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id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_of_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_of_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Stage of development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_of_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewability/exhaustibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewability/exhaustibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Renewability/exhaustibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewability/exhaustibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Depletion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Natural resource</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurlike_hulpbron" title="Natuurlike hulpbron – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Natuurlike hulpbron" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="مورد طبيعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مورد طبيعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurso_natural" title="Recurso natural – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Recurso natural" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6" title="প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursu_natural" title="Recursu natural – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Recursu natural" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99bii_ehtiyatlar" title="Təbii ehtiyatlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbii ehtiyatlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6" title="প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-ji%C3%A2n_chu-go%C3%A2n" title="Chū-jiân chu-goân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-jiân chu-goân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Прыродныя рэсурсы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыродныя рэсурсы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राकृतिक संसाधन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्राकृतिक संसाधन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likas_na_yaman" title="Likas na yaman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Likas na yaman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81" title="Природен ресурс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Природен ресурс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_resursi" title="Prirodni resursi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prirodni resursi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%8D" title="Байгаалиин нөөсэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Байгаалиин нөөсэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurs_natural" title="Recurs natural – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Recurs natural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%82%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çутçанталăк ресурсĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çутçанталăк ресурсĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADrodn%C3%AD_zdroj" title="Přírodní zdroj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přírodní zdroj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturresurse" title="Naturresurse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naturresurse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BCrliche_Ressource" title="Natürliche Ressource – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natürliche Ressource" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loodusvarad" title="Loodusvarad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loodusvarad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Φυσικοί πόροι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσικοί πόροι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurso_natural" title="Recurso natural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Recurso natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturfonto" title="Naturfonto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naturfonto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliabide_natural" title="Baliabide natural – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baliabide natural" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="منابع طبیعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منابع طبیعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilfeingi" title="Tilfeingi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tilfeingi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ressource_naturelle" title="Ressource naturelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ressource naturelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurso_natural" title="Recurso natural – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Recurso natural" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="કુદરતી સંપત્તિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કુદરતી સંપત્તિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%97%B0_%EC%9E%90%EC%9B%90" title="천연 자원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천연 자원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բնական պաշարներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բնական պաշարներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राकृतिक संसाधन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राकृतिक संसाधन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_resursi" title="Prirodni resursi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prirodni resursi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_daya_alam" title="Sumber daya alam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumber daya alam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1tt%C3%BAruau%C3%B0lind" title="Náttúruauðlind – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Náttúruauðlind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorsa_naturale" title="Risorsa naturale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Risorsa naturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2" title="משאב טבע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משאב טבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_Daya_Alam" title="Sumber Daya Alam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sumber Daya Alam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2" title="ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბუნებრივი რესურსები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუნებრივი რესურსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Табиғи қорлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Табиғи қорлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliasili" title="Maliasili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maliasili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resous_natir%C3%A8l" title="Resous natirèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Resous natirèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opes_naturae" title="Opes naturae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opes naturae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabas_resursi" title="Dabas resursi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dabas resursi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamtiniai_i%C5%A1tekliai" title="Gamtiniai ištekliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gamtiniai ištekliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rnyezeti_er%C5%91forr%C3%A1s" title="Környezeti erőforrás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Környezeti erőforrás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Природни ресурси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Природни ресурси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loharanon-karena_voajanahary" title="Loharanon-karena voajanahary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Loharanon-karena voajanahary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumber_semula_jadi" title="Sumber semula jadi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumber semula jadi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%86" title="Байгалийн нөөц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байгалийн нөөц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="သဘာဝ အရင်းအမြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဘာဝ အရင်းအမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurlijke_hulpbron" title="Natuurlijke hulpbron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurlijke hulpbron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="天然資源 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天然資源" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturressurs" title="Naturressurs – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturressurs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturressurs" title="Naturressurs – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Naturressurs" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ressor%C3%A7a_naturala" title="Ressorça naturala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ressorça naturala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabiat_resurslari" title="Tabiat resurslari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tabiat resurslari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="طبيعی منابع – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبيعی منابع" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasoby_naturalne" title="Zasoby naturalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zasoby naturalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurso_natural" title="Recurso natural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Recurso natural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1biyiy_bayl%C4%B1qlar" title="Tábiyiy baylıqlar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tábiyiy baylıqlar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurse_naturale" title="Resurse naturale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Resurse naturale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Природные ресурсы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Природные ресурсы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burimet_natyrore" title="Burimet natyrore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Burimet natyrore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="ස්වාභාවික සම්පත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වාභාවික සම්පත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Natural resource" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADrodn%C3%BD_zdroj" title="Prírodný zdroj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prírodný zdroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سەرچاوەی سروشتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرچاوەی سروشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Природни ресурси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Природни ресурси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodni_resursi" title="Prirodni resursi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prirodni resursi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonnonvarat" title="Luonnonvarat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luonnonvarat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturresurs" title="Naturresurs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naturresurs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likas_na_yaman" title="Likas na yaman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Likas na yaman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்கை வளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்கை வளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%9C_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సహజ వనరులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సహజ వనరులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%A3" title="Захираҳои табиӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Захираҳои табиӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_kaynak" title="Doğal kaynak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğal kaynak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Природні ресурси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Природні ресурси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0i_nguy%C3%AAn_thi%C3%AAn_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Tài nguyên thiên nhiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tài nguyên thiên nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unob_nga_karikohan" title="Unob nga karikohan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unob nga karikohan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="自然资源 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然资源" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Primary resource" redirects here. For original sources used in research, see <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">Primary source</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg/220px-Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg/330px-Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg/440px-Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> in Amazon, in the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, is an example of an undisturbed natural resource. Forest provides timber for humans, food, water and shelter for the flora and fauna tribes and animals. The <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycle</a> between organisms forms food chains and fosters a biodiversity of species.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/170px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/255px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/340px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Carson Fall in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu" title="Mount Kinabalu">Mount Kinabalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> is an example of undisturbed natural resources. Waterfalls provide spring water for humans, animals and plants for survival and habitat for marine organisms. The water current can be used to turn turbines for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric generation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_waves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ocean_waves.jpg/220px-Ocean_waves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ocean_waves.jpg/330px-Ocean_waves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ocean_waves.jpg/440px-Ocean_waves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> is an example of a natural resource. Ocean waves can be used to generate <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">wave power</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> source. Ocean water is important for <a href="/wiki/Salt#Production" title="Salt">salt production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>, and providing habitat for deep-water fishes. There is biodiversity of marine species in the sea where nutrient cycles are common.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udachnaya_pipe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Udachnaya_pipe.JPG/220px-Udachnaya_pipe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Udachnaya_pipe.JPG/330px-Udachnaya_pipe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Udachnaya_pipe.JPG/440px-Udachnaya_pipe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A picture of the <a href="/wiki/Udachnaya_pipe" title="Udachnaya pipe">Udachnaya pipe</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit</a> <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> mine in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. An example of a non-renewable natural resource.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Natural resources</b> are <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resources</a> that are drawn from <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> and used with few modifications. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value, scientific interest, and cultural value. On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, it includes <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> along with all <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural resources are part of humanity's <a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">natural heritage</a> or protected in <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a>. Particular areas (such as <a href="/wiki/Fatu-Hiva" title="Fatu-Hiva">the rainforest in Fatu-Hiva</a>) often feature <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geodiversity" title="Geodiversity">geodiversity</a> in their ecosystems. Natural resources may be classified in different ways. Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). </p><p>A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as freshwater, <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>, or any living organism such as a fish, or it may be transformed by <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">extractivist industries</a> into an economically useful form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">metal ores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a> and most forms of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. Some resources are <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable</a>, which means that they can be used at a certain rate and natural processes will restore them. In contrast, many extractive industries rely heavily on <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">non-renewable resources</a> that can only be extracted once. </p><p>Natural resource allocations can be at the centre of many economic and political confrontations both within and between countries. This is particularly true during periods of increasing scarcity and shortages (<a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">depletion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a> of resources). <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Resource extraction</a> is also a major source of human rights violations and environmental damage. The <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> and other international development agendas frequently focus on creating more sustainable resource extraction, with some scholars and researchers focused on creating economic models, such as <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>, that rely less on resource extraction, and more on <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> and renewable resources that can be sustainably managed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Classification_for_Resources" title="United Nations Framework Classification for Resources">United Nations Framework Classification for Resources</a></div> <p>There are various criteria for classifying natural resources. These include the source of origin, stages of development, renewability and <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">Biotic</a>:</b> Resources that originate from the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> and have <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">fauna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fisheries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, etc. <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">Abiotic</a>:</b> Resources that originate from non-living and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic material</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a>, fresh <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a>, and heavy metals including <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_of_development">Stage of development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stage of development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Potential resources:</b> Resources that are known to exist, but have not been utilized yet. These may be used in the future. For example, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> in sedimentary rocks that, until extracted and put to use, remains a <i>potential</i> resource.</li> <li><b>Actual resources:</b> Resources that have been surveyed, quantified and qualified, and are currently used in development. These are typically dependent on technology and the level of their feasibility, <a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">wood processing</a> for example.</li> <li><b>Reserves:</b> The part of an actual resource that can be developed profitably in the future.</li> <li><b> Stocks:</b> Resources that have been surveyed, but cannot be used due to lack of technology, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen vehicles</a> for example.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewability/exhaustibility"><span id="Renewability.2Fexhaustibility"></span>Renewability/exhaustibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Renewability/exhaustibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable resources">Renewable resources</a>:</b> These resources can be replenished naturally. Some of these resources, like <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, air, wind, water, etc. are continuously available and their quantities are not noticeably affected by human consumption. Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use. Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable so long as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption. They replenish easily compared to non-renewable resources.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waters_of_the_Victoria_Nile_in_the_Murchison_Falls_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria Nile waters as one of Uganda's key natural resources" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Waters_of_the_Victoria_Nile_in_the_Murchison_Falls_National_Park.jpg/220px-Waters_of_the_Victoria_Nile_in_the_Murchison_Falls_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Waters_of_the_Victoria_Nile_in_the_Murchison_Falls_National_Park.jpg/330px-Waters_of_the_Victoria_Nile_in_the_Murchison_Falls_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Waters_of_the_Victoria_Nile_in_the_Murchison_Falls_National_Park.jpg/440px-Waters_of_the_Victoria_Nile_in_the_Murchison_Falls_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The waters of the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> River are a key natural resource for <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-renewable resources">Non-renewable resources</a>:</b> These resources are formed over a long <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geological time</a> period in the environment and cannot be renewed easily. Minerals are the most common resource included in this category. From the human perspective, resources are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment/recovery; a good example of this is <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, which are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially millions of years), meaning they are considered non-renewable. Some resources naturally deplete in amount without human interference, the most notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally decay into heavy metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> them,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership">Ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Individual resources:</b> Resources owned <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">privately</a> by individuals. These include plots, houses, <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a>, etc.</li> <li><b>Community resources:</b> Resources which are accessible to all the members of a <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>. E.g.: <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><b>National resources:</b> Resources that belong to the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>. The nation has legal powers to acquire them for public welfare. These also include minerals, forests and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">political boundaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a>.</li> <li><b>International resources:</b> These resources are regulated by <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>. E.g.: <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraction">Extraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">Extractivism</a></div> <p>Resource extraction involves any activity that withdraws resources from nature. This can range in scale from the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_economy" title="Traditional economy">traditional use</a> of preindustrial societies to global industry. Extractive industries are, along with agriculture, the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector">primary sector</a> of the economy. Extraction produces <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw material</a>, which is then processed to <a href="/wiki/Add_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Add value">add value</a>. Examples of extractive industries are <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">trapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining industry">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum industry in Nigeria">oil and gas drilling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timber_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber industry">forestry</a>. Natural resources can be a substantial part of a country's wealth;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, a sudden inflow of money caused by a resource extraction boom can create social problems including inflation harming other industries ("<a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a>") and corruption, leading to inequality and underdevelopment, this is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">resource curse</a>". </p><p>Extractive industries represent a large growing activity in many less-developed countries but the wealth generated does not always lead to <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable growth">sustainable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_growth" title="Inclusive growth">inclusive growth</a>. People often accuse extractive industry businesses as acting only to maximize short-term value, implying that less-developed countries are vulnerable to powerful corporations. Alternatively, host governments are often assumed to be only maximizing immediate <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a>. Researchers argue there are areas of common interest where development goals and business cross. These present opportunities for international governmental agencies to engage with the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> and host governments through revenue management and expenditure accountability, infrastructure development, <a href="/wiki/Employment_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment creation">employment creation</a>, skills and <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise development">enterprise development</a>, and impacts on children, especially girls and women.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strong civil society can play an important role in ensuring the effective management of natural resources. Norway can serve as a role model in this regard as it has good institutions and open and dynamic public debate with strong civil society actors that provide an effective checks and balances system for the government's management of extractive industries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Extractive_Industries_Transparency_Initiative" title="Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative">Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative</a> (EITI), a global standard for the good governance of oil, gas and mineral resources. It seeks to address the key governance issues in the extractive sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in countries that do not have a very strong and unified society, meaning that there are dissidents who are not as happy with the government as in Norway's case, natural resources can actually be a factor in whether a civil war starts and how long the war lasts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depletion">Depletion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Depletion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/170px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/255px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/340px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3831" /></a><figcaption>Wind is a natural resource that can be used to generate electricity, as with these 5 MW wind turbines in <a href="/wiki/Thorntonbank_Wind_Farm" title="Thorntonbank Wind Farm">Thorntonbank Wind Farm</a> 28 km (17 mi) off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation of natural resources</a></div> <p>In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Depletion_of_natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion of natural resources">depletion of natural resources</a> has become a major focus of governments and organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN). This is evident in the UN's Agenda 21 Section Two, which outlines the necessary steps for countries to take to sustain their natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depletion of natural resources is considered a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Schilling_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schilling-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>sustainable development</i> has many interpretations, most notably the Brundtland Commission's 'to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of <a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">future generations</a> to meet their own needs';<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in broad terms it is balancing the needs of the planet's people and species now and in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_2002_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to natural resources, depletion is of concern for sustainable development as it has the ability to degrade current environments<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the potential to impact the needs of future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Schilling_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schilling-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>"The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others."</i> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Depletion of natural resources is associated with <a href="/wiki/Social_inequity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social inequity">social inequity</a>. Considering most biodiversity are located in developing countries,<sup id="cite_ref-cultural_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cultural-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depletion of this resource could result in losses of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> for these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-living_planet_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-living_planet-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At present, there is a particular concern for rainforest regions that hold most of the Earth's biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-forest_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forest-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nelson,<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of the world's forests with 30% of the Earth's surface already cropped. If we consider that 80% of people rely on medicines obtained from plants and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> of the world's prescription medicines have ingredients taken from plants,<sup id="cite_ref-living_planet_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-living_planet-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> loss of the world's rainforests could result in a loss of finding more potential life-saving medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The depletion of natural resources is caused by 'direct drivers of change'<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum extraction">petroleum extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, and forestry as well as 'indirect drivers of change' such as demography (e.g. population growth), economy, society, politics, and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current practice of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> is another factor causing depletion of natural resources. For example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_2002_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society. This is seen in the cited quote given by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, a well-known conservationist and former United States president, who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection">Protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></div> <p>In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/World_Charter_for_Nature" title="World Charter for Nature">World Charter for Nature</a>, which recognized the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity. It states that measures must be taken at all societal levels, from international to individual, to protect nature. It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated into national and international systems of law.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To look at the importance of protecting natural resources further, the World Ethic of Sustainability, developed by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a> in 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set out eight values for sustainability, including the need to protect natural resources from depletion. Since the development of these documents, many measures have been taken to protect natural resources including establishment of the scientific field and practice of conservation biology and habitat conservation, respectively. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a> is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitats">habitats</a>, and ecosystems from excessive rates of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on science, economics and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">natural resource management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Soule86_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soule86-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter96_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter96-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groom06_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groom06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyke08_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyke08-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>conservation biology</i> was introduced as the title of a conference held at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, in La Jolla, California, in 1978, organized by biologists Bruce A. Wilcox and <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Soul%C3%A9" title="Michael E. Soulé">Michael E. Soulé</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">land management</a> that seeks to <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conserve</a>, protect and restore <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> areas for wild <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Conservation_reliant_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation reliant species">conservation reliant species</a>, and prevent their extinction, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a> or reduction in <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDFG_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDFG-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Resource_Management_System" title="United Nations Resource Management System">United Nations Resource Management System</a></div> <p>Natural resource management is a discipline in the management of natural resources such as land, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>—with a particular focus on how management affects <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> for present and future generations. Hence, sustainable development is followed according to the judicious use of resources to supply present and future generations. The disciplines of fisheries, forestry, and wildlife are examples of large subdisciplines of natural resource management. </p><p>Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the resources and who does not to define the management boundaries of the resource.<sup id="cite_ref-Kommers_and_Mackie_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kommers_and_Mackie-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resources may be managed by the users according to the rules governing when and how the resource is used depending on local condition<sup id="cite_ref-Managing_Ecosystem_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Managing_Ecosystem-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the resources may be managed by a governmental organization or other central authority.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "...successful management of natural resources depends on freedom of speech, a dynamic and wide-ranging public debate through multiple independent media channels and an active civil society engaged in natural resource issues..."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the nature of the shared resources, the individuals who are affected by the rules can participate in setting or changing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Kommers_and_Mackie_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kommers_and_Mackie-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The users have rights to devise their own management institutions and plans under the recognition by the government. The right to resources includes land, water, fisheries, and pastoral rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Managing_Ecosystem_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Managing_Ecosystem-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The users or parties accountable to the users have to actively monitor and ensure the utilisation of the resource compliance with the rules and impose penalties on those people who violate the rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Kommers_and_Mackie_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kommers_and_Mackie-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These conflicts are resolved quickly and efficiently by the local institution according to the seriousness and context of the offense.<sup id="cite_ref-Managing_Ecosystem_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Managing_Ecosystem-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global science-based platform to discuss natural resources management is the <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Forum" title="World Resources Forum">World Resources Forum</a>, based in Switzerland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_dividend" title="Citizen's dividend">Citizen's dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">Conservation (ethic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural resources">Cultural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">Land (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Classification_for_Resources" title="United Nations Framework Classification for Resources">United Nations Framework Classification for Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Resource_Management_System" title="United Nations Resource Management System">United Nations Resource Management System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103125106/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/natural-resources">"natural resources - definition of natural resources in English"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-12</span></span>. <q>natural resource [...] : something (as a mineral, waterpower source, forest, or kind of animal) that is found in nature and is valuable to humans (as in providing a source of energy, recreation, or scenic beauty[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wordcentral.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+natural+resource+-+Student+Dictionary&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordcentral.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstudent%3Fnatural%2Bresource&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+resource" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investorwords.com/3210/natural_resources.html">"What is Natural Resources? definition and meaning"</a>. <i>Investorwords.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102191000/http://www.investorwords.com/3210/natural_resources.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-12</span></span>. <q>Natural-resource meaning [:] <br /> An actual or potential form of wealth supplied by nature, as coal, oil, water power, timber, arable land, etc. <br /> A material source of wealth, such as timber, fresh water, or a mineral deposit, that occurs in a natural state and has economic value. <br /> Something, such as a forest, a mineral deposit, or fresh water, that is found in nature and is necessary or useful to humans. <br /> Any source of wealth that occurs naturally, especially minerals, fossil fuels, timber, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yourdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Natural+resource+dictionary+definition+%26%23124%3B+natural+resource+defined&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Fnatural-resource&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+resource" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720095945/http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/027ns_005.htm?id=mg19426051.200&print=true">"Earth's natural wealth: an audit"</a>. 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Pdf.wri.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125125144/http://pdf.wri.org/worldresources_2005_journalist_guide.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ostrom+E+cited+in+Kommers+N+and+Mackie+P+2005+Journalist+guide+to+world+resources+2005+World+Resources+Institute+1-30&rft.pub=Pdf.wri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.wri.org%2Fworldresources_2005_journalist_guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+resource" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Managing_Ecosystem-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Managing_Ecosystem_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Managing_Ecosystem_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Managing_Ecosystem_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725052556/http://www.sc.com.my/eng/html/cg/cg2011/pdf/chapter3.pdf">"UNDP, UNEP, The World Bank and World Resources Institute – The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty Institute 2005 Chapter 3 The board's role in governance, World Resources 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sc.com.my. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sc.com.my/eng/html/cg/cg2011/pdf/chapter3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNDP%2C+UNEP%2C+The+World+Bank+and+World+Resources+Institute+%E2%80%93+The+Wealth+of+the+Poor%3A+Managing+Ecosystems+to+Fight+Poverty+Institute+2005+Chapter+3+The+board%27s+role+in+governance%2C+World+Resources+2005&rft.pub=Sc.com.my&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sc.com.my%2Feng%2Fhtml%2Fcg%2Fcg2011%2Fpdf%2Fchapter3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+resource" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConroy,_Michael_J.2012" class="citation book cs1">Conroy, Michael J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/827207638"><i>Decision Making in Natural Resource Management: a Structured, Adaptive Approach</i></a>. Peterson, James T. Chicester: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-50623-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-50623-3"><bdi>978-1-118-50623-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/827207638">827207638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+Making+in+Natural+Resource+Management%3A+a+Structured%2C+Adaptive+Approach.&rft.place=Chicester&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F827207638&rft.isbn=978-1-118-50623-3&rft.au=Conroy%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F827207638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+resource" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverland2018" class="citation book cs1">Overland, Indra (2018-01-01). "Introduction: Civil Society, Public Debate and Natural Resource Management". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320656629"><i>Public Brainpower: Civil Society and Natural Resource Management</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-60627-9_1">10.1007/978-3-319-60627-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319606262" title="Special:BookSources/9783319606262"><bdi>9783319606262</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140013/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320656629">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Civil+Society%2C+Public+Debate+and+Natural+Resource+Management&rft.btitle=Public+Brainpower%3A+Civil+Society+and+Natural+Resource+Management&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-60627-9_1&rft.isbn=9783319606262&rft.aulast=Overland&rft.aufirst=Indra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320656629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+resource" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_resource&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_war" title="Oil war">Oil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrostate" title="Petrostate">Petrostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population<br />biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">Net migration rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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