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id="toc-Consumer_vs._customer_defined-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer/client_privacy_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer/client_privacy_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Consumer/client privacy rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer/client_privacy_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Receipt_of_GLBA_notices_by_consumers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Receipt_of_GLBA_notices_by_consumers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Receipt of GLBA notices by consumers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Receipt_of_GLBA_notices_by_consumers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-¶_Service_of_notice_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#¶_Service_of_notice_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4.1</span> <span>¶ Service of notice requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-¶_Service_of_notice_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-¶_Response_to_receipt_of_a_GLBA_notice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#¶_Response_to_receipt_of_a_GLBA_notice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4.2</span> <span>¶ Response to receipt of a GLBA notice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-¶_Response_to_receipt_of_a_GLBA_notice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synergy_between_GLBA_and_GDPR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synergy_between_GLBA_and_GDPR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Synergy between GLBA and GDPR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synergy_between_GLBA_and_GDPR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safeguards_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safeguards_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Safeguards Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safeguards_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pretexting_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pretexting_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pretexting protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pretexting_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_usury_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_usury_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effect on usury law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_usury_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Defenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Amendments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amendments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Amendments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Proposed</span> </div> </a> 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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compliance_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compliance_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Compliance information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compliance_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer/client_rights_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer/client_rights_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Consumer/client rights information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer/client_rights_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_GLB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_GLB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>History of the GLB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_GLB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_voting_records_on_Gramm–Leach–Bliley_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_voting_records_on_Gramm–Leach–Bliley_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Congressional voting records on Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_voting_records_on_Gramm–Leach–Bliley_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Act of the 106th United States Congress (1999–2001)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GLBA" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/GBLA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="GBLA (disambiguation)">GBLA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Other short titles</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Federal Home Loan Bank System Modernization Act of 1999</li><li>Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999</li><li>Prime Act</li><li>Program for Investment in Microentrepreneurs Act of 1999</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to enhance competition in the financial services industry by providing a prudential framework for the affiliation of banks, securities firms, and other financial service providers, and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">GLBA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">glibba, ATM Fee Reform Act of 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">November 12, 1999</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/102?link-type=html">106–102 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/102?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">113 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-113-1338">1338</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts repealed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_12_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 12 of the United States Code">12 U.S.C.: Banks and Banking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S.C.</a> sections created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_12_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 12 of the United States Code">12 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/24a">§ 24a</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/248b">§ 248b</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/1831v">§ 1831v</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/1831w">§ 1831w</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/1831x">§ 1831x</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/1831y">§ 1831y</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/1848a">§ 1848a</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/2908">§ 2908</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/80b-10a">§ 80b-10a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6801-6809">§ 6801-6809</a>, <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6821-6827">§ 6821-6827</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">U.S.C. sections amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_12_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 12 of the United States Code">12 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/78">§ 78</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/377">§ 377</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/80">§ 80</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><span class="nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:SN00900:@@@R">Legislative history</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/106th-congress/senate-bill/900">S. 900</a> by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Phil Gramm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a>) on April 28, 1999</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs</a></li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on May 6, 1999 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/106-1999/s105">54–44</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> as the Financial Services Act of 1999 on July 1, 1999 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1999/roll276.xml">343–86</a>)</li><li><b>Reported by the joint conference committee</b> on November 2, 1999; <b>agreed to by the Senate</b> on November 4, 1999 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/106-1999/s354">90–8</a>) and by the <b>House</b> on November 4, 1999 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/106-1999/h570">362–57</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on November 12, 1999</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watters_v._Wachovia_Bank,_NA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watters v. Wachovia Bank, NA (page does not exist)">Watters v. Wachovia Bank, NA</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_550" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 550">550</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/550/1/">1</a> (2007)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</b> (<b>GLBA</b>), also known as the <b>Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999</b>, (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/102?link-type=html">106–102 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/102?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, 113 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-113-1338">1338</a>, enacted <span data-sort-value="000000001999-11-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 12, 1999</span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th United States Congress</a> (1999–2001). It repealed part of the <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall Legislation">Glass–Steagall Act of 1933</a>, removing barriers in the market among <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banking</a> companies, <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> companies, and <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> companies that prohibited any one institution from acting as any combination of an <a href="/wiki/Investment_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment bank">investment bank</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial bank</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Insurance_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance company">insurance company</a>. With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Gramm</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jim_Leach" title="Jim Leach">Leach</a>–<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Bliley_Jr." title="Thomas J. Bliley Jr.">Bliley</a> Act, commercial banks, investment banks, securities firms, and insurance companies were allowed to consolidate. Furthermore, it failed to give to the SEC or any other financial regulatory agency the authority to regulate large investment bank holding companies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year before the law was passed, <a href="/wiki/Citicorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Citicorp">Citicorp</a>, a commercial bank <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a>, merged with the insurance company <a href="/wiki/Travelers_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelers Group">Travelers Group</a> in 1998 to form the conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>, a corporation combining banking, securities and insurance services under a house of brands that included <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smith_Barney" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith Barney">Smith Barney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primerica" title="Primerica">Primerica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Travelers_Insurance_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelers Insurance Corporation">Travelers</a>. Because this merger was a violation of the Glass–Steagall Act and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act of 1956</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> gave Citigroup a temporary waiver in September 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-broome_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broome-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than a year later, GLBA was passed to legalize these types of mergers on a permanent basis. The law also repealed Glass–Steagall's conflict of interest prohibitions "against simultaneous service by any officer, director, or employee of a securities firm as an officer, director, or employee of any member bank."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legislative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The banking industry had been seeking the repeal of the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act since the 1980s, if not earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987 the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> prepared a report that explored the cases for and against preserving the Glass–Steagall Act.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrammLeachBliley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GrammLeachBliley.jpg/350px-GrammLeachBliley.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GrammLeachBliley.jpg/525px-GrammLeachBliley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GrammLeachBliley.jpg/700px-GrammLeachBliley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Sen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Phil Gramm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Texas">Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Rep.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Leach" title="Jim Leach">Jim Leach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Iowa's 2nd congressional district">Iowa</a>), and Rep. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Bliley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Bliley, Jr.">Thomas J. Bliley, Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 7th congressional district">Virginia</a>), the co-sponsors of the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</figcaption></figure> <p>Respective versions of the Financial Services Act were introduced in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Phil Gramm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> of Texas) and in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Leach" title="Jim Leach">Jim Leach</a> (R-Iowa). The third lawmaker associated with the bill was Rep. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Bliley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Bliley, Jr.">Thomas J. Bliley, Jr.</a> (R-Virginia), Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/House_Commerce_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Commerce Committee">House Commerce Committee</a> from 1995 to 2001. </p><p>During debate in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (United States)">House of Representatives</a>, Rep. <a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">John Dingell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> of Michigan) argued that the bill would result in banks becoming "too big to fail." Dingell further argued that this would necessarily result in a bailout by the Federal Government.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House passed its version of the <i>Financial Services Act of 1999</i> on July 1, 1999, by a bipartisan vote of 343–86 (Republicans 205–16; Democrats 138–69; <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Independent</a> 0–1),<sup id="cite_ref-HR10.EH_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR10.EH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HR10.ACTIONS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR10.ACTIONS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two months after the Senate had already passed its version of the bill on May 6 by a much narrower 54–44 vote along basically partisan lines (53 Republicans and 1 Democrat in favor; 44 Democrats opposed).<sup id="cite_ref-S900.ES_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S900.ES-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S900.ACTIONS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S900.ACTIONS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106-105.ES_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106-105.ES-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Vote_1999.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Vote_1999.png/400px-Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Vote_1999.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Vote_1999.png/600px-Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Vote_1999.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Vote_1999.png/800px-Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Vote_1999.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>Final Congressional vote by chamber and party, November 4, 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>When the two chambers could not agree on a joint version of the bill, the House voted on July 30 by a vote of 241–132 (R 58–131; D 182–1; Ind. 1–0) to instruct its negotiators to work for a law which ensured that consumers enjoyed medical and financial privacy as well as "robust competition and equal and non-discriminatory access to financial services and economic opportunities in their communities" (i.e., protection against exclusionary <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bill then moved to a joint <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">conference committee</a> to work out the differences between the Senate and House versions. Democrats agreed to support the bill after Republicans agreed to strengthen provisions of the anti-redlining <a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a> and address certain privacy concerns; the conference committee then finished its work by the beginning of November.<sup id="cite_ref-Veto_Promise_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veto_Promise-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHI-CRA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHI-CRA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 4, the final bill resolving the differences was passed by the Senate 90–8,<sup id="cite_ref-106-354.EH_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106-354.EH-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the House 362–57.<sup id="cite_ref-106-570.EH_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106-570.EH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on November 12, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_caused_by_the_Act">Changes caused by the Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Changes caused by the Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the largest banks, brokerages, and insurance companies desired the Act at the time. The justification was that individuals usually put more money into investments when the economy is doing well, but they put most of their money into <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">savings accounts</a> when the economy turns bad. With the new Act, they would be able to do both 'savings' and 'investment' at the same financial institution, which would be able to do well in both good and bad economic times. </p><p>Prior to the Act, most financial services companies were already offering both saving and investment opportunities to their customers. On the retail/consumer side, a bank called <a href="/wiki/Norwest_Corporation" title="Norwest Corporation">Norwest Corporation</a>, which would later merge with <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Wells Fargo Bank">Wells Fargo Bank</a>, led the charge in offering all types of financial services products in 1986. <a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a> attempted to own participants in almost every field of financial business (although there was little <a href="/wiki/Corporate_synergy" title="Corporate synergy">synergy</a> among them). Things culminated in 1998 when Citibank merged with <a href="/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies" title="The Travelers Companies">The Travelers Companies</a>, creating <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>. The merger violated the <a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a> (BHCA), but Citibank was given a two-year forbearance that was based on an assumption that they would be able to force a change in the law. The Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act passed in November 1999, repealing portions of the BHCA and the Glass–Steagall Act, allowing banks, brokerages, and insurance companies to merge, thus making the CitiCorp/Travelers Group merger legal. </p><p>Also prior to the passage of the Act, there were many relaxations to the <i>Glass–Steagall Act</i>. For example, a few years earlier, commercial Banks were allowed to pursue investment banking, and before that banks were also allowed to begin stock and insurance brokerage. Insurance underwriting was the only main operation they weren't allowed to do, something rarely done by banks even after the passage of the Act. The Act further enacted three provisions that allow for bank holding companies to engage in physical commodity activities. Prior to the enactment of the Act those activities were limited to those that were so closely related to banking to be considered incidental to it. Under GLBA depending on the provision the institution falls into, bank holding companies can engage in physical commodity trading, energy tolling, energy management services, and merchant banking activities.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much consolidation occurred in the financial services industry since, but not at the scale some had expected. Retail banks, for example, do not tend to buy insurance underwriters, as they seek to engage in a more profitable business of insurance brokerage by selling products of other insurance companies. Other retail banks were slow to market investments and insurance products and package those products in a convincing way. Brokerage companies had a hard time getting into banking, because they do not have a large branch and <a href="/wiki/Backshop" title="Backshop">backshop</a> footprint. Banks have recently tended to buy other banks, such as the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Boston">Fleet Boston</a> merger, yet they have had less success integrating with investment and insurance companies. Many banks have expanded into <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a>, but have found it hard to package it with their banking services, without resorting to questionable tie-ins which caused scandals at <a href="/wiki/Smith_Barney" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith Barney">Smith Barney</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remaining_restrictions">Remaining restrictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Remaining restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crucial to the passing of this Act was an amendment made to the GLBA, stating that no merger may go ahead if any of the financial holding institutions, or affiliates thereof, received a "less than satisfactory  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] rating at its most recent CRA exam", essentially meaning that any merger may only go ahead with the strict approval of the regulatory bodies responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a> (CRA).<sup id="cite_ref-Community_Reinvestment_Act_Amendments_in_the_Gramm–Leach_Act_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Community_Reinvestment_Act_Amendments_in_the_Gramm–Leach_Act-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an issue of hot contention, and the Clinton Administration stressed that it "would veto any legislation that would scale back minority-lending requirements."<sup id="cite_ref-Compromise_over_Community_Reinvestment_Act_crucial_to_repeal_of_Glass-Steagall_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compromise_over_Community_Reinvestment_Act_crucial_to_repeal_of_Glass-Steagall-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GLBA also did not remove the restrictions on banks placed by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Holding Company Act of 1956">Bank Holding Company Act of 1956</a> which prevented financial institutions from owning non-financial corporations. It conversely prohibits corporations outside of the banking or finance industry from entering retail and/or commercial banking. Many assume <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a>'s desire to convert its industrial bank to a commercial/retail bank ultimately drove the banking industry to back the GLBA restrictions. </p><p>Some restrictions remain to provide some amount of separation between the investment and commercial banking operations of a company. For example, <a href="/wiki/General_Securities_Representative_Exam" class="mw-redirect" title="General Securities Representative Exam">licensed</a> bankers must have separate business cards, e.g., "Personal Banker, Wells Fargo Bank" and "Investment Consultant, Wells Fargo Private Client Services". Much of the debate about <a href="/wiki/Financial_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial privacy">financial privacy</a> is specifically centered around allowing or preventing the banking, brokerage, and insurances divisions of a company from working together. </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(regulation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compliance (regulation)">compliance</a>, the key rules under the Act include <i>The Financial Privacy Rule</i> which governs the collection and disclosure of customers' personal financial information by financial institutions. It also applies to companies, regardless of whether they are financial institutions, that receive such information. <i>The Safeguards Rule</i> requires all financial institutions to design, implement and maintain safeguards to protect customer information. The Safeguards Rule applies not only to financial institutions that collect information from their own customers, but also to financial institutions – such as credit reporting agencies, appraisers, and mortgage brokers – that receive customer information from other financial institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy">Privacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>GLBA compliance is mandatory; whether a financial institution discloses nonpublic information or not, there must be a policy in place to protect the information from foreseeable threats in security and data integrity.</li> <li>Major components put into place to govern the collection, disclosure, and protection of consumers' nonpublic personal information; or personally identifiable information include: <ul><li><a href="#Financial_Privacy_Rule">Financial Privacy Rule</a></li> <li><a href="#Safeguards_Rule">Safeguards Rule</a></li> <li><a href="#Pretexting_protection">Pretexting Protection</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_Privacy_Rule">Financial Privacy Rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Financial Privacy Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Subtitle A: Disclosure of Nonpublic Personal Information, codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6801">§§ 6801</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6809">6809</a>) </p><p>The Financial Privacy Rule requires financial institutions to provide each consumer with a privacy notice at the time the consumer relationship is established and annually thereafter. The privacy notice must explain the information collected about the consumer, where that information is shared, how that information is used, and how that information is protected. The notice must also identify the consumer's right to opt out of the information being shared with unaffiliated parties pursuant to the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a>. Should the privacy policy change at any point in time, the consumer must be notified again for acceptance. Each time the privacy notice is reestablished, the consumer has the right to opt out again. The unaffiliated parties receiving the nonpublic information are held to the acceptance terms of the consumer under the original relationship agreement. In summary, the financial privacy rule provides for a <a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">privacy policy</a> agreement between the company and the consumer pertaining to the protection of the consumer's personal nonpublic information. </p><p>On November 17, 2009, eight federal regulatory agencies released the final version of a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2009/2009-248.htm">model privacy notice form</a> to make it easier for consumers to understand how financial institutions collect and share information about consumers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_institutions">Financial institutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Financial institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GLBA defines financial institutions as: "companies that offer financial products or services to individuals, like loans, financial or investment advice, or insurance". The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) has jurisdiction over financial institutions similar to, and including, these: </p> <ul><li>Non-bank mortgage lenders,</li> <li>Real estate appraisers,</li> <li>Loan brokers,</li> <li>Some financial or investment advisers,</li> <li>Debt collectors,</li> <li>Tax return preparers,</li> <li>Banks, and</li> <li>Real estate settlement service providers.</li></ul> <p>These companies must also be considered significantly engaged in the financial service or production that defines them as a "financial institution". </p><p>Insurance has jurisdiction first by the state, provided the state law at minimum complies with the GLB. State law can require greater compliance, but not less than what is otherwise required by the GLB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consumer_vs._customer_defined">Consumer vs. customer defined</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consumer vs. customer defined"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</i> defines a "consumer" as </p> <dl><dd>"an individual who obtains, from a financial institution, financial products or services which are to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, and also means the legal representative of such an individual." (See <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6809(9)">§ 6809(9)</a>.)</dd></dl> <p>A customer is a consumer that has developed a relationship with privacy rights protected under the <i>GLB</i>. A customer is not someone using an automated teller machine (ATM) or having a check cashed at a cash advance business. These are not ongoing relationships like a customer might have—i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage loan</a>, tax advising, or credit financing. A business is not an individual with personal nonpublic information, so a business cannot be a customer under the <i>GLB</i>. A business, however, may be liable for compliance to the <i>GLB</i> depending upon the type of business and the activities utilizing individual's personal nonpublic information. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Definition: A "consumer" is an individual who obtains or has obtained a financial product or service from a financial institution that is to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, or that individual's legal representative. </p><p>Examples of consumer relationships: </p> <ul><li>Applying for a loan</li> <li>Obtaining cash from a foreign ATM, even if it occurs on a regular basis</li> <li>Cashing a check with a check-cashing company</li> <li>Arranging for a wire transfer<sup id="cite_ref-ftcoutline_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftcoutline-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Definition: A "customer" is a consumer who has a "customer relationship" with a financial institution. A "customer relationship" is a continuing relationship with a consumer. </p><p>Examples of establishing a customer relationship: </p> <ul><li>Opening a credit card account with a financial institution</li> <li>Entering into an automobile lease (on a non-operating basis for an initial lease term of at least 90 days) with an automobile dealer</li> <li>Providing personally identifiable financial information to a broker in order to obtain a mortgage loan</li> <li>Obtaining a loan from a mortgage lender</li> <li>Agreeing to obtain tax preparation or credit counseling services</li></ul><p> "Special Rule" for Loans: The customer relationship travels with ownership of the servicing rights.<sup id="cite_ref-ftcoutline_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftcoutline-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consumer/client_privacy_rights"><span id="Consumer.2Fclient_privacy_rights"></span>Consumer/client privacy rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consumer/client privacy rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <i>GLB</i>, financial institutions must provide their clients a privacy notice that explains what information the company gathers about the client, where this information is shared, and how the company safeguards that information. This privacy notice must be given to the client prior to entering into an agreement to do business. There are exceptions to this when the client accepts a delayed receipt of the notice in order to complete a transaction on a timely basis. This has been somewhat mitigated due to online acknowledgement agreements requiring the client to read or scroll through the notice and check a box to accept terms. </p><p>The privacy notice must also explain to the customer the opportunity to 'opt out'. Opting out means that the client can say "no" to allowing their information to be shared with nonaffiliated third parties. The <i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></i> is responsible for the 'opt-out' opportunity, but the privacy notice must inform the customer of this right under the GLB. The client cannot opt out of: </p> <ul><li>Information shared with those providing priority service to the financial institution</li> <li>Marketing of products or services for the financial institution</li> <li>When the information is deemed legally required.</li> <li>When entering into a financial transaction, the institution providing said transaction must provide the customer a secure room with the ability to close in order to better protect the clients personal information.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Receipt_of_GLBA_notices_by_consumers">Receipt of GLBA notices by consumers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Receipt of GLBA notices by consumers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="¶_Service_of_notice_requirements"><span id=".C2.B6_Service_of_notice_requirements"></span>¶ Service of notice requirements</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ¶ Service of notice requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notice requirements may vary. In most cases, service of a GLBA notice is not necessary unless the entity serving the notice intends to "share" customer information, which the FTC defines as, "non-public personal information (NPI)", of customers required to be protected under <i>GLBA</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="¶_Response_to_receipt_of_a_GLBA_notice"><span id=".C2.B6_Response_to_receipt_of_a_GLBA_notice"></span>¶ Response to receipt of a GLBA notice</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ¶ Response to receipt of a GLBA notice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A consumer may react to service of a <i>GLBA</i> notice by: </p> <ul><li>Not responding</li> <li>Indicating, on an acknowledgment form that notice was not provided (typically for in-person signed documents)</li> <li>Responding according to format suggested in the GLBA Notice</li> <li>Responding with a prepared letter (alone or in addition to the form)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synergy_between_GLBA_and_GDPR">Synergy between GLBA and GDPR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Synergy between GLBA and GDPR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union's</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</a> became enforceable on 25 May 2018. As applies to consumers, the <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">GDPR</a> includes provision on scope of data collection, but also includes <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation#Right_of_access" title="General Data Protection Regulation">right of access</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation#Right_to_erasure" title="General Data Protection Regulation">right to erasure</a>, right to restriction of processing and right to data portability. Due to the multinational nature of some transactions, including data and internet transactions, and the possible implementation of corresponding regulations in some US states, it is likely that business and other entities will comply with the <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">GDPR</a> as well as US <i>GLBA</i> requirements. </p><p>Individualized requests for privacy under the <i>GLBA</i> are likely to include provisions guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">GDPR</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safeguards_Rule">Safeguards Rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Safeguards Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Subtitle A: Disclosure of Nonpublic Personal Information, codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6801">§§ 6801</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6809">6809</a>) </p><p>The Safeguards Rule implements data security requirements from the GLBA and requires financial institutions to develop a written information security plan that describes how the company is prepared for, and plans to continue to protect its clients' nonpublic personal information. The Safeguards Rule applies to information of any consumer's past or present regarding the financial institution's products or services. The written plan must include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Denoting at least one employee to manage the safeguards</li> <li>Constructing a thorough <a href="/wiki/Risk_analysis_(business)" title="Risk analysis (business)">risk analysis</a> on each department handling the nonpublic information</li> <li>Develop, monitor, and test a program to secure the information</li> <li>Adapting the safeguards as needed with contemporary changes in how information is collected, stored, and used</li></ul> <p>The Safeguards Rule forces financial institutions to take a closer look at how they manage private data and to do a risk analysis on their current processes. The Federal Register features approaches for risk assessments such as evaluating the likelihood of magnitudes of harm that result from threats and errors and safeguards are commensurate with the risks they address.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No process is perfect, so this has meant that every financial institution has had to make some effort to comply with the <i>GLBA</i>. </p><p>In December 2021, the Safeguards Rule was updated, amid some controversy,<sup id="cite_ref-TNLR_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNLR-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the FTC to include specific criteria requiring financial institutions to introduce new security controls and to increase the accountability of <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">boards of directors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a six-month compliance extension, from January to June 2023, granted for some types of institutions in November 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-TNLR_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNLR-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pretexting_protection">Pretexting protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pretexting protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Subtitle B: Fraudulent Access to Financial Information, codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6821">§§ 6821</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6827">6827</a>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pretexting" title="Pretexting">Pretexting</a> (sometimes referred to as "social engineering") occurs when someone tries to gain access to personal nonpublic information without proper authority to do so. This may entail requesting private information while impersonating the account holder, by telephone, by mail, by e-mail, or even by "<a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>" (i.e., using a phony website or email to collect data). GLBA encourages the organizations covered by GLBA to implement safeguards against pretexting. For example, a well-written plan designed to meet GLB's Safeguards Rule ("develop, monitor, and test a program to secure the information") would likely include a section on training employees to recognize and deflect inquiries made under pretext. In fact, the evaluation of the effectiveness of such employee training probably should include a follow-up program of random spot checks, "outside the classroom", after completion of the [initial] employee training, in order to check on the resistance of a given (randomly chosen) student to various types of "social engineering"—perhaps even designed to focus attention on any new wrinkle that might have arisen <i>after</i> the [initial] effort to "develop" the curriculum for such employee training. Under United States law, pretexting by individuals is punishable as a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> crime of <a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">false pretenses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_usury_law">Effect on usury law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Effect on usury law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 731 of the GLB, codified as subsection (f) of <a href="/wiki/Title_12_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 12 of the United States Code">12 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/1831u">§ 1831u</a>, contains a unique provision aimed at <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> limit was set at five percent above the <a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Federal Reserve discount rate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas Constitution">Arkansas Constitution</a> and could not be changed by the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_General_Assembly" title="Arkansas General Assembly">Arkansas General Assembly</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a> ruled that interstate banks established under the <a href="/wiki/Riegle%E2%80%93Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" title="Riegle–Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle–Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994</a> could use their home state's usury law for all branches nationwide with minimal restrictions,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arkansas-based banks were placed at a severe competitive disadvantage to Arkansas branches of interstate banks; this led to out-of-state takeovers of several Arkansas banks, including the sale of First Commercial Bank (then Arkansas' largest bank) to <a href="/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation" title="Regions Financial Corporation">Regions Financial Corporation</a> in 1998. </p><p>Under Section 731, all banks headquartered in a state covered by that law may charge up to the highest usury limit of any state that is headquarters to an interstate bank which has branches in the covered state. Therefore, since Arkansas has branches of banks based in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> any loan that is legal under the usury laws of any of those states may be made by an Arkansas-based bank under Section 731. The section does not apply to interstate banks with branches in the covered state, but headquartered elsewhere; however, Arkansas-based interstate banks like <a href="/wiki/Arvest_Bank" title="Arvest Bank">Arvest Bank</a> may export their Section 731 limits to other states. </p><p>Due to Section 731, it is generally regarded that Arkansas-based banks now have no usury limit for <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a> or for any loan of greater than $2,000 (since Alabama, Regions' home state, has no limits on those loans), with a limit of 18% (the minimum usury limit in Texas) or more on all other loans.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, once <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a> fully completed its purchase of Century Bank (a Texas bank with Arkansas branches), Section 731 did away with all usury limits for Arkansas-based banks since Wells Fargo's main bank charter is based in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, which repealed its usury laws many years ago. </p><p>Though designed for Arkansas, Section 731 may also apply to <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> whose constitutions provide for the same basic usury limit, though unlike Arkansas their legislatures can (and generally do) set different limits. If Section 731 applies to those states, then all their usury limits are inapplicable to banks based in those states, since Wells Fargo has branches in both states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis#Causes" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis § Causes</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The act is often cited as a cause of the <a href="/wiki/2007_subprime_mortgage_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis">2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis</a> "even by some of its onetime supporters."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former President Barack Obama has stated that GLBA led to deregulation that, among other things, allowed for the creation of giant financial supermarkets that could own investment banks, commercial banks and insurance firms, something banned since the Great Depression. Its passage, critics also say, cleared the way for companies that were <a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">too big and intertwined to fail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> has also argued that the Act increased risk-taking leading up to the crisis, stating "the culture of investment banks was conveyed to commercial banks and everyone got involved in the high-risk gambling mentality".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>, Mark Sumner asserted that the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act was responsible for the creation of entities that took on more risk due to their being considered "<a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">too big to fail</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defenses">Defenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Defenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2009 policy report from the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> authored by one of the institute's directors, <a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Calabria" title="Mark A. Calabria">Mark A. Calabria</a>, critics of the legislation feared that, with the allowance for mergers between investment and commercial banks, GLBA allowed the newly-merged banks to take on riskier investments while at the same time removing any requirements to maintain enough equity, exposing the assets of its banking customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Calabria_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calabria-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2011)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Calabria claimed that, prior to the passage of GLBA in 1999, investment banks were already capable of holding and trading the very financial assets claimed to be the cause of the mortgage crisis, and were also already able to keep their books as they had.<sup id="cite_ref-Calabria_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calabria-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded that greater access to investment capital as many investment banks went public on the market explains the shift in their holdings to trading portfolios.<sup id="cite_ref-Calabria_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calabria-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calabria noted that after GLBA passed, most investment banks did not merge with depository commercial banks, and that in fact, the few banks that did merge weathered the crisis better than those that did not.<sup id="cite_ref-Calabria_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calabria-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2009, one of the act's co-authors, former Senator Phil Gramm, also defended his bill: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]f GLB was the problem, the crisis would have been expected to have originated in Europe where they never had Glass–Steagall requirements to begin with. Also, the financial firms that failed in this crisis, like <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman</a>, were the least diversified and the ones that survived, like <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">J.P. Morgan</a>, were the most diversified. Moreover, GLB did not deregulate anything. It established the Federal Reserve as a superregulator, overseeing all Financial Services Holding Companies. All activities of financial institutions continued to be regulated on a functional basis by the regulators that had regulated those activities prior to GLB.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, as well as economists <a href="/wiki/Brad_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad DeLong">Brad DeLong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a> have all argued that the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act softened the impact of the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i> columnist <a href="/wiki/Megan_McArdle" title="Megan McArdle">Megan McArdle</a> has argued that if the act was "part of the problem, it would be the commercial banks, not the investment banks, that were in trouble" and repeal would not have helped the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article in the <a href="/wiki/Conservativism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservativism in the United States">conservative</a> publication <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i> has made the same argument, calling allegations about the Act "<a href="/wiki/Folk_economics" title="Folk economics">folk economics</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> financial columnist and occasional critic of GLBA <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ross_Sorkin" title="Andrew Ross Sorkin">Andrew Ross Sorkin</a> stated that he believes GLBA had little to do with the failed institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amendments">Amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed">Proposed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Proposed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Registered_Agents_and_Brokers_Reform_Act_of_2013_(H.R._1155;_113th_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers Reform Act of 2013 (H.R. 1155; 113th Congress)">National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers Reform Act of 2013 (H.R. 1155; 113th Congress)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/1155">H.R. 1155</a>) is a bill meant to reduce the regulatory costs of complying with multiple states' requirements for insurance companies, making it easier for the same company to operate in multiple states.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasper1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasper1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill would amend the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act to repeal the contingent conditions under which the National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers (NARAB) shall not be established.<sup id="cite_ref-1155sum_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1155sum-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill would transform the National Association of Registered Agents and Brokers (NARAB) into a clearing house that set up its own standards that insurance companies would be required to meet in order to do business in other states.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasper1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasper1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this new system, however, the insurance company would only have to meet the requirements of their home state and the NARAB (only two entities), not their home state and every other state they wished to operate in (multiple entities).<sup id="cite_ref-Kasper1_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasper1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the bill argued that it would help lower costs for insurance companies and make insurance cheaper for people to buy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Bank regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_regulation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities regulation in the United States">Securities regulation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_commission" title="Securities commission">Securities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Stock Exchange">Chicago Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_privacy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Financial privacy laws in the United States">Financial privacy laws in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Job_(2010_film)" title="Inside Job (2010 film)"><i>Inside Job</i></a> (2010 documentary film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_financial_regulatory_authorities_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of financial regulatory authorities by country">List of financial regulatory authorities by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_D_(SEC)" title="Regulation D (SEC)">Regulation D (SEC)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related legislation</dt></dl> <ul><li>1933 – <a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a></li> <li>1933 – <a href="/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">Banking Act of 1933</a>, which contained legislation repealed by Gramm–Leach–Bliley</li> <li>1934 – <a href="/wiki/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934" title="Securities Exchange Act of 1934">Securities Exchange Act of 1934</a></li> <li>1938 – <a href="/wiki/Temporary_National_Economic_Committee" title="Temporary National Economic Committee">Temporary National Economic Committee</a> (establishment)</li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/Trust_Indenture_Act_of_1939" title="Trust Indenture Act of 1939">Trust Indenture Act of 1939</a></li> <li>1940 – <a href="/wiki/Investment_Advisers_Act_of_1940" title="Investment Advisers Act of 1940">Investment Advisers Act of 1940</a></li> <li>1940 – <a href="/wiki/Investment_Company_Act_of_1940" title="Investment Company Act of 1940">Investment Company Act of 1940</a></li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Williams_Act" title="Williams Act">Williams Act</a> (Securities Disclosure Act)</li> <li>1975 – <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Act">Securities and Exchange Act</a></li> <li>1982 – <a href="/wiki/Garn%E2%80%93St._Germain_Depository_Institutions_Act" title="Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act">Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act</a></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Modernization_Act_of_2000" title="Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000">Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Fair_and_Accurate_Credit_Transactions_Act" title="Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act">Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act</a> of 2003</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Credit_Rating_Agency_Reform_Act" title="Credit Rating Agency Reform Act">Credit Rating Agency Reform Act</a> of 2006</li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two Republicans and four Democrats did not vote.<sup id="cite_ref-106-276.EH_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106-276.EH-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen. <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Fritz Hollings</a> (D-S. Carolina) voted in favor, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a> (R-Illinois) voted "present" and Sen. <a href="/wiki/James_Inhofe" class="mw-redirect" title="James Inhofe">James Inhofe</a> (R-Oklahoma) did not vote. A table with members' full names, sortable by vote, state, region and party, may be found at S.900 as amended: Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, roll call 105, 106th Congress, 1st session. Votes Database at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Retrieved on 2008-10-09 from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/106/senate/1/votes/105/">"S 900 | U.S. Congress Votes Database - the Washington PostThe Washington Post"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613150306/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/106/senate/1/votes/105/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+900+%26%23124%3B+U.S.+Congress+Votes+Database+-+the+Washington+PostThe+Washington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.washingtonpost.com%2Fcongress%2F106%2Fsenate%2F1%2Fvotes%2F105%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Independent Rep. <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> of Vermont voted yes; 33 Republicans and 28 Democrats did not vote.<sup id="cite_ref-106-355.EH_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106-355.EH-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">52 Republicans and 38 Democrats voted for the bill. Sen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a> of Alabama (Republican, formerly a Democrat) voted against it, as did 7 Democratic Senators: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Barbara Boxer</a> (Calif.), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bryan" title="Richard Bryan">Richard Bryan</a> (Nevada), <a href="/wiki/Byron_Dorgan" title="Byron Dorgan">Byron Dorgan</a> (N. Dakota), <a href="/wiki/Russell_Feingold" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Feingold">Russell Feingold</a> (Wisc.), <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a> (Iowa), <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a> (Maryland) and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Paul Wellstone</a> (Minn.) Sen. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)">Peter Fitzgerald</a> (R-Illinois) again voted "present", while Sen. <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (R-Arizona) did not vote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Republicans voted 207–5 in favor with 10 not voting. Democrats voted 155–51 in favor, with 5 not voting. Independent Rep. <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> of Vermont voted no.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChairman_Cox2008" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Chairman Cox (September 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-230.htm">"Chairman Cox Announces End of Consolidated Supervised Entities Program"</a> (Press release). SEC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903194956/http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-230.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chairman+Cox+Announces+End+of+Consolidated+Supervised+Entities+Program&rft.pub=SEC&rft.date=2008-09-26&rft.au=Chairman+Cox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F2008%2F2008-230.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_GerhardWoolley,_John_T" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=56922">"William J. Clinton: "Statement on Signing the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act," November 12, 1999"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. University of California – Santa Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207062207/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=56922">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=William+J.+Clinton%3A+%22Statement+on+Signing+the+Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act%2C%22+November+12%2C+1999&rft.au=Peters%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Woolley%2C+John+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D56922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-broome-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-broome_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroome,_Lissa_LamkinMarkham,_Jerry_W.2001" class="citation web cs1">Broome, Lissa Lamkin; Markham, Jerry W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217055223/http://www.symtrex.com/pdfdocs/glb_paper.pdf">"The Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act: An Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symtrex.com/pdfdocs/glb_paper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act%3A+An+Overview&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Broome%2C+Lissa+Lamkin&rft.au=Markham%2C+Jerry+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.symtrex.com%2Fpdfdocs%2Fglb_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:SN00900:@@@D&summ2=m&">"Bill Summary & Status 106th Congress (1999–2000) S.900 CRS Summary – Thomas (Library of Congress)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812070106/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:SN00900:@@@D&summ2=m&">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bill+Summary+%26+Status+106th+Congress+%281999%E2%80%932000%29+S.900+CRS+Summary+%E2%80%93+Thomas+%28Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbdquery%2Fz%3Fd106%3ASN00900%3A%40%40%40D%26summ2%3Dm%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanny_Basar2012" class="citation news cs1">Shanny Basar (November 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2009/11/12/john-reed-vikram-pandit-re-consider-glass-steagall-10-years-on/">"John Reed, Vikram Pandit Re-Consider Glass-Steagall 10 Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315215437/http://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2009/11/12/john-reed-vikram-pandit-re-consider-glass-steagall-10-years-on/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=John+Reed%2C+Vikram+Pandit+Re-Consider+Glass-Steagall+10+Years&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft.au=Shanny+Basar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fdeals%2F2009%2F11%2F12%2Fjohn-reed-vikram-pandit-re-consider-glass-steagall-10-years-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorinne_CrawfordBorough_of_Manhattan_Community_College2011" class="citation web cs1">Corinne Crawford; <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Manhattan_Community_College" title="Borough of Manhattan Community College">Borough of Manhattan Community College</a> (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unarts.org/H-II/ref/949-3747-1-PB-1.pdf">"The Repeal Of The Glass- Steagall Act And The Current Financial Crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Journal of Business & Economics Research. pp. 127–133. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611061019/http://www.unarts.org/H-II/ref/949-3747-1-PB-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Repeal+Of+The+Glass-+Steagall+Act+And+The+Current+Financial+Crisis&rft.pages=127-133&rft.pub=Journal+of+Business+%26+Economics+Research&rft.date=2011-01&rft.au=Corinne+Crawford&rft.au=Borough+of+Manhattan+Community+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unarts.org%2FH-II%2Fref%2F949-3747-1-PB-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-9065:1">IB87061: Glass-Steagall Act: Commercial vs. Investment Banking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113065324/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-9065:1">Archived</a> 2010-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Congressional Research Service</i> (CRS)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">John Dingell (Nov 4, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2RzRv8yQXQ"><i>House Session</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Flash)</span> (Television production). Washington, DC: C-SPAN. Event occurs at 03:02:11. Program ID 153391-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+Session&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=1999-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dy2RzRv8yQXQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HR10.EH-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HR10.EH_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:HR00010:">H.R.10: Financial Services Act of 1999, <i>EH</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925141917/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:HR00010:">Archived</a> 2014-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, July 1, 1999, <i>Engrossed as Agreed to or Passed by House</i>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HR10.ACTIONS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HR10.ACTIONS_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:HR00010:@@@S">Consideration of H.R.10: Financial Services Act of 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081128144714/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:HR00010:@@@S">Archived</a> 2008-11-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>All Congressional Actions & Reports of H.R.10</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106-276.EH-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106-276.EH_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional roll-call: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1999/roll276.xml">H.R.10 as amended: Financial Services Act of 1999, Record Vote No: 276</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917234441/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1999/roll276.xml">Archived</a> 2008-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, July 1, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S900.ES-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S900.ES_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:SN00900:">S.900: Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, <i>ES</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081128144718/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:SN00900:">Archived</a> 2008-11-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 6, 1999, <i>Engrossed as Agreed to or Passed by Senate</i>, Library of Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S900.ACTIONS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S900.ACTIONS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:SN00900:@@@S">Consideration of S.900: Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704224747/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d106:SN00900:@@@S">Archived</a> 2016-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>All Congressional Actions & Reports of S.900</i>, <i>Congressional Record</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106-105.ES-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106-105.ES_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional roll-call at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=106&session=1&vote=00105#top">S.900 as amended: Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, Record Vote No: 105</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708141448/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=106&session=1&vote=00105">Archived</a> 2017-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 6, 1999, U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106-355.EH-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106-355.EH_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional roll-call: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1999/roll355.xml">On Motion to Instruct Conferees – S.900: Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, Record Vote No: 355</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090420193406/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1999/roll355.xml">Archived</a> 2009-04-20 at Wikiwix, July 30, 1999, Clerk of the U.S. House. Sortable unofficial table: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/106/house/1/votes/355/">On Motion to Instruct Conferees, Financial Services Modernization Act, roll call 355, 106th Congress, 1st session</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724231023/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/106/house/1/votes/355/">Archived</a> 2008-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Votes Database at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, retrieved on October 12, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veto_Promise-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Veto_Promise_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307082732/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-630698.html">"Republicans' Revised Banking Bill Greeted With Veto Promise"</a>, Washington Post, October 13, 1999, p.E03</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHI-CRA-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHI-CRA_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010119073300/http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/108/cincotta.html">The War on CRA: Opportunity in Next Wave of Mergers</a>, Cincotta, National Housing Institute, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106-354.EH-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106-354.EH_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional roll-call: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=106&session=1&vote=00354">S.900 as reported by conferees: Financial Services Act of 1999, Record Vote No: 354</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215044951/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=106&session=1&vote=00354">Archived</a> 2018-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, November 4, 1999, Clerk of the Senate. Sortable unofficial table: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/106/senate/1/votes/354/">On Agreeing to the Conference Report, S.900 Gramm–Bliley–Leach Act, roll call 354, 106th Congress, 1st session</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150803061353/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/106/senate/1/votes/354/">Archived</a> 2015-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Votes Database at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, retrieved on October 9, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106-570.EH-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106-570.EH_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional roll-call: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1999/roll570.xml">On the passage of S.900: Financial Services Act of 1999, Record Vote No: 570</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120811075643/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1999/roll570.xml">Archived</a> 2012-08-11 at Wikiwix, November 4, 1999, Clerk of the U.S. House. Sortable unofficial table: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/106/house/1/votes/570/">On Agreeing to the Conference Report, S. 900 Financial Services Modernization Act, roll call 570, 106th Congress, 1st session</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021103637/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/106/house/1/votes/570/">Archived</a> 2008-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Votes Database at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, retrieved on October 9, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s106-900#votes">"S. 900: Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608043133/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s106-900">Archived</a> 2011-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 106th Congress – 1st Session, <i>GovTrack.us</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwc.com/en_US/us/financial-services/regulatory-services/publications/assets/fs-reg-brief-frb-physical-commodities-anpr.pdf">"Physical commodity activities: Too risky for banking organizations?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PwC</i>. PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice, January, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224040118/http://www.pwc.com/en_US/us/financial-services/regulatory-services/publications/assets/fs-reg-brief-frb-physical-commodities-anpr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PwC&rft.atitle=Physical+commodity+activities%3A+Too+risky+for+banking+organizations%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fen_US%2Fus%2Ffinancial-services%2Fregulatory-services%2Fpublications%2Fassets%2Ffs-reg-brief-frb-physical-commodities-anpr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Community_Reinvestment_Act_Amendments_in_the_Gramm–Leach_Act-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Community_Reinvestment_Act_Amendments_in_the_Gramm–Leach_Act_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banking.senate.gov/conf/craamd.htm">Community Reinvestment Act Amendments in the Gramm–Leach Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110717005604/http://banking.senate.gov/conf/craamd.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-17 at Wikiwix, additional text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compromise_over_Community_Reinvestment_Act_crucial_to_repeal_of_Glass-Steagall-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Compromise_over_Community_Reinvestment_Act_crucial_to_repeal_of_Glass-Steagall_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partners.nytimes.com/library/financial/102399banks-congress.html">"Agreement Reached on Overhaul of U.S. Financial System"</a>. <i>partners.nytimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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FTC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031133633/http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/glbact/glboutline.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=House+votes+to+streamline+cross-state+insurance+sales&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.aulast=Kasperowicz&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Ffloor-action%2Fhouse%2F181913-house-votes-to-streamline-cross-state-insurance-sales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1155sum-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1155sum_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/house-bill/1155">"H.R. 1155 – Summary"</a>. United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130914080444/http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/house-bill/1155">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+1155+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F113th%2Fhouse-bill%2F1155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2009" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Larry (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamone00alle"><i>The Encyclopedia of Money</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, CA</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamone00alle/page/n159">141</a>–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598842517" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598842517"><bdi>978-1598842517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Money&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=141-142&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1598842517&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediamone00alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/privacy/privacyinitiatives/glbact.html">Financial Privacy: The Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a>, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/privacy/glbact/glbsub1.htm">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act,15 USC, Subchapter I, Sec. 6801–6809, Disclosure of Nonpublic Personal Information</a>, FTC, 1999</li> <li>Mike Chapple, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/1,289483,sid14_gci937043,00.html">Gramm–Leach–Bliley and You</a>, November 18, 2003</li> <li>Robert H. Ledig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffhsj.com/bancmail/bmarts/ecdp_art.htm">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act Financial Privacy Provisions:The Federal Government Imposes Broad Requirements to Address Consumer Privacy Concerns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929063531/http://www.ffhsj.com/bancmail/bmarts/ecdp_art.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/privacy/privacyinitiatives/financial_rule.html">The Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act: The Financial Privacy Rule</a>, Federal Trade Commission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/buspubs/glbshort.htm">In Brief: The Financial Privacy Requirements of the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050615235737/http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/buspubs/glbshort.htm">Archived</a> 2005-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Federal Trade Commission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epic.org/privacy/glba/#reduce">The Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act — "History of the GLBA"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:S.1458.IS:">Financial Institution Privacy Protection Act of 2003 — 108th CONGRESS, 1st Session, S. 1458, "To amend the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act to provide for enhanced protection of nonpublic personal information, including health information, and for other purposes."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612025348/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:S.1458.IS:">Archived</a> 2016-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, In the Senate of the United States; July 25 (legislative day, JULY 21), 2003, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/testimony/2001/20010404/default.htm">Testimony of (Federal Reserve) Governor Laurence H. Meyer: Merchant banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a></li> <li>Martin McLaughlin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/nov1999/bank-n01.shtml">Clinton, Republicans agree to deregulation of US financial system</a>, World Socialist Web Site, November 1, 1999, retrieved on October 9, 2008</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-272/uslm/COMPS-272.xml">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-272/pdf/COMPS-272.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-272/">details</a>) as amended in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/102?link-type=pdf">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> as enacted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">US Statutes at Large</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compliance_information">Compliance information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Compliance information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/privacy/glbact/glbsub1.htm">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, 15 USC, Subchapter I, Sec. 6801–6809 – Disclosure of Nonpublic Personal Information</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer/client_rights_information"><span id="Consumer.2Fclient_rights_information"></span>Consumer/client rights information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Consumer/client rights information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/privacy/glbact/glbsub1.htm">Disclosure of Nonpublic Personal Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epic.org/privacy/glba/#reduce">What Can You Do To Protect Your Privacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_GLB">History of the GLB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History of the GLB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epic.org/privacy/glba">History of the GLBA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_voting_records_on_Gramm–Leach–Bliley_Act"><span id="Congressional_voting_records_on_Gramm.E2.80.93Leach.E2.80.93Bliley_Act"></span>Congressional voting records on Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Congressional voting records on Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=106&session=1&vote=00354&TB_iframe=true&width=720&height=540">Senate Vote #354 (Nov. 4, 1999) On the Conference Report (S.900 Conference Report)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1999/roll570.xml">House Vote #570 (Nov. 4, 1999) On Agreeing to the Conference Report: S 900 (106th) Financial Services Modernization Act</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bank_regulation_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau" title="Consumer Financial Protection Bureau">Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Administration" title="Farm Credit Administration">Farm Credit Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Financial_Institutions_Examination_Council" title="Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council">Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Agency" title="Federal Housing Finance Agency">Federal Housing Finance Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Oversight_Council" title="Financial Stability Oversight Council">Financial Stability Oversight Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Credit_Union_Administration" title="National Credit Union Administration">National Credit Union Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major federal <br />legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Treasury" title="Independent Treasury">Independent Treasury Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFadden_Act" title="McFadden Act">McFadden Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">1933 Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Credit_Union_Act" title="Federal Credit Union Act">Federal Credit Union Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a></li> <li>Interest Rate Control Act of 1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Regulatory_and_Interest_Rate_Control_Act_of_1978" title="Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978">Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">Monetary Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garn%E2%80%93St._Germain_Depository_Institutions_Act" title="Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act">Depository Institutions Act</a></li> <li>Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Reform,_Recovery,_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1989" title="Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989">FIRREA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation_Improvement_Act_of_1991" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991">FDICIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Savings_Act" title="Truth in Savings Act">Truth in Savings Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegle-Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle-Neal IBBEA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_and_Accurate_Credit_Transactions_Act" title="Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act">Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_CARD_Act_of_2009" title="Credit CARD Act of 2009">Credit CARD Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth,_Regulatory_Relief,_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act">EGRRCPA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Federal Reserve <br />Board regulations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks (Reg A)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity (Reg B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure (Reg C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_D_(FRB)" title="Regulation D (FRB)">Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions (Reg D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer (Reg E)</a></li> <li>Limitations on Interbank Liabilities (Reg F)</li> <li>International Banking Operations (Reg K)</li> <li>Consumer Leasing (Reg M)</li> <li>Loans to Insiders (Reg O)</li> <li>Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Reg P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_Q" title="Regulation Q">Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits (Reg Q)</a></li> <li>Credit by Brokers and Dealers (Reg T)</li> <li><span class="wrap">Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock (Reg U)</span></li> <li>Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates (Reg W)</li> <li>Borrowers of Securities Credit (Reg X)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending (Reg Z)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_or_Deceptive_Acts_or_Practices" title="Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices">Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (Reg AA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment (Reg BB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_Funds_Availability_Act" title="Expedited Funds Availability Act">Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks (Reg CC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Savings_Act" title="Truth in Savings Act">Truth in Savings (Reg DD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of bank charter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Credit unions in the United States">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_savings_association" title="Federal savings association">Federal savings association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_bank_(United_States)" title="National bank (United States)">National bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_bank_(United_States)" title="State bank (United States)">State bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Financial_Protection_and_Innovation" title="California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Regulatory_Agencies" title="Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Financial_Services" title="Florida Department of Financial Services">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Department_of_Financial_and_Professional_Regulation" title="Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Department_of_Labor" title="Maryland Department of Labor">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Insurance_and_Financial_Services" title="Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Banking_Department" title="New Hampshire Banking Department">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Banking_and_Insurance" title="New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Financial_Services" title="New York State Department of Financial Services">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Commerce" title="Ohio Department of Commerce">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Banking_Department" title="Oklahoma State Banking Department">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Consumer_and_Business_Services" title="Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Banking" title="Pennsylvania Department of Banking">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Department_of_Financial_Institutions" title="Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Corporation_Commission_(Virginia)" title="State Corporation Commission (Virginia)">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_report" title="Call report">Call report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAEL_Rating" title="CAEL Rating">CAEL Rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMELS_rating_system" title="CAMELS rating system">CAMELS rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrift_Financial_Report" title="Thrift Financial Report">Thrift Financial Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_debt_collection" title="Fair debt collection">Fair debt collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">History of central banking in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_banking" title="Wildcat banking">Wildcat banking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bank_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Bank regulation in the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Reserve_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Template:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Template talk:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Reserve_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee" title="Federal Open Market Committee">Federal Open Market Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">Federal Reserve Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_Note" title="Federal Reserve Bank Note">Federal Reserve Bank Note</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beige_Book" title="Beige Book">Beige Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Statistical_Release" title="Federal Reserve Statistical Release">Federal Reserve Statistical Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Report_to_the_Congress" title="Monetary Policy Report to the Congress">Monetary Policy Report to the Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount window</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_rate" title="Bank rate">Bank rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds" title="Federal funds">Federal funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds_rate" title="Federal funds rate">Federal funds rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overnight_rate" title="Overnight rate">Overnight rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_dealer" title="Primary dealer">Primary dealer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">Antecedents</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission" title="National Monetary Commission">National Monetary Commission</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittman_Act" title="Pittman Act">Pittman Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_Act" title="Edge Act">Edge Act</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelan_Act_of_1920" title="Phelan Act of 1920">Phelan Act</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_D_(FRB)" title="Regulation D (FRB)">Regulation D</a> (c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_Q" title="Regulation Q">Regulation Q</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Act_of_1935" title="Banking Act of 1935">Banking Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> (1944–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">U.S. Treasury Department Accord</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Federal_Open_Market_Committee_actions" title="History of Federal Open Market Committee actions">FOMC actions</a> (1961–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Agreement" title="Smithsonian Agreement">Smithsonian Agreement</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Banking_Act_of_1978" title="International Banking Act of 1978">International Banking Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">DIDMC Act</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors,_FRS_v._Investment_Co._Institute" title="Board of Governors, FRS v. Investment Co. Institute">Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_England" title="Bank of New England">Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspan_put" title="Greenspan put">Greenspan put</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_Funds_Availability_Act" title="Expedited Funds Availability Act">Expedited Funds Availability Act</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Reform,_Recovery,_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1989" title="Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989">FIRRE Act</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation_Improvement_Act_of_1991" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991">FDIC Improvement Act</a> (1991)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_responses_to_the_subprime_crisis" title="Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis responses</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_or_Deceptive_Acts_or_Practices" title="Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices">Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Dealer_Credit_Facility" title="Primary Dealer Credit Facility">Primary Dealer Credit Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Supervisory_Capital_Assessment_Program" title="2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program">2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_Asset-Backed_Securities_Loan_Facility" title="Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility">Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" title="Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets">Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a> (2009–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a> (2010; <a href="/wiki/Durbin_amendment" title="Durbin amendment">Durbin amendment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Post,_Inc._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Corner Post v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Hamlin" title="Charles Sumner Hamlin">Charles S. Hamlin</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._G._Harding" title="William P. G. Harding">William P. G. Harding</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Richard_Crissinger" title="Daniel Richard Crissinger">Daniel R. Crissinger</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_A._Young" title="Roy A. Young">Roy A. Young</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Robert_Black" title="Eugene Robert Black">Eugene R. Black</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriner_S._Eccles" title="Marriner S. Eccles">Marriner S. Eccles</a> (1934–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._McCabe" title="Thomas B. McCabe">Thomas B. McCabe</a> (1948–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McChesney_Martin" title="William McChesney Martin">William M. Martin</a> (1951–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1970–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> (1978–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> (1979–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2006–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2014–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Current<br />governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jefferson" title="Philip Jefferson">Philip Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barr_(Treasury_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Barr (Treasury official)">Michael Barr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair for Supervision</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bowman" title="Michelle Bowman">Michelle Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Waller" title="Christopher Waller">Christopher Waller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_D._Cook" title="Lisa D. Cook">Lisa D. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Kugler" title="Adriana Kugler">Adriana Kugler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current presidents<br />(by district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Collins_(economist)" title="Susan M. Collins (economist)">Susan Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Boston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Williams_(economist)" title="John C. Williams (economist)">John Williams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_T._Harker" title="Patrick T. Harker">Patrick T. Harker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Philadelphia" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_M._Hammack" title="Beth M. Hammack">Beth M. Hammack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barkin" title="Thomas Barkin">Thomas Barkin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond">Richmond</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Bostic" title="Raphael Bostic">Raphael Bostic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Atlanta" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta">Atlanta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Musalem" title="Alberto Musalem">Alberto Musalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">St. Louis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neel_Kashkari" title="Neel Kashkari">Neel Kashkari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Schmid" title="Jeffrey Schmid">Jeff Schmid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Kansas_City" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City">Kansas City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorie_K._Logan" title="Lorie K. Logan">Lorie Logan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Dallas" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas">Dallas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Daly" title="Mary C. Daly">Mary C. Daly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">San Francisco</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Criticism of the Federal Reserve">Criticism of the Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_model" title="Fed model">Fed model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedspeak" title="Fedspeak">Fedspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed put">Fed put</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort" title="Lender of last resort">Lender of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Monetary policy of the United States">Monetary policy of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monetary_policy_in_the_United_States" title="History of monetary policy in the United States">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_consumption_expenditures_price_index" title="Personal consumption expenditures price index">Personal consumption expenditures price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahm_rule" title="Sahm rule">Sahm rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bill_Clinton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bill_Clinton" title="Template talk:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bill_Clinton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas</a> (1979–1981, 1983–1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1993)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1993)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1994)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1994)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1995)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1995)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1996)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1996)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1997)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1997)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1998)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1998)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1999)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1999)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)#January_2001" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">January 2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">Health care plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of international presidential trips made by Bill Clinton">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></li> <li>Cruise missile strikes on Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1996</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Bombing of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Iraq (1998)">Bombing of Iraq (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)" title="National Highway System (United States)">National Highway System Designation Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century" title="Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century">Transportation Equity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Initiative" title="One America Initiative">One America Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegle-Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle-Neal Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States" title="Lead-based paint in the United States">Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannygate" title="Nannygate">Nannygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom_for_contributors_controversy" title="Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy">Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department_trade_mission_controversy" title="Commerce Department trade mission controversy">Commerce Department trade mission controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Bill_Clinton" title="Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton">inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Millennium_Council" title="White House Millennium Council">White House Millennium Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Pardons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton#Administration" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Presidential transition of George W. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_Birthplace_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Bill Clinton">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorships_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Governorships of Bill Clinton">Governorships of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presidential_Center" title="Clinton Presidential Center">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Post-presidency of Bill Clinton">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_School_of_Public_Service" title="Clinton School of Public Service">Clinton School of Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center#NCC_and_presidents" title="National Constitution Center">Chairman, National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Public image of Bill Clinton">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopergate_(Bill_Clinton)" title="Troopergate (Bill Clinton)">Troopergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_sexual_misconduct_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Clinton sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_controversy" title="Whitewater controversy">Whitewater controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1994 State of the Union Address">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1995 State of the Union Address">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1996 State of the Union Address">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1997 State of the Union Address">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1998 State of the Union Address">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1999 State of the Union Address">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2000 State of the Union Address">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Electoral history of Bill Clinton">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)#Political_significance" title="Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)">theme song</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1996 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Bibliography of Bill Clinton">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Between_Hope_and_History" title="Between Hope and History"><i>Between Hope and History</i> (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)"><i>My Life</i> (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving:_How_Each_of_Us_Can_Change_the_World" title="Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World"><i>Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Work_(book)" title="Back to Work (book)"><i>Back to Work</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President_Is_Missing_(novel)" title="The President Is Missing (novel)"><i>The President Is Missing</i> (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Daughter_(novel)" title="The President's Daughter (novel)"><i>The President's Daughter</i> (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Boulevard" title="Bill Clinton Boulevard">Bill Clinton Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport" title="Clinton National Airport">Clinton National Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton"><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies of Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Room" title="The War Room"><i>The War Room</i> (1993 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams"><i>The Silence of the Hams</i> (1994 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(film)" title="Primary Colors (film)"><i>Primary Colors</i> (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film)" title="The Final Days (2000 film)"><i>The Final Days</i> (2000 short film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_President" title="The Hunting of the President"><i>The Hunting of the President</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_(film)" title="The Special Relationship (film)"><i>The Special Relationship</i> (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(film)" title="Clinton (film)"><i>Clinton</i> (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton"><i>Hillary and Clinton</i> (2016 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment:_American_Crime_Story" title="Impeachment: American Crime Story"><i>Impeachment: American Crime Story</i> (2021 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Presidency_with_Bill_Clinton_(TV_series)" title="The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (TV series)"><i>The American Presidency with Bill Clinton</i> (2022 documentary series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_family" title="Clinton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea Clinton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Blythe_Jr." title="William Jefferson Blythe Jr.">William Jefferson Blythe Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Clinton_Kelley" title="Virginia Clinton Kelley">Virginia Clinton Kelley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Sr." title="Roger Clinton Sr.">Roger Clinton Sr.</a> (first stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Jr." title="Roger Clinton Jr.">Roger Clinton Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dwire" title="Jeff Dwire">Jeff Dwire</a> (second stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socks_(cat)" title="Socks (cat)">Socks</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(Bill_Clinton%27s_dog)" title="Buddy (Bill Clinton's dog)">Buddy</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_(house)" title="Whitehaven (house)">Whitehaven</a> (residence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">← George H. W. Bush</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bill_Clinton" title="Category:Bill Clinton">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613233#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/182580638">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr00000526">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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