CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Eritrea - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"25d26a86-c269-4c5d-a843-d76762e7e6f1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Eritrea","wgTitle":"Eritrea","wgCurRevisionId":1259323394,"wgRevisionId":1259323394,"wgArticleId":17238590,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Source attribution","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles with Italian-language sources (it)","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2016", "CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from October 2024","All articles needing copy edit","Articles needing additional references from October 2024","All articles needing additional references","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Use dmy dates from May 2017","Articles containing Tigrinya-language text","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with Tigrinya IPA","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023","Citation overkill","Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from September 2021","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2024", "Articles needing additional references from September 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Articles with excerpts","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from March 2023","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Coordinates on Wikidata","Eritrea","1993 establishments in Eritrea","1993 establishments in Africa","Countries in Africa","East African countries","Former Italian colonies","Horn African countries","Least developed countries","Member states of the African Union","Member states of the United Nations","One-party states", "States and territories established in 1993","Totalitarian states"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Eritrea","wgRelevantArticleId":17238590,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":15,"lon":39},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q986","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/800px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/640px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Eritrea - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Eritrea rootpage-Eritrea skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Eritrea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Eritrea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Eritrea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Eritrea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-D'mt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D'mt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 D'mt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D'mt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Aksum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Aksum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Kingdom of Aksum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Aksum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medri_Bahri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medri_Bahri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Medri Bahri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medri_Bahri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Italian Eritrea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 British administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_by_Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_by_Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Annexation by Ethiopia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_by_Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National,_regional,_and_local_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National,_regional,_and_local_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 National, regional, and local elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National,_regional,_and_local_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Relations with Ethiopia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_profession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_profession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Legal profession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_profession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Media freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethnic composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 UNESCO World Heritage Site </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Magazines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Eritrea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 249 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-249" aria-hidden="true" > 249 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5" title="Эритрее – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Эритрее" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="ኤርትራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤርትራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरीट्रिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इरीट्रिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ri%C3%BErea" title="Æriþrea – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æriþrea" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Еритреиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Еритреиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إرتريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرتريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ritr%C3%AA" title="Èritrê – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èritrê" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erityr%C3%A9a" title="Erityréa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Erityréa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اریتره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اریتره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ritr%C3%A9a" title="Éritréa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Éritréa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritere" title="Eritere – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Eritere" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইরিত্রিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরিত্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irtra" title="Irtra – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Irtra" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Эрытрэя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрытрэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Эрытрэя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрытрэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरीट्रिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इरीट्रिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Еритрея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еритрея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་རི་ཏྲའ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་རི་ཏྲའ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriteriya" title="Eriteriya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Eriteriya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إيريطيريا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيريطيريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="އެރިތުރިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެރިތުރިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nteel_%C5%81ich%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tónteel Łichííʼí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tónteel Łichííʼí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरिट्रया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इरिट्रया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ερυθραία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερυθραία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreo" title="Eritreo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eritreo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اریتره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریتره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rythr%C3%A9e" title="Érythrée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Érythrée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritre%C3%A4" title="Eritreä – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eritreä" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritereya" title="Eritereya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Eritereya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eiritr%C3%A9" title="An Eiritré – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eiritré" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eartra" title="Eartra – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eartra" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरिट्रिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%95%84" title="에리트레아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에리트레아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBElikilea" title="ʻElikilea – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻElikilea" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1" title="Էրիթրեա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրիթրեա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरित्रिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इरित्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইরিত্রিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইরিত্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C3%A9a" title="Eritréa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Eritréa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Eritrea" title="I-Eritrea – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Eritrea" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="אריתריאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריתריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ritr%C3%A9a" title="Éritréa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Éritréa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriitree" title="Eriitree – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Eriitree" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಎರಿಟ್ರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎರಿಟ್ರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ერიტრეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერიტრეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritereya" title="Eritereya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Eritereya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertra" title="Ertra – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ertra" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritre" title="Eritre – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eritre" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ritr%C3%A9" title="Éritré – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Éritré" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%AEtrea" title="Erîtrea – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erîtrea" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%8D" title="ປະເທດອິຣີເຕຣຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອິຣີເຕຣຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythraea" title="Erythraea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Erythraea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C4%97ja" title="Eritrėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eritrėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitr%C3%A9" title="Elitré – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Elitré" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertra" title="Ertra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ertra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrei" title="Eritrei – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Eritrei" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एरिट्रिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еритреја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еритреја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="എരിട്രിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എരിട്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erit%C4%93ria" title="Eritēria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Eritēria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरिट्रिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ერიტრეა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერიტრეა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اريتريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريتريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اریتره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اریتره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Эритрэя – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эритрэя" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီရီထရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရီထရီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरित्रिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इरित्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरिट्रिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="エリトリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリトリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C3%A8a" title="Eritrèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eritrèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Эритрей – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эритрей" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଇରିଟ୍ରିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇରିଟ୍ରିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeritiraa" title="Eeritiraa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Eeritiraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਇਰੀਤਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰੀਤਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="एरिट्रिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="एरिट्रिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اریٹریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اریٹریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اېريتريا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېريتريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erichriya" title="Erichriya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Erichriya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%81" title="អេរីត្រេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេរីត្រេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erytrea" title="Erytrea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erytrea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreia" title="Eritreia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eritreia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreea" title="Eritreea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eritreea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iritriya" title="Iritriya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iritriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इरीट्रिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इरीट्रिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C3%ABe" title="Eritrëe – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Eritrëe" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اریٹریا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اریٹریا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritria" title="Eritria – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eritria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="එරිත්‍රියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එරිත්‍රියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اريٽيريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اريٽيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRitheya" title="IRitheya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IRitheya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%80%D1%B7%D1%B3%D1%80%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Єрѷѳрїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єрѷѳрїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erytryja" title="Erytryja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Erytryja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratareya" title="Eratareya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Eratareya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئێریتریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێریتریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еритреја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еритреја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreja" title="Eritreja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eritreja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ritr%C3%A9a" title="Éritréa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éritréa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="எரித்திரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரித்திரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iritriyya" title="Iritriyya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Iritriyya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iritirya" title="Iritirya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iritirya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢႄႇရီႇထရီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႄႇရီႇထရီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఎరిత్రియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎరిత్రియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศเอริเทรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเอริเทรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriteria" title="Eriteria – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Eriteria" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="ኤርትራ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኤርትራ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritre" title="Eritre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eritre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritre%C3%BDa" title="Eritreýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Eritreýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Эритрея – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эритрея" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Еритрея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еритрея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ارتریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارتریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئېرىترېيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېرىترېيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrei" title="Eritrei – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Eritrei" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ler%C3%BCtr%C3%A4n" title="Lerüträn – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lerüträn" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%88%A9%E5%9E%82%E4%BA%9E" title="厄利垂亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="厄利垂亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritere" title="Eritere – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Eritere" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="厄立特里亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="厄立特里亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%90" title="עריטרעא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עריטרעא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ritr%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%C3%A0" title="Ẹritrẹ́à – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹritrẹ́à" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="厄立特里亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="厄立特里亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreya" title="Eritreya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Eritreya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritr%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Eritrėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Eritrėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="厄立特里亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="厄立特里亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ritr%C3%A9a" title="Èritréa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èritréa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrej%C9%99" title="Eritrejə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Eritrejə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵉⵔⵉⵜⵔⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵔⵉⵜⵔⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q986#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Eritrea" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Eritrea" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Eritrea" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&oldid=1259323394" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Eritrea&id=1259323394&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEritrea">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEritrea">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Eritrea&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Eritrea" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eritrea" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Eritrea" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q986" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eritrea&params=15_N_39_E_">15°N 39°E / 15°N 39°E / 15; 39</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in the Horn of Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Erythrea" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Erythrean_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Erythrean (disambiguation)">Erythrean (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eritrea (disambiguation)">Eritrea (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Eritrean (disambiguation)">Eritrean (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eritrea" title="Special:EditPage/Eritrea">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Eritrea" title="Talk:Eritrea">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eritrea" title="Special:EditPage/Eritrea">editing it</a>. (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eritrea" title="Special:EditPage/Eritrea">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eritrea%22">"Eritrea"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eritrea%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eritrea%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eritrea%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eritrea%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eritrea%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">State of Eritrea</div><div class="ib-country-names">ሃገረ ኤርትራ (<a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Eritrea"><img alt="Flag of Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/125px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/188px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/250px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Eritrea" title="Flag of Eritrea">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Eritrea_(or_argent_azur).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Eritrea"><img alt="Emblem of Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="591" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Eritrea" title="Emblem of Eritrea"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ (<a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>) "<a href="/wiki/Eritrea,_Eritrea,_Eritrea" title="Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea">Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="120" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Eritrea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/National_Anthem_of_Eritrea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/National_Anthem_of_Eritrea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Eritrea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Eritrea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Eritrea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Eritrea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ti&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ti" label="ትግርኛ ‪(ti)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Eritrea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea_(Africa_orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Eritrea_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Eritrea_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Eritrea_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Eritrea_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Eritrea_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Eritrea_%28Africa_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Eritrea_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Location_Eritrea_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Eritrea_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Location_Eritrea_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Eritrea_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Location_Eritrea_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Eritrea_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a>Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eritrea&params=15_20_N_38_55_E_type:city">15°20′N 38°55′E / 15.333°N 38.917°E / 15.333; 38.917</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">None<a href="#cite_note-auto3-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kunama_language" title="Kunama language">Kunama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-MOI_Eritrea-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>50% <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_people" title="Tigrinya people">Tigrinya</a></li><li>30% <a href="/wiki/Tigre_people" title="Tigre people">Tigre</a></li><li>4% <a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a></li><li>4% <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a></li><li>4% <a href="/wiki/Kunama_people" title="Kunama people">Kunama</a></li><li>3% <a href="/wiki/Bilen_people" title="Bilen people">Bilen</a></li><li>2% <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a></li><li>2% <a href="/wiki/Nara_people" title="Nara people">Nara</a></li><li>1% <a href="/wiki/Rashaida_people" title="Rashaida people">Rashaida</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Religion in Eritrea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans" title="Eritreans">Eritrean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Eritrea" title="Politics of Eritrea">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary one-party <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian dictatorship">totalitarian dictatorship</a><a href="#cite_note-UNHRC-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eritrea's_Silent_Totalitarianism_-_McGill_Journal_of_Political_Studies-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Eritrea" title="List of heads of state of Eritrea">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Eritrea)" title="National Assembly (Eritrea)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1993_Eritrean_independence_referendum" title="1993 Eritrean independence referendum">De jure</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1993</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">120,000 km2 (46,000 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-Eritrea-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eritrea_country_profile-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">97th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Eritrea" title="Demographics of Eritrea">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2020 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.6–6.7 million<a href="#cite_note-UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-COMESA_ERpop_2019-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Population-15">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$6.42 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ER-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1,835<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ER-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1.98 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ER-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$566<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ER-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.493<a href="#cite_note-HDI-17">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">175th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nakfa" title="Eritrean nakfa">Nakfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ERN</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (not observed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Eritrea" title="Telephone numbers in Eritrea">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B291" class="mw-redirect" title="+291">+291</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ER" title="ISO 3166-2:ER">ER</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.er" title=".er">.er</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Population-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Population_15-0">^</a> Eritrea has never conducted an official government census.<a href="#cite_note-PHS2010_full-14">[14]</a> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a> to display the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a> in this article correctly.</div></div> </div> Eritrea (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɛrɪˈtriːə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4a\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Eritrea.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Eritrea.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Eritrea.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Eritrea.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Eritrea.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Eritrea.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Eritrea.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ERR-ih-TREE-ə</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ˈtreɪ-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠TRAY-</a>;<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">[ʔer(ɨ)trä]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3d\/Ertra.ogg\/Ertra.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ertra.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Ertra.ogg/Ertra.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ertra.ogg" title="File:Ertra.ogg">ⓘ</a>), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> region of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern Africa</a>, with its capital and largest city being <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_border" title="Eritrea–Ethiopia border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-Eritrea-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eritrea_country_profile-10">[10]</a> and includes the <a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a> and several of the <a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a>. Human remains found in Eritrea have been dated to 1 million years old and anthropological research indicates that the area may contain significant records related to the evolution of humans. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a>, covering much of modern-day Eritrea and <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">northern Ethiopia</a>, was established during the first or second century AD.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul_B._Henze_2005-22">[21]</a> It adopted <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox Church">Christianity</a> around the middle of the fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Beginning in the 12th century, the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonid</a> dynasties held sway to a fluctuating extent over the entire plateau and the Red Sea coast. Eritrea's central highlands, known as <a href="/wiki/Mereb_Melash" class="mw-redirect" title="Mereb Melash">Mereb Melash</a> ("Beyond the <a href="/wiki/Mareb_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareb River">Mereb</a>"), were the northern frontier region of the Ethiopian kingdoms and were ruled by a governor titled the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles#Important_regional_offices" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Bahri Negasi</a> ("lord of the sea"). In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> conquered the Eritrean coastline, then in May 1865 much of the coastal lowlands came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a>, until it was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> in February 1885. Beginning in 1885–1890, Italian troops systematically spread out from <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> toward the highlands, eventually resulting in the formation of the colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> in 1889, establishing the present-day boundaries of the country. Italian rule continued until 1942 when Eritrea was placed under <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Eritrea)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Military Administration (Eritrea)">British Military Administration</a> during World War II; following a UN General Assembly decision in 1952, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Eritrea would govern itself</a> with a local Eritrean parliament, but for foreign affairs and defense, it would enter into a federal status with Ethiopia for ten years. However, in 1962, the government of Ethiopia annulled the Eritrean parliament and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Province" title="Eritrea Province">formally annexed Eritrea</a>. The Eritrean secessionist movement organised the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean Liberation Front">Eritrean Liberation Front</a> in 1961 and fought the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> until Eritrea gained de facto independence in 1991. Eritrea gained de jure independence in 1993 after <a href="/wiki/1993_Eritrean_independence_referendum" title="1993 Eritrean independence referendum">an independence referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-24">[23]</a> Contemporary Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country with nine recognised ethnic groups, each of which has a distinct language. The most widely spoken languages are <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. The others are <a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunama_language" title="Kunama language">Kuinama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> serve as the three working languages.<a href="#cite_note-MOI_Eritrea-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Most residents speak languages from the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family, either of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branches. Among these communities, the <a href="/wiki/Tigrigni" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrigni">Tigrinyas</a> make up about 50% of the population, with the <a href="/wiki/Tigre_people" title="Tigre people">Tigre people</a> constituting around 30% of inhabitants. In addition, there are several <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</a> ethnic groups. Most people in the country adhere to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, with a small minority adhering to <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional faiths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-29">[28]</a> Eritrea is one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>. It is a unitary <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party presidential republic</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Eritrea" title="Elections in Eritrea">national legislative and presidential elections</a> have never been held.<a href="#cite_note-gi-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eritrea's_Silent_Totalitarianism_-_McGill_Journal_of_Political_Studies-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a> has served as president since its official independence in 1993. According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Eritrea" title="Human rights in Eritrea">Eritrean government's human rights record</a> is among the worst in the world.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-31">[30]</a> The Eritrean government has dismissed these allegations as politically motivated.<a href="#cite_note-Tesf-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a> in Eritrea is extremely limited; the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> consistently ranks it as one of the least free countries. As of 2022 <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> considers the country to be among those with the least press freedom.<a href="#cite_note-RSF-33">[32]</a> Eritrea is a member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development</a>, and is an <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League#List_of_current_observer_states" title="Member states of the Arab League">observer state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> alongside Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-34">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient (originally Greek) name for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, the Erythraean Sea (<a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sea" title="Erythraean Sea">Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα</a> Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective ἐρυθρός erythros "red"). It was first formally adopted in 1890, with the formation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> (Colonia Eritrea).<a href="#cite_note-ConnellKillion2010-35">[34]</a> The name persisted throughout subsequent <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Eritrea)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Military Administration (Eritrea)">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Ethiopian</a> occupation, and was reaffirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_independence_referendum,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean independence referendum, 1993">1993 independence referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Eritrea" title="Constitution of Eritrea">1997 constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">History of Eritrea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dera_rock_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dera_rock_art.jpg/220px-Dera_rock_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Dera_rock_art.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Deka Rock Art in Deka Arbaa, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Region_(Eritrea)" title="Southern Region (Eritrea)">Debub</a> region of Eritrea, dated to 5,000–10,000 years ago</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Madam_Buya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madam Buya">Madam Buya</a> is the name of a fossil found at an archaeological site in Eritrea by Italian anthropologists. She has been identified as among the oldest <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> fossils found to date that reveal significant stages in the evolution of humans and to represent a possible link between the earlier <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> and an archaic <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a>. Her remains have been dated to 1 million years old. She is the oldest skeletal find of her kind and provides a link between earlier hominids and the earliest <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> It is believed that the section of the <a href="/wiki/Danakil_Depression" title="Danakil Depression">Danakil Depression</a> in Eritrea was a major site in terms of human evolution and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> During the last interglacial period, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10811218-39">[38]</a> It is believed that the area was on the route out of Africa that some scholars suggest was used by early humans to colonize the rest of the Old World.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10811218-39">[38]</a> In 1999, the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch, and French scientists discovered a <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> site with stone and obsidian tools dated to more than 125,000 years old near the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Zula" title="Gulf of Zula">Gulf of Zula</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>, along the Red Sea littoral. The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources such as clams and oysters.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blench143144-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gash_Group" title="Gash Group">Gash Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></div> Research shows tools found in the <a href="/wiki/Barka_River" title="Barka River">Barka Valley</a> dating from 8,000 BC appear to offer the first concrete evidence of human settlement in the area.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Research also shows that many of the ethnic groups of Eritrea were the first to inhabit these areas.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Excavations in and near <a href="/wiki/Agordat" title="Agordat">Agordat</a> in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the <a href="/wiki/Gash_Group" title="Gash Group">Gash Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leclant402-46">[45]</a> Ceramics were discovered that were dated back to between 2,500 and 1,500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Cole-47">[46]</a> Around 2,000 BC, parts of Eritrea were most likely part of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a>, first mentioned in the twenty-fifth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> It was known for producing and exporting <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, aromatic <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">blackwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory</a>, and wild animals. The region is known from ancient Egyptian records of trade expeditions to it, especially a well-documented expedition to Punt in approximately 1,469 BC during the reestablishment of disrupted trade routes by <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> shortly after the beginning of her rule as the king of ancient Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:210-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-54">[53]</a> Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Sembel" title="Sembel">Sembel</a> found evidence of an ancient pre-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite</a> civilization in greater Asmara. This Ona urban culture is believed to have been among the oldest pastoral and agricultural communities in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. Artifacts at the site have been dated to between 800 BC and 400 BC, contemporaneous with other pre-Aksumite settlements in the Eritrean and Ethiopian highlands during the mid-first millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avanzini-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D'mt">D'mt</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaping_Ibex,_Ethiopia_(2130266960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Leaping_Ibex%2C_Ethiopia_%282130266960%29.jpg/220px-Leaping_Ibex%2C_Ethiopia_%282130266960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Leaping_Ibex%2C_Ethiopia_%282130266960%29.jpg/330px-Leaping_Ibex%2C_Ethiopia_%282130266960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Leaping_Ibex%2C_Ethiopia_%282130266960%29.jpg/440px-Leaping_Ibex%2C_Ethiopia_%282130266960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>Bronze oil lamp excavated at <a href="/wiki/Matara,_Eritrea" title="Matara, Eritrea">Matara</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dʿmt</a> (first century BC or earlier)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a> was a kingdom that existed from the tenth to fifth centuries BC in what is now Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. Given the presence of a massive temple complex at <a href="/wiki/Yeha" title="Yeha">Yeha</a>, this area was most likely the kingdom's capital. <a href="/wiki/Qohaito" title="Qohaito">Qohaito</a>, often identified as the town of Koloe in the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Matara,_Eritrea" title="Matara, Eritrea">Matara</a> were important ancient Dʿmt kingdom cities in southern Eritrea. The realm developed <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> schemes, used <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plows</a>, grew <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, and made <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> tools and weapons. After the fall of Dʿmt in the fifth century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. This lasted until the rise of one of these polities during the first century, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a>, which was able to reunite the area.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qohaito,_Eritrea_(33628113490).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Qohaito%2C_Eritrea_%2833628113490%29.jpg/220px-Qohaito%2C_Eritrea_%2833628113490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Qohaito%2C_Eritrea_%2833628113490%29.jpg/330px-Qohaito%2C_Eritrea_%2833628113490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Qohaito%2C_Eritrea_%2833628113490%29.jpg/440px-Qohaito%2C_Eritrea_%2833628113490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Pre-Axumite monolithic columns in <a href="/wiki/Qohaito" title="Qohaito">Qohaito</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> (or Axum) was a trading empire centered in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> It existed from approximately 100–940 AD, growing from the proto-Aksumite <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> period around the fourth century BC to achieve prominence by the first century AD. According to the medieval Liber Axumae (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Aksum">Book of Aksum</a>), Aksum's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.<a href="#cite_note-Agrvt-61">[60]</a> The capital was later moved to <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> in northern Ethiopia. The kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul_B._Henze_2005-22">[21]</a> The Aksumites erected a number of large <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a>, which served a religious purpose in pre-<a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> times. One of these granite columns, the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Obelisk of Aksum">Obelisk of Aksum</a>, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet (27 metres).<a href="#cite_note-Eospvo-62">[61]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 320–360), Aksum later adopted Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Munro-Hay-63">[62]</a> Christianity was the first <a href="/wiki/World_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="World religion">world religion</a> to be adopted in modern Eritrea and the oldest monastery in the country, <a href="/wiki/Debre_Sina_(monastery)" title="Debre Sina (monastery)">Debre Sina</a>, was built in the fourth century. It is one of the oldest monasteries in Africa and the world.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Debre_Libanos_(Eritrea)" title="Debre Libanos (Eritrea)">Debre Libanos</a>, the second oldest monastery, was said to have been founded in the late fifth or early sixth century. Originally located in the village of Ham, it was moved to an inaccessible location on the edge of a cliff below the Ham plateau. Its church contains the Golden Gospel, a metal-covered bible dating to the thirteenth century during which Debre Libanos was an important seat of religious power.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In the seventh century AD, early <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, at least <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, sought refuge from <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Qurayshi</a> <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_by_the_Meccans" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans">persecution</a> by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic history">Islamic history</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia" title="Migration to Abyssinia">First Hijrah</a>. They reportedly built the <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatah_Mosque,_Kigali" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fatah Mosque, Kigali">first</a> African <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, that is the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Companions" title="Mosque of the Companions">Mosque of the Companions</a> in Massawa.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2012Massawa-66">[65]</a> The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory</a>, which was exported throughout the ancient world. At the time, Aksum was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Zoskales" title="Zoskales">Zoskales</a>, who also governed the port of <a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Periplusme-67">[66]</a> The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own <a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite currency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raffaele2007-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medri_Bahri">Medri Bahri</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Medri_Bahri" title="Medri Bahri">Medri Bahri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh Eyalet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Sultanate of Aussa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dankali_Sultanate" title="Dankali Sultanate">Dankali Sultanate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medri_Bahri.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Medri_Bahri.png/170px-Medri_Bahri.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Medri_Bahri.png/255px-Medri_Bahri.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Medri_Bahri.png/340px-Medri_Bahri.png 2x" data-file-width="17877" data-file-height="20000" /></a><figcaption>Medri Bahri at its height in the 1520s</figcaption></figure> After the decline of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands fell under the domain of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a>, and later, fell under the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The area was at first known as Ma'ikele Bahri ("between the seas/rivers", i.e. the land between the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mareb_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareb River">Mereb river</a>).<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The entire coastal domain of Ma'ikele Bahri was under the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Badlay_ibn_Sa%27ad_ad-Din" title="Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din">Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The state was later reconquered by the Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> who reorganized the administration of the coastal highlands into the Christian province of <a href="/wiki/Medri_Bahri" title="Medri Bahri">Midri-Bahri</a> ("Sea land" in Tigrinya, although it included some areas such as <a href="/wiki/Shire,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire, Ethiopia">Shire in Ethiopia</a> on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia) ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Bahr_Negash" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahr Negash">Bahri Negus</a> (or Bahri Negash, meaning "sea king").<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> With its capital at <a href="/wiki/Debarwa" title="Debarwa">Debarwa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> the state's main provinces were <a href="/wiki/Hamasien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamasien">Hamasien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serae" class="mw-redirect" title="Serae">Serae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akele_Guzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akele Guzai">Akele Guzai</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahta_Hagos.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Bahta_Hagos.jpeg/170px-Bahta_Hagos.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Bahta_Hagos.jpeg/255px-Bahta_Hagos.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Bahta_Hagos.jpeg/340px-Bahta_Hagos.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bahta_Hagos" title="Bahta Hagos">Bahta Hagos</a> was an important leader of the Eritrean resistance to foreign domination, specifically against northern Ethiopian and Italian colonialism.</figcaption></figure>The first Westerner to document a visit to Eritrea was the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Alvares</a> in 1520. His books have the first description of the local powers of <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a>, the kingdom of Axum and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnagais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnagais (page does not exist)">Barnagais</a> (the lord of the lands by the sea)<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The contemporary coast of Eritrea was the one that guaranteed the connection to the region of Tigray where the Portuguese had a small colony, and therefore the connection to the interior <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a>, allies of the Portuguese. Massawa was also the stage for the 1541 landing of troops by <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="Cristóvão da Gama">Cristóvão da Gama</a> in the military campaign that would eventually defeat the Adal Sultanate in the final <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">battle of Wayna Daga</a> in 1543.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> By 1557, the Ottomans had occupied all of northeastern present-day Eritrea for the next two decades, an area which stretched from <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Swakin</a> in Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-MB01-77">[76]</a> The territory became an Ottoman governorate, known as the <a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh Eyalet</a>. Massawa served as the new province's first capital. When the city became of secondary economical importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encaet-78">[77]</a> The Turks tried to occupy the highland parts of <a href="/wiki/Hamasien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamasien">Hamasien</a> in 1559 but withdrew after they encountered fierce resistance. They were pushed back by the Bahri Negash and highland forces. In 1578 they tried to expand into the highlands with the help of Bahri Negash Yisehaq, who had switched alliances due to a power struggle. Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Sarsa_Dengel" title="Sarsa Dengel">Sarsa Dengel</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> against the Turks in 1588 in response to their raids in the northern provinces, and apparently by 1589, they were once again compelled to withdraw their forces to the coast. The Ottomans were eventually driven out in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. However, they retained control over the seaboard until the late 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-MB01-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-A10-4-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-A10-5-80">[79]</a> The central Eritrean highlands then became a vassal fiefdom of the lords of Tigray, who were seldom on good terms with the dominant Amhara branch of the Ethiopian family.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In 1734, the <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> leader Kedafu, established the <a href="/wiki/Mudaito_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudaito Dynasty">Mudaito Dynasty</a> in Ethiopia, which later also came to include the southern Denkel lowlands of Eritrea, thus incorporating the southern Denkel lowlands to the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Sultanate of Aussa</a>. The sixteenth century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.<a href="#cite_note-MB01-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pankhurstteb-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aesna-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Eritrea's pre-colonial period had four distinct regions that were divided by geography, thus, having limited contact with each other. The regions were ruled as follows: the Abyssians (Tigrinya-speaking Christians) in the highlands, the nomadic Tigre and Beni Amer clans of the west (closely related to the Funj Kingdom in Sudan) and the Arabic Muslims of Massawa and the pastoralist Sultanate of Assua found in the two coastal regions.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> These fractured groups hindered the political and economic development of present-day Eritrea from the limited exchanges that hinders development and innovation, thus creating an inequality in state strength. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raheita_Incident_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Raheita_Incident_1898.jpg/220px-Raheita_Incident_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Raheita_Incident_1898.jpg/330px-Raheita_Incident_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Raheita_Incident_1898.jpg/440px-Raheita_Incident_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Ascari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Ascari">Eritrean Ascaris</a>, colonial troops of the Italian Army, in an 1898 wood engraving</figcaption></figure> The boundaries of present-day Eritrea were established during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. On 15 November 1869, the ruling local chief sold lands surrounding the Bay of <a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab</a> to the Italian missionary <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sapeto" title="Giuseppe Sapeto">Giuseppe Sapeto</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_di_Navigazione_Rubattino" class="mw-redirect" title="Società di Navigazione Rubattino">Rubattino Shipping Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBAb-87">[86]</a> The area served as a <a href="/wiki/Coaling_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Coaling station">coaling station</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Shipping_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping lane">shipping lanes</a> introduced by the recently completed <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. In 1882, the Italian government formally took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab</a> colony from its commercial owners and expanded their control to include <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> and most of the Eritrean coastal lowlands after the Egyptians withdrew from Eritrea in February 1885.<a href="#cite_note-Ully-88">[87]</a> In the vacuum that followed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallabat" title="Battle of Gallabat">1889 death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a>, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Oreste_Baratieri" title="Oreste Baratieri">Oreste Baratieri</a> occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>, a colony of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wuchale" title="Treaty of Wuchale">Treaty of Wuchale</a> (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menelik_OI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menelik OI (page does not exist)">Menelik OI</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of <a href="/wiki/Bogos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogos">Bogos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamasien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamasien">Hamasien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkele_Guzay" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkele Guzay">Akkele Guzay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serae" class="mw-redirect" title="Serae">Serae</a> in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over rival kings and enthronement as Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik II of Ethiopia">Menelek II</a> (r. 1889–1913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-24">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viale_Mussolini_(today_Harnet_Avenue)_in_1930s_Asmara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Viale_Mussolini_%28today_Harnet_Avenue%29_in_1930s_Asmara.jpg/220px-Viale_Mussolini_%28today_Harnet_Avenue%29_in_1930s_Asmara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Viale_Mussolini_%28today_Harnet_Avenue%29_in_1930s_Asmara.jpg/330px-Viale_Mussolini_%28today_Harnet_Avenue%29_in_1930s_Asmara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Viale_Mussolini_%28today_Harnet_Avenue%29_in_1930s_Asmara.jpg/440px-Viale_Mussolini_%28today_Harnet_Avenue%29_in_1930s_Asmara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>View of Italian Asmara</figcaption></figure> In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a> was completed to Saati in 1888,<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> and reached <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> in the highlands in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-f1-91">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Asmara-Massawa_Cableway" title="Asmara-Massawa Cableway">Asmara–Massawa Cableway</a> was the longest line in the world during its time but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. They also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments.<a href="#cite_note-f1-91">[90]</a> Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> in Libya as well as the <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second</a> Italo-Abyssinian Wars. Additionally, the Italian Eritrea administration opened many new factories that produced buttons, cooking oil, pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide, and other household commodities. In 1939, there were approximately 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. The establishment of industries also increased the number of Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians in the territory increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industry, trade and fruit plantations were expanded across the nation, and some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After <a href="/wiki/Il_Duce" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Duce">il Duce</a> declared the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> were merged with the just-conquered Ethiopia into the new <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> (Africa Orientale Italiana). This <a href="/wiki/Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascists">Fascist</a> period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a "new Roman Empire". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> After 1935, <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> architecture was widely employed in Asmara. The Italians designed more than 400 buildings in a construction boom that only halted with Italy's involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. These included the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Impero" title="Cinema Impero">Cinema Impero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In 2017, the city was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, described by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as featuring eclectic and rationalist built forms, well-defined open spaces, and public and private buildings, including cinemas, shops, banks, religious structures, public and private offices, industrial facilities, and residences.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_administration">British administration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Masawa_(4603796351).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Port_of_Masawa_%284603796351%29.jpg/220px-Port_of_Masawa_%284603796351%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Port_of_Masawa_%284603796351%29.jpg/330px-Port_of_Masawa_%284603796351%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Port_of_Masawa_%284603796351%29.jpg/440px-Port_of_Masawa_%284603796351%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>Port of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> in the late 1940s</figcaption></figure> Through the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keren" title="Battle of Keren">Battle of Keren</a>, the British expelled the Italians and took over the administration of the country.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Economically, the decade of British administration saw a significant restructuring of the Eritrean economy. Until 1945, the British and Americans relied on Italian equipment and skilled labor for wartime needs and to support the Allies in the Middle East. This economic boom, fueled by substantial Italian involvement, lasted until the end of the war. However, shortly after the conflict concluded, the Eritrean economy faced a combination of recession and depression that severely impacted the local urban population. War factories that had employed thousands were shut down, and Italians began to be repatriated. Additionally, many small manufacturing plants established between 1936 and 1945 were forced to close due to intense competition from factories in Europe and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The British placed Eritrea under British military administration until <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> could determine its fate. In the absence of agreement amongst the Allies concerning the status of Eritrea, the British administration continued for the remainder of World War II and until 1950. During the immediate postwar years, the British proposed that Eritrea be divided along religious community lines and annexed partly to the British colony of Sudan and partly to Ethiopia. After the peace treaty with Italy was signed in 1947, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> sent a Commission of Enquiry to decide the fate of the colony.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation_by_Ethiopia">Annexation by Ethiopia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_Independence_War_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eritrean_Independence_War_Map.png/220px-Eritrean_Independence_War_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eritrean_Independence_War_Map.png/330px-Eritrean_Independence_War_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eritrean_Independence_War_Map.png/440px-Eritrean_Independence_War_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> against Ethiopia 1961–1991</figcaption></figure> In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie of Ethiopia">Haile Selassie</a> sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> at the Paris Peace Conference and the First Session of the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-un-99">[98]</a> In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. The British and Americans preferred to cede all of Eritrea except the Western province to the Ethiopians as a reward for their support during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties consistently requested from the United Nations General Assembly that a referendum be held immediately to settle the Eritrean question of sovereignty. The United Nations Commission of Enquiry arrived in Eritrea in early 1950 and after about six weeks returned to New York to submit its report. Two reports were presented. The minority report presented by Pakistan and Guatemala proposed that Eritrea be independent after a period of trusteeship. The majority report compiled by Burma, Norway, and the Union of South Africa called for Eritrea to be incorporated into Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-98">[97]</a> Following the adoption of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_390" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 390">U.N. Resolution 390A(V)</a> in December 1950, Eritrea was <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federated</a> with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-UNGA390-101">[100]</a> The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own new flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation.<a href="#cite_note-un-99">[98]</a> The federal government, which for all practical purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_under_Isaias_Afwerki" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrea under Isaias Afwerki">Eritrea under Isaias Afwerki</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_panorama,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/330px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/440px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>A view over <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> </figcaption></figure> In 1958, a group of Eritreans founded the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM). The organization mainly consisted of Eritrean students, professionals, and intellectuals. It engaged in clandestine political activities intended to cultivate resistance to the centralizing policies of the imperial Ethiopian state.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On 1 September 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean Liberation Front">Eritrean Liberation Front</a> (ELF), under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Idris_Awate" title="Hamid Idris Awate">Hamid Idris Awate</a>, waged an armed struggle for independence. In 1962, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> the territory. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> went on for 30 years against successive Ethiopian governments until 1991, when the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean People's Liberation Front">Eritrean People's Liberation Front</a> (EPLF), a successor of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean Liberation Front">ELF</a>, defeated the Ethiopian forces in Eritrea and helped a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian rebel forces</a> take control of the Ethiopian capital <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. In the 1980s a non-government organization called the Eritrea Inter-Agency Consortium (EIAC) aided in the development projects for the Eritrean Liberation movement.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Following a <a href="/wiki/1993_Eritrean_independence_referendum" title="1993 Eritrean independence referendum">referendum in Eritrea</a> supervised by the United Nations (dubbed UNOVER) in which the Eritrean people overwhelmingly voted for independence, Eritrea declared its independence and gained international recognition in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The EPLF seized power, established a one-party state along nationalist lines and banned further political activity. As of 2020, there have been no elections.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Voice_of_America-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-108">[107]</a> On 28 May 1993, Eritrea was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as the 182nd member state.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Geography of Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Eritrea_Topography.png/290px-Eritrea_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Eritrea_Topography.png/435px-Eritrea_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Eritrea_Topography.png/580px-Eritrea_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Eritrea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea_sat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eritrea_sat.png/290px-Eritrea_sat.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eritrea_sat.png/435px-Eritrea_sat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Eritrea_sat.png/580px-Eritrea_sat.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Eritrea</figcaption></figure> Eritrea is located in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. It is bordered to the northeast and east by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> to the southeast. Eritrea lies between latitudes 12° and 18°N, and longitudes 36° and 44°E. The country is virtually bisected by a branch of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>. Eritrea, at the southern end of the Red Sea, is the home of the fork in the rift. The <a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a> and its fishing grounds are situated off the sandy arid coastline. Eritrea may be split into three <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>. A hot arid coastal plain extends along the coast. The coastal plain is narrow in the west and widens towards the east. These coastal lowlands are part of the <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_xeric_shrublands" title="Djibouti xeric shrublands">Djibouti xeric shrublands</a> ecoregion. The cooler, more fertile <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Highlands" title="Eritrean Highlands">highlands</a> reach up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and are a northern extension of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>, I home to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_montane_grasslands_and_woodlands" title="Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands">montane grasslands and woodlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Friis-110">[109]</a> Habitats here vary from the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">sub-tropical rainforest</a> at Filfil Solomona to the precipitous cliffs and <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyons</a> of the southern highlands.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Filfil receives over 1,100 mm of rainfall annually.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> There is a steep escarpment along the eastern side of the highlands, which is the western wall of the East African Rift. The western slope of the highlands is more gradual, descending to interior lowlands. Southwestern Eritrea is drained by the <a href="/wiki/Atbara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Atbara River">Atbara River</a>, which flows northwestwards to join the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. The northwestern slope of the highlands is drained by the <a href="/wiki/Barka_River" title="Barka River">Barka River</a>, which flows northwards into Sudan to empty into the Red Sea.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Western Eritrea is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian Acacia savanna">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a>, which extends across Africa south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> from Eritrea to Senegal.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</a> or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a <a href="/wiki/Triple_junction" title="Triple junction">triple junction</a> where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another. The highest point of the country, <a href="/wiki/Emba_Soira" title="Emba Soira">Emba Soira</a>, is located in the center of Eritrea, at 3,018 m (9,902 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. Eritrea has volcanic activity in the southeastern parts of the country. In 2011 <a href="/wiki/Nabro_Volcano" title="Nabro Volcano">Nabro Volcano</a> had an eruption. The main cities of the country are the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> and the port town of <a href="/wiki/Asseb" class="mw-redirect" title="Asseb">Asseb</a> in the southeast, as well as the towns of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> to the east, the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a>, and the central town <a href="/wiki/Mendefera" title="Mendefera">Mendefera</a>. Local variability in rainfall patterns and reduced precipitation are known to occur, which may precipitate soil erosion, floods, droughts, <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, and desertification.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Eritrea is part of a 14-nation constituency within the <a href="/wiki/Global_Environment_Facility" title="Global Environment Facility">Global Environment Facility</a>, which partners with international institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector to address global environmental issues while supporting national sustainable development initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In 2006, Eritrea announced that it would become the first country in the world to turn its entire coast into an environmentally protected zone. The 1,347 km (837 mi) coastline, along with another 1,946 km (1,209 mi) of coast around its more than 350 islands, will come under governmental protection. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Based on temperature variations, Eritrea can be broadly divided into three major climate zones: the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zone">temperate zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">subtropical climate zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical climate zone">tropical climate zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ERI_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_ERI_present.svg/290px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_ERI_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_ERI_present.svg/435px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_ERI_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_ERI_present.svg/580px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_ERI_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Eritrea's climate according to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a></figcaption></figure> The climate of Eritrea is shaped by its diverse topographical features and its location within the tropics. The diversity of its landscape and topography in the highlands and lowlands of Eritrea results in a diversity of climate. The highlands have a temperate climate throughout the year. The climate of most lowland zones is arid and semiarid. The distribution of rainfall and vegetation types varies markedly throughout the country. Eritrean climate varies based on seasonal and altitudinal differences. Due to its physical diversity, Eritrea is one of the few countries where one can experience "four seasons in a day".<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In the highlands (up to 3000m above sea level) the hottest month is usually May, with temperatures reaching 30 C, whereas winter occurs during December to February when temperatures can be as low as 10 C at night. The capital, Asmara, has a pleasant temperature all year round. In the lowlands and the coastal areas, summer occurs from June to September, when temperatures can reach 40 C. Winter in the lowlands occurs from February to April, when temperatures are between 21 and 35 C.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> A 2022 analysis found that the expected costs for Eritrea to adapt to and avert the environmental consequences of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> are going to be high.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Eritrea" title="Wildlife of Eritrea">Wildlife of Eritrea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mammals in Eritrea">List of mammals in Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Eritrea" title="List of birds of Eritrea">List of birds of Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_birds_-_pelicans_in_Asmara_pound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eritrean_birds_-_pelicans_in_Asmara_pound.jpg/220px-Eritrean_birds_-_pelicans_in_Asmara_pound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eritrean_birds_-_pelicans_in_Asmara_pound.jpg/330px-Eritrean_birds_-_pelicans_in_Asmara_pound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eritrean_birds_-_pelicans_in_Asmara_pound.jpg/440px-Eritrean_birds_-_pelicans_in_Asmara_pound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pelicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelicans">Pelicans</a> in May sirwa near <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></figcaption></figure> Eritrea has several species of mammals and a rich avifauna of 560 species of birds.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Eritrea is home to a large number of mammals; 126 species of mammals, 90 species of reptiles, and 19 species of amphibians have been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Main_Details-122">[121]</a> Enforced regulations have helped in steadily increasing their numbers throughout Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Mammals commonly seen today include the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_hare" title="Abyssinian hare">Abyssinian hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_wild_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="African wild cat">African wild cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_golden_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="African golden wolf">African golden wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel" title="Ground squirrel">Ground squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">pale fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warthog" title="Warthog">warthog</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle</a> are common on the coastal plains and in <a href="/wiki/Gash-Barka_Region" title="Gash-Barka Region">Gash-Barka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lions">Lions</a> are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. <a href="/wiki/Dik-diks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dik-diks">Dik-diks</a> may be found in many areas. The endangered <a href="/wiki/African_wild_ass" title="African wild ass">African wild ass</a> may be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include <a href="/wiki/Bushbuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushbuck">bushbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duikers" class="mw-redirect" title="Duikers">duikers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">greater kudu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_leopards" class="mw-redirect" title="African leopards">African leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crocodiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodiles">crocodiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-ibis.atwebpages.com-125">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyena</a> is widespread and fairly common. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eri_landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eri_landscape.jpg/220px-Eri_landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eri_landscape.jpg/330px-Eri_landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Eri_landscape.jpg/440px-Eri_landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Habitat near road to Massawa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea_(53094845356).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eritrea_%2853094845356%29.jpg/220px-Eritrea_%2853094845356%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eritrea_%2853094845356%29.jpg/330px-Eritrea_%2853094845356%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eritrea_%2853094845356%29.jpg/440px-Eritrea_%2853094845356%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>Madote Island, one of Eritrea's 200 islands, part of <a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a> Marine National Park</figcaption></figure> Historically, a small population of <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephants</a> roamed some parts of the country. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, however, and they were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001, a herd of approximately 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Gash_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Gash River">Gash River</a>. The elephants seemed to have formed a <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> relationship with <a href="/wiki/Olive_baboon" title="Olive baboon">olive baboons</a>. The baboons use the water holes dug by the elephants and the elephants seem to be taking advantage of vocalizations made by baboons from the tree tops as an early warning system. It is estimated that there are approximately 100 <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">African bush elephant</a> left in Eritrea, the most northerly of the East African elephants.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The endangered <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycaon_pictus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaon pictus">Lycaon pictus</a>) was previously found in Eritrea but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In Gash-Barka, snakes such as <a href="/wiki/Echis_pyramidum" title="Echis pyramidum">saw-scaled viper</a> are common. <a href="/wiki/Bitis_arietans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitis arietans">Puff adder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_spitting_cobra" title="Red spitting cobra">red spitting cobra</a> are widespread and may be found even in the highlands. In the coastal areas, common marine species include <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtles">turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manta_ray" title="Manta ray">manta ray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ibis.atwebpages.com-125">[124]</a> 500 fish species, 5 marine turtles, 8 or more cetaceans, and the dugong have been recorded in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Main_Details-122">[121]</a> Eritrea also harbours many species only found in Eritrea, these include various bugs, frogs, mammals, snakes, and plants.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Over 700 plants have been recorded in Eritrea, including marine plants and seagrass.<a href="#cite_note-Main_Details-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In Eritrea 26% of is arable land.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Eritrea has diverse habitats, including Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas, Shrublands, Deserts, Xeric Shrublands, Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests and Mangrove forests.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> All of Eritrea's national parks are protected, which include Dahlak Marine National Park, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve, Gash-Setit Wildlife Refuge, Semenawi Bahri National Park, and Yob Wildlife Reserve.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Eritrea" title="Politics of Eritrea">Politics of Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_021210-D-2987S-057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Defense.gov_News_Photo_021210-D-2987S-057.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_021210-D-2987S-057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Defense.gov_News_Photo_021210-D-2987S-057.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_021210-D-2987S-057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Defense.gov_News_Photo_021210-D-2987S-057.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_021210-D-2987S-057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2690" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a> with U.S. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, December 2002</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Front_for_Democracy_and_Justice" title="People's Front for Democracy and Justice">People's Front for Democracy and Justice</a> (PFDJ) is the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">only legal party</a> in Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-134">[133]</a> Other political groups are not allowed to organize, although the unimplemented <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Eritrea" title="Constitution of Eritrea">Constitution of 1997</a> provides for the existence of <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party politics</a>. The National Assembly has 150 seats. National elections have been periodically scheduled and cancelled; as of 2022, none have ever been held in the country.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-29">[28]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a> has been in office since independence in 1993. In 1993, 75 representatives were elected to the National Assembly; the rest were appointed. As the report by the United Nations Human Rights Council explained: "No national elections have taken place since that time, and no presidential elections have ever taken place. Local or regional elections have not been held since 2003–2004. The National Assembly elected independent Eritrea's first president, Isaias Afwerki, in 1993. Following his election, Afwerki consolidated his control of the Eritrean government." President Isaias Afwerki has regularly expressed his disdain for what he refers to as "Western-style" democracy. In a 2008 interview with <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>, for example, the president stated that "Eritrea will wait three or four decades, maybe more, before it holds elections. Who knows?"<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> According to 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> Eritrea is 2nd lowest ranked worldwide and the lowest ranked <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">electoral democracy in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National,_regional,_and_local_elections">National, regional, and local elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Eritrea" title="Elections in Eritrea">Elections in Eritrea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eritrea" title="Special:EditPage/Eritrea">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Given that the full implementation of the Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship between Eritrea and Ethiopia is still incomplete, the Eritrean authorities still do not consider that the peace agreement is formally implemented. However, local elections were held for a time in Eritrea. The most recent round of local government elections were in 2010 and 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Eritrea" title="Regions of Eritrea">Regions of Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Eritrea">Districts of Eritrea</a></div> Eritrea is divided into six administrative <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Eritrea" title="Regions of Eritrea">regions</a>. These areas are further divided into 58 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Eritrea">districts</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eritrea%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/290px-Eritrea%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eritrea%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/435px-Eritrea%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eritrea%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/580px-Eritrea%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>A map of Eritrea regions. 1. Northern Red Sea, 2. Anseba, 3. Gash-Barka, 4. Central (to right), 5. Southern, 6. Southern Red Sea</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Regions of Eritrea </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Area (km2) </th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Region_(Eritrea)" title="Central Region (Eritrea)">Central</a> </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anseba_Region" title="Anseba Region">Anseba</a> </td> <td>23,200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gash-Barka_Region" title="Gash-Barka Region">Gash-Barka</a> </td> <td>33,200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barentu,_Eritrea" title="Barentu, Eritrea">Barentu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Region_(Eritrea)" title="Southern Region (Eritrea)">Southern</a> </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendefera" title="Mendefera">Mendefera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Red_Sea_Region" title="Northern Red Sea Region">Northern Red Sea</a> </td> <td>27,800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Red_Sea_Region" title="Southern Red Sea Region">Southern Red Sea</a> </td> <td>27,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The regions of Eritrea are the primary geographical divisions through which the country is administered. Six in total, they include the Maekel/Central, Anseba, Gash-Barka, Debub/Southern, Northern Red Sea, and Southern Red Sea regions. At the time of independence in 1993, Eritrea was arranged into ten provinces. These provinces were similar to the nine provinces operating during the colonial period. In 1996, these were consolidated into six regions (zobas). The boundaries of these new regions are based on <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">water catchment basins</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Eritrea" title="Foreign relations of Eritrea">Foreign relations of Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_23d_ICSOE_Conference_for_East_Africa_in_Asmara,_Eritrea_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_23d_ICSOE_Conference_for_East_Africa_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_2019.png/220px-The_23d_ICSOE_Conference_for_East_Africa_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_23d_ICSOE_Conference_for_East_Africa_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_2019.png/330px-The_23d_ICSOE_Conference_for_East_Africa_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_23d_ICSOE_Conference_for_East_Africa_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_2019.png/440px-The_23d_ICSOE_Conference_for_East_Africa_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>The 23d ISCOE <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> Conference in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Isaias_Afwerki_(2023-05-31).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vladimir_Putin_and_Isaias_Afwerki_%282023-05-31%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Isaias_Afwerki_%282023-05-31%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vladimir_Putin_and_Isaias_Afwerki_%282023-05-31%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Isaias_Afwerki_%282023-05-31%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vladimir_Putin_and_Isaias_Afwerki_%282023-05-31%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Isaias_Afwerki_%282023-05-31%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a> with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> on 31 May 2023</figcaption></figure> Eritrea is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Eritrean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Eritrean relations">observing member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, alongside Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-34">[33]</a> The nation holds a seat on the United Nations Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Police Organization">International Criminal Police Organization</a> (INTERPOL), <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Management_Association_of_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa">Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a>. The Eritrean government previously withdrew its representative to the African Union to protest the AU's alleged lack of leadership in facilitating the implementation of a binding border decision demarcating the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia. Since January 2011, the Eritrean government has appointed an envoy, Tesfa-Alem Tekle, to the AU.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Its relations with Djibouti and Yemen are tense due to territorial disputes over the <a href="/wiki/Doumeira_Islands" title="Doumeira Islands">Doumeira Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a>, respectively. On 28 May 2019, the United States removed Eritrea from the "Counterterror Non-Cooperation List" which also includes <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Moreover, Eritrea was visited two months earlier by a U.S. congressional delegation for the first time in 14 years.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, Syria, and North Korea, Eritrea was one of only four countries not including Russia to vote against a <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_emergency_special_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly resolution</a> condemning Russia's <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_Ethiopia">Relations with Ethiopia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="Eritrea–Ethiopia relations">Eritrea–Ethiopia relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_independence_referendum,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean independence referendum, 1993">Eritrean independence referendum, 1993</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg/330px-Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg/440px-Independence_Day_of_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Eritrea)" title="Independence Day (Eritrea)">Independence Day</a> is one of the most important public holidays in Eritrea.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eitrea_Martyrs%27_Day_Remembrance_%26_Celebration_2023_Asmara,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Eitrea_Martyrs%27_Day_Remembrance_%26_Celebration_2023_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Eitrea_Martyrs%27_Day_Remembrance_%26_Celebration_2023_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Eitrea_Martyrs%27_Day_Remembrance_%26_Celebration_2023_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/330px-Eitrea_Martyrs%27_Day_Remembrance_%26_Celebration_2023_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Eitrea_Martyrs%27_Day_Remembrance_%26_Celebration_2023_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/440px-Eitrea_Martyrs%27_Day_Remembrance_%26_Celebration_2023_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2642" data-file-height="1557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Eritrea" title="Public holidays in Eritrea">Commemoration & celebration</a> during <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day" title="Martyrs' Day">Martyrs' Day</a> in Asmara</figcaption></figure> The undemarcated border with Ethiopia is the primary external issue currently facing Eritrea. Eritrea's relations with Ethiopia turned from that of cautious mutual tolerance, following the 30-year war for Eritrean independence, to a deadly rivalry that led to the outbreak of hostilities from May 1998 to June 2000 that claimed approximately 70,000 lives from both sides.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The border conflict cost hundreds of millions of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> from 1998 to 2000 involved a major border conflict, notably around <a href="/wiki/Badme" title="Badme">Badme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zalambessa" title="Zalambessa">Zalambessa</a>, eventually resolved in 2018.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemates punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war.<a href="#cite_note-horntension1-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-horntension3-145">[144]</a> The stalemate led the president of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eleven_Letters" class="extiw" title="s:Eleven Letters">Eleven Letters</a> penned by the president to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting the opposition in one another's countries.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> summit in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims.<a href="#cite_note-aubomb-148">[147]</a> A peace treaty between both nations was signed on 9 July 2018.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The next day, they signed a joint declaration that formally ended the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In 2020, Eritrean troops intervened in <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a> on the side of the Ethiopian government.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Voice_of_America-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-108">[107]</a> In April 2021, Eritrea confirmed its troops were fighting in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Eritrean Defence Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_navy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eritrean_navy.jpg/220px-Eritrean_navy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eritrean_navy.jpg/330px-Eritrean_navy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eritrean_navy.jpg/440px-Eritrean_navy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Navy" title="Eritrean Navy">Eritrean Navy</a>, branch of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Eritrean Defence Forces</a> during ceremony</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Eritrean Defence Forces</a> are the official <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> of the State of Eritrea. Eritrea's military is one of the largest in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Compulsory military service was instituted in 1995. Officially, <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">conscripts</a>, male and female, must serve for 18 months minimum, which includes six months of military training and 12 months during the regular school year to complete their last year of high school. Thus around 5% of Eritreans do military service at Sawa facilities, but also by doing projects such as road building as part of their service.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The National Service Proclamation of 1995 does not recognize the right to conscientious objection to military service. According to the 1957 Ethiopian penal code adopted by Eritrea during independence, failure to enlist in the military or refusal to perform military service are punishable with imprisonment terms of six months to five years and up to ten years, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> National service enlistment times may be extended during times of "national crisis"; since 1998, everyone under the age of 50 is enlisted in national service for an indefinite period until released, which may depend on the arbitrary decision of a commander. In a study of 200 escaped conscripts, the average service was 6.5 years, and some had served more than 12 years.<a href="#cite_note-National_service_in_Eritrea-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_profession">Legal profession</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/NYU_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU School of Law">NYU School of Law</a>, the Legal Committee of the Ministry of Justice oversees the admission and requirements to practice law in Eritrea. Although the establishment of an independent bar association is not proscribed under Proclamation 88/96, among other domestic laws, there is no bar association. The community electorate in the local jurisdiction of the Community Court chooses the court judges. The Community Court's standing on women in the legal profession is unclear but elected women judges have reserved seats.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Eritrea" title="Human rights in Eritrea">Human rights in Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea_-_Government_building,_Asmara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Eritrea_-_Government_building%2C_Asmara.jpg/220px-Eritrea_-_Government_building%2C_Asmara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Eritrea_-_Government_building%2C_Asmara.jpg/330px-Eritrea_-_Government_building%2C_Asmara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Eritrea_-_Government_building%2C_Asmara.jpg/440px-Eritrea_-_Government_building%2C_Asmara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Building of regional administration in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></figcaption></figure> Eritrea is a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed.<a href="#cite_note-gi-30">[29]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, the government's <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> record is considered among the worst in the world.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-31">[30]</a> Most countries have accused the Eritrean authorities of <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest and detentions</a>, and of detaining an unknown number of people without charge for their political activism. Both male and female <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Eritrea">same-sex sexual activity</a> are illegal in Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> A prominent group of fifteen Eritreans, called the G-15, including three cabinet members, were arrested in September 2001 after publishing an open letter to the government and President Isaias Afewerki calling for democratic dialogue. This group and thousands of others who were alleged to be affiliated with them are imprisoned without legal charges, hearing, trial, or judgment.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eritrean_G-15_advocacy_site-160">[159]</a> Since Eritrea conflicted with Ethiopia in 1998–2001, the nation's human rights record has been criticized by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-161">[160]</a> Human rights violations are allegedly often committed by the government or on behalf of the government. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">assembly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">association</a> are limited. Those who practice "unregistered" religions, try to flee the nation, or escape military duty are arrested and put into <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-161">[160]</a> By 2009, the number of political prisoners was in the range of 10,000–30,000, there was widespread and systematic <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a>, with "anyone" for "any or no reason", including children eight years old, people more than 80 years old, and ill people, being liable to be arrested, and Eritrea was "one of the world's most totalitarian and human rights-abusing regimes".<a href="#cite_note-EHREA_Lasting_Struggle-162">[161]</a> During the Eritrean independence struggle and 1998 <a href="/wiki/Eritrean-Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean-Ethiopian War">Eritrean-Ethiopian War</a>, many atrocities were committed by the Ethiopian authorities against unarmed Eritrean civilians.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_mai_jah_jah_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Asmara%2C_mai_jah_jah_02.JPG/220px-Asmara%2C_mai_jah_jah_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Asmara%2C_mai_jah_jah_02.JPG/330px-Asmara%2C_mai_jah_jah_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Asmara%2C_mai_jah_jah_02.JPG/440px-Asmara%2C_mai_jah_jah_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, Eritrea in 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gash_Barkahouses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gash_Barkahouses.jpg/220px-Gash_Barkahouses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gash_Barkahouses.jpg/330px-Gash_Barkahouses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gash_Barkahouses.jpg/440px-Gash_Barkahouses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Eritrean agudo/tukul huts in a village near <a href="/wiki/Barentu,_Eritrea" title="Barentu, Eritrea">Barentu</a></figcaption></figure> In June 2016, a 500-page <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> report accused the Eritrean government of extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service (6.5 years on average), and forced labour, and it indicated that among state officials, sexual harassment, rape, and sexual servitude practices are widespread.<a href="#cite_note-UNHRC-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-guard-165">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lochbihler" title="Barbara Lochbihler">Barbara Lochbihler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Subcommittee_on_Human_Rights" title="European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights">European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights</a> said the report detailed 'very serious human rights violations', and asserted that EU funding for development would not continue as at present without change in Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-DWelle-166">[165]</a> The Eritrean Foreign Ministry responded by describing the commission's report as being "wild allegations" that were "totally unfounded and devoid of all merit".<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Representatives of the United States and China disputed the report's language and accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> All Eritreans aged between 18 and 40 years must complete a mandatory national service, which includes military service. This requirement was implemented after Eritrea gained <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> from Ethiopia, as a means to protect Eritrea's <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, to instill national pride, and to create a disciplined populace.<a href="#cite_note-National_service_in_Eritrea-156">[155]</a> Eritrea's national service requires long, indefinite conscription (6.5 years on average), which some Eritreans leave the country to avoid.<a href="#cite_note-National_service_in_Eritrea-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives in 2006 participated in many public meetings and dialogues. In these sessions, they answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights?", "Who determines what are human rights?", and "What should take precedence, human or communal rights?".<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In 2007, the Eritrean government banned <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. They cite health concerns and individual freedom as being of primary concern when they say this. Furthermore, they implore rural peoples to cast away this ancient cultural practice.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In 2009, a movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea was formed to create dialogue between the government and political opposition. The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Since the movement's creation, no significant effort has been made by the Eritrean government to improve its record on human rights. In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Eritrea, signed a joint letter to the <a href="/wiki/UNHRC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHRC">UNHRC</a> defending China's treatment of <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> and other Muslim minority groups in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Eritrea continued this support in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Eritrea claims <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a> stories of the country are decontextualized, sometimes fabricated, and almost always deployed to build a regime change narrative.<a href="#cite_note-auto-178">[177]</a> It claims it's being targeted for not conforming to the West's agenda towards African countries,<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> for instance by refusing to accept humanitarian foreign aid. Eritrea aspires to be self-reliant and has since 2005 rejected foreign aid because it sees aid as a hindrance to true economic development. In 2006 alone, Eritrea walked away from US$200 million in foreign aid. The same year it also refused a US$100 million loan from the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Besides accusing the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a> of deliberate demonization through smear-campaigns, it also sees itself targeted by sanctions and western supported war against Eritrea through the Ethiopian group <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">TPLF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> It also accuses the west of luring Eritreans abroad by purposely granting many Eritreans political asylum.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_freedom">Media freedom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_press_in_Eritrea" title="Freedom of press in Eritrea">Freedom of press in Eritrea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Eritrea" title="Mass media in Eritrea">Mass media in Eritrea</a></div> In its 2023 Press Freedom Index, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> ranked the media environment in Eritrea at 174.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, "Eritrea is the only African country to have no privately owned news media",<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> and Reporters Without Borders said of the public media, "[They] do nothing but relay the regime's belligerent and ultra-nationalist discourse... Not a single [foreign correspondent] now lives in Asmara."<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> The state-owned news agency censors news about external events.<a href="#cite_note-censored-189">[188]</a> Independent media have been banned since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-censored-189">[188]</a> The Eritrean authorities had reportedly imprisoned the fourth highest number of journalists after Turkey, China, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> The 2024 <a href="/wiki/Edelstam_Prize" title="Edelstam Prize">Edelstam Prize</a> was awarded to journalist <a href="/wiki/Dawit_Isaak" title="Dawit Isaak">Dawit Isaak</a> who Eritrean authorities have imprisoned since 2001 without legal process.<a href="#cite_note-Edelstam-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eritrea" title="Economy of Eritrea">Economy of Eritrea</a></div> In 2020, the IMF estimated Eritrea's GDP at $2.1 billion, or $6.4 billion on a PPP basis.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Between 2016 and 2019 Eritrea had a GDP growth between 7,6 %-10,2 %, down from the peak at 30,9% in 2014. In 2023 the GDP growth is expected to be 2,8%, a decrease due to factors such as the Ukraine and Russia war impacting the global economy and the effects of COVID-19 on value chains. However, the country's economy is expecting a steady growth in coming years.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Mining and agriculture in 2021 account for 20% of the GDP. As of 2020, <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a> from abroad were estimated to account for 12% of gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisha_mine_worker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bisha_mine_worker.jpg/220px-Bisha_mine_worker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bisha_mine_worker.jpg/330px-Bisha_mine_worker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bisha_mine_worker.jpg/440px-Bisha_mine_worker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>Mine site, Bisha Eritrea</figcaption></figure> Mining accounts for about 20% of GDP in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:3-197">[196]</a> In 2013, the pickup in growth had been attributed to the commencement of full operations in the gold and silver <a href="/wiki/Bisha_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisha Mine">Bisha Mine</a> by Canadian Nevsun Resources (now Chinese <a href="/wiki/Zijin_Mining" title="Zijin Mining">Zijin Mining</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a>), the production of cement from the cement factory in <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-afdb-199">[198]</a> and investment in Eritrea's <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colluli_mine" title="Colluli mine">Colluli potash mining</a> operations by Australian<a href="#cite_note-Mining_Technology_2019-200">[199]</a> and Chinese<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_2018-201">[200]</a> mining companies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerset_Dam_in,_Eritrea,_one_of_800%2B_large_and_micro_dams_build_by_the_country_since_independece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gerset_Dam_in%2C_Eritrea%2C_one_of_800%2B_large_and_micro_dams_build_by_the_country_since_independece.jpg/220px-Gerset_Dam_in%2C_Eritrea%2C_one_of_800%2B_large_and_micro_dams_build_by_the_country_since_independece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gerset_Dam_in%2C_Eritrea%2C_one_of_800%2B_large_and_micro_dams_build_by_the_country_since_independece.jpg/330px-Gerset_Dam_in%2C_Eritrea%2C_one_of_800%2B_large_and_micro_dams_build_by_the_country_since_independece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gerset_Dam_in%2C_Eritrea%2C_one_of_800%2B_large_and_micro_dams_build_by_the_country_since_independece.jpg/440px-Gerset_Dam_in%2C_Eritrea%2C_one_of_800%2B_large_and_micro_dams_build_by_the_country_since_independece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2381" /></a><figcaption>Gerset dam (20 million m3) in Eritrea, one of the hundreds of dams and micro-dams built since independence.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-202">[201]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Eritrea" title="Agriculture in Eritrea">Agriculture in Eritrea</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Eritrea&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> is one of the main economic activities in Eritrea. Agriculture made up 20% of the country its GDP in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Eritrea_autogenerated1-204">[203]</a> Eritrea has 565,000 hectares (1,396,000 acres) of <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> and permanent crops. 70% of the Eritrean workforce is employed in agriculture,<a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Eritrea_huffingtonpost.com-205">[204]</a> accounting for roughly one-third of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Eritrea_Eritrea_World_Bank_2019-206">[205]</a> Eritrea's main agricultural products include <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Linseed">linseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></div></div> Since independence, Eritrea has constructed 187 dams, each with a capacity of over 50,000 m3 and the biggest ones with a capacity of 350 million m3 in size. These have been built to combat drought, for agriculture, fishing, and energy purposes. In addition, 600 micro-dams have been built.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-202">[201]</a> <a href="#cite_note-shabait-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> Annual consumption of petroleum in 2001 was estimated at 370,000 tons. Eritrea has no domestic petroleum production; the Eritrean Petroleum Corporation conducts purchases through international competitive tender. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, opportunities exist for both on- and offshore oil and natural gas exploration; however, these prospects have yet to come to fruition. The use of <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> has slightly increased, due to the growth of solar power manufacturing companies in the country. The Eritrean government has expressed interest in developing alternative energy sources, including geothermal, solar, and wind power.<a href="#cite_note-cp-209">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_Railway_excursion_from_Asmara,_Eritrea_(30145252563).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Steam_Railway_excursion_from_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830145252563%29.jpg/200px-Steam_Railway_excursion_from_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830145252563%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Steam_Railway_excursion_from_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830145252563%29.jpg/300px-Steam_Railway_excursion_from_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830145252563%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Steam_Railway_excursion_from_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830145252563%29.jpg/400px-Steam_Railway_excursion_from_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830145252563%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4337" data-file-height="3253" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tourists on a steam railway excursion from <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_train_above_the_clouds_in_Eritrea,_between_Asmara_and_Massawa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Steam_train_above_the_clouds_in_Eritrea%2C_between_Asmara_and_Massawa.png/200px-Steam_train_above_the_clouds_in_Eritrea%2C_between_Asmara_and_Massawa.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Steam_train_above_the_clouds_in_Eritrea%2C_between_Asmara_and_Massawa.png/300px-Steam_train_above_the_clouds_in_Eritrea%2C_between_Asmara_and_Massawa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Steam_train_above_the_clouds_in_Eritrea%2C_between_Asmara_and_Massawa.png/400px-Steam_train_above_the_clouds_in_Eritrea%2C_between_Asmara_and_Massawa.png 2x" data-file-width="3790" data-file-height="1894" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Steam train above the clouds, between Asmara and Massawa, on the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a></div></div></div></div></div> Tourism made up 2% of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eritrea" title="Economy of Eritrea">Eritrea's economy</a> up to 1997. After 1998, revenue from the industry fell to one-quarter of 1997 levels. In 2006, it made up less than 1% of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-monitor-210">[209]</a> Eritrea is a member of <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> which calculated that the country's international tourism receipts in 2002 were US$73 million.<a href="#cite_note-gov-211">[210]</a> Sources from 2015 state that most tourists are members of the Eritrean diaspora. Overall visitors have steadily increased in recent years and annual visitors were 142,000 as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Tourism in Eritrea has seen increased attention in later years. For instance, in 2019, the country was added to <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>'s Cool List. Highlighted areas included the capital, Asmara, known for its art deco architecture; the <a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahlak Islands">Dahlak Islands</a>; and the country's wilderness areas.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> also lists the capital Asmara, the Dahlak Islands, the city of Massawa and archeological sites as top attractions.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The nation's flag carrier, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Airlines" title="Eritrean Airlines">Eritrean Airlines</a>, had no scheduled service as of July 2023. International visitors rely on alternatives such as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines" title="Ethiopian Airlines">Ethiopian Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a>, to get to the country.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> The government has started a twenty-year tourism development plan entitled "the 2020 Eritrea Tourism Development Plan" to develop the country's tourist industry, aiming to enhance the rich cultural and natural resources of the country. The country is a participant in many tourism trade fairs to promote the tourism of the country. <a href="#cite_note-monitor-210">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Eritrea" title="Transport in Eritrea">Transport in Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_mountai_road_archietcture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Eritrean_mountai_road_archietcture.jpg/220px-Eritrean_mountai_road_archietcture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Eritrean_mountai_road_archietcture.jpg/330px-Eritrean_mountai_road_archietcture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Eritrean_mountai_road_archietcture.jpg/440px-Eritrean_mountai_road_archietcture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Filfil road in Eritrea</figcaption></figure> Transport in Eritrea includes highways, airports, railways, and seaports, in addition to various forms of public and private vehicular, maritime, and aerial transportation. The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically, the tertiary ones are improved earth roads that occasionally are paved. During the wet seasons, these roads typically become impassable. The next higher-level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully constructed of asphalt (throughout their entire length) and in general, they carry traffic between all the major cities and towns in Eritrea. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/330px-Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/440px-Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Steam train outside <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a></figcaption></figure> As of 1999, there is a total of 317 kilometres of 950 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 ft 1+3⁄8 in) (narrow gauge) rail line in Eritrea. The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a> was built between 1887 and 1932.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Badly damaged during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and in later fighting, it was closed section by section, with the final closure coming in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> After independence, a rebuilding effort commenced, and the first rebuilt section was reopened in 2003. As of 2009, the section from <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> was fully rebuilt and available for service. Rehabilitation of the remainder and the rolling stock has occurred in recent years. Current service is very limited due to the extreme age of most of the railway equipment and its limited availability. Further rebuilding is planned. The railway linking Agordat and Asmara with the port of Massawa had been inoperative since 1978 except for an approximately 5-kilometre stretch that was reopened in Massawa in 1994. A railway formerly ran from Massawa to Bishia via Asmara and is under reconstruction. Even during the war, Eritrea developed its <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Eritrea" title="Transport in Eritrea">transportation infrastructure</a> by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Wefri_Warsay_Yika%27alo" title="Wefri Warsay Yika'alo">Wefri Warsay Yika'alo</a> program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> with <a href="/wiki/Asseb" class="mw-redirect" title="Asseb">Asseb</a>, as well as the rehabilitation of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a>. The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara, although services are sporadic. Steam locomotives are sometimes used for groups of enthusiasts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Eritrea" title="Demographics of Eritrea">Demographics of Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_of_Eritrea_regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Population_density_of_Eritrea_regions.png/220px-Population_density_of_Eritrea_regions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Population_density_of_Eritrea_regions.png/330px-Population_density_of_Eritrea_regions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Population_density_of_Eritrea_regions.png/440px-Population_density_of_Eritrea_regions.png 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>Population density of Eritrea regions</figcaption></figure> Sources disagree as to the current population of Eritrea, with some proposing numbers as low as 3.6 million<a href="#cite_note-UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population-12">[12]</a> and others as high as 6.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-COMESA_ERpop_2019-13">[13]</a> Eritrea has never conducted an official government census.<a href="#cite_note-PHS2010_full-14">[14]</a> The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2020 was 41.1%, 54.3% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 4.5% were 65 or older.<a href="#cite_note-WPP_2010-219">[218]</a> In 2015, there was a major outflow of emigrants from Eritrea. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> attributed the emigration to Eritrea being "a totalitarian state where most citizens fear arrest at any moment and dare not speak to their neighbours, gather in groups or linger long outside their homes", with a major factor being the conditions and long durations of <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Army#National_service" title="Eritrean Army">conscription in the Eritrean Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_not_at_war_fled-220">[219]</a> At the end of 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR) estimated that about 507,300 Eritreans were refugees who had fled Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-HRW_ER_2019-221">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Eritrea <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/ER/largest-cities-in-eritrea.html">Geonames</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Eritrea" title="List of cities in Eritrea">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Eritrea" title="Regions of Eritrea">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_panorama,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asmara"><img alt="Asmara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/120px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/180px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/240px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="471" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Keren_eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Keren"><img alt="Keren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Keren_eritrea.jpg/120px-Keren_eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Keren_eritrea.jpg/180px-Keren_eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Keren_eritrea.jpg/240px-Keren_eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="565" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maekel_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Maekel Region">Maekel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">963,000 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Dekemhare-eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dekemhare"><img alt="Dekemhare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dekemhare-eritrea.jpg/120px-Dekemhare-eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dekemhare-eritrea.jpg/180px-Dekemhare-eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dekemhare-eritrea.jpg/240px-Dekemhare-eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dekemhare" title="Dekemhare">Dekemhare</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Massawa_harbour.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Massawa"><img alt="Massawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Massawa_harbour.JPG/120px-Massawa_harbour.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Massawa_harbour.JPG/180px-Massawa_harbour.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Massawa_harbour.JPG/240px-Massawa_harbour.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anseba_Region" title="Anseba Region">Anseba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dekemhare" title="Dekemhare">Dekemhare</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Debub_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Debub Region">Debub</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Semienawi_Keyih_Bahri" class="mw-redirect" title="Semienawi Keyih Bahri">Semienawi Keyih Bahri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,090 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mendefera" title="Mendefera">Mendefera</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Debub_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Debub Region">Debub</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Debubawi_Keyih_Bahri" class="mw-redirect" title="Debubawi Keyih Bahri">Debubawi Keyih Bahri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barentu,_Eritrea" title="Barentu, Eritrea">Barentu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gash-Barka_Region" title="Gash-Barka Region">Gash-Barka</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,891 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adi_Keyh" title="Adi Keyh">Adi Keyh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Debub_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Debub Region">Debub</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,061 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edd,_Eritrea" title="Edd, Eritrea">Edd</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Red_Sea_Region" title="Southern Red Sea Region">Southern Red Sea</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,259 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ak%27ordat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak'ordat">Ak'ordat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gash-Barka_Region" title="Gash-Barka Region">Gash-Barka</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,857 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_composition">Ethnic composition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethno-Demography_of_Eritrea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ethno-Demography_of_Eritrea.png/290px-Ethno-Demography_of_Eritrea.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ethno-Demography_of_Eritrea.png/435px-Ethno-Demography_of_Eritrea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ethno-Demography_of_Eritrea.png/580px-Ethno-Demography_of_Eritrea.png 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Ethno-Demography of Eritrea</figcaption></figure> There are nine recognized ethnic groups according to the government of Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> An independent census has yet to be conducted, but the <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_people" title="Tigrinya people">Tigrinya people</a> make up approximately 55% and <a href="/wiki/Tigre_people" title="Tigre people">Tigre people</a> make up approximately 30% of the population. A majority of the remaining ethnic groups belong to <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>-speaking communities of the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedareb_people" title="Hedareb people">Hedareb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilen_people" title="Bilen people">Bilen</a>. There are also several <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic</a> ethnic groups, who are represented in Eritrea by the <a href="/wiki/Kunama_people" title="Kunama people">Kunama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nara_people" title="Nara people">Nara</a>. Each ethnicity speaks a different native tongue but, typically, many of the minorities speak more than one language. The <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashaida_people" title="Rashaida people">Rashaida</a> people represent approximately 2% of Eritrea's population.<a href="#cite_note-Ciaethn-223">[222]</a> They reside in the northern coastal lowlands of Eritrea as well as the eastern coasts of Sudan. The Rashaida first came to Eritrea in the nineteenth century from the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> In addition, there exist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Italian Eritrean</a> (concentrated in Asmara) and Ethiopian Tigrayan communities. Neither is generally given citizenship unless through marriage or, more rarely, by having it conferred upon them by the state. In 1941, Eritrea had approximately 760,000 inhabitants, including 70,000 Italians.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Most Italians left after Eritrea became independent from Italy. It is estimated that as many as 100,000 Eritreans are of Italian descent.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" title="Languages of Eritrea">Languages of Eritrea</a></div> Eritrea is a multilingual country. The nation has no official language, as the Constitution establishes the "equality of all Eritrean languages".<a href="#cite_note-auto3-1">[1]</a> Eritrea has nine national languages which are <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunama_language" title="Kunama language">Kunama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a>. Tigrinya, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> serve as de facto working languages, with English used in university education and many technical fields. While <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, the former colonial language, holds no government-recognised status in Eritrea, it is spoken by a few monolinguals and Asmara had the <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_Statale_Omnicomprensivo_di_Asmara" title="Istituto Italiano Statale Omnicomprensivo di Asmara">Scuola Italiana di Asmara</a>, an Italian government-operated school that was shut down in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Ethner-228">[227]</a> Also, native Eritreans assimilated the language of the Italian Eritreans and spoke a version of Italian mixed with many Tigrinya words: <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Italian">Eritrean Italian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Most of the languages spoken in Eritrea belong to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan-230">[229]</a> Other Afroasiatic languages belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch are also widely spoken in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan-230">[229]</a> The latter include <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Blin language">Blin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a>. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kunama_language" title="Kunama language">Kunama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a>) are spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native language</a> by the Nilotic Kunama and Nara ethnic groups that live in the western and northwestern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan-230">[229]</a> Smaller groups speak other Afroasiatic languages, such as the newly recognized <a href="/wiki/Dahlik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahlik language">Dahlik</a> and Arabic (the <a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a> <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">dialects</a> spoken by the Rashaida and Hadhrami, respectively). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Religion in Eritrea</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;"> Pew Research Center 2020 <a href="#cite_note-Pew-231">[230]</a> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:63%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">63%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:36%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">36%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="height:10px"> U.S. Department of State 2019 <a href="#cite_note-webcitation.org-232">[231]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">49%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">49%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:388px;max-width:388px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_(8529064326).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg/180px-Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg/270px-Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg/360px-Sheikh_Hanafi_Mosque_%288529064326%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Sheikh Hanafi Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_cattedrale_cattolica,_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_01.JPG/200px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_01.JPG/300px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_01.JPG/400px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></div></div></div></div></div> The two main religions followed in Eritrea are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. However, the number of adherents of each faith is subject to debate. According to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit">[update]</a>, 62.9% of the population of Eritrea adhered to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, 36.6% followed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and 0.4% practiced <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a>. The remainder observed <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, other faiths (<0.1% each), or were religiously unaffiliated (0.1%).<a href="#cite_note-Pew-231">[230]</a> The U.S. Department of State estimated that as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&action=edit">[update]</a>, 49% of the population of Eritrea adhered to Christianity, 49% followed Islam, and 2% observed other religions, including traditional faiths and animism.<a href="#cite_note-webcitation.org-232">[231]</a> The World Religion Database reports that in 2020, 47% of the population were Christian and 51% were Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the oldest world religion practiced in the country, and the first Christian monastery <a href="/wiki/Debre_Sina_(monastery)" title="Debre Sina (monastery)">Debre Sina</a> was built during the fourth century. <a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a> sui juris), and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process.<a href="#cite_note-Religious_persecution_in_Eritrea-235">[234]</a> Among other things, the government registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Religious_persecution_in_Eritrea-235">[234]</a> The Eritrean government is against what it deems as "reformed" or "radical" versions of its established religions. Therefore, alleged radical forms of Islam and Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and numerous other non-<a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Evangelical denominations are not registered and cannot worship freely. Three named Jehovah's Witnesses are known to have been imprisoned since 1994 along with 51 others.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> The government treats Jehovah's Witnesses especially harshly, denying them ration cards and work permits.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Jehovah's Witnesses were stripped of their citizenship and basic civil rights by presidential decree in October 1994.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> In its 2017 religious freedom report, the U.S. State Department named Eritrea a Country of Particular Concern (CPC).<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Eritrea" title="Health in Eritrea">Health in Eritrea</a></div> Eritrea has achieved significant improvements in health care and is one of the few countries to be on target to meet its <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goal" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Development Goal">Millennium Development Goals</a> (MDG) for health, in particular child health.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-242">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> at birth increased from 39.1 years in 1960 to 66.44 years in 2020;<a href="#cite_note-auto2-243">[242]</a> maternal and <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> rates dropped dramatically and the health infrastructure expanded.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-242">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organisation</a> (WHO) in 2008 found average life expectancy to be slightly less than 63 years, a number that has increased to 66.44 in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-243">[242]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunisation</a> and child nutrition have been tackled by working closely with schools in a multi-sectoral approach; the number of children vaccinated against measles almost doubled in seven years, from 40.7% to 78.5% and the prevalence of underweight children decreased by 12% from 1995 to 2002 (severe underweight prevalence by 28%).<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-242">[241]</a> The National Malaria Protection Unit of the Ministry of Health registered reductions in malarial mortality by as much as 85% and in the number of cases by 92% between 1998 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-242">[241]</a> The Eritrean government has banned <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM), saying the practice was painful and put women at risk of life-threatening health problems.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> However, Eritrea still faces many challenges. Although the number of physicians increased from only 0.2 in 1993 to 0.5 in 2004 per 1000 people, this is still very low.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-242">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> are common.<a href="#cite_note-afro.who.int-245">[244]</a> HIV prevalence for ages 15 to 49 years exceeds 2%.<a href="#cite_note-afro.who.int-245">[244]</a> The fertility rate is about 4.1 births per woman.<a href="#cite_note-afro.who.int-245">[244]</a> Maternal mortality dropped by more than half from 1995 to 2002 but is still high.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-242">[241]</a> Similarly, the number of births attended by skilled health personnel doubled from 1995 to 2002 but still is only 28.3%.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-242">[241]</a> A major cause of death in newborns is severe <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-afro.who.int-245">[244]</a> Per-capita expenditure on health is low.<a href="#cite_note-afro.who.int-245">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Education in Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EritreaInstituteOfTechnology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EritreaInstituteOfTechnology.jpg/220px-EritreaInstituteOfTechnology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EritreaInstituteOfTechnology.jpg/330px-EritreaInstituteOfTechnology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/EritreaInstituteOfTechnology.jpg/440px-EritreaInstituteOfTechnology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Institute_of_Technology" title="Eritrea Institute of Technology">Eritrea Institute of Technology</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Eritrea_13.jpg/220px-Eritrea_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Eritrea_13.jpg/330px-Eritrea_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Eritrea_13.jpg/440px-Eritrea_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Eritrean pupils in uniform</figcaption></figure> There are five levels of education in Eritrea: <a href="/wiki/Preschool_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Preschool education">pre-primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">post-secondary</a>. There are nearly 1,270,000 students in the primary, middle, and secondary levels of education.<a href="#cite_note-uis.unesco.org-246">[245]</a> There are approximately 824 schools,<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> two universities, (the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Asmara" title="University of Asmara">University of Asmara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Institute_of_Technology" title="Eritrea Institute of Technology">Eritrea Institute of Technology</a>), and several smaller colleges and technical schools. The Eritrea Institute of Technology "EIT" is a technological institute located near the town of Himbrti, <a href="/wiki/Mai_Nefhi" title="Mai Nefhi">Mai Nefhi</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>. The institute has three colleges: Science, Engineering and Technology, and Education. The institute began with approximately 5,500 students during the 2003–2004 <a href="/wiki/Academic_year" title="Academic year">academic year</a>. The EIT was opened after the University of Asmara was reorganized. According to the Ministry of Education, the institution was established, as one of many efforts to achieve equal distribution of higher learning in areas outside the capital city, Asmara. Accordingly, several similar colleges have also been established in other parts of the country. The Eritrea Institute of Technology is the main local institute of higher studies in science, engineering, and education. The University of Asmara is the oldest in the country and was opened in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> It is currently not in operation. As of 2018, the overall adult literacy rate in Eritrea is 76.6% (84.4% for men and 68.9% for women). For youth 15–24, the overall literacy rate is 93.3% (93.8% for men and 92.7% for women).<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory for children aged 6 to 13 years.<a href="#cite_note-uis.unesco.org-246">[245]</a> Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that 70% to 90% of school-aged children attend primary school; approximately 61% attend secondary school. Student-teacher ratios are high: 45:1 at the elementary level and 54:1 at the secondary level. Class sizes average 63 and 97 students per classroom at the elementary and secondary school levels, respectively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Barriers to education in Eritrea include traditional <a href="/wiki/Taboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboos">taboos</a>, school fees (for registration and materials), and the <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity costs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Low-income" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-income">low-income</a> households.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eritrea" title="Culture of Eritrea">Culture of Eritrea</a></div> The culture of Eritrea is the collective cultural heritage of the various populations native to Eritrea and its rich cultural heritage inherited through its long history. Modern-day Eritrea is also defined by the struggle for independence.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> The nation has a rich oral and literary tradition which ranges across all nine ethnic groups, it includes a wealth of poetry and proverbs, songs and chants, folk tales, histories and legends. It also has a rich history in theatre and painting, often colourful and depicting a reflection of the Eritrean people's history.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_ceremony_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea">coffee ceremony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Coffee (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez alphabet">Ge'ez</a> ቡን būn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. During the coffee ceremony, some traditions are upheld. The coffee is served in three rounds: the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya (meaning "first"), the second round is called kalaay (meaning "second"), and the third round is called bereka (meaning "to be blessed"). Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. In offices, both men and women often dress in suits. A common traditional clothing for <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> Tigrinya highlanders consists of bright white gowns called <a href="/wiki/Zuria" title="Zuria">zurias</a> for the women, and a white shirt accompanied by white pants for the men. In Muslim communities in the Eritrean lowlands, the women traditionally dress in brightly colored clothes. Besides convergent culinary tastes, Eritreans share an appreciation for similar music and lyrics, jewelry and fragrances, and tapestry and fabrics, as many other populations in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Tekle197-255">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</h3></div> On 8 July 2017, the entire capital city of <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> was listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, with the inscription taking place during the 41st World Heritage Committee Session. The city has thousands of <a href="/wiki/Art_deco_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco architecture">Art Deco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">rationalist</a> buildings, constructed during the period of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> Asmara, a small town in the nineteenth century, started to grow quickly during 1889.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> The city also became a place "to experiment with radical new designs", mainly futuristic and art deco inspired.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> Even though city planners, architects, and engineers were largely European, members of the indigenous population were largely used as construction workers, Asmarinos still identify with their city's legacy.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_museo_nazionale,_ingresso.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG/117px-Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG/176px-Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG/234px-Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Eritrea" title="National Museum of Eritrea">Eritrean national museum</a> in Asmara</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_tagliero,_07,0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG/117px-Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG/176px-Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG/234px-Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">The Fiat Tagliero Building</a>, Futurist-style service station designed by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pettazzi" title="Giuseppe Pettazzi">Giuseppe Pettazzi</a> during the Italian colonial era</div></div></div></div></div> The city shows off most early twentieth-century architectural styles. Some buildings are <a href="/wiki/Neo-Romanesque_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Romanesque architecture">neo-Romanesque</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary</a>. Art Deco influences are found throughout the city. Essences of <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> may be found on the Africa Pension Building and on a small collection of buildings. The <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a> shows almost the height of futurism, just as it was becoming fashionable in Italy. In recent times, some buildings have been functionally built, which sometimes can spoil the atmosphere of some cities, but they fit into Asmara as it is such a modern city. Many buildings such as opera houses, hotels, and cinemas were built during this period. Some notable buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Impero" title="Cinema Impero">Cinema Impero</a> (opened in 1937 and considered by the experts one of the world's finest examples of Art Déco style building<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a>), Cubist Africa Pension, eclectic Eritrean Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Enda_Mariam_Cathedral,_Asmara" title="Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara">Enda Mariam Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asmara_Theatre" title="Asmara Theatre">Asmara Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">futurist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Asmara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor's Palace (Asmara)">Asmara city hall</a>. A statement from UNESCO read: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is an exceptional example of early modernist urbanism at the beginning of the 20th century and its application in an African context.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-256">[255]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Music of Eritrea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helen_Meles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Helen_Meles.jpg/170px-Helen_Meles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Helen_Meles.jpg/255px-Helen_Meles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Helen_Meles.jpg/340px-Helen_Meles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Eritrean artist <a href="/wiki/Helen_Meles" title="Helen Meles">Helen Meles</a></figcaption></figure> Eritrea's ethnic groups each have their distinct styles of music and accompanying dances. Amongst the Tigrinya, the best-known traditional musical genre is the guaila. Traditional instruments of Eritrean folk music include the strung <a href="/wiki/Krar" title="Krar">krar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebero" title="Kebero">kebero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begena" title="Begena">begena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masenqo" title="Masenqo">masenqo</a>, and the wata (a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin). A popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer <a href="/wiki/Helen_Meles" title="Helen Meles">Helen Meles</a>, who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range.<a href="#cite_note-Blum-266">[265]</a> Other prominent local musicians include the Kunama singer <a href="/wiki/Dehab_Faytinga" title="Dehab Faytinga">Dehab Faytinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Abraha" title="Ruth Abraha">Ruth Abraha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bereket_Mengisteab" title="Bereket Mengisteab">Bereket Mengisteab</a>, the late <a href="/wiki/Yemane_Ghebremichael" title="Yemane Ghebremichael">Yemane Ghebremichael</a> and the late <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Afewerki" title="Abraham Afewerki">Abraham Afewerki</a>. Dancing plays an important role in Eritrean society. The nine ethnic groups have many exuberant dances.<a href="#cite_note-traditionalmusic-267">[266]</a> The dancing styles differ amongst the ethnic groups; for instance the Bilen and Tigre ethnicities shake their shoulders, while standing rotating in a circle towards the end of the dance, which differs from the Tigrinya who first dance rotating anti-clockwise but later change it to fast-paced dancing and at the same breaking the circular rotation. Kunama ethnic group have dances that include rituals, these are - "tuka (rites of passage); indoda (prayers for rain); sangga-nena (peaceful mediation); and shatta (showcases of endurance and courage)". They are often fast-paced in their character and are accompanied by drum beats.<a href="#cite_note-traditionalmusic-267">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Eritrea" title="Mass media in Eritrea">Mass media in Eritrea</a></div> There are no current independent mass media in Eritrea. All media outlets in Eritrea are from the Ministry of Information, a government source. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg/220px-Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg/330px-Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg/440px-Eritrean_Injera_with_stews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Eritrean <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a> with various stews</figcaption></figure> A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a> accompanied by a spicy stew, which frequently includes beef, chicken, lamb, or fish.<a href="#cite_note-Kittler-268">[267]</a> Overall, Eritrean cuisine strongly resembles that of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kittler-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tekle142-269">[268]</a> though Eritrean cooking tends to feature more <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> than Ethiopian cuisine on account of their coastal location.<a href="#cite_note-Kittler-268">[267]</a> Eritrean dishes are also frequently "lighter" in texture than Ethiopian meals. They likewise tend to employ less <a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">seasoned butter</a> and spices and more <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Tsebhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsebhi">tsebhi</a> dorho delicacy. Additionally, owing to its colonial history, cuisine in Eritrea features more <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> influences than are present in Ethiopian cooking, including more <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a> and greater use of <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> powders and <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>. Italian Eritrean cuisine started to be practiced during the colonial times of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, when a large number of Italians moved to Eritrea. They brought the use of pasta to <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>, and it is one of the main foods eaten in present-day <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrean_cuisine" title="Italian Eritrean cuisine">Italian Eritrean cuisine</a> emerged, and common dishes are "pasta al sugo e berbere" (pasta with tomato sauce and berbere spice), <a href="/wiki/Lasagna" title="Lasagna">lasagna</a>, and "cotoletta alla Milanese" (veal Milanese).<a href="#cite_note-Mftdbeaeccdtmts-270">[269]</a> In addition to coffee, local alcoholic beverages are enjoyed. These include sowa, a bitter drink made from fermented barley, and mies, a fermented honey wine.<a href="#cite_note-Mettm-271">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Eritrea" title="Sport in Eritrea">Sport in Eritrea</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Eritrea" title="Tour of Eritrea">cycling</a> are the most popular sports in Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Cycling has a long tradition in Eritrea and was first introduced during the colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Eritrea" title="Tour of Eritrea">Tour of Eritrea</a>, a multi-stage cycling event, was first held in 1946 and most recently held in 2017. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea_mens_national_cycling_team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Eritrea_mens_national_cycling_team.jpg/240px-Eritrea_mens_national_cycling_team.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Eritrea_mens_national_cycling_team.jpg/360px-Eritrea_mens_national_cycling_team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Eritrea_mens_national_cycling_team.jpg/480px-Eritrea_mens_national_cycling_team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>Eritrea's men's national cycling team, ranked 15th in the world as of February 2023,<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> and first place in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a></figcaption></figure> The national cycling teams of both men and women are ranked first on the African continent,<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> with the men's team ranked 16th in the world as of February 2023.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> The Eritrean national cycling team has experienced much success, winning the African Continental cycling championship several years in a row. In 2013, the women's team won the gold medal in the <a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Cycling_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="African Continental Cycling Championships">African Continental Cycling Championships</a> for the first time, and for the second time in 2015 and third time in 2019. The men's team has won gold eight times in the last 12 years in the African Continental cycling championships, between 2010 and 2022.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> Eritrea has more than 500 elite cyclist riders (men and women) within the country.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> More than 20 Eritrean riders from Eritrea have signed professional contracts to international cycling teams[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Teklehaimanot" title="Daniel Teklehaimanot">Daniel Teklehaimanot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merhawi_Kudus" title="Merhawi Kudus">Merhawi Kudus</a> became the first cyclists from Africa to compete in the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France" title="2015 Tour de France">2015 edition</a> of the race.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cnbcfertf-287">[286]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Biniam_Girmay" title="Biniam Girmay">Biniam Girmay</a> was the first African rider to win both the <a href="/wiki/Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem" title="Gent–Wevelgem">Gent-Wevelgem</a> and a stage in one of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)" title="Grand Tour (cycling)">Grand Tours</a> during <a href="/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a>. Multiple <a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Cycling_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="African Continental Cycling Championships">African female champion</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosana_Debesay" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosana Debesay">Mosana Debesay</a> became the first African female cyclist to compete in an Olympics, representing Eritrea in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> All these accomplishments from Eritrean cyclists, have helped push Eritrea into the top of global rankings in cycling. Eritrean athletes have also seen increasing success in the international arena in other sports. <a href="/wiki/Zersenay_Tadese" title="Zersenay Tadese">Zersenay Tadese</a>, an Eritrean athlete, formerly held the world record in the half marathon.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghirmay_Ghebreslassie" title="Ghirmay Ghebreslassie">Ghirmay Ghebreslassie</a> became the first Eritrean to win a gold medal at a <a href="/wiki/World_Championships_in_Athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="World Championships in Athletics">World Championships in Athletics</a> for his country when he took the <a href="/wiki/2015_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon" title="2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's marathon">marathon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2015_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2015 World Championships in Athletics">2015 World Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> Eritrea made its Winter Olympic debut 25 February 2018, when they competed at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyeongchang">Pyeongchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> 2018. Eritrea's team was represented by their flagbearer <a href="/wiki/Shannon-Ogbnai_Abeda" title="Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda">Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda</a> who competed as <a href="/wiki/Alpine_skier" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine skier">alpine skier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> Neither the Eritrean national <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_national_football_team" title="Eritrea national football team">men</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Eritrea women's national football team">women's</a> national football team currently have a world ranking despite being a member association of global governing body <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/32px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/48px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/64px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Eritrea" title="Portal:Eritrea">Eritrea portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Eritrea-related_articles" title="Index of Eritrea-related articles">Index of Eritrea-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Eritrea" title="Outline of Eritrea">Outline of Eritrea</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto3-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503234856/http://www.shaebia.org/constitution.html#CHAP1_">"Constitution of the State of Eritrea"</a>. Shaebia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaebia.org/constitution.html#CHAP1_">the original</a> on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+State+of+Eritrea&rft.pub=Shaebia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shaebia.org%2Fconstitution.html%23CHAP1_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOI_Eritrea-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MOI_Eritrea_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MOI_Eritrea_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shabait.com/2009/10/01/eritrea-at-a-glance/">"Eritrea at a Glance"</a>. Eritrea Ministry of Information. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=Eritrea+Ministry+of+Information&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshabait.com%2F2009%2F10%2F01%2Feritrea-at-a-glance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/#people-and-society">"Eritrea"</a>, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 23 September 2022, retrieved 1 April 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Feritrea%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHRC-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNHRC_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHRC_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx">"Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea"</a>. UNHRC website. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNHRC+website&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+commission+of+inquiry+on+human+rights+in+Eritrea&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FHRBodies%2FHRC%2FCoIEritrea%2FPages%2FReportCoIEritrea.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/eritrea">"Eritrea: Events of 2016"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Eritrea%3A+Events+of+2016&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2017%2Fcountry-chapters%2Feritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eritrea's_Silent_Totalitarianism_-_McGill_Journal_of_Political_Studies-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eritrea's_Silent_Totalitarianism_-_McGill_Journal_of_Political_Studies_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eritrea's_Silent_Totalitarianism_-_McGill_Journal_of_Political_Studies_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaad2018" class="citation web cs1">Saad, Asma (21 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjps.ssmu.ca/2018/02/21/eritreas-silent-totalitarianism/">"Eritrea's Silent Totalitarianism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea%27s+Silent+Totalitarianism&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Saad&rft.aufirst=Asma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjps.ssmu.ca%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Feritreas-silent-totalitarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane2018" class="citation news cs1">Keane, Fergal (10 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44771292">"Making peace with 'Africa's North Korea'"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Making+peace+with+%27Africa%27s+North+Korea%27&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=Fergal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-44771292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2015" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Adam (12 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/06/12/the-brutal-dictatorship-the-world-keeps-ignoring/">"The brutal dictatorship the world keeps ignoring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+brutal+dictatorship+the+world+keeps+ignoring&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2015%2F06%2F12%2Fthe-brutal-dictatorship-the-world-keeps-ignoring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eritrea-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eritrea_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eritrea_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritra/#geography">"Eritrea"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea#geography">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2023 – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Feritra%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eritrea_country_profile-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eritrea_country_profile_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eritrea_country_profile_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349078">"Eritrea country profile"</a>. BBC News. 10 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349078">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Eritrea+country+profile&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13349078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-11"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf">Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-126442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-126442-5"><bdi>978-92-1-126442-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2020+The+Next+Frontier%3A+Human+Development+and+the+Anthropocene&rft.pages=343-346&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.isbn=978-92-1-126442-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhdr2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2019"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">UN DESA</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+DESA&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects+2019&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_Population%2FWPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COMESA_ERpop_2019-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COMESA_ERpop_2019_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COMESA_ERpop_2019_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comstat.comesa.int/lqpaqnf/comesa-in-figures-2019?tsId=1000510">"Eritrea – Indicators – Population (million people), 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228195303/https://comstat.comesa.int/lqpaqnf/comesa-in-figures-2019?tsId=1000510">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Market+for+Eastern+and+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Eritrea+%E2%80%93+Indicators+%E2%80%93+Population+%28million+people%29%2C+2018&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomstat.comesa.int%2Flqpaqnf%2Fcomesa-in-figures-2019%3FtsId%3D1000510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHS2010_full-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PHS2010_full_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PHS2010_full_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/eritrea/ECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf">"Eritrea – Population and Health Survey 2010"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Statistics_Office_(Eritrea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Statistics Office (Eritrea) (page does not exist)">National Statistics Office</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fafo_Institute_for_Applied_International_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies (page does not exist)">Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606121847/https://www.unicef.org/eritrea/ECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics+Office%2C+Fafo+Institute+for+Applied+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Eritrea+%E2%80%93+Population+and+Health+Survey+2010&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Feritrea%2FECO_resources_populationhealthsurvey2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.ER-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ER_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ER_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ER_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ER_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=643,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2017&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Eritrea)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Eritrea%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D643%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2017%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-17"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Eritrea">"Eritrea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FEritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Eritrea">"Eritrea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FEritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/nl_vi-13_name_change_for_eritrea.pdf">"Name change for Eritrea and other minor corrections"</a> (PDF). International Organization for Standardization. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.atitle=Name+change+for+Eritrea+and+other+minor+corrections&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Ffiles%2Flive%2Fsites%2Fisoorg%2Ffiles%2Farchive%2Fpdf%2Fen%2Fnl_vi-13_name_change_for_eritrea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro-Hay57-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro-Hay1991" class="citation book cs1">Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf">Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity</a> (PDF). Edinburgh: University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0106-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0106-6"><bdi>0-7486-0106-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum%3A+An+African+Civilization+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7486-0106-6&rft.aulast=Munro-Hay&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dskmariam.org%2Fartsandlitreature%2Flitreature%2Fpdf%2Faksum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_B._Henze_2005-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_B._Henze_2005_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_B._Henze_2005_22-1">b</a> Henze, Paul B. (2005) Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-522-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-522-7">1-85065-522-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://workmall.com/wfb2001/ethiopia/ethiopia_history_ethiopia_and_the_early_islamic_period.html">Aksumite Ethiopia</a>. Workmall.com (24 March 2007). Retrieved 3 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Eritrea">"Encyclopedia Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Eritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609122146/https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/public/Eritrea-Report-Final.pdf">"EASO Country of Origin Information Report: Eritrea Country Focus"</a> (PDF). European Asylum Support Office. May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/public/Eritrea-Report-Final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EASO+Country+of+Origin+Information+Report%3A+Eritrea+Country+Focus&rft.pub=European+Asylum+Support+Office&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.easo.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublic%2FEritrea-Report-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shabait.com/amp/2021/05/01/national-unity-eritreas-core-value-for-peace-and-stability/">"National Unity: Eritrea's core value for peace and stability"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Unity%3A+Eritrea%27s+core+value+for+peace+and+stability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshabait.com%2Famp%2F2021%2F05%2F01%2Fnational-unity-eritreas-core-value-for-peace-and-stability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shabait.com/amp/2009/10/01/eritrea-at-a-glance/">"Eritrea at a Glance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea+at+a+Glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshabait.com%2Famp%2F2009%2F10%2F01%2Feritrea-at-a-glance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/fd48fdd5dc073aa0a88273489a13921296394304.pdf">"Eritrea Constitution"</a> (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea+Constitution&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Feducation%2Fedurights%2Fmedia%2Fdocs%2Ffd48fdd5dc073aa0a88273489a13921296394304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/">"Eritrea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 22 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gi-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gi_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gi_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724164739/http://www.grassrootsonline.org/what-we-do/partnerships/where-we-work/eritrea">"Eritrea"</a>. Grassroots International. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grassroots+International&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grassrootsonline.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fpartnerships%2Fwhere-we-work%2Feritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hrw_31-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211174118/https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/eritre12307.htm">Eritrea Human Rights Overview</a>. Human Rights Watch (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesf-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Tesf_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084731/http://www.tesfanews.net/wp-content/uploads/Human-Rights-and-Eritreas-Reality.pdf">"Human Rights and Eritrea's Reality"</a> (PDF). E Smart. E Smart Campaign. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tesfanews.net/wp-content/uploads/Human-Rights-and-Eritreas-Reality.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E+Smart&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+Eritrea%27s+Reality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tesfanews.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FHuman-Rights-and-Eritreas-Reality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSF-33"><a href="#cite_ref-RSF_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/eritrea">"Eritrea: A dictatorship in which the media have no rights"</a>. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=Eritrea%3A+A+dictatorship+in+which+the+media+have+no+rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Feritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edition.cnn.com-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/meast/arab-league-fast-facts/">"Arab League Fast Facts"</a>. CNN. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Arab+League+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2013%2F07%2F30%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Farab-league-fast-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConnellKillion2010-35"><a href="#cite_ref-ConnellKillion2010_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_ConnellTom_Killion2010" class="citation book cs1">Dan Connell; Tom Killion (14 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYsgpIc3mrsC&pg=PA7">Historical Dictionary of Eritrea</a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 7–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7505-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7505-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Eritrea&rft.pages=7-&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7505-0&rft.au=Dan+Connell&rft.au=Tom+Killion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYsgpIc3mrsC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> "Today, 23 May 1997, on this historic date, after active popular participation, approve and solemnly ratify, through the Constituent Assembly, this Constitution as the fundamental law of our Sovereign and Independent State of Eritrea." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/government-agencies/eritrea-constitution/">The Constitution of Eritrea (eritrean-embassy.se)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104131633/http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/government-agencies/eritrea-constitution/">Archived</a> 4 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Encyclopedia_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology">McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</a> (9th ed.). The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-913665-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-913665-7"><bdi>978-0-07-913665-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=The+McGraw+Hill+Companies+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-913665-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1999" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Gloria (8 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991013050335/http://exn.ca/hominids/pleistocenepark.cfm">"Pleistocene Park"</a>. Hunting Hominids. Discovery Channel Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exn.ca/hominids/pleistocenepark.cfm">the original</a> on 13 October 1999. Retrieved 2 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hunting+Hominids&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+Park&rft.date=1999-09-08&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexn.ca%2Fhominids%2Fpleistocenepark.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10811218-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid10811218_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid10811218_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalterBufflerBruggemannGuillaume2000" class="citation journal cs1">Walter, R. C.; Buffler, R. T.; Bruggemann, J. H.; Guillaume, M. M. M.; Berhe, S. M.; Negassi, B.; Libsekal, Y.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R. L.; Von Cosel, R.; Néraudeau, D.; Gagnon, M. (2000). "Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial". Nature. 405 (6782): 65–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.405...65W">2000Natur.405...65W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35011048">10.1038/35011048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10811218">10811218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4417823">4417823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Early+human+occupation+of+the+Red+Sea+coast+of+Eritrea+during+the+last+interglacial&rft.volume=405&rft.issue=6782&rft.pages=65-69&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35011048&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4417823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10811218&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.405...65W&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.au=Buffler%2C+R.+T.&rft.au=Bruggemann%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Guillaume%2C+M.+M.+M.&rft.au=Berhe%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Negassi%2C+B.&rft.au=Libsekal%2C+Y.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+H.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Von+Cosel%2C+R.&rft.au=N%C3%A9raudeau%2C+D.&rft.au=Gagnon%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928035536/http://www.exn.ca/hominids/outofafrica.cfm">"Out of Africa"</a>. 10 September 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exn.ca/hominids/outofafrica.cfm">the original</a> on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+Africa&rft.date=1999-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexn.ca%2Fhominids%2Foutofafrica.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarins,_Juris1990" class="citation journal cs1">Zarins, Juris (1990). "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 280 (280): 31–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357309">10.2307/1357309</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357309">1357309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163491760">163491760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Early+Pastoral+Nomadism+and+the+Settlement+of+Lower+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=280&rft.pages=31-65&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163491760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357309&rft.au=Zarins%2C+Juris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamondBellwood2003" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond, J.; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions". Science. 300 (5619): 597–603. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300..597D">2003Sci...300..597D</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1013.4523">10.1.1.1013.4523</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078208">10.1126/science.1078208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12714734">12714734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13350469">13350469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Farmers+and+Their+Languages%3A+The+First+Expansions&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=5619&rft.pages=597-603&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13350469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...300..597D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1013.4523%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12714734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1078208&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench143144-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Blench143144_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2006" class="citation book cs1">Blench, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C">Archaeology, Language, and the African Past</a>. Rowman Altamira. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0466-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0466-2"><bdi>978-0-7591-0466-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Language%2C+and+the+African+Past&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0466-2&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesFy3Po57A8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell2002" class="citation web cs1">Connell, Dan (24 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ9yAAAAMAAJ&q=Tools+found+in+the+Barka+Valley+from+8000BC">"Eritrea: A Country Handbook"</a>. Ministry of Information – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea%3A+A+Country+Handbook&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information&rft.date=2002-05-24&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJ9yAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTools%2Bfound%2Bin%2Bthe%2BBarka%2BValley%2Bfrom%2B8000BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG2010" class="citation book cs1">G, Mussie Tesfagiorgis (24 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pReFaFC3fQC">Eritrea</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-231-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-231-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-231-9</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-231-9&rft.aulast=G&rft.aufirst=Mussie+Tesfagiorgis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pReFaFC3fQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leclant402-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Leclant402_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclant1993" class="citation book cs1">Leclant, Jean (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0B1yAAAAMAAJ">Sesto Congresso internazionale di egittologia: atti, Volume 2</a>. International Association of Egyptologists. p. 402.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sesto+Congresso+internazionale+di+egittologia%3A+atti%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Egyptologists&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Leclant&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0B1yAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1964" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Sonia Mary (1964). The Prehistory of East. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+East&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Sonia+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Najovits, Simson (2004) Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2, Algora Publishing, p. 258, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87586-256-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87586-256-X">0-87586-256-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk-49"><a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarus,_Owen2010" class="citation news cs1">Jarus, Owen (26 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/baboon-mummy-analysis-reveals-eritrea-and-ethiopia-as-location-of-land-of-punt-1954547.html">"Baboon mummy analysis reveals Eritrea and Ethiopia as location of land of Punt"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 26 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Baboon+mummy+analysis+reveals+Eritrea+and+Ethiopia+as+location+of+land+of+Punt&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.au=Jarus%2C+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fhistory%2Fbaboon-mummy-analysis-reveals-eritrea-and-ethiopia-as-location-of-land-of-punt-1954547.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNATHANIEL_J._DOMINY1SALIMA_IKRAMGILLIAN_L._MORITZJOHN_N._CHRISTENSEN" class="citation web cs1">NATHANIEL J. DOMINY1; SALIMA IKRAM; GILLIAN L. MORITZ; JOHN N. CHRISTENSEN; PATRICK V. WHEATLEY; JONATHAN W. CHIPMAN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730055118/http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2015/session45/dominy-2015-mummified-baboons-clarify-ancient-red-sea-trade-routes.html">"Mummified baboons clarify ancient Red Sea trade routes"</a>. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2015/session45/dominy-2015-mummified-baboons-clarify-ancient-red-sea-trade-routes.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mummified+baboons+clarify+ancient+Red+Sea+trade+routes&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Physical+Anthropologists&rft.au=NATHANIEL+J.+DOMINY1&rft.au=SALIMA+IKRAM&rft.au=GILLIAN+L.+MORITZ&rft.au=JOHN+N.+CHRISTENSEN&rft.au=PATRICK+V.+WHEATLEY&rft.au=JONATHAN+W.+CHIPMAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeeting.physanth.org%2Fprogram%2F2015%2Fsession45%2Fdominy-2015-mummified-baboons-clarify-ancient-red-sea-trade-routes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_&_Nicholson,_p.231_51-0">^</a> Shaw & Nicholson, p.231. </li> <li id="cite_note-:210-52"><a href="#cite_ref-:210_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/punt/">"Punt"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Punt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fpunt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlückigerHanbury2014" class="citation book cs1">Flückiger, Friedrich August; Hanbury, Daniel (20 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTTeAgAAQBAJ&q=opone+punt&pg=PA136">Pharmacographia</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06930-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06930-4"><bdi>978-1-108-06930-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacographia&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1-108-06930-4&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCckiger&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+August&rft.au=Hanbury%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTTeAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dopone%2Bpunt%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-54"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich">In Search of Myths & Heroes: Exploring Four Epic Legends of the World</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmythsh00mich/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24724-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24724-6"><bdi>978-0-520-24724-6</bdi></a>. <q>opone punt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Myths+%26+Heroes%3A+Exploring+Four+Epic+Legends+of+the+World&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24724-6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofmythsh00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Peter R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=270036407&DB=p">"The 'Ona' culture of greater Asmara: archaeology's liberation of Eritrea's ancient history from colonial paradigms"</a>. Journal of Eritrean Studies. 1 (1): 29–58. Retrieved 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eritrean+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%27Ona%27+culture+of+greater+Asmara%3A+archaeology%27s+liberation+of+Eritrea%27s+ancient+history+from+colonial+paradigms&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-58&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D270036407%26DB%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avanzini-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Avanzini_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvanzini1997" class="citation book cs1">Avanzini, Alessandra (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zOlYZmJiiAC">Profumi d'Arabia: atti del convegno</a>. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7062-975-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7062-975-0"><bdi>978-88-7062-975-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profumi+d%27Arabia%3A+atti+del+convegno&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=L%27ERMA+di+BRETSCHNEIDER&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-88-7062-975-0&rft.aulast=Avanzini&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3zOlYZmJiiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Peter R. (24 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=270036407&DB=p">"The 'Ona' culture of greater Asmara: archaeology's liberation of Eritrea's ancient history from colonial paradigms"</a>. Journal of Eritrean Studies (Asmara). 1 (1): 29–58 – via www.africabib.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eritrean+Studies+%28Asmara%29&rft.atitle=The+%27Ona%27+culture+of+greater+Asmara%3A+archaeology%27s+liberation+of+Eritrea%27s+ancient+history+from+colonial+paradigms&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-58&rft.date=2002-05-24&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D270036407%26DB%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Huntingford, G.W.B. (1989) Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704. London: British Academy. pp. 38 ff </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Pankhurst, Richard K.P. (17 January 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109162335/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2003/01/17-01-03/Let.htm">"Let's Look Across the Red Sea I"</a>. Archived from the original on 9 January 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Look+Across+the+Red+Sea+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.addistribune.com%2FArchives%2F2003%2F01%2F17-01-03%2FLet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>), Addis Tribune </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipson,_David2012" class="citation book cs1">Phillipson, David (2012). Neil Asher Silberman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5"><bdi>978-0-19-973578-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Archaeology&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973578-5&rft.au=Phillipson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxeJMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agrvt-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Agrvt_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAIAAJ">Africa Geoscience Review, Volume 10</a>. Rock View International. 2003. p. 366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+Geoscience+Review%2C+Volume+10&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Rock+View+International&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQWBPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eospvo-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Eospvo_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkSk4euA-TEC">Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-654-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-654-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-654-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-654-6&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkSk4euA-TEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro-Hay-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Munro-Hay_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro-Hay1991" class="citation book cs1">Munro-Hay, Stuart C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlRzAAAAMAAJ">Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0106-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum%3A+An+African+Civilisation+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6&rft.aulast=Munro-Hay&rft.aufirst=Stuart+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlRzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenisonPaice2007" class="citation book cs1">Denison, Edward; Paice, Edward (24 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi-KQchGks8C&pg=PA187">Eritrea: The Bradt Travel Guide</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-171-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-171-5"><bdi>978-1-84162-171-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-171-5&rft.aulast=Denison&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Paice%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQi-KQchGks8C%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnellKillion2011" class="citation book cs1">Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYsgpIc3mrsC&q=debre+libanos+eritrea&pg=PA164">Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2nd Edition</a>. Scarecrow Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7505-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7505-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Eritrea%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7505-0&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Killion%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYsgpIc3mrsC%26q%3Ddebre%2Blibanos%2Beritrea%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid2012Massawa-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid2012Massawa_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2012" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=US6RQtYwasUC">"The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa"</a>. A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65898-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65898-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65898-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Frontier+in+Eastern+Africa&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Africa%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65898-7&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUS6RQtYwasUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Periplusme-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Periplusme_67-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html">Periplus of the Erythreaean Sea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814160845/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, chs. 4, 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Raffaele2007-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Raffaele2007_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffaele2007" class="citation journal cs1">Raffaele, Paul (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/ark-covenant-200712.html?c=y&page=1">"Keepers of the Lost Ark?"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Keepers+of+the+Lost+Ark%3F&rft.date=2007-12&rft.aulast=Raffaele&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fpeople-places%2Fark-covenant-200712.html%3Fc%3Dy%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Eritrea">"Encyclopedia Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Eritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Tamrat, Taddesse (1972) Church and State in Ethiopia (1270–1527). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Travis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a483490.pdf">BELEAGUERED MUSLIM FORTRESSES AND ETHIOPIAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION FROM THE 13TH TO THE 16TH CENTURY</a> (PDF). NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL. p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020204/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a483490.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BELEAGUERED+MUSLIM+FORTRESSES+AND+ETHIOPIAN+IMPERIAL+EXPANSION+FROM+THE+13TH+TO+THE+16TH+CENTURY&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=NAVAL+POSTGRADUATE+SCHOOL&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa483490.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPouwels2000" class="citation book cs1">Pouwels, Randall (31 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&q=Sawakin+adal&pg=PA229">The History of Islam in Africa</a>. Ohio University Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4461-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4461-0"><bdi>978-0-8214-4461-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Islam+in+Africa&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2000-03-31&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4461-0&rft.aulast=Pouwels&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1Ipt5A9mLMC%26q%3DSawakin%2Badal%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Kendie, Daniel (2005) The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle. Signature Book Printing, Inc. pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Denison, Edward; Ren, Guang Yu and Gebremedhin, Naigzy (2003) Asmara: Africa's secret modernist city. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85894-209-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85894-209-8">1-85894-209-8</a>. p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/alvares-f/">"Francisco Álvares"</a>. dacb.org. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dacb.org&rft.atitle=Francisco+%C3%81lvares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdacb.org%2Fstories%2Fethiopia%2Falvares-f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereira" class="citation web cs1">Pereira, Hugo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/6888/1/Uma%20for%C3%A7a%20Expedicion%C3%A1ria%20Portuguesa%20na%20Campanha%20da%20Eti%C3%B3pia...pdf">"Uma força Expedicionária Portuguesa na Campanha da Etiópia de 1541-1543"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uma+for%C3%A7a+Expedicion%C3%A1ria+Portuguesa+na+Campanha+da+Eti%C3%B3pia+de+1541-1543&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomum.rcaap.pt%2Fbitstream%2F10400.26%2F6888%2F1%2FUma%2520for%25C3%25A7a%2520Expedicion%25C3%25A1ria%2520Portuguesa%2520na%2520Campanha%2520da%2520Eti%25C3%25B3pia...pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MB01-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MB01_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MB01_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MB01_77-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkbazghi_Yohannes1991" class="citation book cs1">Okbazghi Yohannes (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eritreapawninwor00yoha/page/31">A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea</a>. University of Florida Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eritreapawninwor00yoha/page/31">31–32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1044-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1044-1"><bdi>978-0-8130-1044-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pawn+in+World+Politics%3A+Eritrea&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1044-1&rft.au=Okbazghi+Yohannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feritreapawninwor00yoha%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encaet-78"><a href="#cite_ref-encaet_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegbert_Uhlig2005" class="citation book cs1">Siegbert Uhlig (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X38lxaUjm1MC&pg=PA951">Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 951. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05238-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05238-2"><bdi>978-3-447-05238-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica%3A+D-Ha&rft.pages=951&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05238-2&rft.au=Siegbert+Uhlig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX38lxaUjm1MC%26pg%3DPA951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A10-4-79"><a href="#cite_ref-A10-4_79-0">^</a> Jonathan Miran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMFVeWTWF0YC&dq=%22resistance+and+pushed+back+by+the+bahr+negash+and+highland+forces%22+%22the+Turks+remained+relatively+briefly+in+the+highlands%22&pg=PA38">Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, 2009, pp. 38–39 & 91 Google Books </li> <li id="cite_note-A10-5-80"><a href="#cite_ref-A10-5_80-0">^</a> Jonathan Miran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMFVeWTWF0YC&dq=allied+%22who+had+switched+alliances+due+to+power+struggles%22+%22partly+successful%2C+and+in+1589+they+were+apparently+compelled+to+withdraw+their+forces+to+the+coast.%22+abandoned+ambitions+plateau+coast&pg=PA39">Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa</a>. Indiana University Press, 2009, pp. 38–39 & 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Eritrea">"Encyclopedia Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Eritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Abir, Mordechai (1968) The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire, 1769–1855. London: Longmans. pp. 23–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pankhurstteb-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Pankhurstteb_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1997" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ1CH3-RMe0C&pg=PA391">The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century</a>. Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6"><bdi>978-0-932415-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands%3A+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-19-6&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQ1CH3-RMe0C%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aesna-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Aesna_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idUtAQAAIAAJ">In defence of the Eritrean revolution against Ethiopian social chauvinists</a>. AESNA. 1978. p. 38. <q>Later in their history, the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea were part of the Sultanate of Aussa, which came into being towards the end of the sixteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+defence+of+the+Eritrean+revolution+against+Ethiopian+social+chauvinists&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=AESNA&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidUtAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Abir, Mordechai (1968) The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire, 1769–1855. London: Longmans, p. 23 n. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWARNER2015" class="citation journal cs1">WARNER, JASON (10 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x15000531">"The African Garrison State: Human Rights and Political Development in Eritrea by Kjetil Tronvoll and Daniel R. Mekonnen Woodbridge: James Currey, 2014. Pp. 212. £45 (hbk)"</a>. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 53 (3): 500–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022278x15000531">10.1017/s0022278x15000531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X">0022-278X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+African+Garrison+State%3A+Human+Rights+and+Political+Development+in+Eritrea+by+Kjetil+Tronvoll+and+Daniel+R.+Mekonnen+Woodbridge%3A+James+Currey%2C+2014.+Pp.+212.+%C2%A345+%28hbk%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=500-501&rft.date=2015-08-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022278x15000531&rft.issn=0022-278X&rft.aulast=WARNER&rft.aufirst=JASON&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0022278x15000531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBAb-87"><a href="#cite_ref-EBAb_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eritrea">"Eritrea" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 747.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=747&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ully-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Ully_88-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff" title="Edward Ullendorff">Ullendorff, Edward</a>. The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People 2nd ed., p. 90. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (London), 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285061-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285061-X">0-19-285061-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abyssinia">"Abyssinia" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Olivieri, Emilio (1888) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/la_ferrovia_massauasaati.htm">La Ferrovia Massaua-Saati</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012032531/http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/la_ferrovia_massauasaati.htm">Archived</a> 12 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (report on the construction of the Massawa–Saati Railway). Ferrovia Eritrea. (in Italian) </li> <li id="cite_note-f1-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f1_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-f1_91-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/contenuti.htm">Eritrean Railway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413211753/http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/contenuti.htm">Archived</a> 13 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at Ferrovia Eritrea. (in Italian) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shabait.com/2009/11/13/italian-administration-in-eritrea/">"Italian administration in Eritrea"</a>. Eritrea Ministry of Information. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+administration+in+Eritrea&rft.pub=Eritrea+Ministry+of+Information&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshabait.com%2F2009%2F11%2F13%2Fitalian-administration-in-eritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429102012/http://www.dankalia.com/history/04503.htm">ITALIAN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES</a>. dankalia.com </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dadfeatured.blogspot.com/2018/08/italian-asmara.html">"ITALIAN ASMARA"</a>. Dadfeatured. 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dadfeatured&rft.atitle=ITALIAN+ASMARA&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdadfeatured.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F08%2Fitalian-asmara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550">"Asmara: A Modernist African City"</a>. whc.unesco.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Asmara%3A+A+Modernist+African+City&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw" class="citation web cs1">Law, Gwillim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/uer.html">"Regions of Eritrea"</a>. Administrative Divisions of Countries ('Statoids'). Retrieved 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Administrative+Divisions+of+Countries+%28%27Statoids%27%29&rft.atitle=Regions+of+Eritrea&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Gwillim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoids.com%2Fuer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegash" class="citation book cs1">Negash, Tekeste. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:272775/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Eritrea and Ethiopia The Federal Experience</a> (PDF). p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+Ethiopia+The+Federal+Experience&rft.pages=24&rft.aulast=Negash&rft.aufirst=Tekeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A272775%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_98-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegash" class="citation book cs1">Negash, Tekeste. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:272775/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Eritrea and Ethiopia The Federal Experience</a> (PDF). p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+Ethiopia+The+Federal+Experience&rft.pages=58&rft.aulast=Negash&rft.aufirst=Tekeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A272775%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabte_Selassie1989" class="citation book cs1">Habte Selassie, Bereket (1989). Eritrea and the United Nations. Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-12-7"><bdi>978-0-932415-12-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-12-7&rft.aulast=Habte+Selassie&rft.aufirst=Bereket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Top Secret Memorandum of 1949-03-05, written with the UN Third Session in view, from Mr. Rusk to the Secretary of State. </li> <li id="cite_note-UNGA390-101"><a href="#cite_ref-UNGA390_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly" class="citation web cs1">United Nations General Assembly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115022039/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/059/88/IMG/NR005988.pdf?OpenElement">"Eritrea: Report of the United Nations Commission for Eritrea; Report of the Interim Committee of the General Assembly on the Report of the United Nations Commission for Eritrea"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/059/88/IMG/NR005988.pdf?OpenElement">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea%3A+Report+of+the+United+Nations+Commission+for+Eritrea%3B+Report+of+the+Interim+Committee+of+the+General+Assembly+on+the+Report+of+the+United+Nations+Commission+for+Eritrea&rft.au=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaccess-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FRESOLUTION%2FGEN%2FNR0%2F059%2F88%2FIMG%2FNR005988.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Ofcansky, TP Berry, L (2004) Ethiopia, a country study, Kessinger Publishing, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey2020" class="citation journal cs1">Davey, Eleanor (1 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fhistoirepolitique.324">"Relief, Development and the Eritrean War of Independence: Subverting the Anti-politics Machine"</a>. Histoire Politique (41). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fhistoirepolitique.324">10.4000/histoirepolitique.324</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1954-3670">1954-3670</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239592534">239592534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+Politique&rft.atitle=Relief%2C+Development+and+the+Eritrean+War+of+Independence%3A+Subverting+the+Anti-politics+Machine&rft.issue=41&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239592534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1954-3670&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fhistoirepolitique.324&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fhistoirepolitique.324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-37675/Eritrea">"Eritrea – The spreading revolution"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eritrea+%E2%80%93+The+spreading+revolution&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-37675%2FEritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/21/slaughtered-like-chickens-eritrea-heavily-involved-in-tigray-conflict-say-eyewitnesses">"'Slaughtered like chickens': Eritrea heavily involved in Tigray conflict, say eyewitnesses"</a>. The Guardian. 21 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Slaughtered+like+chickens%27%3A+Eritrea+heavily+involved+in+Tigray+conflict%2C+say+eyewitnesses&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2020%2Fdec%2F21%2Fslaughtered-like-chickens-eritrea-heavily-involved-in-tigray-conflict-say-eyewitnesses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voice_of_America-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voice_of_America_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voice_of_America_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/us-says-eritrean-forces-should-leave-tigray-immediately">"US Says Eritrean Forces Should Leave Tigray Immediately"</a>. Voice of America. 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=US+Says+Eritrean+Forces+Should+Leave+Tigray+Immediately&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fafrica%2Fus-says-eritrean-forces-should-leave-tigray-immediately&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-09/eu-accuses-eritrea-forces-of-fueling-conflict-in-ethiopia-region">"EU Accuses Eritrean Forces of Fueling Conflict in Ethiopia"</a>. Bloomberg. 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=EU+Accuses+Eritrean+Forces+of+Fueling+Conflict+in+Ethiopia&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-02-09%2Feu-accuses-eritrea-forces-of-fueling-conflict-in-ethiopia-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Washington_Post-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/02/25/tigray-eritrea-ethiopia-crime-against-humanity/">"Massacre by Eritrean troops in Ethiopia's Tigray region may constitute crime against humanity, Amnesty says"</a>. The Washington Post. 26 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Massacre+by+Eritrean+troops+in+Ethiopia%27s+Tigray+region+may+constitute+crime+against+humanity%2C+Amnesty+says&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F02%2F25%2Ftigray-eritrea-ethiopia-crime-against-humanity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSess.:_1992-1993)1993" class="citation web cs1">Sess.: 1992-1993), UN General Assembly (47th (16 July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/197307?ln=en">"Admission of Eritrea to membership in the United Nations"</a>. Retrieved 31 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admission+of+Eritrea+to+membership+in+the+United+Nations.&rft.date=1993-07-16&rft.aulast=Sess.%3A+1992-1993%29&rft.aufirst=UN+General+Assembly+%2847th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F197307%3Fln%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Friis-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Friis_110-0">^</a> Ib Friis, Sebsebe Demissew, and Paulo van Breugel (2010) Atlas of the Potential Vegetation of Ethiopia. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen, Denmark </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fatbirder.com/links_geo/africa/eritrea.html">"Eritrea"</a>. fatbirder.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.pub=fatbirder.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatbirder.com%2Flinks_geo%2Fafrica%2Feritrea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Billi, P. (2022). Climate Variability in the Horn of Africa Eastern Countries: Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of the Horn of Africa. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05487-7_1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05487-7_1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Knight, J., Abd Elbasit, M.A.M., Adam, E. (2022). Land Degradation in Eritrea and Djibouti. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of the Horn of Africa. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05487-7_9">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05487-7_9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Martin, Emma and Burgess, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/sahelian-acacia-savanna/">Sahelian Acacia Savanna</a>. One Earth. Retrieved 28 May 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.er.undp.org/content/eritrea/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/overview.html">Environment and Energy | UNDP in Eritrea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611154614/http://www.er.undp.org/content/eritrea/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/overview.html">Archived</a> 11 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Er.undp.org. Retrieved on 5 June 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816065505/http://beta.thegef.org/country/eritrea">"Eritrea"</a>. Global Environment Facility. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.thegef.org/country/eritrea">the original</a> on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.pub=Global+Environment+Facility&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.thegef.org%2Fcountry%2Feritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesfagiorgis,_Mussie2010" class="citation book cs1">Tesfagiorgis, Mussie (29 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA10">Eritrea</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 10–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-232-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-232-6&rft.au=Tesfagiorgis%2C+Mussie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df0R7iHoaykoC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/eritrea/">"What is the weather, climate, and geography like in Eritrea"</a>. World Travel Guide. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Travel+Guide&rft.atitle=What+is+the+weather%2C+climate%2C+and+geography+like+in+Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtravelguide.net%2Fguides%2Fafrica%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/eritrea/">"Discover the climate and geography of Eritrea"</a>. World Travel Guide. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Travel+Guide&rft.atitle=Discover+the+climate+and+geography+of+Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtravelguide.net%2Fguides%2Fafrica%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaville2022" class="citation web cs1">Laville, Sandra (13 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/13/climate-adaptation-bill-african-countries-dwarf-health-spending">"Climate adaptation bill for African countries to dwarf health spending"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Climate+adaptation+bill+for+African+countries+to+dwarf+health+spending&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft.aulast=Laville&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fjul%2F13%2Fclimate-adaptation-bill-african-countries-dwarf-health-spending&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_JasonAbraha,_SolomonBerhane,_Dawit" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Jason; Abraha, Solomon; Berhane, Dawit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibis.atwebpages.com/birdwatching_in_eritrea/">"Birdwatching in Eritrea – Birding in Eritrea Homepage"</a>. ibis.atwebpages.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birdwatching+in+Eritrea+%E2%80%93+Birding+in+Eritrea+Homepage&rft.pub=ibis.atwebpages.com&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Jason&rft.au=Abraha%2C+Solomon&rft.au=Berhane%2C+Dawit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibis.atwebpages.com%2Fbirdwatching_in_eritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Main_Details-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Main_Details_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Main_Details_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Main_Details_122-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=er">"Main Details"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fcountries%2Fprofile%2F%3Fcountry%3Der&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madote.com/2010/04/photos-of-eritreas-wildlife-animals.html">"Photos of Eritrea's wildlife animals"</a>. Madote.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madote&rft.atitle=Photos+of+Eritrea%27s+wildlife+animals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madote.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fphotos-of-eritreas-wildlife-animals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112050502/http://explore-eritrea.com/Wildlife.htm">"Wild life in Eritrea page"</a>. explore-eritrea.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explore-eritrea.com/Wildlife.htm">the original</a> on 12 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+life+in+Eritrea+page&rft.pub=explore-eritrea.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explore-eritrea.com%2FWildlife.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibis.atwebpages.com-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibis.atwebpages.com_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibis.atwebpages.com_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerhane,_Dawit" class="citation web cs1">Berhane, Dawit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibis.atwebpages.com/birdwatching_in_eritrea/wildlife.htm">"Wildlife of Eritrea"</a>. ibis.atwebpages.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildlife+of+Eritrea&rft.pub=ibis.atwebpages.com&rft.au=Berhane%2C+Dawit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibis.atwebpages.com%2Fbirdwatching_in_eritrea%2Fwildlife.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060314104912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml">"The rediscovery of Eritrea's elephants"</a>. BBC Wildlife Magazine. July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml">the original</a> on 14 March 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rediscovery+of+Eritrea%27s+elephants&rft.pub=BBC+Wildlife+Magazine&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2Fanimals%2Ffeatures%2F300feature1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Hogan, C. Michael (31 January 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993">Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993">Archived</a> 9 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GlobalTwitcher.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lntreasures.com/eritrea.html">"Animals and Plants Unique to Eritrea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animals+and+Plants+Unique+to+Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flntreasures.com%2Feritrea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/eritrea/biodiversity">"Biodiversity / Eritrea | Interactive Country Fiches"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+%2F+Eritrea+%26%23124%3B+Interactive+Country+Fiches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdicf.unepgrid.ch%2Feritrea%2Fbiodiversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifad.org/en/web/operations/w/country/eritrea">"Eritrea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifad.org%2Fen%2Fweb%2Foperations%2Fw%2Fcountry%2Feritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ecological-regions-of-eritrea.html">"Ecological Regions of Eritrea"</a>. 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecological+Regions+of+Eritrea&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fecological-regions-of-eritrea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ser-rrc.org/project/eritrea-the-manzanar-project-mangrove-afforestation-near-massawa/">"Restoration Resource Center Eritrea: The Manzanar Project — Mangrove Afforestation near Massawa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restoration+Resource+Center+Eritrea%3A+The+Manzanar+Project+%E2%80%94+Mangrove+Afforestation+near+Massawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ser-rrc.org%2Fproject%2Feritrea-the-manzanar-project-mangrove-afforestation-near-massawa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackham2021" class="citation web cs1">Packham, Ian M. (28 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encircleafrica.org/blog/top-national-parks-and-reserves-in-eritrea/">"Top National Parks and Reserves in Eritrea"</a>. Encircle Africa. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encircle+Africa&rft.atitle=Top+National+Parks+and+Reserves+in+Eritrea&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft.aulast=Packham&rft.aufirst=Ian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencircleafrica.org%2Fblog%2Ftop-national-parks-and-reserves-in-eritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-134"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1070813.stm">"Country profile: Eritrea"</a>. BBC News. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Country+profile%3A+Eritrea&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1070813.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIEritrea/A_HRC_32_CRP.1_read-only.pdf">Detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea</a> (PDF). Thirty-second session, Human rights situations that require the Council's attention. Human Rights Council. 8 June 2016. A/HRC/32/CRP.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Detailed+findings+of+the+commission+of+inquiry+on+human+rights+in+Eritrea&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Council&rft.date=2016-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FHRBodies%2FHRCouncil%2FCoIEritrea%2FA_HRC_32_CRP.1_read-only.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-136"><a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekle,_Tesfa-Alem2011" class="citation web cs1">Tekle, Tesfa-Alem (20 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224084832/http://www.sudantribune.com/Eritrea-appoints-AU-envoy-in,37700">"Eritrea appoints AU envoy in Ethiopia – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"</a>. Sudan Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/Eritrea-appoints-AU-envoy-in,37700">the original</a> on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Eritrea+appoints+AU+envoy+in+Ethiopia+%E2%80%93+Sudan+Tribune%3A+Plural+news+and+views+on+Sudan&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft.au=Tekle%2C+Tesfa-Alem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2FEritrea-appoints-AU-envoy-in%2C37700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/us-removing-eritrea-from-counterterror-non-cooperation-list/4935716.html">"US Removing Eritrea from Counterterror Non-Cooperation List"</a>. VOA News. 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=US+Removing+Eritrea+from+Counterterror+Non-Cooperation+List&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fus-removing-eritrea-from-counterterror-non-cooperation-list%2F4935716.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/first-us-congressional-delegation-in-fourteen-years-visits-eritrea/4813583.html">"1st US Congressional Delegation in 14 Years Visits Eritrea"</a>. VOA News. 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=1st+US+Congressional+Delegation+in+14+Years+Visits+Eritrea&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Ffirst-us-congressional-delegation-in-fourteen-years-visits-eritrea%2F4813583.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranitz2022" class="citation web cs1">Granitz, Peter (2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/03/02/1083872077/u-n-set-to-hold-vote-that-would-demand-russia-end-war-in-ukraine">"The U.N. approves a resolution demanding that Russia end the invasion of Ukraine"</a>. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+U.N.+approves+a+resolution+demanding+that+Russia+end+the+invasion+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.aulast=Granitz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F03%2F02%2F1083872077%2Fu-n-set-to-hold-vote-that-would-demand-russia-end-war-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/16/ethiopian-raid-eritrea-conflict">Ethiopian raid on Eritrean bases raises fears of renewed conflict</a>". The Guardian. 16 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/750789.stm">Will arms ban slow war?</a> BBC. 18 May 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-horntension1-143"><a href="#cite_ref-horntension1_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3457957.stm">"Horn tensions trigger UN warning"</a>. BBC. 4 February 2004. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Horn+tensions+trigger+UN+warning&rft.date=2004-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3457957.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4400580.stm">"Army build-up near Horn frontier"</a>. BBC. 2 November 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Army+build-up+near+Horn+frontier&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4400580.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-horntension3-145"><a href="#cite_ref-horntension3_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4555892.stm">"Horn border tense before deadline"</a>. BBC. 23 December 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Horn+border+tense+before+deadline&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4555892.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lekreports.com/ethiopian-prime-minster-tries-to-undermine-the-arrest-of-20-journalists-in-the-country/">"Ethiopian Prime Minster tries to undermine the arrest of 20 journalists in the country"</a>. The Low Ethiopian Reports.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Low+Ethiopian+Reports&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Prime+Minster+tries+to+undermine+the+arrest+of+20+journalists+in+the+country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flekreports.com%2Fethiopian-prime-minster-tries-to-undermine-the-arrest-of-20-journalists-in-the-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/africa/why-are-ethiopian-leaders-calling-eritrea-s-president-hitler-34158">"Why are Ethiopian leaders calling Eritrea's president 'Hitler'?"</a>. TRT News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TRT+News&rft.atitle=Why+are+Ethiopian+leaders+calling+Eritrea%27s+president+%27Hitler%27%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fafrica%2Fwhy-are-ethiopian-leaders-calling-eritrea-s-president-hitler-34158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aubomb-148"><a href="#cite_ref-aubomb_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2011" class="citation web cs1">Rice, Xan (28 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/28/eritrea-planned-ethopia-bomb-attack">"Eritrea planned massive bomb attack on African Union summit, UN says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eritrea+planned+massive+bomb+attack+on+African+Union+summit%2C+UN+says&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Xan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjul%2F28%2Feritrea-planned-ethopia-bomb-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ethiopia-eritrea-restore-diplomatic-relations-1.4738578">"Leaders of Ethiopia and Eritrea hug and make up"</a>. CBC News. CBC. 8 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Leaders+of+Ethiopia+and+Eritrea+hug+and+make+up&rft.date=2018-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fethiopia-eritrea-restore-diplomatic-relations-1.4738578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44764597">"Ethiopia's Abiy and Eritrea's Afewerki declare end of war"</a>. BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+Abiy+and+Eritrea%27s+Afewerki+declare+end+of+war&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-44764597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-eritrea-officially-end-war/a-44585296">"Ethiopia, Eritrea officially end war"</a>. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 9 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%2C+Eritrea+officially+end+war&rft.pub=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EDeutsche+Welle%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fethiopia-eritrea-officially-end-war%2Fa-44585296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/21/slaughtered-like-chickens-eritrea-heavily-involved-in-tigray-conflict-say-eyewitnesses">"Eritrea heavily involved in Tigray conflict, say eyewitnesses"</a>. The Guardian. 21 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eritrea+heavily+involved+in+Tigray+conflict%2C+say+eyewitnesses&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2020%2Fdec%2F21%2Fslaughtered-like-chickens-eritrea-heavily-involved-in-tigray-conflict-say-eyewitnesses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/17/eritrea-confirms-its-troops-are-fighting-ethiopias-tigray">"Eritrea confirms its troops are fighting in Ethiopia's Tigray"</a>. Al-Jazeera. 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Eritrea+confirms+its+troops+are+fighting+in+Ethiopia%27s+Tigray&rft.date=2021-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F4%2F17%2Feritrea-confirms-its-troops-are-fighting-ethiopias-tigray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1328443/largest-armies-in-africa-by-active-military-personnel/">"Africa: Largest armies 2023"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Africa%3A+Largest+armies+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1328443%2Flargest-armies-in-africa-by-active-military-personnel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wri-irg.org/en/programmes/world_survey/country_report/de/Eritrea">"Eritrea"</a>. War Resisters' International. Retrieved 19 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.pub=War+Resisters%27+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wri-irg.org%2Fen%2Fprogrammes%2Fworld_survey%2Fcountry_report%2Fde%2FEritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_service_in_Eritrea-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_service_in_Eritrea_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_service_in_Eritrea_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_service_in_Eritrea_156-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/03/national-service-eritrea">National service in Eritrea</a>. Economist. 10 March 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Eritrea1.html#LawyersandLegalProfession">"UPDATE: Introduction to Eritrean Legal System and Research"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GlobaLex" title="GlobaLex">GlobaLex</a>. New York University School of Law. Retrieved 27 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobaLex&rft.atitle=UPDATE%3A+Introduction+to+Eritrean+Legal+System+and+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyulawglobal.org%2Fglobalex%2FEritrea1.html%23LawyersandLegalProfession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974">"71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal"</a>. Newsweek. 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=71+Countries+Where+Homosexuality+is+Illegal&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-159"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZere,_Abraham_Tesfalul2015" class="citation news cs1">Zere, Abraham Tesfalul (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/19/eritrea-forgotten-journalists-jailed-pen-international-press-freedom">"'If we don't give them a voice, no one will': Eritrea's forgotten journalists, still jailed after 14 years The country is ranked worst in the world for press freedom, its writers locked in secret jails. Here, PEN Eritrea profiles the men who fought for a free press, and paid the price"</a>. Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27If+we+don%27t+give+them+a+voice%2C+no+one+will%27%3A+Eritrea%27s+forgotten+journalists%2C+still+jailed+after+14+years+The+country+is+ranked+worst+in+the+world+for+press+freedom%2C+its+writers+locked+in+secret+jails.+Here%2C+PEN+Eritrea+profiles+the+men+who+fought+for+a+free+press%2C+and+paid+the+price&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.au=Zere%2C+Abraham+Tesfalul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Faug%2F19%2Feritrea-forgotten-journalists-jailed-pen-international-press-freedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eritrean_G-15_advocacy_site-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Eritrean_G-15_advocacy_site_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023043119/http://www.freeourparents-eritrea.com/who-are-the-eritrean-g15-and-where-are-they-now/">"Who are the Eritrean G15? And where are they now?"</a>. Eritrean G-15 advocacy site. 4 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeourparents-eritrea.com/who-are-the-eritrean-g15-and-where-are-they-now/">the original</a> on 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Eritrean+G15%3F+And+where+are+they+now%3F&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freeourparents-eritrea.com%2Fwho-are-the-eritrean-g15-and-where-are-they-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/25/eritrea-human-rights-united-nations">"Eritrea's human rights record comes under fire at United Nations"</a>. The Guardian. Associated Press. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eritrea%27s+human+rights+record+comes+under+fire+at+United+Nations&rft.date=2013-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Foct%2F25%2Feritrea-human-rights-united-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHREA_Lasting_Struggle-162"><a href="#cite_ref-EHREA_Lasting_Struggle_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTronvoll2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kjetil_Tronvoll" title="Kjetil Tronvoll">Tronvoll, Kjetil</a> (22 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehrea.org/eritrearapport_2_endelig_versjon.pdf">"The Lasting Struggle for Freedom in Eritrea – Human Rights and Political Development, 1991–2009"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Human_Rights_Electronic_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eritrean Human Rights Electronic Archive (page does not exist)">Eritrean Human Rights Electronic Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213014319/http://www.ehrea.org/eritrearapport_2_endelig_versjon.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eritrean+Human+Rights+Electronic+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Lasting+Struggle+for+Freedom+in+Eritrea+%E2%80%93+Human+Rights+and+Political+Development%2C+1991%E2%80%932009&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft.aulast=Tronvoll&rft.aufirst=Kjetil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehrea.org%2Feritrearapport_2_endelig_versjon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracey_L._Cousin" class="citation web cs1">Tracey L. Cousin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911212032/http://american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm">"Eritrean and Ethiopian Civil War"</a>. ICE Case Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm">the original</a> on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICE+Case+Studies&rft.atitle=Eritrean+and+Ethiopian+Civil+War&rft.au=Tracey+L.+Cousin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.american.edu%2Fted%2Fice%2Feritrea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129063002/http://www.sudantribune.com/imprimable.php3?id_article=9931">"A critical look into the Ethiopian elections"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/imprimable.php3?id_article=9931">the original</a> on 29 November 2006. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+critical+look+into+the+Ethiopian+elections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fimprimable.php3%3Fid_article%3D9931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guard-165"><a href="#cite_ref-guard_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jun/08/human-rights-abuses-eritrea-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-un-report">"Eritrea human rights abuses may be crimes against humanity, says UN"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 8 June 2015. <q>The report 'catalogues a litany of human rights violations by the "totalitarian" regime of President Isaias Afwerki "on a scope and scale seldom witnessed elsewhere"' said <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>date=8 June 2015</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eritrea+human+rights+abuses+may+be+crimes+against+humanity%2C+says+UN&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2015%2Fjun%2F08%2Fhuman-rights-abuses-eritrea-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-un-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWelle-166"><a href="#cite_ref-DWelle_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704105608/http://www.dw.com/en/human-rights-eu-should-put-more-pressure-on-eritrea/a-18535963">"Human rights: EU 'should put more pressure on Eritrea'"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 23 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/human-rights-eu-should-put-more-pressure-on-eritrea/a-18535963">the original</a> on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EDeutsche+Welle%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text&rft.atitle=Human+rights%3A+EU+%27should+put+more+pressure+on+Eritrea%27&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fhuman-rights-eu-should-put-more-pressure-on-eritrea%2Fa-18535963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611062509/http://allafrica.com/stories/201506100911.html">"Eritrea: Asmara Lashes Out at UN's 'Vile Slanders'"</a>. AllAfrica news website. 10 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201506100911.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllAfrica+news+website&rft.atitle=Eritrea%3A+Asmara+Lashes+Out+at+UN%27s+%27Vile+Slanders%27&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201506100911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles" class="citation news cs1">Miles, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021343/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN0ZH5GW?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true">"Eritrea escapes U.N. Security Council referral over human rights"</a>. AF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN0ZH5GW?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true">the original</a> on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AF&rft.atitle=Eritrea+escapes+U.N.+Security+Council+referral+over+human+rights&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidAFKCN0ZH5GW%3FpageNumber%3D2%26virtualBrandChannel%3D0%26sp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141121095314/http://utdailybeacon.com/news/2014/nov/19/professor-lecture-african-refugees-eritrea/">"Professor to lecture on African refugees of Eritrea"</a>. The Daily Beacon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utdailybeacon.com/news/2014/nov/19/professor-lecture-african-refugees-eritrea/">the original</a> on 21 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beacon&rft.atitle=Professor+to+lecture+on+African+refugees+of+Eritrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futdailybeacon.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fnov%2F19%2Fprofessor-lecture-african-refugees-eritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick,_David_D.2015" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David D. (5 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/world/africa/migrants-libya.html">"Young African Migrants, Enticed by Smugglers, End Up Mired in Libya"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Young+African+Migrants%2C+Enticed+by+Smugglers%2C+End+Up+Mired+in+Libya&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F05%2F06%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmigrants-libya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908190129/http://www.shaebia.org/artman/publish/article_4551.html">"Public Dialogue Human Rights in Eritrea"</a>. 1 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaebia.org/artman/publish/article_4551.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Dialogue+Human+Rights+in+Eritrea&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shaebia.org%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Farticle_4551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6527619.stm">"Eritrea bans female circumcision"</a>. BBC News. 4 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Eritrea+bans+female+circumcision&rft.date=2007-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6527619.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070620114348/http://www.shabait.com/cgi-bin/staging/exec/view.cgi?archive=11&num=5411">"Anseba Religious leaders condemn female circumcision"</a>. Eritrea Ministry of Information. 31 August 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shabait.com/cgi-bin/staging/exec/view.cgi?archive=11&num=5411">the original</a> on 20 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eritrea+Ministry+of+Information&rft.atitle=Anseba+Religious+leaders+condemn+female+circumcision&rft.date=2006-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shabait.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstaging%2Fexec%2Fview.cgi%3Farchive%3D11%26num%3D5411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shabait.com/cgi-bin/staging/exec/view.cgi?archive=11&num=5446">"Religious leaders of Northern Red Sea region condemn female circumcision"</a>. Eritrea Ministry of Information. 9 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eritrea+Ministry+of+Information&rft.atitle=Religious+leaders+of+Northern+Red+Sea+region+condemn+female+circumcision&rft.date=2006-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shabait.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstaging%2Fexec%2Fview.cgi%3Farchive%3D11%26num%3D5446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaut2009" class="citation news cs1">Plaut, Martin (11 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7822599.stm">"Eritrea group seeks human rights"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Eritrea+group+seeks+human+rights&rft.date=2009-01-11&rft.aulast=Plaut&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F7822599.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/">"Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. 15 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Which+Countries+Are+For+or+Against+China%27s+Xinjiang+Policies%3F&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F07%2Fwhich-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2020" class="citation web cs1">Basu, Zachary (8 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2020/10/08/un-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang">"More countries join condemnation of China over Xinjiang abuses"</a>. Axios Media Inc. Retrieved 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios+Media+Inc.&rft.atitle=More+countries+join+condemnation+of+China+over+Xinjiang+abuses&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2020%2F10%2F08%2Fun-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackagendareport.com/eritrea-story-you-dont-hear-0">"Eritrea: The Story You Don't Hear"</a>. Black Agenda Report. 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+Agenda+Report&rft.atitle=Eritrea%3A+The+Story+You+Don%27t+Hear&rft.date=2023-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackagendareport.com%2Feritrea-story-you-dont-hear-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/21/ethiopia-says-us-warcrime-allegations-inflammatory-partisan">"Ethiopia, Eritrea says US allegations 'inflammatory', 'defamatory'"</a>. www.aljazeera.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%2C+Eritrea+says+US+allegations+%27inflammatory%27%2C+%27defamatory%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F3%2F21%2Fethiopia-says-us-warcrime-allegations-inflammatory-partisan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2007" class="citation web cs1">Sanders, Edmund (2 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-eritrea2oct02-story.html">"Eritrea aspires to be self-reliant, rejecting foreign aid"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Eritrea+aspires+to+be+self-reliant%2C+rejecting+foreign+aid&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fla-fg-eritrea2oct02-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-eritrea-africa-98aa53d5ca10d5cd1992209ad4bbcb57">"Eritrea blames US support for Tigray's leaders for the war"</a>. AP News. 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Eritrea+blames+US+support+for+Tigray%27s+leaders+for+the+war&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Funited-nations-eritrea-africa-98aa53d5ca10d5cd1992209ad4bbcb57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/929756/ajax/metrics/aggregate">"Eritrean president blames Europe for refugee exodus"</a>. Arab News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Eritrean+president+blames+Europe+for+refugee+exodus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F929756%2Fajax%2Fmetrics%2Faggregate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-conflict-eritrea-usa-idINKBN28L07J">"Exclusive: U.S. says reports of Eritrean troops in Ethiopia's Tigray are 'credible'"</a>. Reuters. 11 December 2020 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+U.S.+says+reports+of+Eritrean+troops+in+Ethiopia%27s+Tigray+are+%27credible%27&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fethiopia-conflict-eritrea-usa-idINKBN28L07J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2018/07/26/eritrea-suffered-deliberate-demonization-not-isolation-info-minister/">"Eritrea suffered deliberate demonization, not isolation – Info Minister"</a>. 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea+suffered+deliberate+demonization%2C+not+isolation+%E2%80%93+Info+Minister&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2018%2F07%2F26%2Feritrea-suffered-deliberate-demonization-not-isolation-info-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/index">"Index | RSF"</a>. rsf.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Index+%26%23124%3B+RSF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/ranking">"Press Freedom Index 2017 – Reporters Without Borders"</a>. Reports Without Borders. 30 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2017+%E2%80%93+Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.pub=Reports+Without+Borders&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Franking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1070813.stm#media">"Country profile: Eritrea"</a>. BBC News. 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Country+profile%3A+Eritrea&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1070813.stm%23media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811054501/http://en.rsf.org/report-eritrea%2C15.html">"World Report – Eritrea – Reporters Without Borders"</a>. Reports Without Borders. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/report-eritrea,15.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Report+%E2%80%93+Eritrea+%E2%80%93+Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.pub=Reports+Without+Borders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rsf.org%2Freport-eritrea%2C15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-censored-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censored_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-censored_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeita,_Mohamed2011" class="citation news cs1">Keita, Mohamed (18 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpj.org/blog/2011/02/sub-saharan-africa-counters-censorship-on-mideast.php">"Sub-Saharan Africa censors Mideast protests"</a>. Committee to Protect Journalists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sub-Saharan+Africa+censors+Mideast+protests&rft.date=2011-02-18&rft.au=Keita%2C+Mohamed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpj.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F02%2Fsub-saharan-africa-counters-censorship-on-mideast.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/world/europe/journalists-jailed-committee-to-protect-journalists.html">Number of Jailed Journalists Hits Record High, Advocacy Group Says</a>". The New York Times. 13 December 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edelstam-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Edelstam_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeklemariam_Bekit2024" class="citation news cs1">Teklemariam Bekit (12 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp87yrwn644o">"World's longest detained journalist wins rights prize"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World%27s+longest+detained+journalist+wins+rights+prize&rft.date=2024-11-12&rft.au=Teklemariam+Bekit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcp87yrwn644o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ERI">"The State of Eritrea and the IMF"</a>. IMF. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Eritrea+and+the+IMF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FCountries%2FERI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31655/9781464813986.pdf">"Global Economic Prospects"</a> (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Global+Economic+Prospects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F31655%2F9781464813986.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/ERI?year=2023">"World Economic Outlook (April 2023) - Real GDP growth"</a>. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+%28April+2023%29+-+Real+GDP+growth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDP_RPCH%40WEO%2FERI%3Fyear%3D2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/eritrea/eritrea-economic-outlook">"Eritrea Economic Outlook"</a>. African Development Bank Group - Making a Difference. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Development+Bank+Group+-+Making+a+Difference&rft.atitle=Eritrea+Economic+Outlook&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdb.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Feast-africa%2Feritrea%2Feritrea-economic-outlook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporafordevelopment.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CF_Eritrea-v.2.pdf">"Diaspora engagement mapping: Eritrea"</a> (PDF). Diaspora for Development. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diaspora+for+Development&rft.atitle=Diaspora+engagement+mapping%3A+Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiasporafordevelopment.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FCF_Eritrea-v.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview">"Overview"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Feritrea%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zijinmining.com/global/program-detail-71760.htm">"Bisha Copper-Zinc Mine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zijin_Mining" title="Zijin Mining">Zijin Mining</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bisha+Copper-Zinc+Mine&rft.pub=Zijin+Mining&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zijinmining.com%2Fglobal%2Fprogram-detail-71760.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-afdb-199"><a href="#cite_ref-afdb_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/eritrea/eritrea-economic-outlook/">"Eritrea Economic Outlook – African Development Bank"</a>. Afdb.org. Retrieved 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea+Economic+Outlook+%E2%80%93+African+Development+Bank&rft.pub=Afdb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdb.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Feast-africa%2Feritrea%2Feritrea-economic-outlook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mining_Technology_2019-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Mining_Technology_2019_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLempriereMolly2019" class="citation web cs1">Lempriere, Molly; Molly (22 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining-technology.com/features/mining-in-eritrea-potash-project/">"Mining in Eritrea: could a new potash project spur sustainable growth?"</a>. Mining Technology | Mining News and Views Updated Daily. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mining+Technology+%26%23124%3B+Mining+News+and+Views+Updated+Daily&rft.atitle=Mining+in+Eritrea%3A+could+a+new+potash+project+spur+sustainable+growth%3F&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.aulast=Lempriere&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft.au=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mining-technology.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmining-in-eritrea-potash-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg_2018-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_2018_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-23/sichuan-road-bridge-to-start-copper-output-in-eritrea-by-2019">"Chinese Miner to Start Copper Output in Eritrea by Next Year"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Chinese+Miner+to+Start+Copper+Output+in+Eritrea+by+Next+Year&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-08-23%2Fsichuan-road-bridge-to-start-copper-output-in-eritrea-by-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wateractionhub.org/geos/country/67/d/eritrea/">"Water Action Hub | Country: Eritrea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Action+Hub+%26%23124%3B+Country%3A+Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwateractionhub.org%2Fgeos%2Fcountry%2F67%2Fd%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview">"Overview"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Feritrea%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agriculture_in_Eritrea_autogenerated1-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Eritrea_autogenerated1_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. Cia.gov. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agriculture_in_Eritrea_huffingtonpost.com-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Eritrea_huffingtonpost.com_205-0">^</a> Jordan, Ray (18 March 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ray-jordan/eritrea-farming-in-a-frag_b_9438504.html">"Eritrea – Farming in a fragile land"</a>, Huffington Post. </li> <li id="cite_note-Agriculture_in_Eritrea_Eritrea_World_Bank_2019-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Eritrea_Eritrea_World_Bank_2019_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea/overview">"Eritrea Overview"</a>. World Bank. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Eritrea+Overview&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Feritrea%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/eritrea/Eritrea.htm">"FAO country profile: Eritrea"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908214605/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/eritrea/Eritrea.htm">Archived</a> 8 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-shabait-208"><a href="#cite_ref-shabait_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shabait.com/2021/05/19/785-big-and-mid-size-dams-constructed/&usg=AOvVaw1T40ktjk8T8Y5k8N4AJ3sS&opi=89978449">"Shabait"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shabait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshabait.com%2F2021%2F05%2F19%2F785-big-and-mid-size-dams-constructed%2F%26usg%3DAOvVaw1T40ktjk8T8Y5k8N4AJ3sS%26opi%3D89978449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp-209"><a href="#cite_ref-cp_209-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Eritrea.pdf">Eritrea country profile</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (September 2005). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-monitor-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monitor_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monitor_210-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euromonitor.com/Travel_And_Tourism_in_Eritrea">Travel and Tourism in Eritrea</a>, Euromonitor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206102206/http://www.euromonitor.com/Travel_And_Tourism_in_Eritrea">Archived</a> 6 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-211"><a href="#cite_ref-gov_211-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Eritrea.pdf">Country Profile: Eritrea</a> September 2005, Library of Congress </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/eritrea/tourism-statistics">"Eritrea | Tourism Statistics | CEIC"</a>. www.ceicdata.com. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ceicdata.com&rft.atitle=Eritrea+%7C+Tourism+Statistics+%7C+CEIC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceicdata.com%2Fen%2Feritrea%2Ftourism-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2018/12/the-cool-list-2019">"The Cool List 2019"</a>. nationalgeographic.co.uk. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nationalgeographic.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Cool+List+2019&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Ftravel%2F2018%2F12%2Fthe-cool-list-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanet" class="citation web cs1">Planet, Lonely. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/eritrea/attractions">"Must-see attractions Eritrea, Africa"</a>. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Must-see+attractions+Eritrea%2C+Africa&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Feritrea%2Fattractions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/18/eritrea-asmara-frozen-in-time-africas-little-rome">"Africa's 'Little Rome', the Eritrean city frozen in time by war and secrecy"</a>. the Guardian. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+%27Little+Rome%27%2C+the+Eritrean+city+frozen+in+time+by+war+and+secrecy&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Faug%2F18%2Feritrea-asmara-frozen-in-time-africas-little-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublications2002" class="citation book cs1">Publications, Europa Europa (31 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C&q=eritrean+railroad+km&pg=PA379">Africa South of the Sahara 2003</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-131-5"><bdi>978-1-85743-131-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2003&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-131-5&rft.aulast=Publications&rft.aufirst=Europa+Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KBP7QbalX0C%26q%3Deritrean%2Brailroad%2Bkm%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/eritrea07.htm">"Eritrean Railway Revival"</a>. www.internationalsteam.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.internationalsteam.co.uk&rft.atitle=Eritrean+Railway+Revival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalsteam.co.uk%2Ftrains%2Feritrea07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trainweb.org/italeritrea/">"Italian-Eritrean Railway and Tramway"</a>. www.trainweb.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trainweb.org&rft.atitle=Italian-Eritrean+Railway+and+Tramway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trainweb.org%2Fitaleritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPP_2010-219"><a href="#cite_ref-WPP_2010_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/">"World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website"</a>. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922024646/https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations%2C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects+2019%2C+custom+data+acquired+via+website.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDataQuery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_not_at_war_fled-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_not_at_war_fled_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley2015" class="citation news cs1">Kingsley, Patrick (15 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/eritrea-migrants-child-soldier-fled-what-is-going">"It's not at war, but up to 3% of its people have fled. What is going on in Eritrea?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150923100909/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/eritrea-migrants-child-soldier-fled-what-is-going">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+at+war%2C+but+up+to+3%25+of+its+people+have+fled.+What+is+going+on+in+Eritrea%3F&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft.aulast=Kingsley&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjul%2F22%2Feritrea-migrants-child-soldier-fled-what-is-going&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW_ER_2019-221"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_ER_2019_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/eritrea">"Eritrea – events of 2019"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210228205428/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/eritrea%23">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Eritrea+%E2%80%93+events+of+2019&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2020%2Fcountry-chapters%2Feritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113175050/http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/culture/">"Eritrean Culture " Embassy of The State of Eritrea"</a>. Eritrean-embassy.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/culture/">the original</a> on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrean+Culture+%22+Embassy+of+The+State+of+Eritrea&rft.pub=Eritrean-embassy.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eritrean-embassy.se%2Fabout-eritrea%2Fculture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ciaethn-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Ciaethn_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227144113/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/ER-summary.pdf">"Eritrea"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/ER-summary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fattachments%2Fsummaries%2FER-summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlders" class="citation web cs1">Alders, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060709094430/http://www.eritreanbeauty.com/r.html">"the Rashaida"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eritreanbeauty.com/r.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+Rashaida&rft.aulast=Alders&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eritreanbeauty.com%2Fr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesfagiorgis1993" class="citation book cs1">Tesfagiorgis, Gebre Hiwet (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuCBNoOpQyEC&pg=PA111">Emergent Eritrea: challenges of economic development</a>. The Red Sea Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-91-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-91-2"><bdi>978-0-932415-91-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergent+Eritrea%3A+challenges+of+economic+development&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-91-2&rft.aulast=Tesfagiorgis&rft.aufirst=Gebre+Hiwet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuCBNoOpQyEC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> The Italian Ambassador stated at the 2008 Film Festival in Asmara <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ambberlino.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Asmara/Menu/Ambasciata/News/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218200229/http://www.ambberlino.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Asmara/Menu/Ambasciata/News/">Archived</a> 18 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> that nearly 100,000 Eritreans in 2008 have Italian blood, because they have at least one grandfather or great-grandfather from Italy </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg13/lavori/stampati/sk6000/relazion/5634.htm">"Stampato C. 5634"</a>. www.camera.it (in Italian). Retrieved 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.camera.it&rft.atitle=Stampato+C.+5634&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.it%2F_dati%2Fleg13%2Flavori%2Fstampati%2Fsk6000%2Frelazion%2F5634.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethner-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethner_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ER/languages">"Eritrea – Languages"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea+%E2%80%93+Languages&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FER%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viv-it.org/schede/italiano-e-dialetti-fuori-d-italia">"Italiano e dialetti fuori d'Italia"</a> [Italian and dialects out of Italy]. www.viv-it.org (in Italian). Retrieved 17 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.viv-it.org&rft.atitle=Italiano+e+dialetti+fuori+d%27Italia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viv-it.org%2Fschede%2Fitaliano-e-dialetti-fuori-d-italia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minahan_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minahan_230-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minahan_230-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan1998" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&pg=PA76">Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30610-5"><bdi>978-0-313-30610-5</bdi></a>. <q>The majority of the Eritreans speak <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigre_language" title="Tigre language">Tigre</a>, other languages belongs to Cushitic languages of the Afroasiatic language group. The Kunama and other groups in the west and northwest speak Nilotic languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miniature+empires%3A+a+historical+dictionary+of+the+newly+independent+states&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30610-5&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSxt-JB-PDkC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213925/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2050/percent/all/">"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050"</a>. Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2050/percent/all/">the original</a> on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+2010-2050&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Freligious-projection-table%2F2050%2Fpercent%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-webcitation.org-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webcitation.org_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webcitation.org_232-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/">"Eritrea"</a>. U.S. State Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.pub=U.S.+State+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=76c">"National Profiles | World Religion"</a>. www.thearda.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thearda.com&rft.atitle=National+Profiles+%26%23124%3B+World+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D76c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_DenisonEdward_Paice2007" class="citation book cs1">Edward Denison; Edward Paice (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi-KQchGks8C&pg=PA187">Eritrea: The Bradt Travel Guide</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-171-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-171-5"><bdi>978-1-84162-171-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-171-5&rft.au=Edward+Denison&rft.au=Edward+Paice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQi-KQchGks8C%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religious_persecution_in_Eritrea-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religious_persecution_in_Eritrea_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religious_persecution_in_Eritrea_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2004" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Jonah (17 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3663654.stm">"Religious persecution in Eritrea"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 11 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Religious+persecution+in+Eritrea&rft.date=2004-09-17&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F3663654.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930040630/http://www.tdgnews.it/en/2008/10/jehovahs-witnesses%E2%80%94eritrea-country-profile/">"Jehovah's Witnesses — Eritrea Country Profile – October 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdgnews.it/en/2008/10/jehovahs-witnesses%E2%80%94eritrea-country-profile/">the original</a> on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+%E2%80%94+Eritrea+Country+Profile+%E2%80%93+October+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdgnews.it%2Fen%2F2008%2F10%2Fjehovahs-witnesses%25E2%2580%2594eritrea-country-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/eritrea/jehovahs-witnesses-unjust-imprisonment-20-years/">"Twenty Years of Imprisonment in Eritrea—Will It Ever End?"</a>. jw.org. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twenty+Years+of+Imprisonment+in+Eritrea%E2%80%94Will+It+Ever+End%3F&rft.pub=jw.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Flegal%2Fby-region%2Feritrea%2Fjehovahs-witnesses-unjust-imprisonment-20-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/eritrea/human-rights-violations-un-report/">"UN Report on Eritrea's Human Rights Violations"</a>. jw.org. Retrieved 21 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jw.org&rft.atitle=UN+Report+on+Eritrea%27s+Human+Rights+Violations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Flegal%2Fby-region%2Feritrea%2Fhuman-rights-violations-un-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/10/03/eritrea-diplomacy-changes-political-prisoners-remain">"Eritrea: Diplomacy Changes, but Political Prisoners Remain"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 3 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Eritrea%3A+Diplomacy+Changes%2C+but+Political+Prisoners+Remain&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2018%2F10%2F03%2Feritrea-diplomacy-changes-political-prisoners-remain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrc-eritrea.org/eritrea-20-years-and-counting-the-exceptional-persecution-of-jehovahs-witnesses/">"Eritrea: 20 Years and Counting – The Exceptional Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses"</a>. Human Rights Concern - Eritrea (HRCE). 14 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Concern+-+Eritrea+%28HRCE%29&rft.atitle=Eritrea%3A+20+Years+and+Counting+%E2%80%93+The+Exceptional+Persecution+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrc-eritrea.org%2Feritrea-20-years-and-counting-the-exceptional-persecution-of-jehovahs-witnesses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2017.USCIRFAnnualReport.pdf">"International Religious Freedom Report, 2017"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report%2C+2017&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscirf.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2017.USCIRFAnnualReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODI1-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_242-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_242-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_242-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI1_242-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez_PoseSamuels2010" class="citation web cs1">Rodríguez Pose, Romina; Samuels, Fiona (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228112540/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5179&title=progress-health-eritrea-cost-effective-inter-sectoral-interventions-long-term-perspective">"Progress in health in Eritrea: Cost-effective inter-sectoral interventions and a long-term perspective"</a>. Overseas Development Institute. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5179&title=progress-health-eritrea-cost-effective-inter-sectoral-interventions-long-term-perspective">the original</a> on 28 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overseas+Development+Institute&rft.atitle=Progress+in+health+in+Eritrea%3A+Cost-effective+inter-sectoral+interventions+and+a+long-term+perspective&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Pose&rft.aufirst=Romina&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odi.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fdetails.asp%3Fid%3D5179%26title%3Dprogress-health-eritrea-cost-effective-inter-sectoral-interventions-long-term-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ERI/eritrea/life-expectancy">"Eritrea Life Expectancy 1950-2020"</a>. www.macrotrends.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macrotrends.net&rft.atitle=Eritrea+Life+Expectancy+1950-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fcountries%2FERI%2Feritrea%2Flife-expectancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71199">"IRIN Africa | ERITREA: Government outlaws female genital mutilation | Human Rights"</a>. IRIN. 5 April 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IRIN+Africa+%26%23124%3B+ERITREA%3A+Government+outlaws+female+genital+mutilation+%26%23124%3B+Human+Rights&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2FReport.aspx%3FReportId%3D71199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-afro.who.int-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afro.who.int_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afro.who.int_245-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afro.who.int_245-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afro.who.int_245-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afro.who.int_245-4">e</a> Health profile at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1029&Itemid=2070">Eritrea WHO Country Office</a>. afro.who.int </li> <li id="cite_note-uis.unesco.org-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uis.unesco.org_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uis.unesco.org_246-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/er#slideoutmenu">"Eritrea"</a>. uis.unesco.org. 27 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uis.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Eritrea&rft.date=2016-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuis.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fer%23slideoutmenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055210/http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/chr_old/indigenous/documents/Eritrea/Report/Base%20line%20study%20on%20Livelihood%20Systems%20in%20Eritrea.pdf">Baseline Study on Livelihood Systems in Eritrea</a> (PDF). National Food Information System of Eritrea. January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.chr.up.ac.za/chr_old/indigenous/documents/Eritrea/Report/Base%20line%20study%20on%20Livelihood%20Systems%20in%20Eritrea.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baseline+Study+on+Livelihood+Systems+in+Eritrea&rft.pub=National+Food+Information+System+of+Eritrea&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.chr.up.ac.za%2Fchr_old%2Findigenous%2Fdocuments%2FEritrea%2FReport%2FBase%2520line%2520study%2520on%2520Livelihood%2520Systems%2520in%2520Eritrea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809063605/http://www.uoa.edu.er/">"National Board for Higher Education"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uoa.edu.er/">the original</a> on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Board+for+Higher+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uoa.edu.er%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&country=ERI#">"World Development Indicators | DataBank"</a>. databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=databank.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=World+Development+Indicators+%7C+DataBank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatabank.worldbank.org%2Freports.aspx%3Fsource%3D2%26country%3DERI%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKifle2002" class="citation book cs1">Kifle, Temesgen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econbiz.de/en/search/detailed-view/doc/all/educational-gender-gap-in-eritrea-kifle-temesgen/10001715911/?no_cache=1">Educational Gender Gap in Eritrea</a>. Berichte aus dem Weltwirtschaftlichen Colloquium der Universität Bremen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educational+Gender+Gap+in+Eritrea&rft.series=Berichte+aus+dem+Weltwirtschaftlichen+Colloquium+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Bremen&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kifle&rft.aufirst=Temesgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econbiz.de%2Fen%2Fsearch%2Fdetailed-view%2Fdoc%2Fall%2Feducational-gender-gap-in-eritrea-kifle-temesgen%2F10001715911%2F%3Fno_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwim.uni-bremen.de/publikationen/pdf/b079.pdf">PDF copy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030759/http://www.iwim.uni-bremen.de/publikationen/pdf/b079.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnfray1994" class="citation report cs1">Anfray, Francesco (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000098638">Preservation and presentation of the cultural heritage: Eritrea - (mission)</a> (Report). UNESCO. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Preservation+and+presentation+of+the+cultural+heritage%3A+Eritrea+-+%28mission%29&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Anfray&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000098638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.embassyeritrea.org/our-history/">"Our History"</a>. Embassy of the State of Eritrea – Washington, D.C., USA. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+State+of+Eritrea+%E2%80%93+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.embassyeritrea.org%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consulateoferitrea.ca/eritrean-culture/">"Eritrean Culture"</a>. The Consulate General of the State of Eritrea – Toronto, Canada. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrean+Culture&rft.pub=The+Consulate+General+of+the+State+of+Eritrea+%E2%80%93+Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconsulateoferitrea.ca%2Feritrean-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004094605/http://www.networkafricaonline.com/eritrea-coffee-cere.htm">"It's coffee time"</a>. Network Africa Online. April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkafricaonline.com/eritrea-coffee-cere.htm">the original</a> on 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Network+Africa+Online&rft.atitle=It%27s+coffee+time&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkafricaonline.com%2Feritrea-coffee-cere.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tekle197-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Tekle197_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekle1994" class="citation book cs1">Tekle, Amare (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC">Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation</a>. The Red Sea Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4"><bdi>978-0-932415-97-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+Ethiopia%3A+From+Conflict+to+Cooperation&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-97-4&rft.aulast=Tekle&rft.aufirst=Amare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbQTEF0rd7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_256-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550/">"Asmara: A Modernist African City"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Asmara%3A+A+Modernist+African+City&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1550%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommentary2017" class="citation web cs1">Commentary, Tom Gardner (11 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/africa/1026237/eritreas-asmara-is-now-a-unesco-world-heritage-site-and-should-boost-tourism/">"Eritrea's picturesque capital is now a World Heritage site and could help bring it in from the cold"</a>. Quartz Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz+Africa&rft.atitle=Eritrea%27s+picturesque+capital+is+now+a+World+Heritage+site+and+could+help+bring+it+in+from+the+cold&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft.aulast=Commentary&rft.aufirst=Tom+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fafrica%2F1026237%2Feritreas-asmara-is-now-a-unesco-world-heritage-site-and-should-boost-tourism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304162652/https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/12/eritrea-capital-asmara-makes-unesco-world-heritage-list//">"Eritrea capital, Asmara, makes UNESCO World Heritage list | Africanews"</a>. 11 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/12/eritrea-capital-asmara-makes-unesco-world-heritage-list/">the original</a> on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea+capital%2C+Asmara%2C+makes+UNESCO+World+Heritage+list+%26%23124%3B+Africanews&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2017%2F07%2F12%2Feritrea-capital-asmara-makes-unesco-world-heritage-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/eritreas-capital-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-site-list/a-39609655">"Eritrea's capital added to UNESCO World Heritage site list | DW | 08.07.2017"</a>. DW.COM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Eritrea%27s+capital+added+to+UNESCO+World+Heritage+site+list+%26%23124%3B+DW+%26%23124%3B+08.07.2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Feritreas-capital-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-site-list%2Fa-39609655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apollo-magazine.com/eritrea-italy-modernist-architecture/">"The modernist marvels of Eritrea"</a>. Apollo Magazine. 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollo+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+modernist+marvels+of+Eritrea&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apollo-magazine.com%2Feritrea-italy-modernist-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/design/asmara-eritrea-art-deco-unesco-architecture-italy-little-rome-world-heritage-a8040871.html">"Exploring Eritrea's UNESCO certified Art-Deco wonderland"</a>. The Independent. 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Exploring+Eritrea%27s+UNESCO+certified+Art-Deco+wonderland&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fdesign%2Fasmara-eritrea-art-deco-unesco-architecture-italy-little-rome-world-heritage-a8040871.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Britannica,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Asmara">Asmara</a>, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 8 September 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtontimes.com/article/20070915/ENTERTAINMENT/109150018/1007">"Asmara useful for experimenting with radical designs for Europeans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. 15 September 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Asmara+useful+for+experimenting+with+radical+designs+for+Europeans&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtontimes.com%2Farticle%2F20070915%2FENTERTAINMENT%2F109150018%2F1007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Jan Körting & Neysan Zölzer (2012): Heritage and Daily Life in the Historic Urban Core of Asmara (Original: Erbe und Alltag im historischen Stadtkern Asmaras) (Dissertation). Technische Universität Berlin. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Gianluca Rossi, Renzo Martinelli inviato de La Nazione, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blum-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Blum_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2007" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Bruno (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNsTAQAAIAAJ">De l'art de savoir chanter, danser et jouer la bamboula comme un éminent musicien africain: le guide des musiques africaines</a>. Scali. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35012-197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35012-197-0"><bdi>978-2-35012-197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+l%27art+de+savoir+chanter%2C+danser+et+jouer+la+bamboula+comme+un+%C3%A9minent+musicien+africain%3A+le+guide+des+musiques+africaines&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Scali&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-35012-197-0&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNsTAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-traditionalmusic-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-traditionalmusic_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-traditionalmusic_267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2016" class="citation web cs1">Abraham, Tedros (21 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-music-eritrea">"Traditional music in Eritrea"</a>. Music in Africa. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Traditional+music+in+Eritrea&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Tedros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinafrica.net%2Fmagazine%2Ftraditional-music-eritrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kittler-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kittler_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kittler_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kittler_268-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyan_Kittler,_PamelaSucher,_Kathryn_P.Nahikian-Nelms,_Marcia2011" class="citation book cs1">Goyan Kittler, Pamela; Sucher, Kathryn P.; Nahikian-Nelms, Marcia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R06H7WabJuMC">Food and Culture, 6th ed</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-538-73497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-538-73497-4"><bdi>978-0-538-73497-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Culture%2C+6th+ed&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-538-73497-4&rft.au=Goyan+Kittler%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Sucher%2C+Kathryn+P.&rft.au=Nahikian-Nelms%2C+Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR06H7WabJuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tekle142-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Tekle142_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekle1994" class="citation book cs1">Tekle, Amare (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC">Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation</a>. The Red Sea Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4"><bdi>978-0-932415-97-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+Ethiopia%3A+From+Conflict+to+Cooperation&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-97-4&rft.aulast=Tekle&rft.aufirst=Amare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbQTEF0rd7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mftdbeaeccdtmts-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Mftdbeaeccdtmts_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarman2009" class="citation news cs1">Carman, Tim (9 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/36663/mild-frontier">"Mild Frontier: the differences between Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisines come down to more than spice"</a>. Washington City Paper. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Mild+Frontier%3A+the+differences+between+Eritrean+and+Ethiopian+cuisines+come+down+to+more+than+spice&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoncitypaper.com%2Farticles%2F36663%2Fmild-frontier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mettm-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Mettm_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j11zAAAAMAAJ">Eritrea: Travel Trade Manual</a>. Ministry of Tourism of Eritrea. 2000. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea%3A+Travel+Trade+Manual&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Tourism+of+Eritrea&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj11zAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47709673">"Cycling heaven: The African capital with 'no traffic'"</a>. 27 March 2019 – via www.bbc.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cycling+heaven%3A+The+African+capital+with+%27no+traffic%27&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-47709673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eritreansportfamily.com/cycling-in-eritrea/">"Cycling in Eritrea"</a>. 20 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cycling+in+Eritrea&rft.date=2022-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feritreansportfamily.com%2Fcycling-in-eritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/cyclingcentral/article/2017/07/28/cycling-isolated-eritreas-window-world">"Cycling is isolated Eritrea's window to the world"</a>. Cycling. 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cycling&rft.atitle=Cycling+is+isolated+Eritrea%27s+window+to+the+world&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fcyclingcentral%2Farticle%2F2017%2F07%2F28%2Fcycling-isolated-eritreas-window-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225044947/https://thebestofafrica.org/content/eritrea-and-cycling-an-unlikely-relationship">"Eritrea and cycling: An unlikely relationship"</a>. The Best of Africa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebestofafrica.org/content/eritrea-and-cycling-an-unlikely-relationship">the original</a> on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Best+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Eritrea+and+cycling%3A+An+unlikely+relationship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebestofafrica.org%2Fcontent%2Feritrea-and-cycling-an-unlikely-relationship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cyclingranking.com/countries/2023">"Country Ranking 2023 - CyclingRanking.com"</a>. www.cyclingranking.com. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cyclingranking.com&rft.atitle=Country+Ranking+2023+-+CyclingRanking.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyclingranking.com%2Fcountries%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.procyclingstats.com/rankings/me/uci-nations">"UCI Nation Ranking"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCI+Nation+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.procyclingstats.com%2Frankings%2Fme%2Fuci-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uci.org/discipline/road/6TBjsDD8902tud440iv1Cu?tab=rankings&discipline=ROA">"Road"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uci.org%2Fdiscipline%2Froad%2F6TBjsDD8902tud440iv1Cu%3Ftab%3Drankings%26discipline%3DROA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uci.org/discipline/road/6TBjsDD8902tud440iv1Cu?tab=rankings&discipline=ROA">"Road"</a>. www.uci.org. Retrieved 13 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uci.org&rft.atitle=Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uci.org%2Fdiscipline%2Froad%2F6TBjsDD8902tud440iv1Cu%3Ftab%3Drankings%26discipline%3DROA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/cqRankingCountry.asp">"CQ Ranking"</a>. cqranking.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cqranking.com&rft.atitle=CQ+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcqranking.com%2Fmen%2Fasp%2Fgen%2FcqRankingCountry.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-cycling-team-wins-the-2015-african-continental-cycling-championships-ttt/">Eritrean Cycling Team Wins the 2015 African Continental Cycling Championships TTT –</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609211448/http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-cycling-team-wins-the-2015-african-continental-cycling-championships-ttt/">Archived</a> 9 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Raimoq.com (10 February 2015). Retrieved on 5 June 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/17/eritrea-cycling-team-rwanda-tour-de-france">'Next wave of riders is even better' – Eritrean cycling preparing to peak</a>. The Guardian (17 August 2015). Retrieved on 5 June 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-national-teams-rank-first-at-the-african-cycling-championship-time-race/">Eritrean national teams rank first at the African Cycling Championship time race –</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609210517/http://www.raimoq.com/eritrean-national-teams-rank-first-at-the-african-cycling-championship-time-race/">Archived</a> 9 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Raimoq.com (1 December 2013). Retrieved on 5 June 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/african-cycling-championships-ttt/2019">"African Continental Championships - TTT 2019 | Results"</a>. www.procyclingstats.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.procyclingstats.com&rft.atitle=African+Continental+Championships+-+TTT+2019+%26%23124%3B+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.procyclingstats.com%2Frace%2Fafrican-cycling-championships-ttt%2F2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-sports.org/cycling-statistics-individual-men-eritrea-s2-c2-b4-o113-v1.html">"Cycling - Individual statistics - Eritrea - Men"</a>. TheSports.org. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheSports.org&rft.atitle=Cycling+-+Individual+statistics+-+Eritrea+-+Men&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-sports.org%2Fcycling-statistics-individual-men-eritrea-s2-c2-b4-o113-v1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508002440/http://www.caperi.com/heroes-welcome-for-daniel-teklehaimanot-and-merhawi-kudus-in-eritrea/">"Heroes welcome for Daniel Teklehaimanot and Merhawi Kudus in Eritrea"</a>. Caperi. 1 August 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caperi.com/heroes-welcome-for-daniel-teklehaimanot-and-merhawi-kudus-in-eritrea/">the original</a> on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heroes+welcome+for+Daniel+Teklehaimanot+and+Merhawi+Kudus+in+Eritrea&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caperi.com%2Fheroes-welcome-for-daniel-teklehaimanot-and-merhawi-kudus-in-eritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cnbcfertf-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Cnbcfertf_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/berhane-could-become-the-first-eritrean-to-ride-the-tour-de-france">"Berhane could become the first Eritrean to ride the Tour de France"</a>. Cycling News. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Berhane+could+become+the+first+Eritrean+to+ride+the+Tour+de+France&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyclingnews.com%2Fnews%2Fberhane-could-become-the-first-eritrean-to-ride-the-tour-de-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/athletes/mosana-debesay">"Mosana Debesay Biography, Olympic Medals, Records and Age"</a>. Olympics.com. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympics.com&rft.atitle=Mosana+Debesay+Biography%2C+Olympic+Medals%2C+Records+and+Age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Fathletes%2Fmosana-debesay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bikeaid.de/en/racing/racing_article/title-a_dream_almost_broken_mosana_debesay_on_her_way_to_the_olympics/article-60ecc1a94715b">"A dream almost broken - Mosana Debesay on her way to the Olympics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+dream+almost+broken+-+Mosana+Debesay+on+her+way+to+the+Olympics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bikeaid.de%2Fen%2Fracing%2Fracing_article%2Ftitle-a_dream_almost_broken_mosana_debesay_on_her_way_to_the_olympics%2Farticle-60ecc1a94715b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/world-records-ratified-21">World records ratified</a>. Iaaf.org (8 May 2010). Retrieved 20 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/sport/athletics/world-athletics-championships-2015-eritrean-teen-ghirmay-ghebreslassie-wins-mens-marathon-title-20150822-gj5a4b.html">"World Athletics Championships 2015: Eritrean teen Ghirmay Ghebreslassie wins men's marathon title"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smh.com.au" class="mw-redirect" title="Smh.com.au">smh.com.au</a>. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smh.com.au&rft.atitle=World+Athletics+Championships+2015%3A+Eritrean+teen+Ghirmay+Ghebreslassie+wins+men%27s+marathon+title&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fsport%2Fathletics%2Fworld-athletics-championships-2015-eritrean-teen-ghirmay-ghebreslassie-wins-mens-marathon-title-20150822-gj5a4b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieger2017" class="citation news cs1">Rieger, Sarah (28 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/eritrea-skier-calgary-1.4466978">"Calgary skier headed to Winter Olympics... but not with Team Canada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Retrieved 31 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Calgary+skier+headed+to+Winter+Olympics...+but+not+with+Team+Canada&rft.date=2017-12-28&rft.aulast=Rieger&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Feritrea-skier-calgary-1.4466978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fifa.com/">"FIFA"</a>. fifa.com. Retrieved 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fifa.com&rft.atitle=FIFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffifa.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Christine, Owen. "Navigating difference between <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrigna</a> and Tigrinya". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethnomed.org/resource/navigating-differences-tigrigna-vs-tigrinya/">Navigating Differences: Tigrigna vs Tigrinya</a> 16 December 2010</li></ul> Hailemariam, Chefena; Kroon, Sjaak; Walters, Joel (1999). "Multilingualism and Nation Building: Language and Education in Eritrea" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 20 (6): 474–493. doi:10.1080/01434639908666385. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-04-04. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Beretekeab, R. (2000); Eritrea: The Making of a Nation 1890–1991. Thesis. Uppsala University, Uppsala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-506-1387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-506-1387-2">978-91-506-1387-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/632423867">632423867</a>.</li> <li>Cliffe, Lionel; Connell, Dan; Davidson, Basil (2005), Taking on the Superpowers: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1976–1982). Red Sea Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-188-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-188-0">1-56902-188-0</a></li> <li>Cliffe, Lionel & Davidson, Basil (1988), The Long Struggle of Eritrea for Independence and Constructive Peace. Spokesman Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85124-463-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85124-463-7">0-85124-463-7</a></li> <li>Connell, Dan (1997), Against All Odds: A Chronicle of the Eritrean Revolution With a New Afterword on the Postwar Transition. Red Sea Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-046-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-046-9">1-56902-046-9</a></li> <li>Connell, Dan (2001), Rethinking Revolution: New Strategies for Democracy & Social Justice: The Experiences of Eritrea, South Africa, Palestine & Nicaragua. Red Sea Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-145-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-145-7">1-56902-145-7</a></li> <li>Connell, Dan (2004), Conversations with Eritrean Political Prisoners. Red Sea Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-235-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-235-6">1-56902-235-6</a></li> <li>Connell, Dan (2005), Building a New Nation: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1983–2002). Red Sea Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-198-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-198-8">1-56902-198-8</a></li> <li>Firebrace, James & Holand, Stuart (1985), Never Kneel Down: Drought, Development and Liberation in Eritrea. Red Sea Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932415-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-932415-00-8">0-932415-00-8</a></li> <li>Drudi, Emilio (2021). Una storia eritrea. Beyan, Adam, Amr. Calamaro Edizioni. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-944639-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-944639-2-7">978-88-944639-2-7</a></li> <li>Gebre-Medhin, Jordan (1989), Peasants and Nationalism in Eritrea. Red Sea Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932415-38-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-932415-38-5">0-932415-38-5</a></li> <li>Hatem Elliesie: Decentralisation of Higher Education in Eritrea, Afrika Spectrum, Vol. 43 (2008) No. 1, p. 115–120.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedberg1996" class="citation cs2">Hedberg, I. (1996), van der Maesen, L. J. G.; van der Burgt, X. M.; van Medenbach de Rooy, J. M. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0285-5_104">"Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea"</a>, The Biodiversity of African Plants: Proceedings XIVth AETFAT Congress 22–27 August 1994, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 802–804, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-0285-5_104">10.1007/978-94-009-0285-5_104</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-0285-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-0285-5"><bdi>978-94-009-0285-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 21 March 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biodiversity+of+African+Plants%3A+Proceedings+XIVth+AETFAT+Congress+22%E2%80%9327+August+1994%2C+Wageningen%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Flora+of+Ethiopia+and+Eritrea&rft.pages=802-804&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-0285-5_104&rft.isbn=978-94-009-0285-5&rft.aulast=Hedberg&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-0285-5_104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Hill_(writer)" title="Justin Hill (writer)">Hill, Justin</a> (2002), Ciao Asmara, A classic account of contemporary Africa. Little, Brown, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11526-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11526-9">978-0-349-11526-9</a></li> <li>Iyob, Ruth (1997), The Eritrean Struggle for Independence: Domination, Resistance, Nationalism, 1941–1993. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59591-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59591-6">0-521-59591-6</a></li> <li>Jacquin-Berdal, Dominique; Plaut, Martin (2004), Unfinished Business: Ethiopia and Eritrea at War. Red Sea Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-217-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-217-8">1-56902-217-8</a></li> <li>Johns, Michael (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r102:E06MY2-393:">"Does Democracy Have a Chance", Congressional Record, 6 May 1992</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823083654/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r102:E06MY2-393:">Archived</a> 23 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Keneally, Thomas</a> (1990), To Asmara <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-39171-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-39171-9">0-446-39171-9</a></li> <li>Kendie, Daniel (2005), The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle. Signature Book Printing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932433-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-932433-47-3">1-932433-47-3</a></li> <li>Killion, Tom (1998), Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3437-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3437-5">0-8108-3437-5</a></li> <li>Mauri, Arnaldo (2004), "Eritrea's Early Stages in Monetary and Banking Development", International Review of Economics, Vol. LI, n. 4.</li> <li>Mauri, Arnaldo (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/mil/wpdepa/2003-28.html">"The First Monetary and Banking Experiences in Eritrea"</a>, African Review of Money, Finance and Banking, n. 1–2.</li> <li>Miran, Jonathan (2009), Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22079-0">978-0-253-22079-0</a></li> <li>Müller, Tanja R.: Bare life and the developmental State: the Militarization of Higher Education in Eritrea, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 46 (2008), No. 1, p. 1–21.</li> <li>Negash T. (1987); Italian Colonisation in Eritrea: Policies, Praxis and Impact, Uppsala Univwersity, Uppsala.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgbaselassie2006" class="citation web cs1">Ogbaselassie, G (10 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116081151/http://eri24.com/Article_10043.htm">"Response to remarks by Mr. David Triesman, Britain's parliamentary under-secretary of state with responsibility for Africa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eri24.com/Article_10043.htm">the original</a> on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Response+to+remarks+by+Mr.+David+Triesman%2C+Britain%27s+parliamentary+under-secretary+of+state+with+responsibility+for+Africa&rft.date=2006-01-10&rft.aulast=Ogbaselassie&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feri24.com%2FArticle_10043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pateman, Roy (1998), Eritrea: Even the Stones Are Burning. Red Sea Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56902-057-4">1-56902-057-4</a></li> <li>Phillipson, David W. (1998), Ancient Ethiopia.</li> <li>Reid, Richard. (2011). Frontiers of Violence in North-East Africa: Genealogies of Conflict Since c. 1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921188-3">978-0-19-921188-3</a></li> <li>Wrong, Michela (2005), I Didn't Do It For You: How the World Betrayed a Small African Nation. HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-078092-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-078092-4">0-06-078092-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Eritrea at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Eritrea" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Eritrea">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eritrea" class="extiw" title="c:Eritrea">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Eritrea" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Eritrea">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eritrea" class="extiw" title="q:Eritrea">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Eritrea" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Eritrea">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Eritrea" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Eritrea">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Eritrea" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Eritrea">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Eritrea" class="extiw" title="voy:Eritrea">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q986" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q986">Eritrea</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shabait.com/index.php">Ministry of Information of Eritrea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622190405/http://www.shabait.com/index.php">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (official government website).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818080840/http://eritrea-tv.net/">EriTV News, Music, Movie and Comedy from Eritrea Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/">Eritrea</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=eritrea">Eritrea</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Eritrea" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Eritrea">Wikimedia Atlas of Eritrea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13349078">Eritrea profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIEritrea/Pages/ReportCoIEritrea.aspx">Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> Report, 8 June 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrc-eritrea.org/">HRCE – Human Rights Concern – Eritrea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202062456/http://tv.oneworld.net/2008/10/09/ifad-three-sisters-part-1/">Documentary on Women's liberation in Eritrea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tigrinja.com/">Tigrinya online learning with numbers, alphabet and history</a> (Eritrea and north Ethiopia (Tigray-Province)).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferroviaeritrea.it/">Ferrovia Eritrea Eritrean Railway</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gis.calvin.edu/atlas/eritrea.html">Atlas of Eritrea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eritreaeritrea.com/">About Eritrea</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ER">Key Development Forecasts for Eritrea</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazines">Magazines</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speciali.espresso.repubblica.it/interattivi/speciale-eritrea/">Special section about Eritrea from Espresso online magazine</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/afrika/kol/Eritrea-Munzinger-fight-against-colonialism-ENGL.html">History of Eritrea: First recordings – Munzinger – exploitation by colonialism and fight against colonialism (Italy, England, Ethiopia, Soviet Union, USA, Israel) – independence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012135549/http://geschichteinchronologie.ch/afrika/kol/Eritrea-Munzinger-fight-against-colonialism-ENGL.html">Archived</a> 12 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eritrea_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eritrea_topics" title="Template:Eritrea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eritrea_topics" title="Template talk:Eritrea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eritrea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eritrea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eritrea_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eritrea</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Eritrea-related_articles" title="Index of Eritrea-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medri_Bahri" title="Medri Bahri">Medri Bahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">2018 peace summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_involvement_in_the_Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean involvement in the Tigray War">Involvement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Eritrea" title="Coat of arms of Eritrea"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Eritrea_%28or_argent_azur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="591" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Eritrea" title="List of cities in Eritrea">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Eritrea">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Eritrea" title="List of earthquakes in Eritrea">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Eritrea" title="Category:Mountains of Eritrea">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Eritrea" title="Provinces of Eritrea">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Eritrea" title="Regions of Eritrea">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Eritrea" title="List of rivers of Eritrea">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Eritrea" title="Wildlife of Eritrea">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Eritrea" title="Politics of Eritrea">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Eritrea" title="Constitution of Eritrea">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Eritrea" title="Elections in Eritrea">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Eritrea" title="Foreign relations of Eritrea">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Eritrea#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Eritrea">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_Eritrea" title="Cabinet of Ministers of Eritrea">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Eritrea" title="Human rights in Eritrea">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Eritrea">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Eritrea" title="International rankings of Eritrea">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">Conscription</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Eritrea" title="List of political parties in Eritrea">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Eritrea" title="List of heads of state of Eritrea">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eritrea" title="Economy of Eritrea">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Eritrea" title="Agriculture in Eritrea">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Eritrea" title="List of companies based in Eritrea">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Eritrea" title="Energy in Eritrea">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nakfa" title="Eritrean nakfa">Nakfa (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Eritrea" title="Telecommunications in Eritrea">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Eritrea">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Eritrea" title="Transport in Eritrea">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eritrea" title="Culture of Eritrea">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Eritrea" title="Flag of Eritrea">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Eritrea)" title="Independence Day (Eritrea)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_literature" title="Eritrean literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Eritrea">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Eritrea" title="Public holidays in Eritrea">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Eritrea" title="Sport in Eritrea">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea_at_the_Olympics" title="Eritrea at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Eritrea" title="Demographics of Eritrea">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Eritrea">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Eritrea" title="Health in Eritrea">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" title="Languages of Eritrea">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eritreans" title="List of Eritreans">List of Eritreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Eritrea" title="Outline of Eritrea">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Eritrea-related_articles" title="Index of Eritrea-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eritrea" title="Category:Eritrea">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Eritrea" title="Portal:Eritrea">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.3em 0; line-height:2.2em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eritrea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q986#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q986#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q986#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121869846">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152381756">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1266183/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrJjjP9djpqRMMWPCPcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015278-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93074182">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153231730">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153231730">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577628">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134153&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451117">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90869740">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwzxfh35lb4g66">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/17042">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535457305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060944373706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2005d841-29df-3445-8b5c-c981de756bd3">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/755de0d2-d831-4d13-a0fb-646733a77d75">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/iO2oJkt5">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/171128737">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028823">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044257">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17983">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/eritre">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eritrea&params=15_N_39_E_">15°N 39°E / 15°N 39°E / 15; 39</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&oldid=1259323394">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&oldid=1259323394</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eritrea" title="Category:Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1993_establishments_in_Eritrea" title="Category:1993 establishments in Eritrea">1993 establishments in Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1993_establishments_in_Africa" title="Category:1993 establishments in Africa">1993 establishments in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa" title="Category:Countries in Africa">Countries in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_African_countries" title="Category:East African countries">East African countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Italian_colonies" title="Category:Former Italian colonies">Former Italian colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horn_African_countries" title="Category:Horn African countries">Horn African countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Least_developed_countries" title="Category:Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Category:Member states of the African Union">Member states of the African Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:One-party_states" title="Category:One-party states">One-party states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1993" title="Category:States and territories established in 1993">States and territories established in 1993</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Totalitarian_states" title="Category:Totalitarian states">Totalitarian states</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:Articles with Italian-language sources (it)">Articles with Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016">Articles with dead external links from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_copy_edit_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_copy_edit" title="Category:All articles needing copy edit">All articles needing copy edit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2024">Articles needing additional references from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2017">Use dmy dates from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tigrinya-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tigrinya-language text">Articles containing Tigrinya-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Tigrinya_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Tigrinya IPA">Pages with Tigrinya IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill" title="Category:Citation overkill">Citation overkill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from September 2021">Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2023">Articles needing additional references from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from March 2023">Articles with failed verification from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 15:04 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gzd6v","wgBackendResponseTime":250,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.650","walltime":"4.347","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26780,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":715825,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":81851,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":87,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1031897,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3738.012 1 -total"," 37.81% 1413.497 3 Template:Reflist"," 18.53% 692.733 147 Template:Cite_web"," 14.87% 555.786 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 6.06% 226.702 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.75% 214.832 8 Template:Navbox"," 5.62% 209.932 1 Template:Eritrea_topics"," 5.56% 207.700 1 Template:Country_topics"," 4.92% 183.933 39 Template:Cite_book"," 4.61% 172.424 47 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.204","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23333440,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","520","21.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","14.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","300","12.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","9.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","2.5"],["[others]","500","20.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ps8jv","timestamp":"20241124150506","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Eritrea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eritrea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q986","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q986","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-30T12:47:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T15:04:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/29\/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg","headline":"country in the Horn of Africa"}</script> </body> </html>