047-2575-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arzneibuch-Kommentar.+Wissenschaftliche+Erl%C3%A4uterungen+zum+Europ%C3%A4ischen+Arzneibuch+und+zum+Deutschen+Arzneibuch&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=Monographie+%27%27Schwefel+zum+%C3%A4u%C3%9Ferlichen+Gebrauch%27%27+Monograph+%27%27Sulfur+for+external+use%27%27&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8047-2575-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottNjardarson2019" class="citation cs2">Scott, Kevin A.; Njardarson, Jon T. (2019), Jiang, Xuefeng (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10218659">"Analysis of US FDA-Approved Drugs Containing Sulfur Atoms"</a> (PDF), Sulfur Chemistry, Topics in Current Chemistry Collections, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–34, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-25598-5_1">10.1007/978-3-030-25598-5_1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25598-5"><bdi>978-3-030-25598-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 8 March 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulfur+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+US+FDA-Approved+Drugs+Containing+Sulfur+Atoms&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-25598-5_1&rft.isbn=978-3-030-25598-5&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Kevin+A.&rft.au=Njardarson%2C+Jon+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpar.nsf.gov%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F10218659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPai2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pai, Rahul (10 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9814344">"Stabilization of gamma sulfur at room temperature to enable the use of carbonate electrolyte in Li–S batteries"</a>. Communications Chemistry. 5 (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42004-022-00626-2">10.1038/s42004-022-00626-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9814344">9814344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36697747">36697747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246704531">246704531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Stabilization+of+gamma+sulfur+at+room+temperature+to+enable+the+use+of+carbonate+electrolyte+in+Li%E2%80%93S+batteries&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9814344%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246704531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36697747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42004-022-00626-2&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9814344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sulphurinstitute-2021-104"><a href="#cite_ref-sulphurinstitute-2021_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sulphurinstitute.org/pub/?id=8c64bf34-bc30-5bd9-0719-f6de83f7e841">"Sulphur and the Human Body"</a>. The Sulfur Institute. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sulphur+and+the+Human+Body&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sulphurinstitute.org%2Fpub%2F%3Fid%3D8c64bf34-bc30-5bd9-0719-f6de83f7e841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/question/what-is-the-body-made-of/">"What is the body made of?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103173257/https://www.newscientist.com/question/what-is-the-body-made-of/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=What+is+the+body+made+of%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fquestion%2Fwhat-is-the-body-made-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmenstine2019" class="citation web cs1">Helmenstine, Anne (3 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/elemental-composition-human-body-by-mass-608192">"Elemental Composition of the Human Body by Mass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ThoughtCo." class="mw-redirect" title="ThoughtCo.">ThoughtCo.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413013702/https://www.thoughtco.com/elemental-composition-human-body-by-mass-608192">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo.&rft.atitle=Elemental+Composition+of+the+Human+Body+by+Mass&rft.date=2019-02-03&rft.aulast=Helmenstine&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Felemental-composition-human-body-by-mass-608192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parcell-2002-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Parcell-2002_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParcell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Parcell, Stephen (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11896744/">"Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine"</a>. Alternative Medicine Review. 7 (1): 22–44. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-5159">1089-5159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11896744">11896744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Medicine+Review&rft.atitle=Sulfur+in+human+nutrition+and+applications+in+medicine&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-44&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11896744&rft.issn=1089-5159&rft.aulast=Parcell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11896744%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingenbleek-2013-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Ingenbleek-2013_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngenbleekKimura2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ingenbleek, Yves; Kimura, Hideo (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnure.12050">"Nutritional essentiality of sulfur in health and disease"</a>. Nutrition Reviews. 71 (7): 413–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnure.12050">10.1111/nure.12050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-4887">1753-4887</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23815141">23815141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Reviews&rft.atitle=Nutritional+essentiality+of+sulfur+in+health+and+disease&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=413-432&rft.date=2013-07&rft.issn=1753-4887&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23815141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnure.12050&rft.aulast=Ingenbleek&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Kimura%2C+Hideo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnure.12050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dworkin, Martin (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2011.00299.x">"Sergei Winogradsky: a founder of modern microbiology and the first microbial ecologist"</a>. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 36 (2): 364–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2011.00299.x">10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00299.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1574-6976">1574-6976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22092289">22092289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Sergei+Winogradsky%3A+a+founder+of+modern+microbiology+and+the+first+microbial+ecologist&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=364-379&rft.date=2012-03&rft.issn=1574-6976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22092289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2011.00299.x&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1574-6976.2011.00299.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaksmanStarkey1923" class="citation journal cs1">Waksman, S. A.; Starkey, R. L. (20 January 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2140527">"On the Growth and Respiration of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria"</a>. The Journal of General Physiology. 5 (3): 285–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1085%2Fjgp.5.3.285">10.1085/jgp.5.3.285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1295">0022-1295</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2140527">2140527</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19871997">19871997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+General+Physiology&rft.atitle=On+the+Growth+and+Respiration+of+Sulfur-Oxidizing+Bacteria&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-310&rft.date=1923-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2140527%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0022-1295&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19871997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1085%2Fjgp.5.3.285&rft.aulast=Waksman&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Starkey%2C+R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2140527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPronk_JTMeulenberg_RHazeu_WBos_P1990" class="citation journal cs1">Pronk JT; Meulenberg R; Hazeu W; Bos P; Kuenen JG (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.1990.tb04103.x">"Oxidation of reduced inorganic sulphur compounds by acidophilic thiobacilli"</a>. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 75 (2–3): 293–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.1990.tb04103.x">10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04103.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Letters&rft.atitle=Oxidation+of+reduced+inorganic+sulphur+compounds+by+acidophilic+thiobacilli&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=293-306&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.1990.tb04103.x&rft.au=Pronk+JT&rft.au=Meulenberg+R&rft.au=Hazeu+W&rft.au=Bos+P&rft.au=Kuenen+JG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1574-6968.1990.tb04103.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrigaardDahl2008" class="citation cs2">Frigaard, Niels-Ulrik; Dahl, Christiane (1 January 2008), Poole, Robert K. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065291108000027">Sulfur Metabolism in Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria</a>, Advances in Microbial Physiology, vol. 54, Academic Press, pp. 103–200, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2911%2808%2900002-7">10.1016/S0065-2911(08)00002-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123743237" title="Special:BookSources/9780123743237"><bdi>9780123743237</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929068">18929068</a>, retrieved 17 May 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sulfur+Metabolism+in+Phototrophic+Sulfur+Bacteria&rft.series=Advances+in+Microbial+Physiology&rft.pages=103-200&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18929068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-2911%2808%2900002-7&rft.isbn=9780123743237&rft.aulast=Frigaard&rft.aufirst=Niels-Ulrik&rft.au=Dahl%2C+Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0065291108000027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanaugh1994" class="citation journal cs1">Cavanaugh, Colleen M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F34.1.79">"Microbial Symbiosis: Patterns of Diversity in the Marine Environment"</a>. American Zoologist. 34: 79–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F34.1.79">10.1093/icb/34.1.79</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Zoologist&rft.atitle=Microbial+Symbiosis%3A+Patterns+of+Diversity+in+the+Marine+Environment&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=79-89&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F34.1.79&rft.aulast=Cavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Colleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F34.1.79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesStarkeyFeelyKulp1956" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Galen E.; Starkey, Robert L.; Feely, Herbert W.; Kulp, J. Laurence (22 June 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.123.3208.1124">"Biological Origin of Native Sulfur in Salt Domes of Texas and Louisiana"</a>. Science. 123 (3208): 1124–1125. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956Sci...123.1124J">1956Sci...123.1124J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.123.3208.1124">10.1126/science.123.3208.1124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17793426">17793426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Biological+Origin+of+Native+Sulfur+in+Salt+Domes+of+Texas+and+Louisiana&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=3208&rft.pages=1124-1125&rft.date=1956-06-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.123.3208.1124&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17793426&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956Sci...123.1124J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Galen+E.&rft.au=Starkey%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=Feely%2C+Herbert+W.&rft.au=Kulp%2C+J.+Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.123.3208.1124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipWaliAref1994" class="citation journal cs1">Philip, G.; Wali, A. M. A.; Aref, M. A. M. (1 September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03175232">"On the origin of native sulfur deposits in Gebel El Zeit, Gulf of Suez, Egypt"</a>. Carbonates and Evaporites. 9 (2): 223–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994CarEv...9..223P">1994CarEv...9..223P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03175232">10.1007/BF03175232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-5212">1878-5212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128827551">128827551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carbonates+and+Evaporites&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+native+sulfur+deposits+in+Gebel+El+Zeit%2C+Gulf+of+Suez%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-232&rft.date=1994-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03175232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128827551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1878-5212&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994CarEv...9..223P&rft.aulast=Philip&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Wali%2C+A.+M.+A.&rft.au=Aref%2C+M.+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2FBF03175232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330038794">"Petrography and mineralogy of the crystalline limestone of Fatha Formation from Mishraq area, Iraq"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Petrography+and+mineralogy+of+the+crystalline+limestone+of+Fatha+Formation+from+Mishraq+area%2C+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F330038794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heldt-1996-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Heldt-1996_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeldt1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heldt, Hans-Walter (1996). Pflanzenbiochemie (in German). Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. pp. 321–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8274-0103-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8274-0103-8"><bdi>978-3-8274-0103-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pflanzenbiochemie&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=321-333&rft.pub=Spektrum+Akademischer+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-8274-0103-8&rft.aulast=Heldt&rft.aufirst=Hans-Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuenenBeudeker1982" class="citation journal cs1">Kuenen, J. G.; Beudeker, R. F. (13 September 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6127737/">"Microbiology of thiobacilli and other sulphur-oxidizing autotrophs, mixotrophs and heterotrophs"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 298 (1093): 473–497. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982RSPTB.298..473K">1982RSPTB.298..473K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1982.0093">10.1098/rstb.1982.0093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6127737">6127737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Microbiology+of+thiobacilli+and+other+sulphur-oxidizing+autotrophs%2C+mixotrophs+and+heterotrophs&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=1093&rft.pages=473-497&rft.date=1982-09-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1982.0093&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6127737&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982RSPTB.298..473K&rft.aulast=Kuenen&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Beudeker%2C+R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F6127737%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasmundMußmannLoy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wasmund, Kenneth; Mußmann, Marc; Loy, Alexander (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573963">"The life sulfuric: microbial ecology of sulfur cycling in marine sediments: Microbial sulfur cycling in marine sediments"</a>. Environmental Microbiology Reports. 9 (4): 323–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1758-2229.12538">10.1111/1758-2229.12538</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5573963">5573963</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28419734">28419734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology+Reports&rft.atitle=The+life+sulfuric%3A+microbial+ecology+of+sulfur+cycling+in+marine+sediments%3A+Microbial+sulfur+cycling+in+marine+sediments&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=323-344&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5573963%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28419734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1758-2229.12538&rft.aulast=Wasmund&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Mu%C3%9Fmann%2C+Marc&rft.au=Loy%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5573963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrez-PreciadoRomeroPeimbert2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gutiérrez-Preciado, A.; Romero, H.; Peimbert, M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/an-evolutionary-perspective-on-amino-acids-14568445/">"An Evolutionary Perspective on Amino Acids"</a>. Nature Education. 3 (9): 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Education&rft.atitle=An+Evolutionary+Perspective+on+Amino+Acids&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez-Preciado&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Romero%2C+H.&rft.au=Peimbert%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Ftopicpage%2Fan-evolutionary-perspective-on-amino-acids-14568445%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26830/#_A436_">Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition</a>. New York: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3218-3"><bdi>978-0-8153-3218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell.+4th+edition.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Julian&rft.au=Raff%2C+Martin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Keith&rft.au=Walter%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK26830%2F%23_A436_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnérHolmgren2001" class="citation journal cs1">Arnér, Elias S. J.; Holmgren, Arne (25 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.2000.01701.x">"Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase"</a>. European Journal of Biochemistry. 267 (20): 6102–6109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.2000.01701.x">10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11012661">11012661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Physiological+functions+of+thioredoxin+and+thioredoxin+reductase%3A+Thioredoxin+and+thioredoxin+reductase&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=6102-6109&rft.date=2001-12-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1432-1327.2000.01701.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11012661&rft.aulast=Arn%C3%A9r&rft.aufirst=Elias+S.+J.&rft.au=Holmgren%2C+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1432-1327.2000.01701.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/international/lysozyme.html">"Lysozyme"</a>. Drugs.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Lysozyme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Finternational%2Flysozyme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-2000-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson-2000_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonCox2000" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lehningerprincip01lehn">Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry</a> (3rd ed.). New York: Worth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57259-153-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57259-153-0"><bdi>978-1-57259-153-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehninger%2C+Principles+of+Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Worth+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57259-153-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.au=Cox%2C+M.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flehningerprincip01lehn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelhub1999" class="citation journal cs1">Selhub, J. (1 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.217">"Homocysteine metabolism"</a>. Annual Review of Nutrition. 19 (1): 217–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.nutr.19.1.217">10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-9885">0199-9885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10448523">10448523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Homocysteine+metabolism&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=217-246&rft.date=1999-07-01&rft.issn=0199-9885&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10448523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.nutr.19.1.217&rft.aulast=Selhub&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.nutr.19.1.217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxtable1992" class="citation journal cs1">Huxtable, R. J. (1 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physrev.1992.72.1.101">"Physiological actions of taurine"</a>. Physiological Reviews. 72 (1): 101–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.1992.72.1.101">10.1152/physrev.1992.72.1.101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9333">0031-9333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1731369">1731369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Physiological+actions+of+taurine&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-163&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.issn=0031-9333&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1731369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fphysrev.1992.72.1.101&rft.aulast=Huxtable&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.physiology.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1152%2Fphysrev.1992.72.1.101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chem.uwec.edu/webpapers2001/barkacs/pages/function.html">"The Function of Biotin"</a>. www.chem.uwec.edu. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chem.uwec.edu&rft.atitle=The+Function+of+Biotin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.uwec.edu%2Fwebpapers2001%2Fbarkacs%2Fpages%2Ffunction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Katie A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thiamine.dnr.cornell.edu/Thiamine_biochemistry.html">"Thiamine Biochemistry"</a>. thiamine.dnr.cornell.edu. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thiamine.dnr.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Thiamine+Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Katie+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthiamine.dnr.cornell.edu%2FThiamine_biochemistry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThauer1998" class="citation journal cs1">Thauer, R. K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-144-9-2377">"Biochemistry of methanogenesis: a tribute to Marjory Stephenson:1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture"</a>. Microbiology. 144 (9): 2377–2406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-144-9-2377">10.1099/00221287-144-9-2377</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9782487">9782487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology&rft.atitle=Biochemistry+of+methanogenesis%3A+a+tribute+to+Marjory+Stephenson%3A1998+Marjory+Stephenson+Prize+Lecture&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2377-2406&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F00221287-144-9-2377&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9782487&rft.aulast=Thauer&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252F00221287-144-9-2377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaceWeerapana2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pace, Nicholas J.; Weerapana, Eranthie (17 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4101490">"Zinc-binding cysteines: diverse functions and structural motifs"</a>. Biomolecules. 4 (2): 419–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiom4020419">10.3390/biom4020419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2218-273X">2218-273X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4101490">4101490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24970223">24970223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomolecules&rft.atitle=Zinc-binding+cysteines%3A+diverse+functions+and+structural+motifs&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=419-434&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4101490%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2218-273X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24970223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbiom4020419&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Weerapana%2C+Eranthie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4101490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilesWattsGilesFry2003" class="citation journal cs1">Giles, Niroshini M; Watts, Aaron B; Giles, Gregory I; Fry, Fiona H; Littlechild, Jennifer A; Jacob, Claus (1 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1074-5521%2803%2900174-1">"Metal and Redox Modulation of Cysteine Protein Function"</a>. Chemistry & Biology. 10 (8): 677–693. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1074-5521%2803%2900174-1">10.1016/S1074-5521(03)00174-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1074-5521">1074-5521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954327">12954327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%26+Biology&rft.atitle=Metal+and+Redox+Modulation+of+Cysteine+Protein+Function&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=677-693&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.issn=1074-5521&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12954327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1074-5521%2803%2900174-1&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Niroshini+M&rft.au=Watts%2C+Aaron+B&rft.au=Giles%2C+Gregory+I&rft.au=Fry%2C+Fiona+H&rft.au=Littlechild%2C+Jennifer+A&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Claus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS1074-5521%252803%252900174-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippardBerg1994" class="citation book cs1">Lippard, S. J.; Berg, J. M. (1994). Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry. University Science Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935702-73-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935702-73-6"><bdi>978-0-935702-73-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Bioinorganic+Chemistry&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-935702-73-6&rft.aulast=Lippard&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Berg%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzMendel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarz, Günter; Mendel, Ralf R. (2006). "Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and molybdenum enzymes". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 57 (1): 623–647. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.57.032905.105437">10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105437</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-5008">1543-5008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16669776">16669776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Molybdenum+cofactor+biosynthesis+and+molybdenum+enzymes&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=623-647&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1543-5008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16669776&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.57.032905.105437&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Mendel%2C+Ralf+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMladenovićRadosavljevićHrnčićRasic-Markovic2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mladenović, Dušan; Radosavljević, Tatjana; Hrnčić, Dragan; Rasic-Markovic, Aleksandra; Stanojlović, Olivera (26 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30817309/">"The effects of dietary methionine restriction on the function and metabolic reprogramming in the liver and brain – implications for longevity"</a>. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 30 (6): 581–593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Frevneuro-2018-0073">10.1515/revneuro-2018-0073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2191-0200">2191-0200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30817309">30817309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73470156">73470156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+the+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+dietary+methionine+restriction+on+the+function+and+metabolic+reprogramming+in+the+liver+and+brain+%E2%80%93+implications+for+longevity&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=581-593&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft.issn=2191-0200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73470156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30817309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Frevneuro-2018-0073&rft.aulast=Mladenovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an&rft.au=Radosavljevi%C4%87%2C+Tatjana&rft.au=Hrn%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Dragan&rft.au=Rasic-Markovic%2C+Aleksandra&rft.au=Stanojlovi%C4%87%2C+Olivera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30817309%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinzSadhukhanMiousseGarg2021" class="citation journal cs1">Binz, Regina L.; Sadhukhan, Ratan; Miousse, Isabelle R.; Garg, Sarita; Koturbash, Igor; Zhou, Daohong; Hauer-Jensen, Martin; Pathak, Rupak (27 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7956689">"Dietary Methionine Deficiency Enhances Genetic Instability in Murine Immune Cells"</a>. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (5): 2378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms22052378">10.3390/ijms22052378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1422-0067">1422-0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7956689">7956689</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33673497">33673497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Dietary+Methionine+Deficiency+Enhances+Genetic+Instability+in+Murine+Immune+Cells&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2378&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7956689%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1422-0067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33673497&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms22052378&rft.aulast=Binz&rft.aufirst=Regina+L.&rft.au=Sadhukhan%2C+Ratan&rft.au=Miousse%2C+Isabelle+R.&rft.au=Garg%2C+Sarita&rft.au=Koturbash%2C+Igor&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Daohong&rft.au=Hauer-Jensen%2C+Martin&rft.au=Pathak%2C+Rupak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7956689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarakasKisker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Karakas, Erkan; Kisker, Caroline (18 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2005/dt/b505789m">"Structural analysis of missense mutations causing isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency"</a>. Dalton Transactions (21): 3459–3463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB505789M">10.1039/B505789M</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-9234">1477-9234</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16234925">16234925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dalton+Transactions&rft.atitle=Structural+analysis+of+missense+mutations+causing+isolated+sulfite+oxidase+deficiency&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3459-3463&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft.issn=1477-9234&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16234925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FB505789M&rft.aulast=Karakas&rft.aufirst=Erkan&rft.au=Kisker%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Farticlelanding%2F2005%2Fdt%2Fb505789m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigald/84683">"Sulfur 84683"</a>. S.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S&rft.atitle=Sulfur+84683&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Fsigald%2F84683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/4562">"Chemical Datasheet. SULFUR, MOLTEN"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+Datasheet.+SULFUR%2C+MOLTEN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcameochemicals.noaa.gov%2Fchemical%2F4562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/sulfurgen.html">"Sulfur General Fact Sheet"</a>. npic.orst.edu. Retrieved 2 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npic.orst.edu&rft.atitle=Sulfur+General+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpic.orst.edu%2Ffactsheets%2Fsulfurgen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzCarrollScharschmidt1986" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Steven M.; Carroll, Hugh M.; Scharschmidt, Linda A. (1 July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1986.00360190229034">"Sublimed (Inorganic) Sulfur Ingestion: A Cause of Life-Threatening Metabolic Acidosis With a High Anion Gap"</a>. Archives of Internal Medicine. 146 (7): 1437–1438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.1986.00360190229034">10.1001/archinte.1986.00360190229034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-9926">0003-9926</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3718141">3718141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Sublimed+%28Inorganic%29+Sulfur+Ingestion%3A+A+Cause+of+Life-Threatening+Metabolic+Acidosis+With+a+High+Anion+Gap&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1437-1438&rft.date=1986-07-01&rft.issn=0003-9926&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3718141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinte.1986.00360190229034&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Hugh+M.&rft.au=Scharschmidt%2C+Linda+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%2Farchinte.1986.00360190229034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumCoe2010" class="citation journal cs1">Blum, J. Eric; Coe, Fredric L. (13 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM197710202971606">"Metabolic Acidosis after Sulfur Ingestion"</a>. New England Journal of Medicine. 297 (16): 869–870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejm197710202971606">10.1056/nejm197710202971606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/904661">904661</a>. Retrieved 2 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Metabolic+Acidosis+after+Sulfur+Ingestion&rft.volume=297&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=869-870&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejm197710202971606&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F904661&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=J.+Eric&rft.au=Coe%2C+Fredric+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM197710202971606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=253&tid=46">"Sulfur Dioxide | Toxicological Profile | ATSDR"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Sulfur+Dioxide+%7C+Toxicological+Profile+%7C+ATSDR&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwn.cdc.gov%2FTSP%2FToxProfiles%2FToxProfiles.aspx%3Fid%3D253%26tid%3D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/sulfurgen.html#:~:text=However,%20the%20main%20theory%20is,cells%20and%20affects%20cell%20respiration.&text=Sulfur%20can%20kill%20insects%20if%20they%20touch%20it%20or%20eat%20it.&text=It%20disrupts%20their%20normal%20body,their%20ability%20to%20produce%20energy.">"Sulfur General Fact Sheet"</a>. npic.orst.edu. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npic.orst.edu&rft.atitle=Sulfur+General+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpic.orst.edu%2Ffactsheets%2Fsulfurgen.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHowever%2C%2520the%2520main%2520theory%2520is%2Ccells%2520and%2520affects%2520cell%2520respiration.%26text%3DSulfur%2520can%2520kill%2520insects%2520if%2520they%2520touch%2520it%2520or%2520eat%2520it.%26text%3DIt%2520disrupts%2520their%2520normal%2520body%2Ctheir%2520ability%2520to%2520produce%2520energy.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Baker, Colin (1 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/the-dehydration-of-sucrose/2020073.article">"The dehydration of sucrose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chemistry" title="Education in Chemistry">Education in Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. Retrieved 14 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+in+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+dehydration+of+sucrose&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedu.rsc.org%2Fexhibition-chemistry%2Fthe-dehydration-of-sucrose%2F2020073.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Engineering_(Sustainability_and_Conservation)/Energy_Conservation_for_Environmental_Protection_(Pisupati)/04%3A_Energy_and_the_Environment/4.01%3A_New_Page">"4.1: Fossil Fuels and Products of Combustion"</a>. Engineering LibreTexts. 28 February 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=4.1%3A+Fossil+Fuels+and+Products+of+Combustion&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FEnvironmental_Engineering_%28Sustainability_and_Conservation%29%2FEnergy_Conservation_for_Environmental_Protection_%28Pisupati%29%2F04%253A_Energy_and_the_Environment%2F4.01%253A_New_Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/815139-overview#a4">"Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology"</a>. Medscape. 30 March 2017 – via eMedicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medscape&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Sulfide+Toxicity%3A+Practice+Essentials%2C+Pathophysiology%2C+Etiology&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F815139-overview%23a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2017" class="citation web cs1">Summers, Vincent (8 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quirkyscience.com/hydrogen-sulfide-or-hydrogen-cyanide/">"Hydrogen Sulfide or Hydrogen Cyanide: Which is More Dangerous?"</a>. Quirky Science. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quirky+Science&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Sulfide+or+Hydrogen+Cyanide%3A+Which+is+More+Dangerous%3F&rft.date=2017-04-08&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirkyscience.com%2Fhydrogen-sulfide-or-hydrogen-cyanide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/hydrogen-sulfide/hazards">"Hydrogen Sulfide – Hazards | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"</a>. www.osha.gov. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osha.gov&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Sulfide+%E2%80%93+Hazards+%7C+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Fhydrogen-sulfide%2Fhazards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sulfur" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sulfur">Sulfur</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigelFreisingerSigel2020" class="citation book cs1">Sigel, Astrid; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K.O., eds. (2020). Transition Metals and Sulfur: A Strong Relationship for Life. Guest Editors Martha E Sosa Torres and Peter M.H.Kroneck. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. pp. xlv+455. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-058889-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-058889-7"><bdi>978-3-11-058889-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transition+Metals+and+Sulfur%3A+A+Strong+Relationship+for+Life&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pages=xlv%2B455&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-11-058889-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASulfur" class="Z3988"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/016.htm">Sulfur</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Handbook/Tables/sulfurtable1.htm">Atomic Data for Sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> Physical Measurement Laboratory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.tedankara.k12.tr/chemistry/vol2/allotropy/z129.htm">Sulfur phase diagram</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223201329/http://library.tedankara.k12.tr/chemistry/vol2/allotropy/z129.htm">Archived</a> 23 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Introduction to Chemistry for Ages 13–17</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/perm/vulcano/sulphur-vulcano-en.html">Crystalline, liquid and polymerization of sulfur on Vulcano Island, Italy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/sulfur.htm">Sulfur and its use as a pesticide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sulphurinstitute.org/">The Sulphur Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221502/http://www.nutrientstewardship.com/partners/products-and-services/sulfur-institute">Nutrient Stewardship and The Sulphur Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sulfur_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sulfur_compounds" title="Template:Sulfur compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sulfur_compounds" title="Template talk:Sulfur compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sulfur_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sulfur compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sulfur_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_compounds" title="Sulfur compounds">Sulfur compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfide" title="Aluminium sulfide">Al2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic(II)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenic(II) sulfide (page does not exist)">As2S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide" title="Arsenic trisulfide">As2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentasulfide" title="Arsenic pentasulfide">As2S5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar">As4S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_sulfide" title="Gold(I) sulfide">Au2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_sulfide" title="Gold(III) sulfide">Au2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_sulfide" title="Boron sulfide">B2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfide" title="Barium sulfide">BaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_sulfide" title="Beryllium sulfide">BeS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_sulfide" title="Bismuth(III) sulfide">Bi2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">CS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_subsulfide" title="Carbon subsulfide">C3S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanehexathione" title="Cyclohexanehexathione">C6S6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfide" title="Calcium sulfide">CaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">CdS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium(II)_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium(II) sulfide (page does not exist)">CeS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_sulfide" title="Cobalt sulfide">CoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_sulfide" title="Chromium(III) sulfide">Cr2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_sulfide_selenide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon sulfide selenide (page does not exist)">CSSe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_sulfide_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon sulfide telluride (page does not exist)">CSTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcopyrite" title="Chalcopyrite">CuFeS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_monosulfide" title="Copper monosulfide">CuS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuterium_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deuterium sulfide (page does not exist)">D2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_sulfide" title="Dysprosium(III) sulfide">Dy2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium sulfide (page does not exist)">Er2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_sulfide" title="Europium(II) sulfide">EuS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">FeS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(II)_sulfide" title="Gallium(II) sulfide">GaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium(IV) sulfide">HfS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_sulfide" title="Mercury sulfide">HgS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_sulfide" title="Indium(III) sulfide">In2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfide" title="Potassium sulfide">K2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_monosulfide" title="Lanthanum monosulfide">LaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfide" title="Lithium sulfide">LiS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfide" title="Magnesium sulfide">MgS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulfide" title="Molybdenum disulfide">MoS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trisulfide" title="Molybdenum trisulfide">MoS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydrosulfide" title="Sodium hydrosulfide">NaHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">Na2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">NH4HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerite" title="Millerite">NiS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus sulfide">P4Sx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfide" title="Lead(II) sulfide">PbS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(IV)_sulfide" title="Lead(IV) sulfide">PbS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiophosphoryl_chloride" title="Thiophosphoryl chloride">PSCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorothioc_triiodide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorothioc triiodide (page does not exist)">PSI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum(II)_sulfide" title="Platinum(II) sulfide">PtS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium(IV) sulfide">ReS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(VII)_sulfide" title="Rhenium(VII) sulfide">Re2S7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">SiS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_sulfide" title="Strontium sulfide">SrS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_sulfide" title="Thallium(I) sulfide">TlS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium sulfide (page does not exist)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_disulfide" title="Selenium disulfide">SeS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_disulfide" title="Uranium disulfide">S2U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(IV) sulfide">WS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trisulfide" title="Tungsten trisulfide">WS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trisulfide" title="Antimony trisulfide">Sb2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentasulfide" title="Antimony pentasulfide">Sb2S5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimony_oxide_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimony oxide sulfide (page does not exist)">Sb4S3O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_sulfide" title="Samarium(III) sulfide">Sm2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_sulfide" title="Yttrium(III) sulfide">Y2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium(IV) sulfide">ZrS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxysulfide" title="Lanthanum oxysulfide">La 2O 2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_oxysulfide" title="Gadolinium oxysulfide">Gd 2O 2S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sulfur <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dibromide" title="Disulfur dibromide">S2Br2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dibromide" title="Sulfur dibromide">SBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur monochloride">S2Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dichloride" title="Sulfur dichloride">SCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_tetrachloride" title="Sulfur tetrachloride">SCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_difluoride" title="Sulfur difluoride">SF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_tetrafluoride" title="Sulfur tetrafluoride">SF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_decafluoride" title="Disulfur decafluoride">S2F10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">SF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_diiodide" title="Disulfur diiodide">S2I2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sulfur <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxyhalide" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhalide">oxyhalides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">SO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">SO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionyl_bromide" title="Thionyl bromide">SOBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionyl_chloride" title="Thionyl chloride">SOCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionyl_fluoride" title="Thionyl fluoride">SOF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionyl_tetrafluoride" title="Thionyl tetrafluoride">SOF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trithionic_acid" title="Trithionic acid">H2S3O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid">H2SO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">H2SO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleum" title="Oleum">H2S2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxymonosulfuric_acid" title="Peroxymonosulfuric acid">H2SO5</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">Sulfites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadmium_sulfite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadmium sulfite (page does not exist)">CdSO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfite" title="Potassium sulfite">K2SO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">Sulfates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_sulfate" title="Silver sulfate">Ag2SO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">CaSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">CuSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sulfate" title="Caesium sulfate">Cs2SO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Er2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Eu2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_sulfate" title="Mercury(II) sulfate">HgSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfate" title="Potassium sulfate">K2SO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_alum" title="Potassium alum">KAl(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium aluminium sulfate">NaAl(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_sulfate" title="Radium sulfate">RaSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_sulfate" title="Tin(II) sulfate">SnSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_sulfate" title="Strontium sulfate">SrSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(IV)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(IV) sulfate (page does not exist)">Ti(SO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Tm2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_sulfate" title="Ytterbium(III) sulfate">Yb2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_sulfate" title="Zirconium(IV) sulfate">Zr(SO4)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sulfur <a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">nitrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">SN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dinitride" title="Disulfur dinitride">S2N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride" title="Tetrasulfur tetranitride">S4N4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">Thiocyanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">HSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_thiocyanate" title="Potassium thiocyanate">KSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_thiocyanate" title="Cobalt(II) thiocyanate">Co(SCN)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organosulfur_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur compounds">Organic compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiirane" title="Thiirane">C2H4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_trisulfide" title="Dimethyl trisulfide">C2H6S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiophene" title="Thiophene">C4H4S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihexadecyl_disulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihexadecyl disulfide (page does not exist)">C32H66S2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichloromethyl_mercaptan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichloromethyl mercaptan (page does not exist)">CHCl3S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_thiocyanate" title="Methyl thiocyanate">C2H3SN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/19px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Sulfur at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sulfur" class="extiw" title="wikt:sulfur">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" class="extiw" title="c:Sulfur">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Sulfur" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:The Elements/Sulfur">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Sulfur_atom" class="extiw" title="v:Sulfur atom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4180380-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85130365">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947003d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11947003d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564201">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116380&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX534797">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000182402&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548506005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10645875">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&oldid=1258684905">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&oldid=1258684905</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sulfur" title="Category:Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical elements">Chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chalcogens" title="Category:Chalcogens">Chalcogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reactive_nonmetals" title="Category:Reactive nonmetals">Reactive nonmetals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polyatomic_nonmetals" title="Category:Polyatomic nonmetals">Polyatomic nonmetals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_chemicals" title="Category:Agricultural chemicals">Agricultural chemicals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-acne_preparations" title="Category:Anti-acne preparations">Anti-acne preparations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dietary_minerals" title="Category:Dietary minerals">Dietary minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_minerals" title="Category:Industrial minerals">Industrial minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inorganic_polymers" title="Category:Inorganic polymers">Inorganic polymers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_element_minerals" title="Category:Native element minerals">Native element minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthorhombic_minerals" title="Category:Orthorhombic minerals">Orthorhombic minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minerals_in_space_group_70" title="Category:Minerals in space group 70">Minerals in space group 70</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pyrotechnic_fuels" title="Category:Pyrotechnic fuels">Pyrotechnic fuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_with_primitive_orthorhombic_structure" title="Category:Chemical elements with primitive orthorhombic structure">Chemical elements with primitive orthorhombic structure</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use American English from August 2024">Use American English from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2016">Use dmy dates from March 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Anglo-Norman-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Anglo-Norman-language text">Articles containing Anglo-Norman-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_English_(1100-1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text">Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_having_GHS_data" title="Category:Chembox having GHS data">Chembox having GHS data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chembox_container_only" title="Category:Chembox container only">Chembox container only</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 01:07 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lsb4r","wgBackendResponseTime":236,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.836","walltime":"3.386","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":814262,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":45764,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":56,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":594556,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2953.402 1 -total"," 48.88% 1443.587 3 Template:Infobox"," 34.05% 1005.714 1 Template:Infobox_sulfur"," 33.98% 1003.479 1 Template:Infobox_element"," 28.82% 851.026 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.28% 303.746 61 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.18% 300.769 135 Template:Trim"," 9.48% 279.989 1 Template:Infobox_sulfur_isotopes"," 9.42% 278.308 1 Template:Infobox_isotopes_(meta)"," 9.09% 268.399 1 Template:Isotopes/main/table"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.438","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27723105,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","620","30.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","16.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","4.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.9"],["[others]","320","15.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7gxbk","timestamp":"20241122223005","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sulfur","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sulfur","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q682","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q682","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-30T19:23:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/88\/Sulfur_-_El_Desierto_mine%2C_San_Pablo_de_Napa%2C_Daniel_Campos_Province%2C_Potos%C3%AD%2C_Bolivia.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16"}</script> </body> </html>