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<li id="toc-Colonial_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colonial implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Gene_Rush"_in_Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Gene_Rush"_in_Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>"Gene Rush" in Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Gene_Rush"_in_Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_Property_and_international_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_Property_and_international_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Intellectual Property and international law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intellectual_Property_and_international_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intellectual Property and international law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_Property_and_international_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restrictions_in_favor_of_corporations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions_in_favor_of_corporations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Restrictions in favor of corporations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions_in_favor_of_corporations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_framework_against_biopiracy_in_relation_to_genetic_resources_and_traditional_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_framework_against_biopiracy_in_relation_to_genetic_resources_and_traditional_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Legal framework against biopiracy in relation to genetic resources and traditional knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_framework_against_biopiracy_in_relation_to_genetic_resources_and_traditional_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1992–2010:_Biodiversity_Convention_in_Rio_&_Protocol_in_Nagoya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992–2010:_Biodiversity_Convention_in_Rio_&_Protocol_in_Nagoya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>1992–2010: Biodiversity Convention in Rio & Protocol in Nagoya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992–2010:_Biodiversity_Convention_in_Rio_&_Protocol_in_Nagoya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023:_High_Seas_Treaty_in_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023:_High_Seas_Treaty_in_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>2023: High Seas Treaty in New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023:_High_Seas_Treaty_in_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024:_GRATK_Treaty_in_Geneva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024:_GRATK_Treaty_in_Geneva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>2024: GRATK 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id="toc-New_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopirateria" title="Biopirateria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biopirateria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopiraterie" title="Biopiraterie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biopiraterie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopiraatlus" title="Biopiraatlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biopiraatlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopirater%C3%ADa" title="Biopiratería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biopiratería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopiratado" title="Biopiratado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biopiratado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopirateria" title="Biopirateria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biopirateria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopiraterie" title="Biopiraterie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biopiraterie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashin_hankula" title="Rashin hankula – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rashin hankula" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="जैवपूर्वेक्षण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैवपूर्वेक्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercializzazione_delle_medicine_tradizionali" title="Commercializzazione delle medicine tradizionali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commercializzazione delle medicine tradizionali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopiraterij" title="Biopiraterij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biopiraterij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopiractwo" title="Biopiractwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biopiractwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopirataria" title="Biopirataria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biopirataria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopiraterie" title="Biopiraterie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biopiraterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Биопиратство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биопиратство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Біопіратство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біопіратство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864679#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:2px solid #7E3517;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Rights" title="Category:Rights">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none; font-size:150%; line-height:0.8em;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indalo_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indalo symbol"><img alt="Indalo symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indalo_symbol.svg/48px-Indalo_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indalo_symbol.svg/72px-Indalo_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Indalo_symbol.svg/96px-Indalo_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="45" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">Protection</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Governmental organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">ACHPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Inclusion" title="Ministry of Labour and Social Inclusion">AID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">BIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">CIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" title="Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada">CIRNAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Traditional_Affairs" title="Department of Traditional Affairs">DTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_dos_Povos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas">FUNAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">INPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Orang_Asli_Development" title="Department of Orang Asli Development">JAKOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">NCIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Australians_Agency" title="National Indigenous Australians Agency">NIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Affairs" title="Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs">MCHTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">TPK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UNPFII</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> initiatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_World%27s_Indigenous_Peoples" title="International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples">9 August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UNPFII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">WIPO IGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> International Treaties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Populations_Convention,_1957" title="Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957">ILO 107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">ILO 169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> NGOs and political groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">AFN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Conservation_Team" title="Amazon Conservation Team">Amazon Conservation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">CAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">COICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONAECDA" title="CONAECDA">CONAECDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">CONAIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">EZLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettet_die_Naturv%C3%B6lker" title="Rettet die Naturvölker">fPcN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_of_Africa_Co-ordinating_Committee" title="Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee">IPACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">IPCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">IWGIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">NARF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">ONIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Nation" title="The Red Nation">The Red Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">UNPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAFFED" title="KAFFED">KAFFED</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Aboriginal titles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biopiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-governance" title="Co-governance">Co-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against indigenous peoples">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">MMIW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_decolonization" title="Indigenous decolonization">Indigenous decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Inhabited lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">Truth commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFBA00; padding:0;"> Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous rights in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights" title="Template:Indigenous rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/150px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/225px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/300px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">Authors' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_right" title="Database right">Database right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers' rights">Farmers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection" title="Integrated circuit layout design protection">Integrated circuit layout design protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">Moral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">Plant breeders' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">Plant genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Related_rights" title="Related rights">Related rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_protection_certificate" title="Supplementary protection certificate">Supplementary protection certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_model" title="Utility model">Utility model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_protection" title="Brand protection">Brand protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">Idea–expression distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">Paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_quote" title="Right to quote">Right to quote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_intellectual_property" title="Outline of intellectual property">Outline of intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher categories:</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property" title="Template talk:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Biopiracy</b> (also known as <b>scientific colonialism</b> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="I think it can be argued that while Biopiracy is potentially an example of scientific colonialism, the terms are not synonymous (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) is the unauthorized appropriation of knowledge and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> of farming and indigenous communities by individuals or institutions seeking exclusive <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> control through <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> or intellectual property.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">bioprospecting</a> is the act of exploring natural resources for undiscovered chemical compounds with medicinal or anti-microbial properties, commercial success from bioprospecting leads to the company's attempt at protecting their <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights on indigenous medicinal plants, seeds, genetic resources, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, if biological resources and traditional knowledge are taken from indigenous or marginalized groups, the <a href="/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialization</a> of their natural resource can harm communities. Despite the medicinal and innovative benefits of bioprospecting and biochemical research, the expropriation of indigenous land for their genetic resources without fair compensation inevitably leads to exploitation. Biopiracy can harm indigenous populations in multiple ways. Without proper compensation or reward for traditional knowledge of natural resources, the sudden increase in commercial value of the species producing the <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">active compound</a> can make it now unaffordable for the native people. In some cases, a patent filed by the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western</a> company could prohibit the use or sale of the resource by any individual or institution, including the indigenous group. With nearly one third of all small-molecule drugs approved by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) between 1981 and 2014 being either <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">natural products</a> or compounds derived from natural products, bioprospecting or piracy is growing more significantly, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) mentions, in the context of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), that the medicinal traditions and knowledge of the Kallawaya communities in Peru have been affected by the lack of legal protection from pharmaceutical companies. A number of research projects are currently being developed on this subject, such as the research carried out using digital methods on the biopiracy of traditional medicines,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which shows the current context of the problem by developing a description and analysis of the data, and by visualising and mapping the various organisations and actors in the social networks. </p><p>With the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extraction</a> techniques of genetic material in <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, scientists are now able to identify a specific <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, which directs to <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> capable of converting one molecule to another.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scientific breakthrough brings up the question of whether the organism containing the gene that has been modified through a series of tests and experiments should be accredited to the country of origin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_implications">Colonial implications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biopiracy is historically associated with colonialism, where developing resource-rich countries and indigenous populations would be exploited without permission. Since the arrival of European settlers in search of gold, silver, and rare spices, the wealth of knowledge on plant-based riches was highly valued.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s journey through Southwestern India and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> expanded upon the "<a href="/wiki/Spice_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Route">Spice Route</a>" with the help of the Spanish Court. These explorers, amongst hundreds more, share an infamous history of pillaging through indigenous villages and depriving countries of their natural resources. Western food and pharmaceutical companies have profited immensely from these efforts. Valuable commodities like sugar, pepper, quinine, and coffee were all taken from colonized countries that led to environmental destructions in the corresponding developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) of 1947 was an effort to encourage international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers like tariffs or quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights</a> (TRIPS) was negotiated at the end of GATT. Similarly, Columbus set a precedent in 1492 through land titles granted by European kings and queens, which acted as a sort of patent for colonizers. The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) agreement of TRIPS attempts to signal the importance of maintaining a balance between trade and intellectual property. This agreement, since 1994, requires WTO member countries to develop legal frameworks to protect plant and animal resources in agricultural, pharmaceutical, chemical, textile, or other commodity contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several countries have criticized this agreement, claiming that it's counterproductive in protecting their natural resources. </p><p>The Eurocentric roots of property claiming and piracy are reinforced by modern Intellectual Property laws established by GATT and WTO which supplements the colonial ideas to "discover and conquer" and to "subdue, occupy, and possess."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental activist and food sovereignty advocate <a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a> calls patenting and claiming rights to genetic material and bio-resources "the second coming of Columbus" due to its reinforcement of colonial power dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the intellectual property for Indian products like tamarind, turmeric, and Darjeeling tea have been taken and patented by private corporations in historically colonial countries. More specifically, in 2010 The University of Michigan attempted to patent curcumin, the active ingredient of turmeric powder, to create drugs used for wound healing without directly crediting Indian communities, where turmeric was traditionally used in medicine for treating wounds, infections and skin problems for centuries. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Gene_Rush"_in_Sri_Lanka"><span id=".22Gene_Rush.22_in_Sri_Lanka"></span>"Gene Rush" in Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Gene Rush" in Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Gene Rush" is the new era of biotechnology that allows scientists to extract specific genes from living organisms as raw materials. With the introduction of deoxyribonucleic acid (<a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>) research, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> has been marked with imminent danger as a target of biopiracy. Spotted in the top 34 biodiversity hotspots, Sri Lanka claims the highest biodiversity per unit area of terrestrial among Asian countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, Sri Lanka has 1,500 identified species of <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal herbs">medicinal herbs</a> and plants, and its attraction to biopiracy has put environment protection and conservation at a significant priority in the country. Recent efforts were enacted by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</a> (UNIDO) in collaboration with the Spice Council and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">government of Sri Lanka</a> to enhance the productive capacities and competitiveness of the cinnamon value chain in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Biopiracy" was coined in the early 1990s by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Roy_Mooney" title="Pat Roy Mooney">Pat Mooney</a>, founder of ETC Group which works to protect the world's most vulnerable people from socioeconomic and environmental impacts of new, modern technologies. He defines it as when researchers or research organizations take biological resources without official sanction, largely from less affluent countries or marginalized people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biopiracy includes theft or misappropriation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge through the intellectual property system and unauthorized and uncompensated collection of genetic resources for commercial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mooney, along with other critics of the patent system, believes that the current intellectual property system creates inequities in the system by allowing wealthy and powerful groups of people to own the most basic building blocks of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_Property_and_international_law">Intellectual Property and international law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intellectual Property and international law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a></div> <p>Intellectual property (IP) rights include <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">industrial design rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_variety_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant variety rights">plant variety rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">trade dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical indications">geographical indications</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a>. </p><p>Intellectual property rights (IPR) were created to promote and reward scientific knowledge and creativity. However, they naturally weigh towards benefiting transnational corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions_in_favor_of_corporations">Restrictions in favor of corporations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Restrictions in favor of corporations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early intellectual property treaties were crafted in the late 19th century by European powers, and inherently ignored large parts of the impact of intellectual property on non-European peoples, cultures, and traditions. </p><p>In the late 20th century, more inequalities were added to the intellectual property system, representing a shift from common rights to private rights of knowledge. The preamble of <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS agreement</a> acknowledges these rights as private rights. By privatizing intellectual commons, TRIPS encourages corporate <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>. </p><p>A second restriction comes from the fact that IP rights are only recognized when they generate <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>, rather than then when they meet social needs. The TRIPS agreement clarifies that an innovation must be capable of industrial profit in order to be recognized as an IPR,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which discourages recognition of <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">social good</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_framework_against_biopiracy_in_relation_to_genetic_resources_and_traditional_knowledge">Legal framework against biopiracy in relation to genetic resources and traditional knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal framework against biopiracy in relation to genetic resources and traditional knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In parallel, the international community has been working on different legal pathways to rebalance the intellectual property system in favour of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> and local communities, in an attempt to address concerns related to biopiracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1992–2010:_Biodiversity_Convention_in_Rio_&_Protocol_in_Nagoya"><span id="1992.E2.80.932010:_Biodiversity_Convention_in_Rio_.26_Protocol_in_Nagoya"></span>1992–2010: Biodiversity Convention in Rio & Protocol in Nagoya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1992–2010: Biodiversity Convention in Rio & Protocol in Nagoya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First elements related to genetic resources and traditional knowledge were included in the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD). In 2010 (in force 2014), the <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya protocol</a> to the CBD created actionable mechanisms to ensure a <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">fair access and benefit-sharing</a> (FABS or ABS) of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> (GR). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023:_High_Seas_Treaty_in_New_York">2023: High Seas Treaty in New York</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2023: High Seas Treaty in New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2023, the UN adopted the United Nations agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement), also called "High Seas Treaty". It concerns the conservation and sustainable use of <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine biological diversity</a> in areas beyond national jurisdiction, following maritime jurisdictions established under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024:_GRATK_Treaty_in_Geneva">2024: GRATK Treaty in Geneva</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2024: GRATK Treaty in Geneva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2001, the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> through its <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore</a> (IGC) has worked on several areas to bridge the gaps in international law in relation to biopiracy in genetic resources, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a> (TK), and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Cultural_Expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Cultural Expressions">traditional cultural expressions</a> (TCE, formerly called "folklore").<sup id="cite_ref-:22_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first output from the work of the IGC was a Diplomatic Conference, held in May 2024 to agree on a treaty for patent disclosures requirements in relation to "GR and Associated TK" (hence the treaty's acronym, GRATK). On 24 May 2024, the WIPO Diplomatic Conference finally adopted the "landmark"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge</a> (GRATK),<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was signed by 30 countries on the day of its conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Global biopiracy incidents<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Incident </th> <th>Place of Origin </th> <th>Country engaged in piracy </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bitter melon (<i><a href="/wiki/Momordica_charantia" title="Momordica charantia">Momordica charantia</a></i>) </td> <td>Africa </td> <td>USA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turmeric (<i><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Curcuma longa</a></i>) </td> <td>Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia </td> <td>USA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kothala Himbutu (<i><a href="/wiki/Salacia_reticulata" title="Salacia reticulata">Salacia reticulata</a></i>) </td> <td>Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands </td> <td>Japan, USA, other European countries </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pongame oiltree (<i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_glabra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pongamia glabra">Pongamia glabra</a></i>) </td> <td>Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands </td> <td>Japan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Masbadda (<i><a href="/wiki/Gymnema_sylvestre" title="Gymnema sylvestre">Gymnema sylvestre</a></i>) </td> <td>Asia, Africa, and Australia </td> <td>Japan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heart-leaf Sida (<i><a href="/wiki/Sida_cordifolia" title="Sida cordifolia">Sida cordifolia</a></i>) </td> <td>India </td> <td>Japan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yellow Vine (<i><a href="/wiki/Coscinium_fenestratum" title="Coscinium fenestratum">Coscinium fenestratum</a></i>) </td> <td>India, Sri Lanka </td> <td>Japanese, European, and USA pharmaceutical manufacturers </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neem (<i><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Azadirachta indica</a></i>) </td> <td>India, Nepal </td> <td>EPO to US Department of Agriculture and the US-American firm W.R. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Common Bean (<i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris" title="Phaseolus vulgaris">Phaseolus vulgaris</a></i>) </td> <td>South and Central America </td> <td>USA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rubber tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">Hevea brasiliensis</a></i>) </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td>England </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hoodia plant (<i><a href="/wiki/Hoodia_gordonii" title="Hoodia gordonii">Hoodia gordonii</a></i>) </td> <td>Southern Africa </td> <td>CSIR gave patent to Phytopharm and Pfizer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kakadu Plum (<i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ferdinandiana" title="Terminalia ferdinandiana">Terminalia ferdinandiana</a></i>) </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>USA </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">Aloe vera</a></i> </td> <td>Arabian Peninsula </td> <td>USA </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neem_tree">Neem tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Neem tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azadirachta_indica,_Neem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Azadirachta_indica%2C_Neem.jpg/220px-Azadirachta_indica%2C_Neem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Azadirachta_indica%2C_Neem.jpg/330px-Azadirachta_indica%2C_Neem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Azadirachta_indica%2C_Neem.jpg/440px-Azadirachta_indica%2C_Neem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><i>Azadirachta indica</i> (Neem)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the arid areas of India, the neem tree, or <i><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Azadirachta indica</a></i>, is a fast-growing evergreen of up to 20 meters in height. From its roots to leaves, the tree contains a number of potent chemical compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Azadirachtin" title="Azadirachtin">azadirachtin</a> which can be found in the seeds. The neem tree has applications in medicine, toiletries, contraception, timber, fuel, and in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, access to the neem tree's various products has been free or cheap. There are about 14 million neem trees in India, and the centuries old village techniques of seed oil extraction and pesticidal emulsions do not require expensive equipment. Villagers relied on the large number of different medicinal compounds accessible through the neem material which were commonly available.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When US timber importer Robert Larson noticed the tree's usefulness in 1971, he conducted research over the next decade on the pesticidal properties in the neem extract called <a href="/wiki/Neem_oil" title="Neem oil">Margosan-O</a>. After gaining clearance for the product from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1985, he sold the patent for the product to <a href="/wiki/W._R._Grace_and_Company" title="W. R. Grace and Company">W.R. Grace</a>. While the corporation patented the neem tree seed extract for their antifungal spray, Neemex in 1994, neem extracts have been used by rural farmers in India for more than 2,000 years in insect repellants.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenge_against_patent">Challenge against patent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Challenge against patent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India-based Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Ecology (RFSTE) challenged the US patent with the claim that the qualities of the neem tree and their use had been known in India for over 2,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> (CRS) reported to US Congress in justification of the patent claiming that the synthetic form or the process of synthesis of the naturally occurring compound should be patentable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The patent was finally overturned by the EPO in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village neem tree has become a symbol of Indian Indigenous knowledge and resistance against transnational corporations, and protestors against international property rights legislation carried twigs or branches of neem.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoodia"><i>Hoodia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hoodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Hoodia" title="Hoodia">Hoodia</a></i> plant of the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a> was used for thousands of years by the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> in southern Africa to help survive through hunger and thirst during their long expeditions in the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the South African <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council for Scientific and Industrial Research">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research</a> (CSIR) gained a government-funded patent for a new drug (<a href="/wiki/P57_(glycoside)" title="P57 (glycoside)">P57</a>) derived from the succulent for its appetite-suppressing qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CSIR scientists isolated the P57 molecule in 1996 after decades of research on indigenous plants.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patented formula was sold to western pharmaceutical multinational companies <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytopharm" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytopharm">Phytopharm</a> as a miracle drug for weight loss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenge_against_patent_2">Challenge against patent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Challenge against patent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the confirmation of the patent, representatives of the San people, backed by the global support of patent-law critics and bioethicists, demanded restitution of their rights to their common intellectual property. After a long dispute, CSIR and the San people came to a confidential 'benefit-sharing' agreement where the San people were given royalties, knowledge exchange and creation of jobs from the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pineapple_leather">Pineapple leather</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pineapple leather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Biopiracy#Pineapple_leather_section" title="Talk:Biopiracy">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pi%C3%B1atex_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pi%C3%B1atex_logo.png/220px-Pi%C3%B1atex_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pi%C3%B1atex_logo.png/330px-Pi%C3%B1atex_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pi%C3%B1atex_logo.png/440px-Pi%C3%B1atex_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Piñatex logo, by Ananas Anam</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña cloth</a>, in the nineteenth century, was a creation unique to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. With fibers collected from the leaves of <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a>, the weaving mechanism of piña is a complex and labor-intensive process used by a small number of women to dress the country's elite. Scraping, the most common method of extracting pineapple leaf fibre (PALF), starts with carefully removing the prickles, epidermis, and pulp from the sides of the leaf with a dull knife.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is followed by exposing the fiber and finely combing it to separate the strands. With the help of a bamboo device, the separated strands are then threaded and weaved together through a delicate process to create a continuous filament. After some years of research and development of potential leather alternatives at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a> in London, Dr. Carmen Hijosa, founder and chief creative innovation officer of Ananas Anam, claimed the rights to <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a>, a leather alternative made from PALF.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent on this technology makes it nearly impossible for the people of the Philippines and indigenous people to gain credit for the fabric that greatly impacted the shape of their history and culture for generations. Piñatex recently partnered with <a href="/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Food Company">Dole</a>, promising scaled-up leather production with the waste product from their pineapple farms in the Philippines. Despite the violent history of the Dole Empire, Piñatex has been expanding its market by collaborating with brands like <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent remains to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_greenwashing">Corporate greenwashing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Corporate greenwashing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a> is a term coined by environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Jay_Westerveld" title="Jay Westerveld">Jay Westervelt</a> in 1986, meaning the false claims by companies that give the impression of sustainability and environmentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without clarifying the metrics and quantifiable goal of the company's environmental agenda, many big companies attempt to paint the picture of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">eco-friendly</a> images. Resources and materials pirated from indigenous communities are often commodified and recycled into corporate environmentalist agendas. Due to the exploitative nature of the <a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">fast fashion</a> <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a>, many 'green' collections released by corporations only promote their marketing strategies and increase problems with textile waste and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a> received backlash after the 2020 Impact Report which showed the lack of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> in <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a>. To tackle the feedback, Nike launched the Happy Pineapple Collection featuring Ananas Anam's <a href="/wiki/Vegan_leather" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan leather">vegan leather</a> material and a tropical fruit design embroidered across the <a href="/wiki/Nike_Air_Max" title="Nike Air Max">Air Max 90</a>, the Air Max 95, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_(shoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force (shoe)">Air Force One</a>, and Air-Zoom collections.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Conscious Collection released by H&M in 2010 also partners with Ananas Anam to produce vegan leather jackets.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to inconclusive data on Piñatex <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradability</a>, the Norwegian Consumer Authority accused the brand of misleading customers with vague details of the sustainability claims made. The brand responded by saying they would accept the criticism and communicate the extra value.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_efforts">New efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> created by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1992 demanded that <a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">bioprospecting</a> should not be done without the consent of the host country. The convention concluded that exploitation of local resources for medicinal and pharmaceutical purposes should actively involve local traditional communities and the produced profit and benefits be shared in an equitable way.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Biodiversity_Groups" title="International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups">International Cooperative Biodiversity Group</a> (ICBG) is a network of bioprospecting projects funded by the US government. While the main objective is to discover and research plants bearing chemical compounds that could cure diseases in the United States, the countries hosting the searches can expect equitable rewards and benefits. Local job creation in communities is promoted by conducting the initial extraction and analysis steps in local laboratories. If the research leads to commercialized drugs, 50% of the royalties are invested into community development funds run by indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-colonial_science" title="Neo-colonial science">Neo-colonial science</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template talk:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intellectual_property_activism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan works</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Film" title="Steal This Film">Steal This Film</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Copy_Bad_Copy" title="Good Copy Bad Copy">Good Copy Bad Copy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RiP!:_A_Remix_Manifesto" title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TPB_AFK" title="TPB AFK">TPB AFK</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internet%27s_Own_Boy" title="The Internet's Own Boy">The Internet's Own Boy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopiracy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRose" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Janna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/biopiracy-when-indigenous-knowledge-is-patented-for-profit-55589">"Biopiracy: when indigenous knowledge is patented for profit"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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