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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Motive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Target selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gathering_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gathering_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Gathering materials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gathering_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_the_bomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_the_bomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Building the bomb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_the_bomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Arrests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_and_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_and_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Response and relief </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Response_and_relief-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Response and relief subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Response_and_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rescue_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Rescue efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Humanitarian aid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_and_state_government_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_and_state_government_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Federal and state government aid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_and_state_government_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 International reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_affected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_affected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Children affected </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_affected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials_and_sentencing_of_the_conspirators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials_and_sentencing_of_the_conspirators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Trials and sentencing of the conspirators </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trials_and_sentencing_of_the_conspirators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trials and sentencing of the conspirators subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trials_and_sentencing_of_the_conspirators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timothy_McVeigh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timothy_McVeigh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Timothy McVeigh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timothy_McVeigh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terry_Nichols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terry_Nichols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Terry Nichols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terry_Nichols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael_and_Lori_Fortier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael_and_Lori_Fortier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Michael and Lori Fortier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_and_Lori_Fortier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oklahoma_school_curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oklahoma_school_curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Oklahoma school curriculum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oklahoma_school_curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_security_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_security_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Building security and construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_security_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drag_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drag_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Drag racing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drag_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_according_to_McVeigh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_according_to_McVeigh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Impact according to McVeigh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_according_to_McVeigh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuation_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Evacuation issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial_observances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_observances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Memorial observances </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Memorial_observances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Memorial observances subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Memorial_observances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oklahoma_City_National_Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oklahoma_City_National_Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Oklahoma City National Memorial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oklahoma_City_National_Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Joseph's_Old_Cathedral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Joseph's_Old_Cathedral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 St. Joseph's Old Cathedral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Joseph's_Old_Cathedral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrance_observance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrance_observance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Remembrance observance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remembrance_observance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Oklahoma City bombing</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City-bomaanval" title="Oklahoma City-bomaanval – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oklahoma City-bomaanval" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="تفجير مدينة أوكلاهوما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفجير مدينة أوكلاهوما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atent%C3%A1u_d%27Oklahoma_City" title="Atentáu d'Oklahoma City – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Atentáu d'Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_h%C3%BCcumu" title="Oklahoma hücumu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oklahoma hücumu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Атентат в Оклахома Сити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атентат в Оклахома Сити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemptat_d%27Oklahoma_City" title="Atemptat d'Oklahoma City – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atemptat d'Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombov%C3%BD_%C3%BAtok_v_Oklahoma_City" title="Bombový útok v Oklahoma City – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bombový útok v Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrwydrad_Dinas_Oklahoma" title="Ffrwydrad Dinas Oklahoma – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrwydrad Dinas Oklahoma" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City-bombningen" title="Oklahoma City-bombningen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oklahoma City-bombningen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombenanschlag_auf_das_Murrah_Federal_Building_in_Oklahoma_City" title="Bombenanschlag auf das Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bombenanschlag auf das Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_pommiplahvatus" title="Oklahoma City pommiplahvatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oklahoma City pommiplahvatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Βομβιστική επίθεση της Οκλαχόμα Σίτι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βομβιστική επίθεση της Οκλαχόμα Σίτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentado_de_Oklahoma_City" title="Atentado de Oklahoma City – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atentado de Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Cityko_bonba_erasoa" title="Oklahoma Cityko bonba erasoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oklahoma Cityko bonba erasoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انفجار اکلاهماسیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انفجار اکلاهماسیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentat_d%27Oklahoma_City" title="Attentat d'Oklahoma City – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Attentat d'Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%98%B8%EB%A7%88%EC%8B%9C%ED%8B%B0_%ED%8F%AD%ED%83%84_%ED%85%8C%EB%9F%AC" title="오클라호마시티 폭탄 테러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오클라호마시티 폭탄 테러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_bombardi" title="Oklahoma bombardi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oklahoma bombardi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbunigwe_a_t%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5_n%27obodo_Oklahoma" title="Ogbunigwe a tụrụ n'obodo Oklahoma – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ogbunigwe a tụrụ n'obodo Oklahoma" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeboman_Kota_Oklahoma" title="Pengeboman Kota Oklahoma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengeboman Kota Oklahoma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentato_di_Oklahoma_City" title="Attentato di Oklahoma City – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attentato di Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="הפיגוע באוקלהומה סיטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפיגוע באוקלהומה סיטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ar%C3%AE%C5%9Fa_li_ser_Oklahomay%C3%AA_1995" title="Êrîşa li ser Oklahomayê 1995 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Êrîşa li ser Oklahomayê 1995" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C4%81dzieni_Oklahomasitij%C4%81" title="Sprādzieni Oklahomasitijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sprādzieni Oklahomasitijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ഒക്‌ലഹോമ ബോംബിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒക്‌ലഹോമ ബോംബിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F" title="ओक्लाहोमा सिटी बॉम्बस्फोट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओक्लाहोमा सिटी बॉम्बस्फोट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomaanslag_in_Oklahoma_City_op_19_april_1995" title="Bomaanslag in Oklahoma City op 19 april 1995 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bomaanslag in Oklahoma City op 19 april 1995" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9B%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E7%88%86%E7%A0%B4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="オクラホマシティ連邦政府ビル爆破事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オクラホマシティ連邦政府ビル爆破事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City-bombingen" title="Oklahoma City-bombingen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oklahoma City-bombingen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklaxoma_Siti_portlashi" title="Oklaxoma Siti portlashi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oklaxoma Siti portlashi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamach_w_Oklahoma_City" title="Zamach w Oklahoma City – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamach w Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentado_de_Oklahoma_City" title="Atentado de Oklahoma City – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atentado de Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentatul_din_Oklahoma_City" title="Atentatul din Oklahoma City – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atentatul din Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Теракт в Оклахома-Сити – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теракт в Оклахома-Сити" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27abasatu_de_Oklahoma_City" title="S'abasatu de Oklahoma City – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="S'abasatu de Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oklahoma City bombing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombov%C3%BD_%C3%BAtok_v_Oklahoma_City" title="Bombový útok v Oklahoma City – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bombový útok v Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ھێرشی شاری ئۆکلاھۆما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێرشی شاری ئۆکلاھۆما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%83_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83" title="Бомбашки напад у Оклахома Ситију – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бомбашки напад у Оклахома Ситију" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba%C5%A1ki_napad_u_Oklahoma_Cityju" title="Bombaški napad u Oklahoma Cityju – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bombaški napad u Oklahoma Cityju" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Cityn_pommi-isku" title="Oklahoma Cityn pommi-isku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oklahoma Cityn pommi-isku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombd%C3%A5det_i_Oklahoma_City" title="Bombdådet i Oklahoma City – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bombdådet i Oklahoma City" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5" title="เหตุระเบิดในโอคลาโฮมาซิตี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหตุระเบิดในโอคลาโฮมาซิตี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Oklahoma City saldırısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oklahoma City saldırısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96" title="Теракт в Оклахома-Сіті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теракт в Оклахома-Сіті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%85_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%92" title="اوکلاہوما شہر بم دھماکے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوکلاہوما شہر بم دھماکے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%C3%A1nh_bom_Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_Oklahoma" title="Vụ đánh bom Thành phố Oklahoma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vụ đánh bom Thành phố Oklahoma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%95%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%8E%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E6%A1%88" title="俄克拉何马城爆炸案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄克拉何马城爆炸案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217528#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oklahoma_City_bombing&params=35_28_22_N_97_31_01_W_region:US-OK_type:event">35°28′22″N 97°31′01″W / 35.47278°N 97.51694°W / 35.47278; -97.51694</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1995 domestic terrorist attack in the US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Oklahoma City bombing</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of the destroyed Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building from across the adjacent parking lot, two days after the bombing alongside several destroyed parked cars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/220px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/330px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/440px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2760" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building two days after the bombing, viewed from across the adjacent parking lot</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building" title="Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building">Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City, Oklahoma">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oklahoma_City_bombing&params=35_28_22_N_97_31_01_W_region:US-OK_type:event">35°28′22″N 97°31′01″W / 35.47278°N 97.51694°W / 35.47278; -97.51694</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">April 19, 1995; 29 years ago (1995-04-19) 9:02 a.m. <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)#Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">CDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC-05:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-05:00">UTC-05:00</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Car_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Car bombing">Truck bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">domestic terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">right-wing terrorism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a> fertilizer <a href="/wiki/Truck_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck bomb">truck bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glock_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Glock 21">Glock 21</a> Gen 2 (not used)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>168–169 direct deaths<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li>1 indirect<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">684<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[1]</a>–759<a href="#cite_note-CasualtyLocation-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy James McVeigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Nichols" title="Terry Nichols">Terry Lynn Nichols</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Anti-government sentiment</a>; retaliation for the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge_standoff" title="Ruby Ridge standoff">Ruby Ridge standoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Oklahoma City bombing was a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic terrorist">domestic terrorist</a> truck bombing of the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building" title="Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building">Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, Oklahoma, United States, on April 19, 1995, the second anniversary of the end to the <a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a>. The bombing remains the deadliest act of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">domestic terrorism</a> in U.S. history. Perpetrated by anti-government extremists <a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</a>, the mastermind,<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Nichols" title="Terry Nichols">Terry Nichols</a>, the bombing occurred at 9:02 a.m. and killed 168 people,<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> injured 684, and destroyed more than one-third of the building, which had to be demolished. The blast destroyed or damaged 324 other buildings and caused an estimated $652 million worth of damage.<a href="#cite_note-TI3-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Safety-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-UnderstandingTerror106-11">[9]</a> Local, state, federal, and worldwide agencies engaged in extensive rescue efforts in the wake of the bombing. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) activated 11 of its <a href="/wiki/FEMA_Urban_Search_and_Rescue_Task_Force" title="FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force">Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces</a>, consisting of 665 rescue workers.<a href="#cite_note-USDJ2-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FEMAUSAR-13">[11]</a> A rescue worker was killed indirectly after being struck on the head by falling debris after the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-CasualtyLocation-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[1]</a> Within 90 minutes of the explosion, McVeigh was stopped by <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Highway_Patrol" title="Oklahoma Highway Patrol">Oklahoma Highway Patrolman</a> Charlie Hanger for driving without a license plate and arrested for illegal weapons possession.<a href="#cite_note-VideoApprehend-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-OttleyTagSnag-15">[13]</a> Forensic evidence quickly linked McVeigh and Nichols to the attack; Nichols was arrested,<a href="#cite_note-TerrorFamily-16">[14]</a> and within days, both were charged. Michael and Lori Fortier were later identified as accomplices. McVeigh, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and a sympathizer with the <a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">U.S. militia movement</a>, had detonated a <a href="/wiki/Ryder" title="Ryder">Ryder</a> rental truck full of explosives he parked in front of the building. Nichols had assisted with the bomb's preparation. Motivated by his dislike for the U.S. federal government and its handling of <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby Ridge">Ruby Ridge</a> in 1992 and the Waco siege in 1993, McVeigh timed his attack to coincide with the second anniversary of the fire that ended the siege in Waco as well as the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, the first engagements of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolution.</a><a href="#cite_note-Sympathizers-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-WacoRubyMcN-18">[16]</a> Though not confirmed to be a direct connection to the bombing, white supremacist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Snell_(criminal)" title="Richard Snell (criminal)">Richard Snell</a>, who was executed that same day, previously expressed a desire to blow up the Murrah Federal Building 12 years before the bombing took place.<a href="#cite_note-may1995-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-snell-20">[18]</a> The official FBI investigation, known as "OKBOMB", involved 28,000 interviews, 3,200 kg (7,100 lbs) of evidence, and nearly one billion pieces of information.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> When the FBI raided McVeigh's home, they found a telephone number that led them to a farm where McVeigh had purchased supplies for the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-OneOfOurs13941-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypsevii-24">[22]</a> The bombers were tried and convicted in 1997. McVeigh was executed by <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a> on June 11, 2001, at the U.S. federal penitentiary in <a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute, Indiana</a>. Nichols was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life in prison</a> in 2004. In response to the bombing, the U.S. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Antiterrorism_and_Effective_Death_Penalty_Act_of_1996" title="Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996">Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996</a>, which limited access to <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States" title="Habeas corpus in the United States">habeas corpus in the United States</a>, among other provisions.<a href="#cite_note-AntiFAS-25">[23]</a> It also passed <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_building_security" title="United States federal building security">legislation to increase the protection around federal buildings</a> to deter future terrorist attacks. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motive">Motive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Motive">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountcarmelfire04-19-93-l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An aerial view from a helicopter of the Mount Carmel Center building. Large columns of smoke are arising from the left side of the building from a fire. One side of the building shows extensive damage. The building is surrounded by dirt paths." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mountcarmelfire04-19-93-l.jpg/220px-Mountcarmelfire04-19-93-l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mountcarmelfire04-19-93-l.jpg/330px-Mountcarmelfire04-19-93-l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mountcarmelfire04-19-93-l.jpg/440px-Mountcarmelfire04-19-93-l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>McVeigh and Nichols cited the federal government's actions against the <a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch Davidian">Branch Davidian</a> compound in the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a> (shown above) as a reason why they perpetrated the Oklahoma City bombing.</figcaption></figure> The chief conspirators, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, met in 1988 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a> during <a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">basic training</a> for the U.S. Army.<a href="#cite_note-1988McNichols-26">[24]</a> McVeigh met Michael Fortier as his Army roommate.<a href="#cite_note-PBSRoommate-27">[25]</a> The three shared interests in <a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">survivalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Militia-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Militia2-29">[27]</a> McVeigh and Nichols were radicalized by <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> and antigovernment propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Belew2019-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPLC-31">[29]</a> They expressed anger at the federal government's handling of the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) standoff with <a href="/wiki/Randy_Weaver" title="Randy Weaver">Randy Weaver</a> at Ruby Ridge, as well as the Waco siege, a 51-day standoff in 1993 between the FBI and <a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidian</a> members that began with a botched <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_and_Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms</a> (ATF) attempt to execute a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">search warrant</a>. There was a firefight and ultimately a siege of the compound, resulting in the burning and shooting deaths of <a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a> and 75 others.<a href="#cite_note-Waco76-32">[30]</a> In March 1993, McVeigh visited the Waco site during the standoff, and again after the siege ended.<a href="#cite_note-WacoVisit-33">[31]</a> He later decided to bomb a federal building as a response to the raids and to protest what he believed to be U.S. government efforts to restrict rights of private citizens, particularly those under the Second Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-WacoRubyMcN-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOXLetter-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-WASHPostOrdinary-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> McVeigh believed that federal agents were acting like soldiers, thus making an attack on a federal building an attack on their command centers.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_selection">Target selection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Target selection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building_before_destruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building_before_destruction.jpg/170px-Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building_before_destruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building_before_destruction.jpg/255px-Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building_before_destruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building_before_destruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building as it appeared before its destruction</figcaption></figure> McVeigh later said that, instead of attacking a building, he had contemplated assassinating Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>; FBI sniper <a href="/wiki/Lon_Horiuchi" title="Lon Horiuchi">Lon Horiuchi</a>, who had become infamous among extremists because of his participation in the Ruby Ridge and Waco sieges; and others. McVeigh claimed he sometimes regretted not carrying out an assassination campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOXLetter-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOXAssassin-39">[37]</a> He initially intended to destroy only a federal building, but he later decided that his message would be more powerful if many people were killed in the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001224-40">[38]</a> McVeigh's criterion for attack sites was that the target should house at least two of these three <a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">federal law enforcement agencies</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_and_Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> (ATF), the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI), and the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA). He regarded the presence of additional law enforcement agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">U.S. Marshals Service</a>, as a bonus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001167-41">[39]</a> A resident of <a href="/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona" title="Kingman, Arizona">Kingman, Arizona</a>, McVeigh considered targets in Missouri, Arizona, Texas, and Arkansas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001167-41">[39]</a> He said in his authorized biography that he wanted to minimize non-governmental casualties, so he ruled out <a href="/wiki/Simmons_Tower" title="Simmons Tower">Simmons Tower</a>, a 40-story building in <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>, because a florist's shop occupied space on the ground floor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001168–169-42">[40]</a> In December 1994, McVeigh and Fortier visited Oklahoma City to inspect what would become the target of their campaign: the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building.<a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a> The nine-story building, built in 1977, was named for <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Murrah" title="Alfred P. Murrah">a federal judge</a> and housed 14 federal agencies, including the DEA, ATF, <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a>, and recruiting offices for the Army and Marine Corps.<a href="#cite_note-TerrorFailed-43">[41]</a> McVeigh chose the Murrah building because he expected its glass front to shatter under the impact of the blast. He also believed that its adjacent large, open parking lot across the street might absorb and dissipate some of the force, and protect the occupants of nearby non-federal buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001168–169-42">[40]</a> In addition, McVeigh believed that the open space around the building would provide better photo opportunities for propaganda purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001168–169-42">[40]</a> He planned the attack for April 19, 1995, to coincide with not only the second anniversary of the Waco siege but also the 220th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> during the American Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001226-44">[42]</a> Rumors have also alleged that the bombing was also connected to the planned execution of Richard Snell, an Arkansas white supremacist who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant,_the_Sword,_and_the_Arm_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord">Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord</a> (CSA) and who was set to be executed the day the bombing took place.<a href="#cite_note-snellexecution-45">[43]</a> Prior to his execution, Snell "predicted" that a bombing would take place that day.<a href="#cite_note-snellexecution-45">[43]</a> Though his execution was not confirmed to be a motive for the bombing, Fort Smith–based federal prosecutor Steven Snyder told the FBI in May 1995 that Snell wanted to blow up the Oklahoma City building as revenge for the IRS raiding his home.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-may1995-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-snell-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gathering_materials">Gathering materials</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gathering materials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detailed_map_of_Herington,_Kansas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Detailed_map_of_Herington%2C_Kansas.png/220px-Detailed_map_of_Herington%2C_Kansas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Detailed_map_of_Herington%2C_Kansas.png/330px-Detailed_map_of_Herington%2C_Kansas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Detailed_map_of_Herington%2C_Kansas.png/440px-Detailed_map_of_Herington%2C_Kansas.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A detailed map of <a href="/wiki/Herington,_Kansas" title="Herington, Kansas">Herington, Kansas</a>, the general location where McVeigh and Nichols stored the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> fertilizer used for the construction of the bomb. The actual location of the storage unit was located along <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_77" title="U.S. Route 77">US Highway 77</a>, adjacent to a <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Hut" title="Pizza Hut">Pizza Hut</a>.</figcaption></figure> McVeigh and Nichols purchased or stole the materials they needed to manufacture the bomb and stored them in rented sheds. In August 1994, McVeigh obtained nine binary-explosive <a href="/wiki/Kinestik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinestik">Kinestiks</a> from gun collector Roger E. Moore, and with Nichols ignited the devices outside Nichols's home in <a href="/wiki/Herington,_Kansas" title="Herington, Kansas">Herington, Kansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PBSTimeline-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-ForIntNine-48">[46]</a> On September 30, 1994, Nichols bought forty 50-pound (23 kg) bags of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> fertilizer from Mid-Kansas Coop in <a href="/wiki/McPherson,_Kansas" title="McPherson, Kansas">McPherson, Kansas</a>, enough to fertilize 12.5 acres (5.1 hectares) of farmland at a rate of 160 pounds (73 kg) of nitrogen per acre (.4 ha), an amount commonly used for corn. Nichols bought an additional 50-pound (23 kg) bag on October 18, 1994.<a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a> McVeigh approached Fortier and asked him to assist with the bombing project, but he refused.<a href="#cite_note-trutvImitatingTurner-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001201-50">[48]</a> McVeigh and Nichols robbed Moore in his home of $60,000 worth of guns, gold, silver, and jewels, transporting the property in the victim's van.<a href="#cite_note-trutvImitatingTurner-49">[47]</a> McVeigh wrote Moore a letter in which he claimed that government agents had committed the robbery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001197–198-51">[49]</a> Items stolen from Moore were later found in Nichols's home and in a storage shed he had rented.<a href="#cite_note-MooreStuff-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-MooreStuff2-53">[51]</a> In October 1994, McVeigh showed Michael and his wife Lori Fortier a diagram he had drawn of the bomb he wanted to build.<a href="#cite_note-McVeighBomb33-54">[52]</a> McVeigh planned to construct a bomb containing more than 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of ammonium nitrate fertilizer mixed with about 1,200 pounds (540 kg) of liquid <a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">nitromethane</a> and 350 pounds (160 kg) of <a href="/wiki/Tovex" title="Tovex">Tovex</a>. Including the weight of the sixteen 55-gallon <a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">drums</a> in which the explosive mixture was to be packed, the bomb would have a combined weight of about 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001163–164-55">[53]</a> McVeigh originally intended to use <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> rocket fuel, but it proved too expensive.<a href="#cite_note-trutvImitatingTurner-49">[47]</a> McVeigh and his accomplices then attempted to purchase 55-U.S.-gallon (46 imp gal; 210 L) drums of nitromethane at various <a href="/wiki/NHRA_Camping_World_Drag_Racing_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="NHRA Camping World Drag Racing Series">NHRA Drag Racing Series</a> events during the season. His first attempt was at the Sears Craftsman Nationals, held at <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Motorsports_Park" title="Heartland Motorsports Park">Heartland Motorsports Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pauline,_Kansas" title="Pauline, Kansas">Pauline, Kansas</a>. World Wide Racing Fuels representative Steve LeSueur, one of three dealers of nitromethane, was at his unit when he noted a "young man in fatigues" wanted to purchase nitromethane and hydrazine. Another fuel salesman, Glynn Tipton, of VP Racing Fuels, testified on May 1, 1997, about McVeigh's attempts to purchase both nitromethane and hydrazine. After the event, Tipton informed Wade Gray of Texas Allied Chemical, a chemical agent for VP Racing Fuels, who informed Tipton of the explosiveness of a nitromethane and hydrazine mixture. McVeigh, using an assumed name, then called Tipton's office. Suspicious of his behavior, Tipton refused to sell McVeigh the fuel.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> The next round of the NHRA championship tour was the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Auto_Parts" title="Chief Auto Parts">Chief Auto Parts</a> Nationals at the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Motorplex" title="Texas Motorplex">Texas Motorplex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ennis,_Texas" title="Ennis, Texas">Ennis, Texas</a>, where McVeigh posed as a motorcycle racer and attempted to purchase nitromethane on the pretext that he and some fellow bikers needed it for racing. However, there were no nitromethane-powered motorcycles at the meeting, and he did not have an <a href="/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Association" title="National Hot Rod Association">NHRA</a> competition license. LeSueur again refused to sell McVeigh the fuel because he was suspicious of McVeigh's actions and attitudes, but VP Racing Fuels representative Tim Chambers sold McVeigh three barrels.<a href="#cite_note-SisterFuel-57">[55]</a> Chambers questioned the purchase of three barrels, when typically no more than five gallons would be purchased by a Top Fuel Harley rider, and the class was not even raced that weekend. McVeigh rented a storage space in which he stockpiled seven crates of 18-inch-long (46 cm) Tovex "sausages", 80 spools of <a href="/wiki/Shock_tube_detonator" title="Shock tube detonator">shock tube</a>, and 500 electric <a href="/wiki/Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">blasting caps</a>, which he and Nichols had stolen from a Martin Marietta Aggregates quarry in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Kansas" title="Marion, Kansas">Marion, Kansas</a>. He decided not to steal any of the 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg) of <a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a> (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) he found at the scene, as he did not believe it was powerful enough (he did obtain 17 bags of ANFO from another source for use in the bomb). McVeigh made a prototype bomb that was detonated in the desert to avoid detection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001165-58">[56]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Think about the people as if they were <a href="/wiki/Stormtrooper_(Star_Wars)" title="Stormtrooper (Star Wars)">storm troopers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a>. They may be individually innocent, but they are guilty because they work for the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Star_Wars)" title="Galactic Empire (Star Wars)">Evil Empire</a>. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—McVeigh reflecting on the deaths of victims in the bombing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001166-59">[57]</a></cite> </div> Later, speaking about the military mindset with which he went about the preparations, he said, "You learn how to handle killing in the military. I face the consequences, but you learn to accept it." He compared his actions to the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, reasoning it was necessary to prevent more lives from being lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001166-59">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detailed_map_of_Junction_City,_Kansas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Detailed_map_of_Junction_City%2C_Kansas.png/220px-Detailed_map_of_Junction_City%2C_Kansas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Detailed_map_of_Junction_City%2C_Kansas.png/330px-Detailed_map_of_Junction_City%2C_Kansas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Detailed_map_of_Junction_City%2C_Kansas.png/440px-Detailed_map_of_Junction_City%2C_Kansas.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A detailed map of <a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City, Kansas</a> (city limits in dark yellow), the general location where McVeigh purchased the <a href="/wiki/Ryder" title="Ryder">Ryder</a> truck used for the bomb. <a href="/wiki/Grandview_Plaza,_Kansas" title="Grandview Plaza, Kansas">Grandview Plaza</a>, the former location of the Dreamland Motel where McVeigh stayed in, is just to the east of Junction City along <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70" title="Interstate 70">Interstate 70</a> (pink).</figcaption></figure> On April 14, 1995, McVeigh paid for a motel room at the Dreamland Motel in <a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City, Kansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001209-60">[58]</a> The next day, he rented a 1993 <a href="/wiki/Ford_F-700" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford F-700">Ford F-700</a> truck from <a href="/wiki/Ryder" title="Ryder">Ryder</a> under the name Robert D. Kling, an alias he adopted because he knew an Army soldier named Kling with whom he shared physical characteristics, and because it reminded him of the <a href="/wiki/Klingon" title="Klingon">Klingon</a> warriors of <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001199,_209-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> On April 16, 1995, he and Nichols drove to Oklahoma City, where he parked a getaway car, a yellow 1977 <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Marquis" title="Mercury Marquis">Mercury Marquis</a>, several blocks from the Murrah Federal Building.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001212-63">[61]</a> The nearby Regency Towers Apartments' lobby security camera recorded images of Nichols's blue 1984 GMC pickup truck on April 16.<a href="#cite_note-RTASecurityCamera-64">[62]</a> After removing the car's license plate, he left a note covering the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Identification_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle Identification Number">Vehicle Identification Number</a> (VIN) plate that read, "Not abandoned. Please do not tow. Will move by April 23. (Needs battery & cable)."<a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001206–208-65">[63]</a> Both men then returned to Kansas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Building_the_bomb">Building the bomb</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Building the bomb">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Geary_County.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Geary_County.svg/260px-Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Geary_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Geary_County.svg/390px-Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Geary_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Geary_County.svg/520px-Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Geary_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geary_County,_Kansas" title="Geary County, Kansas">Geary County, Kansas</a> (in red), where Geary Lake is located. This is where McVeigh and Nichols constructed the bomb.</figcaption></figure> On April 17–18, 1995, McVeigh and Nichols removed the bomb supplies from their storage unit in <a href="/wiki/Herington,_Kansas" title="Herington, Kansas">Herington, Kansas</a>, where Nichols lived, and loaded them into the Ryder rental truck.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001215-66">[64]</a> They then drove to Geary Lake State Park, where they nailed boards onto the floor of the truck to hold the 13 barrels in place and mixed the chemicals using plastic buckets and a bathroom scale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001216-67">[65]</a> Each filled barrel weighed nearly 500 pounds (230 kg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001217–218-68">[66]</a> McVeigh added more explosives to the driver's side of the cargo bay so he could ignite at close range with his <a href="/wiki/Glock_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Glock 21">Glock 21</a> pistol in case the primary fuses failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001219-69">[67]</a> During McVeigh's trial, Lori Fortier stated that McVeigh claimed to have arranged the barrels in order to form a <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McVeighBomb33-54">[52]</a> This was achieved by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tamp" class="extiw" title="wikt:tamp">tamping</a> (placing material against explosives opposite the target of the explosion) the aluminum side panel of the truck with bags of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to direct the blast laterally towards the building.<a href="#cite_note-web.mst.edu-70">[68]</a> Specifically, McVeigh arranged the barrels in the shape of a backwards "J"; he later said that for pure destructive power, he would have put the barrels on the side of the cargo bay closest to the Murrah Building; however, such an unevenly distributed 7,000-pound (3,200 kg) load might have broken an axle, flipped the truck over, or at least caused it to lean to one side, which could have drawn attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001217–218-68">[66]</a> All or most of the barrels of <a href="/wiki/ANNM" class="mw-redirect" title="ANNM">ANNM</a> (ammonium nitrate–nitromethane mixture) contained metal cylinders of <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> intended to increase the fireball and the <a href="/wiki/Brisance" title="Brisance">brisance</a> of the explosion.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> McVeigh then added a dual-fuse ignition system accessible from the truck's front cab. He drilled two holes in the cab of the truck under the seat, while two more holes were drilled in the body of the truck. One green cannon fuse was run through each hole into the cab. These time-delayed fuses led from the cab through plastic fish-tank tubing conduit to two sets of non-electric blasting caps which would ignite around 350 pounds (160 kg) of the high-grade explosives that McVeigh stole from a rock quarry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001217–218-68">[66]</a> The tubing was painted yellow to blend in with the truck's <a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">livery</a>, and duct-taped in place to the wall to make it harder to disable by yanking from the outside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001217–218-68">[66]</a> The fuses were set up to initiate, through shock tubes, the 350 pounds (160 kg) of Tovex Blastrite Gel sausages, which would in turn set off the configuration of barrels. Of the 13 filled barrels, nine contained ammonium nitrate and nitromethane, and four contained a mixture of the fertilizer and about 4 U.S. gallons (3.3 imp gal; 15 L) of diesel fuel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001217–218-68">[66]</a> Additional materials and tools used for manufacturing the bomb were left in the truck to be destroyed in the blast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001217–218-68">[66]</a> After finishing the truck bomb, the two men separated; Nichols returned home to Herington and McVeigh traveled with the truck to Junction City. The bomb cost about $5,000 (equivalent to about $11,000 in 2023) to make.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombing">Bombing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bombing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timothy_McVeigh%27s_movements_during_Oklahoma_City_bombing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the layout of downtown Oklahoma City near the bombed building. The map uses simple shapes to identify some notable nearby buildings and roads. A large circle covers half the map, illustrating the extent of damage from the bomb. A red path shows the path McVeigh took to get to the building with the Ryder truck, and a blue line shows his escape on foot." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Timothy_McVeigh%27s_movements_during_Oklahoma_City_bombing.svg/300px-Timothy_McVeigh%27s_movements_during_Oklahoma_City_bombing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Timothy_McVeigh%27s_movements_during_Oklahoma_City_bombing.svg/450px-Timothy_McVeigh%27s_movements_during_Oklahoma_City_bombing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Timothy_McVeigh%27s_movements_during_Oklahoma_City_bombing.svg/600px-Timothy_McVeigh%27s_movements_during_Oklahoma_City_bombing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>McVeigh's movement in the Ryder truck (red dashed line) and escape on foot (blue dashed line) on the day of the bombing</figcaption></figure> McVeigh's original plan had been to detonate the bomb at 11:00 a.m., but at dawn on April 19, 1995, he decided instead to destroy the building at 9:00 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001220-73">[71]</a> As he drove toward the Murrah Federal Building in the Ryder truck, McVeigh carried with him an envelope containing pages from <a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a>—a fictional account of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacists</a> who ignite a revolution by blowing up the FBI headquarters at 9:15 one morning using a truck bomb.<a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a> McVeigh wore a printed T-shirt with <a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic semper tyrannis</a> ("Thus always to tyrants")—what according to legend Brutus said as he <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassinated Julius Caesar</a> and is also claimed to have been shouted by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a>—and "The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants" (from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001226-44">[42]</a> He also carried an envelope full of revolutionary materials that included a bumper sticker with the slogan, falsely attributed<a href="#cite_note-SpuriousJefferson-74">[72]</a> to Thomas Jefferson, "When the government fears the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny." Underneath, McVeigh had written, "Maybe now, there will be liberty!" with a hand-copied quote by <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> asserting that a man has a right to kill someone who takes away his liberty.<a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001228-75">[73]</a> McVeigh entered Oklahoma City at 8:50 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001229-76">[74]</a> At 8:57 a.m., the Regency Towers Apartments' lobby security camera that had recorded Nichols's pickup truck three days earlier recorded the Ryder truck heading towards the Murrah Federal Building.<a href="#cite_note-RTASecurityRyder-77">[75]</a> At the same moment, McVeigh lit the five-minute fuse. Three minutes later, still a block away, he lit the two-minute fuse. He parked the Ryder truck in a drop-off zone situated under the building's day-care center, exited, and locked the truck. As he headed to his getaway vehicle, he dropped the keys to the truck a few blocks away.<a href="#cite_note-HomelandStudyKeys1042-78">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murrah_Building_-_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An overhead view shows the Alfred P. Murrah building, half of it destroyed from the bomb's blast. Near the building are various rescue vehicles and cranes. Some damage is visible to nearby buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Murrah_Building_-_Aerial.jpg/220px-Murrah_Building_-_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Murrah_Building_-_Aerial.jpg/330px-Murrah_Building_-_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Murrah_Building_-_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view, looking from the north, of the destruction</figcaption></figure> At 9:02 a.m. (14:02 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>), the Ryder truck, containing over 4,800 pounds (2,200 kg)<a href="#cite_note-ITN76-79">[77]</a> of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, nitromethane, and diesel fuel mixture, detonated in front of the north side of the nine-story Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building.<a href="#cite_note-McVeighBomb33-54">[52]</a> In total, 168 people were killed and hundreds more injured. One-third of the building was destroyed by the explosion,<a href="#cite_note-Terrorism_Info-80">[78]</a> which created a 30-foot-wide (9.1 m), 8-foot-deep (2.4 m) crater on NW 5th Street next to the building.<a href="#cite_note-FinalReport-81">[79]</a> The blast destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a four-block radius, and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings.<a href="#cite_note-TI3-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Safety-10">[8]</a> The broken glass alone accounted for five percent of the death total and 69 percent of the injuries outside the Murrah Federal Building.<a href="#cite_note-Safety-10">[8]</a> The blast destroyed or burned 86 cars around the site.<a href="#cite_note-TI3-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITN52-82">[80]</a> The destruction of the buildings left several hundred people homeless and shut down a number of offices in downtown Oklahoma City.<a href="#cite_note-USDJ-83">[81]</a> The explosion was estimated to have caused at least $652 million worth of damage.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> The effects of the blast were equivalent to over 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-web.mst.edu-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-JournalBlastDamage-85">[83]</a> and could be heard and felt up to 55 miles (89 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-USDJ-83">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_Oklahoma" title="Science Museum Oklahoma">Omniplex Science Museum</a> in Oklahoma City, 4.3 miles (6.9 km) away, and in <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman, Oklahoma</a>, 16.1 miles (25.9 km) away, recorded the blast as measuring approximately 3.0 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter magnitude scale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HolzerSiesmograms-86">[84]</a> The collapse of the northern half of the building took roughly seven seconds. As the truck exploded, it first destroyed the column next to it, designated as G20, and shattered the entire glass facade of the building. The shockwave of the explosion forced the lower floors upwards, before the fourth and fifth floors collapsed onto the third floor, which housed a transfer beam that ran the length of the building and was being supported by four pillars below, as well as supporting the pillars that hold the upper floors. The added weight meant that the third floor gave way along with the transfer beam, which in turn caused the collapse of the building.<a href="#cite_note-Seconds-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests">Arrests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arrests">edit</a>]</div> Initially, the FBI had three hypotheses about responsibility for the bombing: international terrorists, possibly the same group that had carried out the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">World Trade Center bombing</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartel</a>, carrying out an act of vengeance against DEA agents in the building's DEA office; and anti-government radicals attempting to start a rebellion against the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse623-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa_McVeigh_sketch_and_pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An FBI sketch is shown on the left of the image on the suspected bomber looking forward, and on the right, an image of McVeigh looking at the camera. Two brown bars are visible on the top and bottom of the comparison image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aa_McVeigh_sketch_and_pic.jpg/220px-Aa_McVeigh_sketch_and_pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aa_McVeigh_sketch_and_pic.jpg/330px-Aa_McVeigh_sketch_and_pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aa_McVeigh_sketch_and_pic.jpg/440px-Aa_McVeigh_sketch_and_pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>FBI sketch (left) and McVeigh (right).</figcaption></figure> McVeigh was arrested within 90 minutes of the explosion,<a href="#cite_note-ISOCB-89">[87]</a> as he was traveling north on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Oklahoma" title="Interstate 35 in Oklahoma">Interstate 35</a> near <a href="/wiki/Perry,_Oklahoma" title="Perry, Oklahoma">Perry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Noble_County,_Oklahoma" title="Noble County, Oklahoma">Noble County</a>, Oklahoma. <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Highway_Patrol" title="Oklahoma Highway Patrol">Oklahoma State Trooper</a> Charlie Hanger stopped McVeigh for driving his yellow 1977 <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Marquis" title="Mercury Marquis">Mercury Marquis</a> without a license plate, and arrested him for having a concealed weapon.<a href="#cite_note-VideoApprehend-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAW-90">[88]</a> For his home address, McVeigh falsely claimed he resided at Terry Nichols's brother James's house in Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-JamesTerryN-91">[89]</a> After booking McVeigh into jail, Trooper Hanger searched his patrol car and found a business card which had been concealed by McVeigh after being handcuffed.<a href="#cite_note-TrooperShares-92">[90]</a> Written on the back of the card, which was from a Wisconsin military surplus store, were the words "TNT at $5 a stick. Need more."<a href="#cite_note-BusinessCard-93">[91]</a> The card was later used as evidence during McVeigh's trial.<a href="#cite_note-BusinessCard-93">[91]</a> While investigating the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Identification_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle Identification Number">VIN</a> on an axle of the truck used in the explosion and the remnants of the license plate, federal agents were able to link the truck to a specific Ryder rental agency in Junction City, Kansas. Using a sketch created with the assistance of Eldon Elliot, owner of the agency, the agents were able to implicate McVeigh in the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-OneOfOurs13941-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse65-94">[92]</a> McVeigh was also identified by Lea McGown of the Dreamland Motel, who remembered him parking a large yellow Ryder truck in the lot; McVeigh had signed in under his real name at the motel, using an address that matched the one on his forged license and the charge sheet at the Perry Police Station.<a href="#cite_note-OttleyTagSnag-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a> Before signing his real name at the motel, McVeigh had used false names for his transactions. However, McGown noted, "People are so used to signing their own name that when they go to sign a phony name, they almost always go to write, and then look up for a moment as if to remember the new name they want to use. That's what [McVeigh] did, and when he looked up I started talking to him, and it threw him."<a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TimothyMcVeighPerryOKApr2195.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="McVeigh is located at the center of the image in a dark hallway wearing an orange jumpsuit and looking to the side. Around him are several FBI agents and police officers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TimothyMcVeighPerryOKApr2195.jpg/220px-TimothyMcVeighPerryOKApr2195.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TimothyMcVeighPerryOKApr2195.jpg/330px-TimothyMcVeighPerryOKApr2195.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TimothyMcVeighPerryOKApr2195.jpg/440px-TimothyMcVeighPerryOKApr2195.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>McVeigh about to exit the Perry, Oklahoma, courthouse on April 21, 1995</figcaption></figure> After an April 21, 1995, court hearing on the gun charges, but before McVeigh's release, federal agents took him into custody as they continued their investigation into the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a> Rather than talk to investigators about the bombing, McVeigh demanded an attorney. Having been tipped off by the arrival of police and helicopters that a bombing suspect was inside, a restless crowd began to gather outside the jail. While McVeigh's requests for a bulletproof vest or transport by helicopter were denied,<a href="#cite_note-OttleyInnocence-95">[93]</a> authorities did use a helicopter to transport him from Perry to Oklahoma City.<a href="#cite_note-Charged-96">[94]</a> Federal agents obtained a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">warrant</a> to search the house of McVeigh's father, Bill, after which they broke down the door and wired the house and telephone with <a href="/wiki/Listening_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Listening device">listening devices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001270-97">[95]</a> FBI investigators used the resulting information gained, along with the fake address McVeigh had been using, to begin their search for the Nichols brothers, Terry and James.<a href="#cite_note-JamesTerryN-91">[89]</a> On April 21, 1995, Terry Nichols learned that he was being hunted, and turned himself in.<a href="#cite_note-TerrorFamily-16">[14]</a> Investigators discovered incriminating evidence at his home: ammonium nitrate and blasting caps, the electric drill used to drill out the locks at the quarry, books on bomb-making, a copy of <a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a> (a 1989 novel by <a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a>, the founder and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance</a>, a <a href="/wiki/White_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalist">white nationalist</a> group) and a hand-drawn map of downtown Oklahoma City, on which the Murrah Building and the spot where McVeigh's getaway car was hidden were marked.<a href="#cite_note-HomelandStudyEpisode1107-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001274-99">[97]</a> After a nine-hour interrogation, Terry Nichols was formally held in federal custody until his trial.<a href="#cite_note-CTVN2-100">[98]</a> On April 25, 1995, James Nichols was also arrested, but he was released after 32 days due to lack of evidence.<a href="#cite_note-James32days-101">[99]</a> McVeigh's sister Jennifer was accused of illegally mailing ammunition to McVeigh,<a href="#cite_note-JenniferBullets-102">[100]</a> but she was granted immunity in exchange for testifying against him.<a href="#cite_note-JenniferImmunity-103">[101]</a> A Jordanian-American man traveling from his home in Oklahoma City to visit family in Jordan on April 19, 1995, was detained and questioned by the FBI at the airport. Several Arab-American groups criticized the FBI for <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a>, and the subsequent media coverage for publicizing the man's name.<a href="#cite_note-AJR-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse63-105">[103]</a> Attorney General Reno denied claims that the federal government relied on racial profiling, while FBI director <a href="/wiki/Louis_J._Freeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis J. Freeh">Louis J. Freeh</a> told a press conference that the man was never a suspect, and was instead treated as a "witness" to the Oklahoma City bombing, who assisted the government's investigation.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurrahBuildingInjuriesbyFloorOCB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building with different color triangles on each floor. Some floors have more triangles than others, as well as different color ones. The title of the image is located on top, while a legend explaining the meaning of the different color triangles is on the bottom right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MurrahBuildingInjuriesbyFloorOCB.jpg/220px-MurrahBuildingInjuriesbyFloorOCB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MurrahBuildingInjuriesbyFloorOCB.jpg/330px-MurrahBuildingInjuriesbyFloorOCB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MurrahBuildingInjuriesbyFloorOCB.jpg/440px-MurrahBuildingInjuriesbyFloorOCB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Floor-by-floor diagram detailing the location of the victims in the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building.</figcaption></figure> An estimated 646 people were inside the building when the bomb exploded.<a href="#cite_note-TreatingComp61-107">[105]</a> By the end of the day, 14 adults and six children were confirmed dead, and over 100 injured.<a href="#cite_note-Jennings_1995-04-19-108">[106]</a> The toll eventually reached 168 confirmed dead, not including an unmatched left leg that could have belonged to an unidentified 169th victim <a href="#cite_note-LeftLeg-109">[107]</a> (the leg was later confirmed to belong to Lakesha Levy, a member of the U.S. Air Force).<a href="#cite_note-LakeshaLeg-110">[108]</a> Most of the deaths resulted from the collapse of the building, rather than the bomb blast itself.<a href="#cite_note-GSACollapse-111">[109]</a> Those killed included 163 who were in the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, one person in the Athenian Building, one woman in a parking lot across the street, a man and woman in the Oklahoma Water Resources building.<a href="#cite_note-CasualtyLocation-4">[2]</a> A rescue worker was indirectly killed after the bombing, after he was struck on the head by debris during rescue efforts, and is not counted in the direct death toll of the actual bombing.<a href="#cite_note-CasualtyLocation-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[1]</a> The victims ranged in age from three months to 73 years and included three pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-VictimsList-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-CasualtyLocation-4">[2]</a> Of the dead, 108 worked for the Federal government: <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (5); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> (6); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> (35); <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> (7); Customs Office (2); <a href="/wiki/Department_of_transportation" title="Department of transportation">Department of Transportation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> (11); <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> (2); and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a> (40).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001234-113">[111]</a> Eight of the federal government victims were federal law enforcement agents. Of those law enforcement agents, four were members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a>; two were members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">U.S. Customs Service</a>; one was a member of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and one was a member of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Six of the victims were <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a> personnel; two were members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>; two were members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>, and two were members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CasualtyLocation-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> The victims also included 19 children, of whom 15 were in the America's Kids Day Care Center.<a href="#cite_note-WAPo.com-115">[113]</a> The bodies of the 168 victims were identified at a temporary morgue set up at the scene.<a href="#cite_note-ITN82-116">[114]</a> A team of 24 identified the victims using full-body X-rays, dental examinations, fingerprinting, blood tests, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic fingerprinting">DNA testing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001234-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITN967-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse73-118">[116]</a> More than 680 people were injured. The majority of the injuries were <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (medical)">abrasions</a>, severe burns, and <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">bone fractures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OSDH-119">[117]</a> McVeigh later acknowledged the casualties, saying, "I didn't define the rules of engagement in this conflict. The rules, if not written down, are defined by the aggressor. It was brutal, no holds barred. Women and kids were killed at Waco and Ruby Ridge. You put back in [the government's] faces exactly what they're giving out." He later stated, "I wanted the government to hurt like the people of Waco and Ruby Ridge had."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001225-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_and_relief">Response and relief</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Response and relief">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rescue_efforts">Rescue efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rescue efforts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-96-00588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several Air Force members and firefighters are clearing debris from the damaged building. Several yellow buckets are visible, which are being used to hold the debris. The destruction of the bombing is visible behind the rescuers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-96-00588.jpg/220px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-96-00588.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-96-00588.jpg/330px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-96-00588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-96-00588.jpg/440px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-96-00588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2902" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Air Force personnel and firefighters removing rubble in the rescue attempt</figcaption></figure> At 9:03 a.m., the first of over 1,800 <a href="/wiki/911_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="911 (emergency telephone number)">911</a> calls related to the bombing were received by <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medical_Services_Authority" title="Emergency Medical Services Authority">Emergency Medical Services Authority</a> (EMSA).<a href="#cite_note-DPost-121">[119]</a> By that time, EMSA ambulances, police, and firefighters had heard the blast and were already headed to the scene.<a href="#cite_note-TM-122">[120]</a> Nearby civilians, who had also witnessed or heard the blast, arrived to assist the victims and emergency workers.<a href="#cite_note-Terrorism_Info-80">[78]</a> Within 23 minutes of the bombing, the State Emergency Operations Center (SEOC) was set up, consisting of representatives from the state departments of public safety, human services, military, health, and education. Assisting the SEOC were agencies including the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Weather Service (United States)">National Weather Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USDJ2-12">[10]</a> Immediate assistance also came from 465 members of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_National_Guard" title="Oklahoma National Guard">Oklahoma National Guard</a>, who arrived within the hour to provide security, and from members of the Department of Civil Emergency Management.<a href="#cite_note-TM-122">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrance_Yeakey" title="Terrance Yeakey">Terrance Yeakey</a> and Jim Ramsey, from the Oklahoma City Police Department, were among the first officers to arrive at the site.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> The EMS command post was set up almost immediately following the attack and oversaw triage, treatment, transportation, and decontamination. A simple plan/objective was established: treatment and transportation of the injured was to be done as quickly as possible, supplies and personnel to handle a large number of patients was needed immediately, the dead needed to be moved to a temporary morgue until they could be transferred to the coroner's office, and measures for a long-term medical operation needed to be established.<a href="#cite_note-Davis_1995_98–107-126">[124]</a> The triage center was set up near the Murrah Building and all the wounded were directed there. Two hundred and ten patients were transported from the primary triage center to nearby hospitals within the first couple of hours following the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-Davis_1995_98–107-126">[124]</a> Within the first hour, 50 people were rescued from the Murrah Federal Building.<a href="#cite_note-Giordano36-127">[125]</a> Victims were sent to every hospital in the area. The day of the bombing, 153 people were treated at St. Anthony Hospital, eight blocks from the blast, over 70 people were treated at Presbyterian Hospital, 41 people were treated at University Hospital, and 18 people were treated at Children's Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-ITN68-128">[126]</a> Temporary silences were observed at the blast site so that sensitive listening devices capable of detecting human heartbeats could be used to locate survivors. In some cases, limbs had to be amputated without anesthetics (avoided because of the potential to induce shock) in order to free those trapped under rubble.<a href="#cite_note-OttleyBadDay-129">[127]</a> The scene had to be periodically evacuated as the police received tips claiming that other bombs had been planted in the building.<a href="#cite_note-OttleyInnocence-95">[93]</a> At 10:28 a.m., rescuers found what they believed to be a second bomb. Some rescue workers refused to leave until police ordered the mandatory evacuation of a four-block area around the site.<a href="#cite_note-DPost-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITN78-130">[128]</a> The device was determined to be a three-foot (.9-m) long <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW missile</a> used in the training of federal agents and bomb-sniffing dogs;<a href="#cite_note-TI3-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-TOWMissile-131">[129]</a> although actually inert, it had been marked "live" in order to mislead arms traffickers in a planned law enforcement sting.<a href="#cite_note-TOWMissile-131">[129]</a> On examination the missile was determined to be inert, and relief efforts resumed 45 minutes later.<a href="#cite_note-TOWMissile-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-TOWBoom-132">[130]</a> The last survivor, a 15-year-old girl found under the base of the collapsed building, was rescued at around 7 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-ChillMiracle-133">[131]</a> In the days following the blast, over 12,000 people participated in relief and rescue operations. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) activated 11 of its <a href="/wiki/FEMA_Urban_Search_and_Rescue_Task_Force" title="FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force">Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces</a>, bringing in 665 rescue workers.<a href="#cite_note-USDJ2-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FEMAUSAR-13">[11]</a> One nurse was killed in the rescue attempt after she was hit on the head by debris, and 26 other rescuers were hospitalized because of various injuries.<a href="#cite_note-TreatingComp62-134">[132]</a> Twenty-four <a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">K-9</a> units and out-of-state dogs were brought in to search for survivors and bodies in the building debris.<a href="#cite_note-TI3-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITN103-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giordano34-136">[134]</a> In an effort to recover additional bodies, 100 to 350 short tons (91 to 318 t) of rubble were removed from the site each day from April 24 to 29.<a href="#cite_note-ITN86-137">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurrahBuildingDemolitionMay1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Alfred P. Murrah building is being demolished, and the image shows the building in mid-collapse. A Ryder truck is visible at the bottom left, and the Regency Towers building can be seen in the background at the far right. The demolition has created large clouds of dust that take up a portion of the image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MurrahBuildingDemolitionMay1995.jpg/220px-MurrahBuildingDemolitionMay1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MurrahBuildingDemolitionMay1995.jpg/330px-MurrahBuildingDemolitionMay1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MurrahBuildingDemolitionMay1995.jpg/440px-MurrahBuildingDemolitionMay1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="1508" /></a><figcaption>The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building being demolished on May 23, 1995, over a month after the incident. The bomb used in the attack was housed in a Ryder truck similar to the one visible in the lower left of the photograph.</figcaption></figure> Rescue and recovery efforts were concluded at 12:05 a.m. on May 5, by which time the bodies of all but three of the victims had been recovered.<a href="#cite_note-Terrorism_Info-80">[78]</a> For safety reasons, the building was initially slated to be demolished shortly afterward. McVeigh's attorney, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(attorney)" title="Stephen Jones (attorney)">Stephen Jones</a>, filed a motion to delay the demolition until the defense team could examine the site in preparation for the trial.<a href="#cite_note-Unfinished140-138">[136]</a> At 7:02 a.m. on May 23, more than a month after the bombing, the Murrah Federal building was demolished.<a href="#cite_note-Terrorism_Info-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmericanMonst234-139">[137]</a> The EMS Command Center remained active and was staffed 24 hours a day until the demolition.<a href="#cite_note-Davis_1995_98–107-126">[124]</a> The final three bodies to be recovered were those of two credit union employees and a customer.<a href="#cite_note-CNNI-140">[138]</a> For several days after the building's demolition, trucks hauled away 800 short tons (730 t) of debris a day from the site. Some of the debris was used as evidence in the conspirators' trials, incorporated into memorials, donated to local schools, or sold to raise funds for relief efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Unfinished14244-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_aid">Humanitarian aid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Humanitarian aid">edit</a>]</div> The national humanitarian response was immediate, and in some cases even overwhelming. Large numbers of items such as wheelbarrows, bottled water, helmet lights, knee pads, rain gear, and even football helmets were donated.<a href="#cite_note-USDJ2-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse623-88">[86]</a> The sheer quantity of such donations caused logistical and inventory control problems until drop-off centers were set up to accept and sort the goods.<a href="#cite_note-Terrorism_Info-80">[78]</a> The Oklahoma Restaurant Association, which was holding a trade show in the city, assisted rescue workers by providing 15,000 to 20,000 meals over ten days.<a href="#cite_note-Unfinished47-142">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> served over 100,000 meals and provided over 100,000 ponchos, gloves, hard hats, and knee pads to rescue workers.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Local residents and those from further afield responded to the requests for <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">blood donations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse60-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDBB-145">[143]</a> Of the over 9,000 units of blood donated, 131 were used; the rest were stored in <a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">blood banks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GAO-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_and_state_government_aid">Federal and state government aid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Federal and state government aid">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton%27s_Eulogy_for_the_Bombing_Victims_in_Oklahoma_City_1995.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A document showing Bill Clinton's message to victims. Some of the typed text has been scribbled out and replaced with hand-written text." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/President_Bill_Clinton%27s_Eulogy_for_the_Bombing_Victims_in_Oklahoma_City_1995.png/220px-President_Bill_Clinton%27s_Eulogy_for_the_Bombing_Victims_in_Oklahoma_City_1995.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/President_Bill_Clinton%27s_Eulogy_for_the_Bombing_Victims_in_Oklahoma_City_1995.png/330px-President_Bill_Clinton%27s_Eulogy_for_the_Bombing_Victims_in_Oklahoma_City_1995.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/President_Bill_Clinton%27s_Eulogy_for_the_Bombing_Victims_in_Oklahoma_City_1995.png/440px-President_Bill_Clinton%27s_Eulogy_for_the_Bombing_Victims_in_Oklahoma_City_1995.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s notes for address to the Oklahoma City bombing victims on April 23, 1995</figcaption></figure> At 9:45 a.m., Governor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Keating" title="Frank Keating">Frank Keating</a> declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> and ordered all non-essential workers in the Oklahoma City area to be released from their duties for their safety.<a href="#cite_note-Terrorism_Info-80">[78]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> learned about the bombing at around 9:30 a.m. while he was meeting with Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a> at the White House.<a href="#cite_note-Jennings_1995-04-19-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse46-147">[145]</a> Before addressing the nation, President Clinton considered grounding all planes in the Oklahoma City area to prevent the bombers from escaping by air, but decided against it.<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse578-148">[146]</a> At 4:00 p.m., President Clinton declared a federal emergency in Oklahoma City<a href="#cite_note-TM-122">[120]</a> and spoke to the nation:<a href="#cite_note-Jennings_1995-04-19-108">[106]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The bombing in Oklahoma City was an attack on innocent children and defenseless citizens. It was an act of cowardice and it was evil. The United States will not tolerate it, and I will not allow the people of this country to be intimidated by evil cowards.</blockquote> He ordered that flags for all federal buildings be flown at <a href="/wiki/Half-staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-staff">half-staff</a> for 30 days in remembrance of the victims.<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse71-149">[147]</a> Four days later, on April 23, 1995, Clinton spoke from Oklahoma City.<a href="#cite_note-ClintonApril23Speech-150">[148]</a> No major federal financial assistance was made available to the survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing, but the Murrah Fund set up in the wake of the bombing attracted over $300,000 in federal grants.<a href="#cite_note-USDJ2-12">[10]</a> Over $40 million was donated to the city to aid disaster relief and to compensate the victims. Funds were initially distributed to families who needed it to get back on their feet, and the rest was held in trust for longer-term medical and psychological needs. By 2005, $18 million of the donations remained, some of which was earmarked to provide a college education for each of the 219 children who lost one or both parents in the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-TormentLingers-151">[149]</a> A committee chaired by Daniel Kurtenbach of <a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Industries" title="Goodwill Industries">Goodwill Industries</a> provided financial assistance to the survivors.<a href="#cite_note-Goodwill-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reaction">International reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International reaction">edit</a>]</div> International reactions to the bombing varied. President Clinton received many messages of sympathy, including those from <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalReaction-153">[151]</a> Other condolences came from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, among other nations and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalReaction-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNReaction-154">[152]</a> Several countries offered to assist in both the rescue efforts and the investigation. France offered to send a special rescue unit,<a href="#cite_note-InternationalReaction-153">[151]</a> and Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> offered to send agents with anti-terrorist expertise to help in the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-UNReaction-154">[152]</a> President Clinton declined Israel's offer, believing that accepting it would increase anti-Muslim sentiments and endanger <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslim-Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse578-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_affected">Children affected</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Children affected">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firefighterbabyocb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A firefighter is holding a dying toddler in his arms, and he is looking down at her. The toddler has blood on her head, arms, and legs, and is wearing white socks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Firefighterbabyocb.jpg/170px-Firefighterbabyocb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Firefighterbabyocb.jpg/255px-Firefighterbabyocb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/54/Firefighterbabyocb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Charles Porter's photograph of firefighter Chris Fields holding the dying infant Baylee Almon won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Spot_News_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography">Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-PorterLaRue-155">[153]</a></figcaption></figure> In the wake of the bombing, the national media focused on the fact that 19 of the victims had been babies and children, many in the day-care center. At the time of the bombing, there were 100 day-care centers in the United States in 7,900 federal buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse578-148">[146]</a> McVeigh later stated that he was unaware of the day-care center when choosing the building as a target, and if he had known "... it might have given me pause to switch targets. That's a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Collateral_damage" title="Collateral damage">collateral damage</a>."<a href="#cite_note-DayCareKnew-156">[154]</a> The FBI stated that McVeigh scouted the interior of the building in December 1994 and likely knew of the day-care center before the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-TimeWeight-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-DayCareKnew-156">[154]</a> This was corroborated by Nichols, who said that he and McVeigh did know about the daycare center in the building, and that they did not care.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Terrorism_Database-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-158">[156]</a> In April 2010, Joseph Hartzler, the prosecutor at McVeigh's trial, questioned how McVeigh could have decided to pass over a prior target building because of a florist shop but at the Murrah building, not "... notice that there's a child day-care center there, that there was a credit union there and a Social Security office?"<a href="#cite_note-Prosecutor-159">[157]</a> Schools across the country were dismissed early and ordered closed. A photograph of firefighter Chris Fields emerging from the rubble with infant Baylee Almon, who later died in a nearby hospital, was reprinted worldwide and became a symbol of the attack. The photo, taken by bank employee Charles H. Porter IV, won the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for Spot News Photography and appeared on newspapers and magazines for months following the attack.<a href="#cite_note-TouristsHistory98-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-PorterPPrize-161">[159]</a> Aren Almon Kok, mother of Baylee Almon, said of the photo, "It was very hard to go to stores because they are in the check out aisle. It was always there. It was devastating. Everybody had seen my daughter dead. And that's all she became to them. She was a symbol. She was the girl in the fireman's arms. But she was a real person that got left behind."<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The images and media reports of children dying terrorized many children who, as demonstrated by later research, showed symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChildPTSD-163">[161]</a> Children became a primary focus of concern in the mental health response to the bombing and many bomb-related services were delivered to the community, young and old alike. These services were delivered to public schools of Oklahoma and reached approximately 40,000 students. One of the first organized mental health activities in Oklahoma City was a clinical study of middle and high school students conducted seven weeks after the bombing. The study focused on middle and high school students who had no connection or relationship to the victims of the bombing. This study showed that these students, although deeply moved by the event and showing a sense of vulnerability on the matter, had no difficulty with the demands of school or home life, as contrasted to those who were connected to the bombing and its victims, who had post-traumatic stress disorder.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Children were also affected through the loss of parents in the bombing. Many children lost one or both parents in the blast, with a reported seven children losing their only remaining parent. Children of the disaster have been raised by single parents, foster parents, and other family members. Adjusting to the loss has made these children suffer psychologically and emotionally. One orphan who was interviewed (of the at least ten orphaned children) reported sleepless nights and an obsession with death.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> President Clinton stated that after seeing images of babies being pulled from the wreckage, he was "beyond angry" and wanted to "put [his] fist through the television".<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse54-166">[164]</a> Clinton and his wife <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary</a> requested that aides talk to child care specialists about how to communicate with children regarding the bombing. President Clinton said to the nation three days after the bombing, "I don't want our children to believe something terrible about life and the future and grownups in general because of this awful thing ... most adults are good people who want to protect our children in their childhood and we are going to get through this".<a href="#cite_note-DMN-167">[165]</a> On April 22, 1995, the Clintons spoke in the White House with over 40 federal agency employees and their children, and in a live nationwide television and radio broadcast, addressed their concerns.<a href="#cite_note-ChildrenBroadcast-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-ClintonProve-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Media coverage">edit</a>]</div> Hundreds of news trucks and members of the press arrived at the site to cover the story. The press immediately noticed that the bombing took place on the second anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Waco_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Waco Siege">Waco incident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jennings_1995-04-19-108">[106]</a> Many initial news stories hypothesized the attack had been undertaken by Muslim terrorists, such as those who had masterminded the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001249-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-GuysGunsAmok102-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse55-172">[170]</a> Some media reported that investigators wanted to question men of Middle Eastern appearance.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-173">[171]</a> Hamzi Moghrabi, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/American-Arab_Anti-Discrimination_Committee" title="American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee">American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee</a>, blamed the media for harassment of Muslims and Arabs that took place after the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> As the rescue effort wound down, the media interest shifted to the investigation, arrests, and trials of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, and on the search for an additional suspect named "John Doe Number Two." Several witnesses claimed to have seen a second suspect, who did not resemble Nichols, with McVeigh.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChicSunTimes-176">[174]</a> Those who expressed sympathy for McVeigh typically described his deed as an act of war, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a>'s essay The Meaning of Timothy McVeigh.<a href="#cite_note-MeaningMcVeigh-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-McVeighRevere-178">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trials_and_sentencing_of_the_conspirators">Trials and sentencing of the conspirators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trials and sentencing of the conspirators">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okc_bombings_rescue_team_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman, at the left of the image, is reading a black spray paint message written on a brick wall. The message reads "Team 5 4–19–95 We Search For the truth We Seek Justice. The Courts Require it. The Victims Cry for it. And God Demands it!"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Okc_bombings_rescue_team_5.jpg/220px-Okc_bombings_rescue_team_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Okc_bombings_rescue_team_5.jpg/330px-Okc_bombings_rescue_team_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Okc_bombings_rescue_team_5.jpg/440px-Okc_bombings_rescue_team_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Rescue Team 5 remembers the victims who died in the bombing.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) led the official investigation, known as OKBOMB,<a href="#cite_note-PROKBOMB-179">[177]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Weldon_L._Kennedy" title="Weldon L. Kennedy">Weldon L. Kennedy</a> acting as special agent in charge.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-180">[178]</a> Kennedy oversaw 900 federal, state, and local law enforcement personnel, including 300 FBI agents, 200 officers from the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Police_Department" title="Oklahoma City Police Department">Oklahoma City Police Department</a>, 125 members of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_National_Guard" title="Oklahoma National Guard">Oklahoma National Guard</a>, and 55 officers from the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Oklahoma Department of Public Safety">Oklahoma Department of Public Safety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse76-181">[179]</a> The crime task force was deemed the largest since the investigation into the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy assassination">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse76-181">[179]</a> OKBOMB was the largest criminal case in America's history, with FBI agents conducting 28,000 interviews, amassing 3.5 short tons (3.2 t) of evidence, and collecting nearly one billion pieces of information.<a href="#cite_note-OneOfOurs13941-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypsevii-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Federal judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_Paul_Matsch" title="Richard Paul Matsch">Richard Paul Matsch</a> ordered that the venue for the trial be moved from Oklahoma City to <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado, ruling that the defendants would be unable to receive a fair trial in Oklahoma.<a href="#cite_note-DenverTrial-183">[181]</a> The investigation led to the separate trials and convictions of McVeigh, Nichols and Fortier. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timothy_McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Timothy McVeigh">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</a></div> Opening statements in McVeigh's trial began on April 24, 1997. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States</a> was represented by a team of prosecutors led by Joseph Hartzler. In his opening statement Hartzler outlined McVeigh's motivations, and the evidence against him. McVeigh, he said, had developed a hatred of the government during his time in the army, after reading <a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a>. His beliefs were supported by what he saw as the militia's ideological opposition to increases in taxes and the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Brady Bill">Brady Bill</a>, and were further reinforced by the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents.<a href="#cite_note-Sympathizers-17">[15]</a> The prosecution called 137 witnesses, including Michael Fortier and his wife Lori, and McVeigh's sister, Jennifer McVeigh, all of whom testified to confirm McVeigh's hatred of the government and his desire to take militant action against it.<a href="#cite_note-Wright10-184">[182]</a> Both Fortiers testified that McVeigh had told them of his plans to bomb the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. Michael Fortier revealed that McVeigh had chosen the date, and Lori Fortier testified that she had created the false identification card McVeigh used to rent the Ryder truck.<a href="#cite_note-TMT-185">[183]</a> McVeigh was represented by a team of six principal attorneys, led by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(attorney)" title="Stephen Jones (attorney)">Stephen Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petition-186">[184]</a> According to law professor <a href="/wiki/Doug_Linder" title="Doug Linder">Douglas O. Linder</a>, McVeigh wanted Jones to present a "necessity defense"—which would argue that he was in "imminent danger" from the government (that his bombing was intended to prevent future crimes by the government, such as the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents).<a href="#cite_note-TMT-185">[183]</a> McVeigh argued that "imminent" does not mean "immediate": "If a comet is hurtling toward the earth, and it's out past the orbit of Pluto, it's not an immediate threat to Earth, but it is an imminent threat."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001285–286-187">[185]</a> Despite McVeigh's wishes, Jones attempted to discredit the prosecution's case in an attempt to instill reasonable doubt. Jones also believed that McVeigh was part of a larger conspiracy, and sought to present him as "the designated patsy",<a href="#cite_note-TMT-185">[183]</a> but McVeigh disagreed with Jones arguing that rationale for his defense. After a hearing, Judge Matsch independently ruled the evidence concerning a larger conspiracy to be too insubstantial to be admissible.<a href="#cite_note-TMT-185">[183]</a> In addition to arguing that the bombing could not have been carried out by two men alone, Jones also attempted to create reasonable doubt by arguing that no one had seen McVeigh near the scene of the crime, and that the investigation into the bombing had lasted only two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-TMT-185">[183]</a> Jones presented 25 witnesses, including <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Whitehurst" title="Frederic Whitehurst">Frederic Whitehurst</a>, over a one-week period. Although Whitehurst described the FBI's sloppy investigation of the bombing site and its handling of other key evidence, he was unable to point to any direct evidence that he knew to be contaminated.<a href="#cite_note-TMT-185">[183]</a> A key point of contention in the case was the unmatched left leg found after the bombing. Although it was initially believed to be from a male, it was later determined to belong to Lakesha Levy, a female member of the Air Force who was killed in the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-LakeshaLeg-110">[108]</a> Levy's coffin had to be re-opened so that her leg could replace another unmatched leg that had previously been buried with her remains. The unmatched leg had been embalmed, which prevented authorities from being able to extract DNA to determine its owner.<a href="#cite_note-LeftLeg-109">[107]</a> Jones argued that the leg could have belonged to another bomber, possibly John Doe No. 2.<a href="#cite_note-LeftLeg-109">[107]</a> The prosecution disputed the claim, saying that the leg could have belonged to any one of eight victims who had been buried without a left leg.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Numerous damaging leaks, which appeared to originate from conversations between McVeigh and his defense attorneys, emerged. They included a confession said to have been inadvertently included on a computer disk that was given to the press, which McVeigh believed seriously compromised his chances of getting a fair trial.<a href="#cite_note-TMT-185">[183]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">gag order</a> was imposed during the trial, prohibiting attorneys on either side from commenting to the press on the evidence, proceedings, or opinions regarding the trial proceedings. The defense was allowed to enter into evidence six pages of a 517-page Justice Department report criticizing the FBI crime laboratory and David Williams, one of the agency's explosives experts, for reaching unscientific and biased conclusions. The report claimed that Williams had worked backward in the investigation rather than basing his determinations on forensic evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001315–317-189">[187]</a> The jury deliberated for 23 hours. On June 2, 1997, McVeigh was found guilty on 11 counts of murder and conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-OSCN-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-1997-06-03_Denver_Post-191">[189]</a> Although the defense argued for a reduced sentence of life imprisonment, McVeigh was sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-Time-192">[190]</a> In May 2001, the Justice Department announced that the FBI had mistakenly failed to provide over 3,000 documents to McVeigh's defense counsel.<a href="#cite_note-CNN3000-193">[191]</a> The Justice Department also announced that the execution would be postponed for one month for the defense to review the documents. On June 6, federal judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_Paul_Matsch" title="Richard Paul Matsch">Richard Paul Matsch</a> ruled the documents would not prove McVeigh innocent and ordered the execution to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-WPProceed-194">[192]</a> McVeigh invited conductor <a href="/wiki/David_Woodard" title="David Woodard">David Woodard</a> to perform pre-requiem <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> music on the eve of his execution; while reproachful of McVeigh's capital wrongdoing, Woodard consented.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a>: 240–241  After President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> approved the execution (McVeigh was a federal inmate and federal law dictates that the president must approve the execution of federal prisoners), he was executed by <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Complex,_Terre_Haute" title="Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute">Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute, Indiana</a>, on June 11, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-CNNPrez-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN3-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The execution was transmitted on <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> so that the relatives of the victims could witness his death.<a href="#cite_note-CTVN-199">[197]</a> McVeigh's execution was the first <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_the_United_States_federal_government" title="Capital punishment by the United States federal government">federal execution</a> in 38 years.<a href="#cite_note-Wright17-200">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terry_Nichols">Terry Nichols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Terry Nichols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terry_Nichols" title="Terry Nichols">Terry Nichols</a></div> Nichols stood trial twice. He was first tried by the federal government in 1997, and found guilty of conspiring to build a weapon of mass destruction and of eight counts of involuntary manslaughter of federal officers.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-201">[199]</a> After he was sentenced on June 4, 1998, to life without parole, the State of Oklahoma in 2000 sought a death-penalty conviction on 161 counts of first-degree murder (160 non-federal-agent victims and one fetus).<a href="#cite_note-Nichols161-202">[200]</a> On May 26, 2004, the jury found him guilty on all charges, but deadlocked on the issue of sentencing him to death. Presiding Judge <a href="/wiki/Steven_W._Taylor" title="Steven W. Taylor">Steven W. Taylor</a> then determined the sentence of 161 consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.<a href="#cite_note-NicholsNoParole-203">[201]</a> In March 2005, FBI investigators, acting on a tip from <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Scarpa_Jr." title="Gregory Scarpa Jr.">Gregory Scarpa Jr.</a>, searched a buried crawl space in Nichols's former house, and found additional explosives missed in the preliminary search after Nichols was arrested.<a href="#cite_note-2005Expl-204">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_and_Lori_Fortier">Michael and Lori Fortier</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Michael and Lori Fortier">edit</a>]</div> Michael and Lori Fortier were considered <a href="/wiki/Accomplice" class="mw-redirect" title="Accomplice">accomplices</a> for their foreknowledge of the planning of the bombing. In addition to Michael Fortier's assisting McVeigh in scouting the federal building, Lori Fortier had helped McVeigh laminate the fake driver's license that was later used to rent the Ryder truck.<a href="#cite_note-McVeighBomb33-54">[52]</a> Michael Fortier agreed to testify against McVeigh and Nichols in exchange for a reduced sentence and immunity for his wife.<a href="#cite_note-CNN6-205">[203]</a> He was sentenced on May 27, 1998, to 12 years in prison, and fined $75,000 for failing to warn authorities about the attack.<a href="#cite_note-Fortier12years-206">[204]</a> On January 20, 2006, Fortier was released from prison, transferred into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Witness_Protection_Program" title="United States Federal Witness Protection Program">Witness Protection Program</a>, and given a new identity.<a href="#cite_note-DMNidenity-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> No "John Doe #2" was ever identified, and the government never openly investigated anyone else in conjunction with the bombing. Although the defense teams in both McVeigh's and Nichols's trials suggested that others were involved, Judge Steven W. Taylor found no credible, relevant, or legally admissible evidence of anyone other than McVeigh and Nichols having directly participated in the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-TMT-185">[183]</a> When McVeigh was asked if there were other conspirators in the bombing, he replied: "You can't handle the truth! Because the truth is, I blew up the Murrah Building, and isn't it kind of scary that one man could wreak this kind of hell?"<a href="#cite_note-NoSympathy-208">[206]</a> On the morning of McVeigh's execution a letter was released in which he had written "For <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">those die-hard conspiracy theorists who will refuse to believe this</a>, I turn the tables and say: Show me where I needed anyone else. Financing? Logistics? Specialized tech skills? Brainpower? Strategy? ... Show me where I needed a dark, mysterious 'Mr. X'!"<a href="#cite_note-OttleyPreExec-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> Within 48 hours of the attack, and with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> (GSA), the targeted federal offices were able to resume operations in other parts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-CongressHearing-210">[208]</a> According to Mark Potok, director of Intelligence Project at the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, his organization tracked another 60 domestic smaller-scale terrorism plots from 1995 to 2005.<a href="#cite_note-talley-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-60List-212">[210]</a> Several of the plots were uncovered and prevented while others caused various infrastructure damage, deaths, or other destruction. Potok revealed that in 1996 there were approximately 858 domestic militias and other antigovernment groups but the number had dropped to 152 by 2004.<a href="#cite_note-PotokAntiDrop-213">[211]</a> Shortly after the bombing, the FBI hired an additional 500 agents to investigate potential domestic terrorist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FBI500Agents-214">[212]</a> A 2005 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> report said the bombing "brought the threat of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">right-wing terrorism</a> to the forefront of American law enforcement attention."<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing/Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcotics-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing/Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh terrorism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Special-interest_terrorism" title="Special-interest terrorism">Special-interest / Single-issue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green/Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">online</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">Leaderless resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Methods</li><li>Tactics</li></ul></div></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_hijackings" title="List of aircraft hijackings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Decapitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">Bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks" title="Animal-borne bomb attacks">Animal-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_car_bombings" title="List of mass car bombings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_run_(terrorism)" title="Dry run (terrorism)">Dry run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_terror" title="Individual terror">Individual terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Suicide_bombings_by_country" title="Category:Suicide bombings by country">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism#Rocket_and_mortar_attacks" title="Tactics of terrorism">Rockets and mortars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Terrorist groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actors</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#Soviet_Union" title="Terrorism in Russia">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="India and state-sponsored terrorism">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist terrorism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Response to terrorism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism insurance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism" title="Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism" title="Template talk:Terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the wake of the bombing, the U.S. government enacted several pieces of legislation including the <a href="/wiki/Antiterrorism_and_Effective_Death_Penalty_Act_of_1996" title="Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996">Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AntiFAS-25">[23]</a> In response to the trials of the conspirators being moved out-of-state, the Victim Allocution Clarification Act of 1997 was signed on March 20, 1997, by President Clinton to allow the victims of the bombing (and the victims of any other future acts of violence) the right to observe trials and to offer impact testimony in sentencing hearings. In response to passing the legislation, Clinton stated that "when someone is a victim, he or she should be at the center of the criminal justice process, not on the outside looking in."<a href="#cite_note-Barbarians-216">[214]</a> In the years since the bombing, scientists, security experts, and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a> have called on Congress to develop legislation that would require customers to produce identification when purchasing ammonium nitrate fertilizer, and for sellers to maintain records of its sale. Critics argue that farmers lawfully use large quantities of the fertilizer,<a href="#cite_note-ANLegislate-217">[215]</a> and as of 2009, only Nevada and South Carolina require identification from purchasers.<a href="#cite_note-ANLegislate-217">[215]</a> In June 1995, Congress enacted legislation requiring chemical <a href="/wiki/Taggant" title="Taggant">taggants</a> to be incorporated into dynamite and other explosives so that a bomb could be traced to its manufacturer.<a href="#cite_note-Taggants-218">[216]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> announced that it had developed a nitrogen-based fertilizer that would not detonate when mixed with fuel oil. The company got assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> to develop the fertilizer (Sulf-N 26) for commercial use.<a href="#cite_note-HoneySafe-219">[217]</a> It uses ammonium sulfate to make the fertilizer less explosive.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oklahoma_school_curriculum">Oklahoma school curriculum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Oklahoma school curriculum">edit</a>]</div> In the decade following the bombing, there was criticism of Oklahoma public schools for not requiring the bombing to be covered in the curriculum of mandatory Oklahoma history classes. Oklahoma History is a one-semester course required by state law for graduation from high school; however, the bombing was only covered for one to two pages at most in textbooks. The state's PASS standards (Priority Academic Student Skills) did not require that a student learn about the bombing, and focused more on other subjects such as corruption and the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> On April 6, 2010, House Bill 2750 was signed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Brad_Henry" title="Brad Henry">Brad Henry</a>, requiring the bombing to be entered into the school curriculum for Oklahoma, U.S. and world history classes.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-oudaily-224">[222]</a> On the signing, Governor Henry said, "Although the events of April 19, 1995, may be etched in our minds and in the minds of Oklahomans who remember that day, we have a generation of Oklahomans that has little to no memory of the events of that day ... We owe it to the victims, the survivors and all of the people touched by this tragic event to remember April 19, 1995, and understand what it meant and still means to this state and this nation."<a href="#cite_note-oudaily-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_security_and_construction">Building security and construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Building security and construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DemolishedAMbuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two images are stitched together showing the site of where the building stood prior to its demolition. A crowd of people are visible in front of the chain link fence blocking entrance to the site. Large piles of dirt can be seen on the site as well as damage to nearby buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DemolishedAMbuilding.jpg/300px-DemolishedAMbuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DemolishedAMbuilding.jpg/450px-DemolishedAMbuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DemolishedAMbuilding.jpg/600px-DemolishedAMbuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4944" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The site of the building after it was demolished, three months after the bombing</figcaption></figure> In the weeks following the bombing, the federal government ordered that all federal buildings in all major cities be surrounded with prefabricated <a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barriers</a> to prevent similar attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Salon-225">[223]</a> As part of a longer-term plan for <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_building_security" title="United States federal building security">United States federal building security</a>, most of those temporary barriers have since been replaced with permanent and more aesthetically considerate security barriers, which are driven deep into the ground for sturdiness.<a href="#cite_note-InvisibleInsurrection-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIO-227">[225]</a> All new federal buildings must now be constructed with truck-resistant barriers and with deep setbacks from surrounding streets to minimize their vulnerability to truck bombs.<a href="#cite_note-SMC-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoP-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-McHC-230">[228]</a> FBI buildings, for instance, must be set back 100 feet (30 m) from traffic.<a href="#cite_note-WPFairfaxAgents-231">[229]</a> The total cost of improving security in federal buildings across the country in response to the bombing reached over $600 million.<a href="#cite_note-Unfinished29-232">[230]</a> The Murrah Federal Building had been considered so safe that it only employed one security guard.<a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse41-233">[231]</a> In June 1995, the DOJ issued Vulnerability Assessment of Federal Facilities, also known as The Marshals Report, the findings of which resulted in a thorough evaluation of security at all federal buildings and a system for classifying risks at over 1,300 federal facilities owned or leased by the federal government. Federal sites were divided into five security levels ranging from Level 1 (minimum security needs) to Level 5 (maximum).<a href="#cite_note-WBDGAssets-234">[232]</a> The Alfred P. Murrah Building was deemed a Level 4 building.<a href="#cite_note-JusticeRecommendations-235">[233]</a> Among the 52 security improvements were physical barriers, closed-circuit television monitoring, site planning and access, hardening of building exteriors to increase blast resistance, glazing systems to reduce flying glass shards and fatalities, and structural engineering design to prevent <a href="/wiki/Progressive_collapse" title="Progressive collapse">progressive collapse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SecurityCivicsLessons-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-DesigningSecurity-237">[235]</a> The attack led to engineering improvements allowing buildings to better withstand tremendous forces, improvements which were incorporated into the design of Oklahoma City's new federal building. The <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a> documentary series <a href="/wiki/Seconds_From_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconds From Disaster">Seconds From Disaster</a> suggested that the Murrah Federal Building would probably have survived the blast had it been built according to California's earthquake design codes.<a href="#cite_note-SecondsDisaster-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drag_racing">Drag racing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Drag racing">edit</a>]</div> The National Hot Rod Association has tightened its regulations for nitromethane. Section 21 of the current NHRA rule book states nitromethane is limited to 400 pounds (180 kg), or 42 US gallons (160 L) in a barrel, instead of the normal 55 US gallons (210 L). The NHRA requires competitors to submit a Top Screen Questionnaire to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>. In addition, competitors are not allowed to own nitromethane at official events. Instead, it must be stored at the series' official fuel supplier, VP Racing Fuel (as of 2025).<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Each time a team purchases nitromethane, it is logged by (the Series fuel supplier), which dispenses the correct amount of nitromethane ordered to the specific team. At the end of the event, unused nitromethane is returned to (the Series fuel supplier) and logged with volume remaining of nitromethane that team has purchased but has not used that will available to use at the next event (qualifying sessions, for example) before purchasing more nitromethane. Leseurer, who twice rejected selling nitromethane to McVeigh, explained, "It’s all part of 'a paper trail of where all this stuff is'."<a href="#cite_note-CompPlus-2020-04-20-240">[238]</a> In 2008, the NHRA fined <a href="/wiki/Tony_Schumacher_(drag_racer)" title="Tony Schumacher (drag racer)">Don Schumacher</a> $100,000 for violation of security protocol when drums of nitromethane from a supplier other than the series' then-specification supplier were found in his teams' pit area at the spring <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway" title="Las Vegas Motor Speedway">Las Vegas Motor Speedway</a> round, in violation of the NHRA's rules on specification nitromethane (including being required to be stored at the series' fuel supplier) and Department of Homeland Security policy regarding ownership of nitromethane.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_according_to_McVeigh">Impact according to McVeigh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Impact according to McVeigh">edit</a>]</div> McVeigh believed that the bomb attack had a positive impact on government policy. In evidence he cited the peaceful resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Montana_Freemen" title="Montana Freemen">Montana Freemen</a> standoff in 1996, the government's $3.1 million settlement with <a href="/wiki/Randy_Weaver" title="Randy Weaver">Randy Weaver</a> and his surviving children four months after the bombing, and April 2000 statements by Bill Clinton regretting his decision to storm the Branch Davidian compound. McVeigh stated, "Once you bloody the bully's nose, and he knows he's going to be punched again, he's not coming back around."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001378–383-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evacuation_issues">Evacuation issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Evacuation issues">edit</a>]</div> Several agencies, including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">City of Oklahoma City</a>, have evaluated the emergency response actions to the bombing and have proposed plans for a better response in addition to addressing issues that hindered a smooth rescue effort.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> Because of the crowded streets and the number of response agencies sent to the location, communication between government branches and rescue workers was muddled. Groups were unaware of the operations others were conducting, thus creating strife and delays in the search and rescue process. The City of Oklahoma City, in their After Action Report,<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> declared that better communication and single bases for agencies would better the aid of those in disastrous situations. After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001, with consideration of other events, including the Oklahoma City bombing, the Federal Highway Administration proposed that major metropolitan areas create evacuation routes for civilians. These highlighted routes would allow paths for emergency crews and government agencies to enter disaster areas more quickly. By helping civilians get out and rescue workers get in, casualties would hopefully be decreased.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorial_observances">Memorial observances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Memorial observances">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oklahoma_City_National_Memorial">Oklahoma City National Memorial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Oklahoma City National Memorial">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_National_Memorial" title="Oklahoma City National Memorial">Oklahoma City National Memorial</a></div> For two years after the bombing the only memorials to the victims were plush toys, crucifixes, letters, and other personal items left by thousands of people at a security fence surrounding the site of the building.<a href="#cite_note-TouristsHistory105-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTVisitors-247">[245]</a> Many suggestions for suitable memorials were sent to Oklahoma City, but an official memorial planning committee was not set up until early 1996,<a href="#cite_note-Unfinished119-248">[246]</a> when the Murrah Federal Building Memorial Task Force, composed of 350 members, was set up to formulate plans for a memorial to commemorate the victims of the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-DMN-167">[165]</a> On July 1, 1997, the winning design was chosen unanimously by a 15-member panel from 624 submissions.<a href="#cite_note-OKBMS-249">[247]</a> The memorial was designed at a cost of $29 million, which was raised by public and private funds.<a href="#cite_note-TouristsHistory109-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-29million-251">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_memorials_of_the_United_States" title="List of national memorials of the United States">national memorial</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park System</a> as an affiliated area and was designed by Oklahoma City architects Hans and Torrey Butzer and Sven Berg.<a href="#cite_note-NYTVisitors-247">[245]</a> It was dedicated by President Clinton on April 19, 2000, exactly five years after the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-OKBMS-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS-252">[250]</a> Within the first year, it had 700,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-NYTVisitors-247">[245]</a> The memorial includes a reflecting pool flanked by two large gates, one inscribed with the time 9:01, the other with 9:03, the pool representing the moment of the blast. On the south end of the memorial is a field of symbolic bronze and stone chairs—one for each person lost, arranged according to what floor of the building they were on. The chairs represent the empty chairs at the dinner tables of the victims' families. The seats of the children killed are smaller than those of the adults lost. On the opposite side is the "survivor tree", part of the building's original landscaping that survived the blast and fires that followed it. The memorial left part of the foundation of the building intact, allowing visitors to see the scale of the destruction. Part of the chain link fence put in place around the site of the blast, which had attracted over 800,000 personal items of commemoration later collected by the Oklahoma City Memorial Foundation, is now on the western edge of the memorial.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> North of the memorial is the <a href="/wiki/India_Temple_Shrine_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="India Temple Shrine Building">Journal Record Building</a>, which now houses the Oklahoma City National Memorial Museum, an affiliate of the National Park Service. The building also contained the <a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Institute_for_the_Prevention_of_Terrorism" title="National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism">National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism</a>, a law enforcement training center. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahoma_City_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the memorial, as seen from the base of the reflecting pool. From left to right are the memorial chairs, Gate of Time and Reflecting Pool, the Survivor Tree, and the Journal Record Building."><img alt="A panoramic view of the memorial. In the center is a large stone structure shaped as a gate with "9:03" at the top. At the center of the gate is a large hole and through it a road can be seen. The Regency Towers building is visible on the right of the image in the background. The gate is reflecting in a pool of water in front of it, and grass and trees are visible to the left and right of the pool." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Oklahoma_City_memorial.jpg/800px-Oklahoma_City_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Oklahoma_City_memorial.jpg/1200px-Oklahoma_City_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Oklahoma_City_memorial.jpg/1600px-Oklahoma_City_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6485" data-file-height="1885" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahoma_City_memorial.jpg" title="File:Oklahoma City memorial.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the memorial, as seen from the base of the reflecting pool. From left to right are the memorial chairs, Gate of Time and Reflecting Pool, the Survivor Tree, and the Journal Record Building.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Joseph's_Old_Cathedral">St. Joseph's Old Cathedral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: St. Joseph's Old Cathedral">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Old_Cathedral_(Oklahoma_City)" title="St. Joseph Old Cathedral (Oklahoma City)">St. Joseph's Old Cathedral</a>, one of the first brick-and-mortar churches in the city, is located to the southwest of the memorial and was severely damaged by the blast.<a href="#cite_note-StJoseph1889-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-StJosephShell-255">[253]</a> To commemorate the event, a statue and sculpture work entitled And Jesus Wept was installed adjacent to the Oklahoma City National Memorial. The work was dedicated in May 1997 and the church was rededicated on December 1 of the same year. The church, the statue, and the sculpture are not part of the Oklahoma City memorial.<a href="#cite_note-WeptStatue-256">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remembrance_observance">Remembrance observance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Remembrance observance">edit</a>]</div> An observance is held each year to remember the victims of the bombing. An annual marathon draws thousands, and allows runners to sponsor a victim of the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-Marathon-257">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaraEmotion-258">[256]</a> For the tenth anniversary of the bombing, the city held 24 days of activities, including a week-long series of events known as the National Week of Hope from April 17 to 24, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-24Days-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFGE-260">[258]</a> As in previous years, the tenth anniversary of the bombing observances began with a service at 9:02 a.m., marking the moment the bomb went off, with the traditional 168 seconds of silence—one second for each person who was killed as a result of the blast. The service also included the traditional reading of the names, read by children to symbolize the future of Oklahoma City.<a href="#cite_note-PH-261">[259]</a> Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, former President Clinton, Oklahoma Governor <a href="/wiki/Brad_Henry" title="Brad Henry">Brad Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Keating" title="Frank Keating">Frank Keating</a>, Governor of Oklahoma at the time of the bombing, and other political dignitaries attended the service and gave speeches in which they emphasized that "goodness overcame evil".<a href="#cite_note-WhiteHouse-262">[260]</a> The relatives of the victims and the survivors of the blast also made note of it during the service at First United Methodist Church in Oklahoma City.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> made note of the anniversary in a written statement, part of which echoed his remarks on the execution of Timothy McVeigh in 2001: "For the survivors of the crime and for the families of the dead the pain goes on."<a href="#cite_note-Prez10th-264">[262]</a> Bush was invited but did not attend the service because he was en route to <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, to dedicate the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a>. Cheney attended the service in his place.<a href="#cite_note-WhiteHouse-262">[260]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma_City" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma City">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the memorial site was closed to the public on April 19, 2020, and local television networks broadcast pre-recorded remembrances to mark the 25th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/32px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/48px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/64px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma" title="Portal:Oklahoma">Oklahoma portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/35px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/47px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">2011 Norway attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">List of terrorist incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a>, the deadliest building bombing in the United States prior to the Oklahoma City bombing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">Domestic terrorism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of terrorist attacks in the United States">Timeline of terrorist attacks in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> A severed left leg was found amongst the wreckage, but was never identified to a victim. It could have belonged to one of the 168 victims, or a 169th victim who was not found. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> A rescue worker was struck on the head by falling debris after the bombing during rescue efforts, and is not counted as part of those directly killed by the bombing. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShariatMalloneeStidham1998" class="citation report cs1">Shariat, Sheryll; Mallonee, Sue; Stidham, Shelli Stephens (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/health/health2/documents/okc-bombing.pdf">Oklahoma City Bombing Injuries</a> (PDF) (Report). Injury Prevention Service, Oklahoma State Department of Health. pp. 2–3. Retrieved October 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Oklahoma+City+Bombing+Injuries&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Injury+Prevention+Service%2C+Oklahoma+State+Department+of+Health&rft.date=1998-12&rft.aulast=Shariat&rft.aufirst=Sheryll&rft.au=Mallonee%2C+Sue&rft.au=Stidham%2C+Shelli+Stephens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foklahoma.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fok%2Fen%2Fhealth%2Fhealth2%2Fdocuments%2Fokc-bombing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CasualtyLocation-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CasualtyLocation_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasualtyLocation_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasualtyLocation_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasualtyLocation_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasualtyLocation_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasualtyLocation_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloneeSheryll_ShariatGail_StenniesRick_Waxweiler1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mallonee, Sue; Sheryll Shariat; Gail Stennies; Rick Waxweiler; David Hogan; Fred Jordan (1996). 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Retrieved April 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Militia+Groups+Growing%2C+Study+Says+Extremism%3A+Despite+negative+publicity+since+Oklahoma+bombing%2C+membership+has+risen%2C+Anti-Defamation+League+finds&rft.date=1995-06-18&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F21526848.html%3Fdids%3D21526848%3A21526848%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DJun%2B18%252C%2B1995%26author%3DPAUL%2BFELDMAN%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%2B%2528pre-1997%2BFulltext%2529%26desc%3DMilitia%2BGroups%2BGrowing%252C%2BStudy%2BSays%2BExtremism%253A%2BDespite%2Bnegative%2Bpublicity%2Bsince%2BOklahoma%2Bbombing%252C%2Bmembership%2Bhas%2Brisen%252C%2BAnti-Defamation%2BLeague%2Bfinds.%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WacoRubyMcN-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WacoRubyMcN_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WacoRubyMcN_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527165230/http://cjonline.com/stories/061001/new_mcveigh.shtml">"McVeigh offers little remorse in letters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Topeka_Capital-Journal" title="The Topeka Capital-Journal">The Topeka Capital-Journal</a>. 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The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/20/us/oklahoma-city-building-was-target-of-plot-as-early-as-83-official-says.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">the original</a> on January 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Oklahoma+City+Building+Was+Target+Of+Plot+as+Early+as+%2783%2C+Official+Says&rft.date=1995-05-20&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft.au=Ronald+Smothers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F05%2F20%2Fus%2Foklahoma-city-building-was-target-of-plot-as-early-as-83-official-says.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-snell-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snell_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snell_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extras.denverpost.com/bomb/bomb327.htm">"The Oklahoma City Bomb Trial: The Denver Post Online"</a>. extras.denverpost.com. Retrieved March 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=extras.denverpost.com&rft.atitle=The+Oklahoma+City+Bomb+Trial%3A+The+Denver+Post+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextras.denverpost.com%2Fbomb%2Fbomb327.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/oklahoma-city-bombing">"Oklahoma City Bombing"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 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Retrieved May 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Terry+Nichols&rft.date=1995-05-11&rft.aulast=Swickard&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D19950511%26slug%3D2120431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBSRoommate-27"><a href="#cite_ref-PBSRoommate_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125163535/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/may97/trial_5-13.html">"Bombing Trial"</a>. Online Focus. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. May 13, 1997. 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City date nears, militias seen as gaining strength"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105124606/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-04-16-militia-movement-on-the-rise_N.htm?csp=34">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=As+Okla.+City+date+nears%2C+militias+seen+as+gaining+strength&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2010-04-16-militia-movement-on-the-rise_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Militia2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Militia2_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeans1996" class="citation news cs1">Means, Marianne (April 20, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/tampatribune/access/38315217.html?dids=38315217:38315217&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+20%2C+1996&author=MARIANNE+MEANS&pub=Tampa+Tribune&desc=Search+for+meaning+produces+scapegoats&pqatl=google">"Search for meaning produces scapegoats"</a> (Fee required). <a href="/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune" title="The Tampa Tribune">The Tampa Tribune</a>. Retrieved May 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tampa+Tribune&rft.atitle=Search+for+meaning+produces+scapegoats&rft.date=1996-04-20&rft.aulast=Means&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Ftampatribune%2Faccess%2F38315217.html%3Fdids%3D38315217%3A38315217%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DApr%2B20%252C%2B1996%26author%3DMARIANNE%2BMEANS%26pub%3DTampa%2BTribune%26desc%3DSearch%2Bfor%2Bmeaning%2Bproduces%2Bscapegoats%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Belew2019-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Belew2019_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelew2019" class="citation book cs1">Belew, Kathleen (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIPWDwAAQBAJ&q=McVeigh+White+Power">Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America</a>. 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(Spurious Quotation)"</a>. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Retrieved May 22, 2020. <q>We have not found any evidence that Thomas Jefferson said or wrote, "When government fears the people, there is liberty. 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U-T San Diego. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20040415-1925-nicholstrial.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U-T+San+Diego&rft.atitle=Man+testifies+axle+of+truck+fell+from+sky+after+Oklahoma+City+bombing&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft.aulast=Tim&rft.aufirst=Talley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F20040415-1925-nicholstrial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HomelandStudyKeys1042-78"><a href="#cite_ref-HomelandStudyKeys1042_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"A Study of the Oklahoma City Bombing". 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Retrieved June 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oklahoman&rft.atitle=Oklahoma+U.S.+Rep.+Steve+Russell+seeks+Purple+Hearts+for+six+Oklahoma+City+bombing+victims&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.au=Chris+Casteel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsok.com%2Foklahoma-u.s.-rep.-steve-russell-seeks-purple-hearts-for-six-oklahoma-city-bombing-victims%2Farticle%2F5414598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAPo.com-115"><a href="#cite_ref-WAPo.com_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano1997" class="citation news cs1">Romano, Lois (December 30, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130153726/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/oklahoma/stories/nichols1230.htm">"Prosecutors Seek Death For Nichols"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. A3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/oklahoma/stories/nichols1230.htm">the original</a> on November 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Prosecutors+Seek+Death+For+Nichols&rft.pages=A3&rft.date=1997-12-30&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Foklahoma%2Fstories%2Fnichols1230.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITN82-116"><a href="#cite_ref-ITN82_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1995" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Clive (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intheirnamededic00irvi/page/82">In Their Name</a>. New York : Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intheirnamededic00irvi/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9"><bdi>978-0-679-44825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Their+Name&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44825-9&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintheirnamededic00irvi%2Fpage%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITN967-117"><a href="#cite_ref-ITN967_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1995" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Clive (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intheirnamededic00irvi/page/96">In Their Name</a>. New York : Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intheirnamededic00irvi/page/96">96–97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9"><bdi>978-0-679-44825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Their+Name&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44825-9&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintheirnamededic00irvi%2Fpage%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apocalypse73-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Apocalypse73_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm1997" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Mark S (1997). Apocalypse in Oklahoma. Northeastern University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-300-7"><bdi>978-1-55553-300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+in+Oklahoma&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-300-7&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Mark+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSDH-119"><a href="#cite_ref-OSDH_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShariatSue_MalloneeShelli_Stephens-Stidham1998" class="citation web cs1">Shariat, Sheryll; Sue Mallonee; Shelli Stephens-Stidham (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518063448/http://www.ok.gov/health2/documents/OKC_Bombing.pdf">"Oklahoma City Bombing Injuries"</a> (PDF). Injury Prevention Service, Oklahoma State Department of Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.gov/health2/documents/OKC_Bombing.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 18, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oklahoma+City+Bombing+Injuries&rft.pub=Injury+Prevention+Service%2C+Oklahoma+State+Department+of+Health&rft.date=1998-12&rft.aulast=Shariat&rft.aufirst=Sheryll&rft.au=Sue+Mallonee&rft.au=Shelli+Stephens-Stidham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ok.gov%2Fhealth2%2Fdocuments%2FOKC_Bombing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> Shariat et al. count only 167 killed "as a direct result of the bombing or during escape". They did not include Rebecca Needham Anderson, who – having seen the bombing on TV in <a href="/wiki/Midwest_City,_Oklahoma" title="Midwest City, Oklahoma">Midwest City, Oklahoma</a> – came to the rescue and was killed by a piece of falling debris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20105677,00.html">"The Final Sacrifice of a Gallant Nurse"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810073428/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20105677,00.html">Archived</a> August 10, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001225-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001225_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichelHerbeck2001">Michel & Herbeck (2001)</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-DPost-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DPost_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DPost_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy" class="citation news cs1">Eddy, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928173328/http://extras.denverpost.com/bomb/his22.htm">"April 19, 1995"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extras.denverpost.com/bomb/his22.htm">the original</a> on September 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Denver+Post&rft.atitle=April+19%2C+1995&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextras.denverpost.com%2Fbomb%2Fhis22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TM_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TM_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TM_122-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinthrop1997" class="citation web cs1">Winthrop, Jim (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927182023/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=189854">"The Oklahoma City Bombing: Immediate Response Authority and Other Military Assistance to Civil Authority (MACA)"</a>. The Army Lawyer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=189854">the original</a> on September 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Army+Lawyer&rft.atitle=The+Oklahoma+City+Bombing%3A+Immediate+Response+Authority+and+Other+Military+Assistance+to+Civil+Authority+%28MACA%29&rft.date=1997-07&rft.aulast=Winthrop&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2FApp%2FPublications%2Fabstract.aspx%3FID%3D189854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/3ebc3988a035d212f7aa9ed481da2c4d">"Reluctant Hero of the Oklahoma City Bombing Commits Suicide"</a>. AP NEWS. Retrieved March 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Reluctant+Hero+of+the+Oklahoma+City+Bombing+Commits+Suicide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F3ebc3988a035d212f7aa9ed481da2c4d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAp1996" class="citation news cs1">Ap (May 11, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/11/us/a-policeman-who-rescued-4-in-bombing-kills-himself.html">"A Policeman Who Rescued 4 in Bombing Kills Himself"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved March 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Policeman+Who+Rescued+4+in+Bombing+Kills+Himself&rft.date=1996-05-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.au=Ap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F05%2F11%2Fus%2Fa-policeman-who-rescued-4-in-bombing-kills-himself.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107102531/https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/careers/chi-0504180178apr18-story.html">"Jim Ramsey: Tragedy haunts the heroes - Chicago Tribune"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. November 7, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/careers/chi-0504180178apr18-story.html">the original</a> on November 7, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Jim+Ramsey%3A+Tragedy+haunts+the+heroes+-+Chicago+Tribune&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcareers%2Fchi-0504180178apr18-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_1995_98–107-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1995_98–107_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1995_98–107_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1995_98–107_126-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1995" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, G (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9511202906">"Victims by the Hundreds: EMS Response and Command"</a>. Fire Engineering. 148 (10): 98–107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510130659/http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=120&sid=addefe36-e54d-4fd6-b9b5-8e7d53deac96%40sessionmgr110&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=9511202906">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Engineering&rft.atitle=Victims+by+the+Hundreds%3A+EMS+Response+and+Command&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=98-107&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F9511202906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giordano36-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Giordano36_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiordano2002" class="citation book cs1">Giordano, Geraldine (December 15, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oklahomacitybomb00gior/page/36">The Oklahoma City Bombing</a>. New York : Rosen. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oklahomacitybomb00gior/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3655-7"><bdi>978-0-8239-3655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oklahoma+City+Bombing&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Rosen&rft.date=2002-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3655-7&rft.aulast=Giordano&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foklahomacitybomb00gior%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITN68-128"><a href="#cite_ref-ITN68_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1995" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Clive (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intheirnamededic00irvi/page/68">In Their Name</a>. New York : Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intheirnamededic00irvi/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9"><bdi>978-0-679-44825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Their+Name&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44825-9&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintheirnamededic00irvi%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OttleyBadDay-129"><a href="#cite_ref-OttleyBadDay_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttley2005" class="citation news cs1">Ottley, Ted (April 14, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427025830/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/mcveigh/dawning_1.html">"The Oklahoma City Bombing: Bad Day Dawning"</a>. truTV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trutv.com/library/crime//serial_killers/notorious/mcveigh/dawning_1.html">the original</a> on April 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Oklahoma+City+Bombing%3A+Bad+Day+Dawning&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft.aulast=Ottley&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trutv.com%2Flibrary%2Fcrime%2F%2Fserial_killers%2Fnotorious%2Fmcveigh%2Fdawning_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITN78-130"><a href="#cite_ref-ITN78_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1995" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Clive (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intheirnamededic00irvi/page/78">In Their Name</a>. New York : Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intheirnamededic00irvi/page/78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9"><bdi>978-0-679-44825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Their+Name&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44825-9&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintheirnamededic00irvi%2Fpage%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOWMissile-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TOWMissile_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TOWMissile_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TOWMissile_131-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2002" class="citation news cs1">Solomon, John (September 26, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104000502/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-67753739.html">"Gov't had missile in Murrah Building"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-67753739.html">the original</a> on November 4, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gov%27t+had+missile+in+Murrah+Building&rft.date=2002-09-26&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-67753739.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOWBoom-132"><a href="#cite_ref-TOWBoom_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalley2004" class="citation news cs1">Talley, Tim (April 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105164059/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-93750984.html">"Nichols Jury Hears Recording of Bombing"</a>. Associated Press. 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Retrieved March 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Channel+4&rft.atitle=%22It%27s+still+tough+to+talk+about%2C%22+Firefighter+from+iconic+Oklahoma+City+bombing+photo+retires&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkfor.com%2F2017%2F03%2F21%2Fits-still-tough-to-talk-about-firefighter-from-iconic-oklahoma-city-bombing-photo-retires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChildPTSD-163"><a href="#cite_ref-ChildPTSD_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfefferbaum2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Pfefferbaum" title="Betty Pfefferbaum">Pfefferbaum, Betty</a> (April 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=13422617">"The impact of the Oklahoma City bombing on children in the community"</a> (Fee required). Military Medicine. 166 (12): 49–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmilmed%2F166.suppl_2.49">10.1093/milmed/166.suppl_2.49</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11778433">11778433</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219163129/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=13422617">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+the+Oklahoma+City+bombing+on+children+in+the+community&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=49-50&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmilmed%2F166.suppl_2.49&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11778433&rft.aulast=Pfefferbaum&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D13422617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfefferbaumSconzo,_Guy_M.Flynn,_Brian_W.Kearns,_Lauri_J.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pfefferbaum, Betty; Sconzo, Guy M.; Flynn, Brian W.; Kearns, Lauri J.; Doughty, Debby E.; Gurwitch, Robin H.; Nixon, Sara Jo; Nawaz, Shajitha (2003). "Case Finding and Mental Health Services for Children in the Aftermath of the Oklahoma City Bombing". Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research. 30 (2): 215–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00075484-200304000-00006">10.1097/00075484-200304000-00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12710374">12710374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Behavioral+Health+Services+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Case+Finding+and+Mental+Health+Services+for+Children+in+the+Aftermath+of+the+Oklahoma+City+Bombing&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-227&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00075484-200304000-00006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12710374&rft.aulast=Pfefferbaum&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft.au=Sconzo%2C+Guy+M.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Brian+W.&rft.au=Kearns%2C+Lauri+J.&rft.au=Doughty%2C+Debby+E.&rft.au=Gurwitch%2C+Robin+H.&rft.au=Nixon%2C+Sara+Jo&rft.au=Nawaz%2C+Shajitha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeland1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Leland, John (April 22, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9604167868">"The orphans of Oklahoma City"</a>. Newsweek. Vol. 127, no. 17. p. 40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510130442/http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=6&hid=5&sid=707c93db-5d99-4077-abc0-8b54065a360e%40sessionmgr4&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=a9h&AN=9604167868">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+orphans+of+Oklahoma+City&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1996-04-22&rft.aulast=Leland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F9604167868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apocalypse54-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Apocalypse54_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm1997" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Mark S (1997). Apocalypse in Oklahoma. Northeastern University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-300-7"><bdi>978-1-55553-300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+in+Oklahoma&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-300-7&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Mark+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMN-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMN_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMN_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoe1997" class="citation news cs1">Loe, Victoria (July 5, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D9275A9192BE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"Berlin-Based Team's Design Chosen for Bomb Memorial; Winning Entry Evokes Images of Reflection, Hope"</a> (Fee required). <a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609012558/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D9275A9192BE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Berlin-Based+Team%27s+Design+Chosen+for+Bomb+Memorial%3B+Winning+Entry+Evokes+Images+of+Reflection%2C+Hope&rft.date=1997-07-05&rft.aulast=Loe&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DDM%26p_theme%3Ddm%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0ED3D9275A9192BE%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChildrenBroadcast-168"><a href="#cite_ref-ChildrenBroadcast_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1995" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Gary (April 24, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFE75716F22FFF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"President demands execution for bombers"</a> (Fee required). <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News" title="San Antonio Express-News">San Antonio Express-News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609012612/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFE75716F22FFF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Antonio+Express-News&rft.atitle=President+demands+execution+for+bombers&rft.date=1995-04-24&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DSAEC%26p_theme%3Dsaec%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EAFE75716F22FFF%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClintonProve-169"><a href="#cite_ref-ClintonProve_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomma1995" class="citation news cs1">Thomma, Steven (April 23, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB32BDB4248171F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"With his swift response, Clinton grabs center stage"</a> (Fee required). <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609012635/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB32BDB4248171F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=With+his+swift+response%2C+Clinton+grabs+center+stage&rft.date=1995-04-23&rft.aulast=Thomma&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DPI%26s_site%3Dphilly%26p_multi%3DPI%26p_theme%3Drealcities%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D0EB32BDB4248171F%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%26s_trackval%3DGooglePM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001249-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelHerbeck2001249_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichelHerbeck2001">Michel & Herbeck (2001)</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-GuysGunsAmok102-171"><a href="#cite_ref-GuysGunsAmok102_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2008" class="citation book cs1">Kellner, Douglas (January 1, 2008). Guys and Guns Amok. Paradigm Publishers. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-493-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-493-7"><bdi>978-1-59451-493-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guys+and+Guns+Amok&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Paradigm+Publishers&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-59451-493-7&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apocalypse55-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Apocalypse55_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm1997" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Mark S (1997). Apocalypse in Oklahoma. Northeastern University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-300-7"><bdi>978-1-55553-300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+in+Oklahoma&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-300-7&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Mark+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-173"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_David1995" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, David (April 20, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/20/us/terror-oklahoma-city-investigation-least-31-are-dead-scores-are-missing-after.html">"At Least 31 Are Dead, Scores Are Missing After Car Bomb Attack in Oklahoma City Wrecks 9-Story Federal Building"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205001243/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/20/us/terror-oklahoma-city-investigation-least-31-are-dead-scores-are-missing-after.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+Least+31+Are+Dead%2C+Scores+Are+Missing+After+Car+Bomb+Attack+in+Oklahoma+City+Wrecks+9-Story+Federal+Building&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1995-04-20&rft.au=Johnson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F04%2F20%2Fus%2Fterror-oklahoma-city-investigation-least-31-are-dead-scores-are-missing-after.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs,_Penny" class="citation news cs1">Fuchs, Penny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205081115/http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=1980">"Jumping to Conclusions in Oklahoma City?"</a>. pp. 1–2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=1980">the original</a> on December 5, 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jumping+to+Conclusions+in+Oklahoma+City%3F&rft.pages=1-2&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Penny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajr.org%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-175"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKifner1995" class="citation news cs1">Kifner, John (July 18, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605153620/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/18/weekinreview/june-11-17-john-doe-no-2-a-dragnet-leads-down-one-more-blind-alley.html">"June 11–17: John Doe No. 2; A Dragnet Leads Down One More Blind Alley"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/18/weekinreview/june-11-17-john-doe-no-2-a-dragnet-leads-down-one-more-blind-alley.html">the original</a> on June 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=June+11%E2%80%9317%3A+John+Doe+No.+2%3B+A+Dragnet+Leads+Down+One+More+Blind+Alley&rft.date=1995-07-18&rft.aulast=Kifner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F06%2F18%2Fweekinreview%2Fjune-11-17-john-doe-no-2-a-dragnet-leads-down-one-more-blind-alley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChicSunTimes-176"><a href="#cite_ref-ChicSunTimes_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrall2002" class="citation news cs1">Krall, Jay (June 18, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611112955/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1445621.html">"Conspiracy buffs see Padilla, Oklahoma City link"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1445621.html">the original</a> on June 11, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/HighBeam" class="mw-redirect" title="HighBeam">HighBeam</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Conspiracy+buffs+see+Padilla%2C+Oklahoma+City+link&rft.date=2002-06-18&rft.aulast=Krall&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1445621.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeaningMcVeigh-177"><a href="#cite_ref-MeaningMcVeigh_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal2001" class="citation news cs1">Vidal, Gore (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301074302/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2001/09/mcveigh200109">"The Meaning of Timothy McVeigh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0504/19/lt.01.html">the original</a> on June 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oklahoma+City+Marks+Bombing+Anniversary&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0504%2F19%2Flt.01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prez10th-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Prez10th_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023124408/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/04/20050419-2.html">"President's Statement on Tenth Anniversary of Oklahoma City Bombing"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. April 19, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/04/20050419-2.html">the original</a> on October 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President%27s+Statement+on+Tenth+Anniversary+of+Oklahoma+City+Bombing&rft.pub=White+House&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2005%2F04%2F20050419-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno2020" class="citation web cs1">Moreno, J. Edward (April 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/493500-oklahoma-city-bombing-25th-remembrance-moved-to-airwaves-amid-pandemic">"Oklahoma City bombing 25th remembrance moved to airwaves amid pandemic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Oklahoma+City+bombing+25th+remembrance+moved+to+airwaves+amid+pandemic&rft.date=2020-04-18&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=J.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fstate-watch%2F493500-oklahoma-city-bombing-25th-remembrance-moved-to-airwaves-amid-pandemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Oklahoma_City_Document_Management1996" class="citation book cs1">City of Oklahoma City Document Management (1996). Final Report: Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Bombing April 19, 1995. Stillwater, OK: Department of Central Services Central Printing Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87939-130-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87939-130-0"><bdi>978-0-87939-130-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Report%3A+Alfred+P.+Murrah+Federal+Building+Bombing+April+19%2C+1995&rft.place=Stillwater%2C+OK&rft.pub=Department+of+Central+Services+Central+Printing+Division&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87939-130-0&rft.au=City+of+Oklahoma+City+Document+Management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrothers2003" class="citation book cs1">Crothers, Lane (2003). Rage on the Right: The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to Homeland Security. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2546-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2546-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-2546-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rage+on+the+Right%3A+The+American+Militia+Movement+from+Ruby+Ridge+to+Homeland+Security&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2546-7&rft.aulast=Crothers&rft.aufirst=Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigley2002" class="citation book cs1">Figley, Charles R. (2002). Treating Compassion Fatigue. New York: Brunner-Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58391-053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58391-053-5"><bdi>978-1-58391-053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treating+Compassion+Fatigue&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Brunner-Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58391-053-5&rft.aulast=Figley&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiordano2003" class="citation book cs1">Giordano, Geraldine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oklahomacitybomb00gior">The Oklahoma City Bombing</a>. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3655-7"><bdi>978-0-8239-3655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oklahoma+City+Bombing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3655-7&rft.aulast=Giordano&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foklahomacitybomb00gior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm1997" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Mark S. (1997). Apocalypse in Oklahoma: Waco and Ruby Ridge Revenged. Boston: Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-300-7"><bdi>978-1-55553-300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+in+Oklahoma%3A+Waco+and+Ruby+Ridge+Revenged&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-300-7&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm2002" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Mark S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inbadcompanyamer0000hamm">In Bad Company: America's Terrorist Underground</a>. Boston: Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-492-9"><bdi>978-1-55553-492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Bad+Company%3A+America%27s+Terrorist+Underground&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-492-9&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finbadcompanyamer0000hamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2003" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Christopher (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingter0000hewi">Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda</a>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27765-5"><bdi>978-0-415-27765-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Terrorism+in+America%3A+From+the+Klan+to+Al+Qaeda&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27765-5&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingter0000hewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinmanHammond1997" class="citation book cs1">Hinman, Eve E.; Hammond, David J. (1997). Lessons from the Oklahoma City Bombing: Defensive Design Techniques. New York: ASCE Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7844-0217-7"><bdi>978-0-7844-0217-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+the+Oklahoma+City+Bombing%3A+Defensive+Design+Techniques&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=ASCE+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-0217-7&rft.aulast=Hinman&rft.aufirst=Eve+E.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1998" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oklahomacitybomb00hoff">The Oklahoma City Bombing and the Politics of Terror</a>. <a href="/wiki/Feral_House" title="Feral House">Feral House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-922915-49-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-922915-49-1"><bdi>978-0-922915-49-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oklahoma+City+Bombing+and+the+Politics+of+Terror&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-922915-49-1&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foklahomacitybomb00hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving,_Clive1995" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Clive, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intheirnamededic00irvi">In Their Name</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44825-9"><bdi>978-0-679-44825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Their+Name&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-679-44825-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintheirnamededic00irvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesIsrael2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(attorney)" title="Stephen Jones (attorney)">Jones, Stephen</a>; Israel, Peter (2001). Others Unknown: The Oklahoma City Bombing Conspiracy. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-098-1"><bdi>978-1-58648-098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Others+Unknown%3A+The+Oklahoma+City+Bombing+Conspiracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-098-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Israel%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2007" class="citation book cs1">Kellner, Douglas (2007). Guys and Guns Amok: Domestic Terrorism and School Shootings from the Oklahoma City Bombing to the Virginia Tech Massacre. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-492-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-492-0"><bdi>978-1-59451-492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guys+and+Guns+Amok%3A+Domestic+Terrorism+and+School+Shootings+from+the+Oklahoma+City+Bombing+to+the+Virginia+Tech+Massacre&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Paradigm+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59451-492-0&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKey2001" class="citation book cs1">Key, Charles (2001). The Final Report of the Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Building. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: The Oklahoma Bombing Investigation Committee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-971051-30-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-971051-30-0"><bdi>978-0-971051-30-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001277432">2001277432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Report+of+the+Bombing+of+the+Alfred+P.+Murrah+Building&rft.place=Oklahoma+City%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=The+Oklahoma+Bombing+Investigation+Committee&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001277432&rft.isbn=978-0-971051-30-0&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> Paperback.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2003" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Peter (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-812-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-812-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-812-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-812-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinenthal2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Linenthal" title="Edward Linenthal">Linenthal, Edward</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unfinishedbombin00line">The Unfinished Bombing: Oklahoma City in American Memory</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513672-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfinished+Bombing%3A+Oklahoma+City+in+American+Memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513672-2&rft.aulast=Linenthal&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funfinishedbombin00line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelHerbeck2001" class="citation book cs1">Michel, Lou; Herbeck, Dan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanterroris00loum/">American Terrorist</a>. New York: Regan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039407-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039407-3"><bdi>978-0-06-039407-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028037729">1028037729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Terrorist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Regan+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028037729&rft.isbn=978-0-06-039407-3&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Lou&rft.au=Herbeck%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanterroris00loum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"> Originally published as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Michel, Lou; Dan Herbeck (2001). "American Terrorist". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. Vol. 284, no. 6. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SciAm.284f..28D">2001SciAm.284f..28D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0601-28">10.1038/scientificamerican0601-28</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11396336">11396336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=American+Terrorist&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11396336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0601-28&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SciAm.284f..28D&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=Lou&rft.au=Dan+Herbeck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Richard Earl (2005). Writing at the End of the World. New York: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5886-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5886-4"><bdi>978-0-8229-5886-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+at+the+End+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-5886-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Richard+Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOklahoma_Today2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Today" title="Oklahoma Today">Oklahoma Today</a> (2005). 9:02 am, April 19, 1995: The Official Record of the Oklahoma City Bombing. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Today. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-9957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-9957-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-9957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=9%3A02+am%2C+April+19%2C+1995%3A+The+Official+Record+of+the+Oklahoma+City+Bombing&rft.place=Oklahoma+City&rft.pub=Oklahoma+Today&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-9957-3&rft.au=Oklahoma+Today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2005" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Kathy (2005). After Oklahoma City: A Grieving Grandmother Uncovers Shocking Truths about the bombing ... and Herself. Arlington, TX: Master Strategies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-976648-50-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-976648-50-5"><bdi>978-0-976648-50-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Oklahoma+City%3A+A+Grieving+Grandmother+Uncovers+Shocking+Truths+about+the+bombing+...+and+Herself&rft.place=Arlington%2C+TX&rft.pub=Master+Strategies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-976648-50-5&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerano1998" class="citation book cs1">Serano, Richard A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oneofourstimothy00serr">One of Ours: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02743-3"><bdi>978-0-393-02743-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+of+Ours%3A+Timothy+McVeigh+and+the+Oklahoma+City+Bombing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02743-3&rft.aulast=Serano&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foneofourstimothy00serr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherrow1998" class="citation book cs1">Sherrow, Victoria (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oklahomacitybomb00sher">The Oklahoma City Bombing: Terror in the Heartland</a>. Springfield, N.J.: Enslow Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-1061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-1061-1"><bdi>978-0-7660-1061-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oklahoma+City+Bombing%3A+Terror+in+the+Heartland&rft.place=Springfield%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7660-1061-1&rft.aulast=Sherrow&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foklahomacitybomb00sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStickney1996" class="citation book cs1">Stickney, Brandon M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allamericanmonst00stic">All-American Monster: The Unauthorized Biography of Timothy McVeigh</a>. Amherst, NY: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-088-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-088-9"><bdi>978-1-57392-088-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All-American+Monster%3A+The+Unauthorized+Biography+of+Timothy+McVeigh&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-088-9&rft.aulast=Stickney&rft.aufirst=Brandon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallamericanmonst00stic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturken2007" class="citation book cs1">Sturken, Marita (2007). Tourists of History: Memory, Kitsch, and Consumerism from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4103-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4103-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-4103-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourists+of+History%3A+Memory%2C+Kitsch%2C+and+Consumerism+from+Oklahoma+City+to+Ground+Zero&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4103-1&rft.aulast=Sturken&rft.aufirst=Marita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2007" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Stuart A. (2007). Patriots, Politics, and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Cambridge; New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87264-5"><bdi>978-0-521-87264-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriots%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Oklahoma+City+Bombing&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87264-5&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_City_bombing&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oklahoma_City_bombing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315150945/http://www.cnn.com/US/9703/okc.trial/links.html">Oklahoma City National Memorial official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extras.denverpost.com/bomb/bomb.htm">The Denver Post: Oklahoma City Bombing Trial</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315150945/http://www.cnn.com/US/9703/okc.trial/links.html">"CNN Interactive: Oklahoma City bombing trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9703/okc.trial/links.html">the original</a> on March 15, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+Interactive%3A+Oklahoma+City+bombing+trial&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9703%2Fokc.trial%2Flinks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090607180129/http://members.cox.net/reconokc/bomb/">"Images of the bombing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.cox.net/reconokc/bomb/">the original</a> on June 7, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Images+of+the+bombing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.cox.net%2Freconokc%2Fbomb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOklahoma+City+bombing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/wjcoklahomabombingspeech.htm">Text, audio, and video of President Clinton's Oklahoma Bombing Memorial address</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108003436/http://www.news9.com/global/Category.asp?C=185433">Interactive timeline of the bombing events</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420135829/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/oklahoma-city-bombing">Terror Hits Home: The Oklahoma City Bombing</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/april/oklahoma-city-bombing-20-years-later">The Oklahoma City Bombing 20 Years Later</a> from the Federal Bureau of Investigation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voicesofoklahoma.com/interview/jones-stephen/">Voices of Oklahoma interview with Stephen Jones.</a> First person interview conducted on January 27, 2010, with Stephen Jones, attorney for Timothy McVeigh.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voicesofoklahoma.com/interview/norick-ron/">Voices of Oklahoma interview, Chapters 14–17, with Ron Norick.</a> First person interview conducted on July 28, 2009, with Ron Norick, mayor of Oklahoma City when the bombing took place.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Oklahoma_City" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oklahoma_City" title="Template:Oklahoma City"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oklahoma_City" title="Template talk:Oklahoma City"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oklahoma_City" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oklahoma City"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Oklahoma_City" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Oklahoma_City" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Oklahoma City">City of Oklahoma City</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Oklahoma_City" title="Climate of Oklahoma City">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oklahoma_City" title="Education in Oklahoma City">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Oklahoma_City" title="Government of Oklahoma City">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Oklahoma_City" title="List of people from Oklahoma City">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma_City" title="History of Oklahoma City">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Oklahoma_City" title="Timeline of Oklahoma City">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oklahoma_City" title="List of mayors of Oklahoma City">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Oklahoma_City" title="Media in Oklahoma City">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Oklahoma_City" title="Transportation in Oklahoma City">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Streetcar" title="Oklahoma City Streetcar">Streetcar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Oklahoma_City" title="Neighborhoods of Oklahoma City">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_District" title="Adventure District">Adventure District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_District,_Oklahoma_City" title="Asia District, Oklahoma City">Asia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill,_Oklahoma_City" title="Capitol Hill, Oklahoma City">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Oklahoma_City" title="Downtown Oklahoma City">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastside,_Oklahoma_City" title="Eastside, Oklahoma City">Eastside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown_Oklahoma_City" title="Midtown Oklahoma City">Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseo_Arts_District" title="Paseo Arts District">Paseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NW_39th_Street_Enclave" title="NW 39th Street Enclave">39th Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Oklahoma_City" title="Uptown Oklahoma City">Uptown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Western_Oklahoma_City" title="North Western Oklahoma City">Western Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional sports teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder" title="Oklahoma City Thunder">Oklahoma City Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Blue" title="Oklahoma City Blue">Oklahoma City Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Comets" title="Oklahoma City Comets">Oklahoma City Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Energy_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City Energy FC">Oklahoma City Energy FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Spark" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City Spark">Oklahoma City Spark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Oklahoma_City" title="Category:Oklahoma City">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_metropolitan_area" title="Oklahoma City metropolitan area">Metro area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">State of Oklahoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_History_of_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_History_of_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma"><img alt="Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/24px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/36px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/48px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">History of Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prior to 19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Bison_Kill_Site" title="Cooper Bison Kill Site">Cooper Bison Kill</a> (11th millennium BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a> (9th–15th century CE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas Territory</a> (1819−1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche%E2%80%93Mexico_Wars" title="Comanche–Mexico Wars">Comanche–Mexico Wars</a> (1821–1870s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutthroat_Gap_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutthroat Gap Massacre">Cutthroat Gap Massacre</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">Indian Removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (1834–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Hills_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Antelope Hills Expedition">Antelope Hills Expedition</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Civil War</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washita_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Washita Massacre">Washita Massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> (1890–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_run#In_Oklahoma" title="Land run">Land runs</a> (1890s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">State of Sequoyah</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">State of Oklahoma</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1920s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> (1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Bridge_War" title="Red River Bridge War">Red River Bridge War</a> (1931)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_University_of_Oklahoma_bombing" title="2005 University of Oklahoma bombing">OU Bombing</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deadliest_terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States" style="white-space: nowrap;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States_by_deaths" title="Template:Terrorist attacks in the United States by deaths"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States_by_deaths" title="Template talk:Terrorist attacks in the United States by deaths"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States_by_deaths" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorist attacks in the United States by deaths"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deadliest_terrorist_attacks_in_the_United_States" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Deadliest terrorist attacks in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001) (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_victims_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Lists of victims of the September 11 attacks">2,977 deaths</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995) (168 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_Massacre" title="Mountain Meadows Massacre">Mountain Meadows Massacre</a> (1857) (120 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a> (1921) (75–300 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Pulse nightclub shooting</a> (2016) (49 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a> (1927) (44 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_bombing" title="Wall Street bombing">Wall Street bombing</a> (1920) (38 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UpStairs_Lounge_arson_attack" title="UpStairs Lounge arson attack">UpStairs Lounge arson attack</a> (1973) (32 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso Walmart shooting</a> (2019) (23 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_massacre" title="Wilmington massacre">Wilmington insurrection</a> (1898) (22 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_bombing" title="Los Angeles Times bombing">Los Angeles Times bombing</a> (1910) (21 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Fort_Hood_shooting" title="2009 Fort Hood shooting">Fort Hood shooting</a> (2009) (14 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">San Bernardino attack</a> (2015) (14 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a> (1886) (12 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_LaGuardia_Airport_bombing" title="1975 LaGuardia Airport bombing">LaGuardia Airport bombing</a> (1975) (11 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018) (11 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparedness_Day_bombing" title="Preparedness Day bombing">Preparedness Day bombing</a> (1916) (10 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">Buffalo supermarket shooting</a> (2022) (10 deaths)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Police_Department_bombing" title="Milwaukee Police Department bombing">Milwaukee Police Department bombing</a> (1917) (10 deaths)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Death counts do not include deceased perpetrator(s). This navbox reflects information from <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States#Deadliest_attacks" title="Terrorism in the United States">this list</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bill_Clinton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bill_Clinton" title="Template talk:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bill_Clinton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas</a> (1979–1981, 1983–1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1993)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1993)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1994)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1994)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1995)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1995)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1996)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1996)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1997)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1997)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1998)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1998)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1999)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1999)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)#January_2001" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">January 2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">Health care plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of international presidential trips made by Bill Clinton">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></li> <li>Cruise missile strikes on Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1996</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Bombing of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Iraq (1998)">Bombing of Iraq (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)" title="National Highway System (United States)">National Highway System Designation Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century" title="Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century">Transportation Equity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Initiative" title="One America Initiative">One America Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegle-Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle-Neal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States" title="Lead-based paint in the United States">Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannygate" title="Nannygate">Nannygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom_for_contributors_controversy" title="Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy">Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department_trade_mission_controversy" title="Commerce Department trade mission controversy">Commerce Department trade mission controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Bill_Clinton" title="Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton">inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Millennium_Council" title="White House Millennium Council">White House Millennium Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Pardons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton#Administration" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Presidential transition of George W. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_Birthplace_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Bill Clinton">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorships_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Governorships of Bill Clinton">Governorships of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presidential_Center" title="Clinton Presidential Center">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Post-presidency of Bill Clinton">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_School_of_Public_Service" title="Clinton School of Public Service">Clinton School of Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center#NCC_and_presidents" title="National Constitution Center">Chairman, National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Public image of Bill Clinton">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopergate_(Bill_Clinton)" title="Troopergate (Bill Clinton)">Troopergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_sexual_misconduct_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Clinton sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_controversy" title="Whitewater controversy">Whitewater controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1994 State of the Union Address">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1995 State of the Union Address">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1996 State of the Union Address">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1997 State of the Union Address">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1998 State of the Union Address">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1999 State of the Union Address">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2000 State of the Union Address">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Electoral history of Bill Clinton">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)#Political_significance" title="Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)">theme song</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1996 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Bibliography of Bill Clinton">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Between_Hope_and_History" title="Between Hope and History">Between Hope and History (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving:_How_Each_of_Us_Can_Change_the_World" title="Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World">Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Work_(book)" title="Back to Work (book)">Back to Work (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President_Is_Missing_(novel)" title="The President Is Missing (novel)">The President Is Missing (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Daughter_(novel)" title="The President's Daughter (novel)">The President's Daughter (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Boulevard" title="Bill Clinton Boulevard">Bill Clinton Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport" title="Clinton National Airport">Clinton National Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton">Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Room" title="The War Room">The War Room (1993 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams (1994 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(film)" title="Primary Colors (film)">Primary Colors (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film)" title="The Final Days (2000 film)">The Final Days (2000 short film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_President" title="The Hunting of the President">The Hunting of the President (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_(film)" title="The Special Relationship (film)">The Special Relationship (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(film)" title="Clinton (film)">Clinton (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton (2016 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment:_American_Crime_Story" title="Impeachment: American Crime Story">Impeachment: American Crime Story (2021 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Presidency_with_Bill_Clinton_(TV_series)" title="The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (TV series)">The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (2022 documentary series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_family" title="Clinton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea Clinton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Blythe_Jr." title="William Jefferson Blythe Jr.">William Jefferson Blythe Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Clinton_Kelley" title="Virginia Clinton Kelley">Virginia Clinton Kelley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Sr." title="Roger Clinton Sr.">Roger Clinton Sr.</a> (first stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Jr." title="Roger Clinton Jr.">Roger Clinton Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dwire" title="Jeff Dwire">Jeff Dwire</a> (second stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socks_(cat)" title="Socks (cat)">Socks</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(Bill_Clinton%27s_dog)" title="Buddy (Bill Clinton's dog)">Buddy</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_(house)" title="Whitehaven (house)">Whitehaven</a> (residence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. 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