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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Eritrean Army</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">250,000–300,000 <small>(including conscripts and militia)</small><sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <hr /> <b>Military age:</b> 18 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Conscription</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Both men and women 18 years of age are required to perform national service. Conscription was made open ended in 1998 with no set term and many served for more than a decade, but in 2014 the government set 18 months as the limit for national service.<sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adwar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adwar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div> <hr /> <p><b>Budget:</b><br />$290 million (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-dw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <b>Percent of GDP:</b><br />6.3% (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-dw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Minister of Defense</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Sebhat_Ephrem" title="Sebhat Ephrem">Sebhat Ephrem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Army Chief of Staff</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> Philipos Woldeyohannes<sup id="cite_ref-awate_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awate-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Eritrean Army</b> is the main branch of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Eritrean Defence Forces</a> and is one of the largest armies in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main role of the army in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> is defense from external aggressors, border security, and developing national cohesion. Historically, the predecessor of the Eritrean Army, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean People's Liberation Front">Eritrean People's Liberation Front</a> (EPLF), played a major role in establishing and defending the country's independence from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> in 1991 during the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a>. Since then, the army has continued to be involved in low-level border conflicts with Ethiopia and several other neighbors, including <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, with the most notable one being the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian-Eritrean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian-Eritrean War">Ethiopian-Eritrean War</a> from 1998 until 2000, which ended in a partial Ethiopian military victory and Eritrean boundary line victory. It is widely regarded as one of the largest and more capable armies in Africa, despite the country having a smaller population than most of its neighbors<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with around 250,000 to 300,000 personnel due to mandatory national service. Conscription became open ended since the war with Ethiopia and no demobilization has taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current Eritrean army is an outgrowth of the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean People's Liberation Front">Eritrean People's Liberation Front</a> (EPLF). The trial by fire experienced by the EPLF during the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> created a force that was able to contend with the largest armed force on the African continent. When Eritrea gained independence, the country's military was admired as one of the most effective fighting forces not only in Africa but the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Eritrean struggle for independence, the EPLF fought several large scale battles towards the end of the war. The most decisive were the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Afabet" title="Battle of Afabet">Battle of Afabet</a> in 1988 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Massawa_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Massawa (1990)">Battle of Massawa</a> in 1990. These battles saw the collision of major units of the EPLF versus a conventional armed force. </p><p> Since its independence in 1992, Eritrea has taken part in multiple wars and clashes with its neighbors. Most notably the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia-Eritrea_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopia-Eritrea War">war with Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">border conflict with Djibouti</a>. Eritrea has had several wars and clashes within the last two decades, particularly with Djibouti. In 2008, relations between Eritrea and Djibouti were driven to a point where war was imminent, but open conflict was averted.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eritrean Army was also involved in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> during which the Eritrean government supported and organised various anti-Sudanese rebel groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut201677_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut201677-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnell19982_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnell19982-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably, the Eritrean military provided the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">SPLA</a> rebels with weaponry, training, and intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnell19984–5,_21,_59,_60–61_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnell19984–5,_21,_59,_60–61-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the Eritreans even sent covert expeditionary forces into Sudan to directly fight alongside the insurgents against the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a>, for example in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)">Operation Thunderbolt (1997)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnell19985,_59,_60–61_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnell19985,_59,_60–61-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Eritrean Army sent one of its battalions to fight in the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> due to Eritrea's alliance with <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> at the time. The Eritreans took part in the entire campaign, fighting with the pro-<a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo">AFDL</a> alliance and covering over 1,500 km. According to the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Plaut" title="Martin Plaut">Martin Plaut</a>, this was "an extraordinary feat, especially for soldiers who walked the entire distance in <a href="/wiki/Wellington_boot" title="Wellington boot">gumboots</a>, with little or no logistical support". By the end of the war, the Eritrean contingent was starving, exhausted, and ill; it had suffered numerous casualties due to the adverse conditions of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut201654–55_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut201654–55-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="box-Citations_broken plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b> uses <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> that <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">link to broken or outdated sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit">improve the article</a></span> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LR">addressing link rot</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Eritrean_Army" title="Talk:Eritrean Army">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information on the structure and formations of the Eritrean Army is hard to obtain as units are frequently shifted around and reorganized to prevent them from forming loyalties to commanders. In 1992, the President formed a working group of former officers of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Armed Forces">Ethiopian Armed Forces</a> to suggest the structure of the new Eritrean military. They recommended that the Army should be based on divisions, each headed by a colonel, with the chief of staff being a major general, and a civilian minister of defense. The working group recommended that the military be professionalized and institutionalized, maintaining small numbers due to Eritrea's limited resources and small size. President <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a> ignored most of their advice, however, and promoted 37 former combatants of the war for independence to the <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general officer</a> ranks. This hampered the development of the military as an institution and was done so that he could play them off against each other and maintain the army's loyalty to him personally. Due to the president frequently shifting the organization and assignments of senior commanders and chiefs of staff, as well as the lack of official documents recording them, putting together a complete picture of the structure of the Eritrean Army is difficult and largely relies on reports from former senior military officers.<sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1991 the divisions of the EPLA were subordinated to four corps, the 161st, 271st, 381st, and 491st.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s there were a total of 24 divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2001 the army has undergone extensive reforms and resulted in the establishment of regional military command zones, which themselves are frequently changed. Currently, as of the late 2000s, the Eritrean ground forces are organized into four corps consisting of twenty infantry brigades, one mechanized brigade, and one commando division (the latter two had been created in 1991). The sources are unclear on whether the four corps still exist or not.<sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a Presidential Guard which includes three units of about 2,000 men. These serve as the president's personal security and are given better pay and equipment, also being used to guard political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total these forces are estimated to number between 250,000 and 300,000 men, including large numbers of conscripts between the ages of eighteen and fifty. These forces are divided among five <a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">command zones</a>, as defined in 1965 by the supreme council of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean Liberation Front">Eritrean Liberation Front</a>. Each zone is headed by a general, who reportedly have gained considerable political power at the expense of the local civil administrations since the war with Ethiopia. Deputy commanders of zones are selected for their loyalty to President Isaias Afwerki, who uses them to maintain control. The zones include the following: Gasha-Barka (Zone 1), West (Zone 2), South (Zone 3), East (Zone 4), Center (Zone 5). Asmara, the capital, is included in the latter zone.<sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on these zones were reformed into three new ones, the Central, Eastern, and Western fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A military training camp is located near <a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab</a>. Large forces are still kept near the disputed Ethiopian border.<sup id="cite_ref-canada_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 the government has taken an extra measure of establishing a "people's militia" for the older segment of the population, men aged sixty and women aged seventy, and under.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the military region commanders report directly to the President, the office of Defense Minister is largely ceremonial.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_service">National service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">Conscription in Eritrea</a></div> <p>Given the frequent border conflicts between Eritrea and its neighbors, the army's numbers have always been maintained through conscription with the proclamation on the Eritrean National Service, for both men and women between the ages of 18 and 40, a policy officially introduced by President Afwerki in 1995. Thus Eritrea has remained in a state of mobilization since the wars with Ethiopia. According to a <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">US State Department</a> information sheet from October 2007 Eritrean national service consists of "approximately six months of military training, followed by a number of years in military or other government service."<sup id="cite_ref-canada_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides national defense, conscripts also spend peacetime working on public construction projects. They get paid no more than $30 a month. There is no term limit for national service, having been made open-ended in 1998. Although the average term lasts about six years, there are individual cases of soldiers who reported being forced to serve for more than a decade. The large number of troops has also had some effect on the Eritrean <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eritrea" title="Economy of Eritrea">economy</a>. Reportedly, many conscripts live in terrible conditions and are essentially used for slave labor, subjected to severe physical punishments for trying to escape, and are at the mercy of their commanders. There were many cases of female conscripts being sexually abused. Requests to leave are met with arrests, detainment, and even torture. As a result, they suffer from morale problems and some Eritreans even leave the country to dodge the draft. By 2017, the numbers of Eritreans fleeing the draft to other countries is reported to have reached the thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adwar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adwar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desertion has become such a serious problem that entire companies have been "hollowed out" and reduced to the size of platoons as large numbers have soldiers and junior officers have fled, often to either neighboring <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> or to a lesser extent, Ethiopia. Many reservists have refused to attend regular military drills. To address this, in 2014 the Eritrean government of President Afwerki has pledged to enforce an eighteen-month limit for national service, though there is skepticism on whether or not the promise will actually be implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-adwar_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adwar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-awate_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awate-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has stated that the duration of national service is necessary due to the continued hostilities and illegal occupation of Eritrean territory by Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> report documented extensive human rights abuses within the Eritrean army and stated: </p> <blockquote><p>Indeed, the indefinite duration of national service, its terrible conditions — including arbitrary detention, torture, sexual torture, forced labour, absence of leave and the ludicrous pay — and the implications it has for the possibility of any individual to found a family, conduct a family life and have favourable conditions of work make national service an institution where slavery-like practices are routine.<sup id="cite_ref-adwar_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adwar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Many Eritrean draft dodgers fled to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adwar_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adwar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2002, Eritrean youths are forced to do unlimited military service which includes <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September the same year, Eritrean government arrested leading <a href="/wiki/Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalists">journalists</a> and leaving only the pro government media to work.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks_and_insignia">Ranks and insignia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ranks and insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Eritrea" title="Military ranks of Eritrea">Military ranks of Eritrea</a></div> <dl><dt>Commissioned Officers</dt></dl> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="10">General / flag officers </th> <th colspan="6">Senior officers </th> <th colspan="8">Junior officers </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" 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colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:06._ELF-2LT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/06._ELF-2LT.svg/50px-06._ELF-2LT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/06._ELF-2LT.svg/75px-06._ELF-2LT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/06._ELF-2LT.svg/100px-06._ELF-2LT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="936" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="12"> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major general</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">Brigadier general</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">Lieutenant colonel</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)" title="Captain (armed forces)">Captain</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">First lieutenant</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">Second lieutenant</a> </td> <td colspan="12"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Enlisted</dt></dl> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; color:inherit; text-align:center; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="22">Senior NCOs </th> <th colspan="6">Junior NCOs </th> <th colspan="8">Enlisted </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eritrean Army</a></b><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OR/Eritrea" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Eritrea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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data-file-height="943" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="6"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:04._ELF-SSG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/04._ELF-SSG.svg/50px-04._ELF-SSG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/04._ELF-SSG.svg/75px-04._ELF-SSG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/04._ELF-SSG.svg/100px-04._ELF-SSG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="943" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="6"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:03._ELF-SGT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/03._ELF-SGT.svg/50px-03._ELF-SGT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/03._ELF-SGT.svg/75px-03._ELF-SGT.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/01._ELF-PFC.svg/75px-01._ELF-PFC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/01._ELF-PFC.svg/100px-01._ELF-PFC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="943" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>No insignia</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Master_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Sergeant">Master Sergeant</a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Staff_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff Sergeant">Staff Sergeant</a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Private_first_class" title="Private first class">Private first class</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infantry_weapons">Infantry weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infantry weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:300%;">Name </th> <th style="width:20%;">Type </th> <th style="width:18%;">Origins </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a></td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vz._58" title="Vz. 58">vz. 58</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M16_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="M16 rifles">M16 rifles</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IMI_Galil" title="IMI Galil">IMI Galil</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beretta_BM59" class="mw-redirect" title="Beretta BM59">Beretta BM59</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle rifle</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Makarov_pistol" title="Makarov pistol">Makarov pistol</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FN_P90" title="FN P90">FN P90</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PK_machine_gun" title="PK machine gun">PK machine gun</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun" title="General-purpose machine gun">General-purpose machine gun</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RPD_machine_gun" title="RPD machine gun">RPD machine gun</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light machine gun</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DShK" title="DShK">DShK</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy machine gun</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rocket_propelled_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket propelled grenade">Rocket propelled grenade</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-jones2009_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9M14_Malyutka" title="9M14 Malyutka">9M14 Malyutka</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank guided missile</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9M113_Konkurs" title="9M113 Konkurs">9M113 Konkurs</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kornet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kornet">Kornet-E</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>Russian KBP contracted to deliver 80 Kornet-E launchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Deagel_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deagel-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BGM-71" class="mw-redirect" title="BGM-71">BGM-71</a>-C Improved <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armored_fighting_vehicles">Armored fighting vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Armored fighting vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Name </th> <th style="width:20%;">Type </th> <th style="width:12%;">Quantity </th> <th style="width:18%;">Origins </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T-54/55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54/55">T-54/55</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tank</a></td> <td>270<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="8"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>120 T-55As were ordered in 2004 from Bulgaria and delivered in 2005 (the vehicles were previously in Bulgarian service). 270 T-55As are in service.<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deagel-1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deagel-1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>Received a number from Ethiopia. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BRDM-1" title="BRDM-1">BRDM-1</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">Scout car</a></td> <td rowspan="2">100<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BRDM-2" title="BRDM-2">BRDM-2</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BMP-1" title="BMP-1">BMP-1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a></td> <td>15 <sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Eritrea is believed to have received some from Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MT-LB" title="MT-LB">MT-LB</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">Armoured personnel carrier</a></td> <td>10<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Acquired from Bulgaria in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BTR-60" title="BTR-60">BTR-60PB</a></td> <td rowspan="2">25<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BTR-152" title="BTR-152">BTR-152</a></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artillery">Artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Name </th> <th style="width:20%;">Type </th> <th style="width:12%;">Quantity </th> <th style="width:18%;">Origins </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2S1_Gvozdika" title="2S1 Gvozdika">2S1 Gvozdika</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled howitzer</a></td> <td>32<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="7"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>Acquired from Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2S5_Giatsint-S" title="2S5 Giatsint-S">2S5 Giatsint-S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled gun</a></td> <td>13<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/85_mm_divisional_gun_D-44" title="85 mm divisional gun D-44">D-44</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Towed field gun</a></td> <td>80<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_2A18_(D-30)" title="122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)">D-30</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Towed howitzer</a></td> <td>50<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/130_mm_towed_field_gun_M1954_(M-46)" title="130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)">M-46</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Towed field gun</a></td> <td>30<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Acquired from Bulgaria in 1999 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 Grad</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launcher</a></td> <td>35<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BM-27_Uragan" title="BM-27 Uragan">BM-27 Uragan</a></td> <td>9<sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deagel-4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deagel-4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Transferred from Belarus to Eritrea in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_defense">Air defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Air defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Name </th> <th style="width:20%;">Type </th> <th style="width:12%;">Quantity </th> <th style="width:18%;">Origins </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9K32_Strela-2" title="9K32 Strela-2">9K32 Strela-2</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_system" title="Man-portable air-defense system">Man-portable air-defense system</a></td> <td>Unknown</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-IISS_28-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">9K38 Igla</a></td> <td>50<sup id="cite_ref-FAS_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ZSU-23-4" class="mw-redirect" title="ZSU-23-4">ZSU-23-4 Shilka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun</a></td> <td>50<sup id="cite_ref-Eritrea-1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eritrea-1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ZU-23-2" title="ZU-23-2">ZU-23-2</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Towed anti-aircraft gun</a></td> <td>50<sup id="cite_ref-Eritrea-1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eritrea-1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/57_mm_AZP_S-60" class="mw-redirect" title="57 mm AZP S-60">S-60</a></td> <td>12<sup id="cite_ref-Eritrea-1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eritrea-1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=horninstitute.org&rft.atitle=Issue+23%3A+Open-Ended+Conscription+in+Eritrea%27s+National+Military+Service%3A+Here+is+How+to+Improve+the+Policy&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhorninstitute.org%2Fissue-23-open-ended-conscription-in-eritreas-national-military-service-here-is-how-to-improve-the-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201741–43_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKibreab2017">Kibreab (2017)</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7385690.stm">"Eritrea army 'entered Djibouti'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Eritrea+army+%27entered+Djibouti%27&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7385690.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut201677-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut201677_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaut2016">Plaut (2016)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnell19982-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnell19982_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnell1998">Connell (1998)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnell19984–5,_21,_59,_60–61-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnell19984–5,_21,_59,_60–61_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnell1998">Connell (1998)</a>, pp. 4–5, 21, 59, 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnell19985,_59,_60–61-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnell19985,_59,_60–61_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnell1998">Connell (1998)</a>, pp. 5, 59, 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut201654–55-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut201654–55_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaut2016">Plaut (2016)</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKibreab201737–40_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKibreab2017">Kibreab (2017)</a>, pp. 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canada-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canada_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canada_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/47d6544c23.html">Eritrea: The Eritrean Army structure, including its units, ranks, functions; whether all divisions of the army are involved in military operations; military activity in Asab, Gash and Tsorona</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Refugee_Board_of_Canada" title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada</a>. 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Retrieved 27 February 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lior, Ilan (27 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-to-appeal-ruling-protecting-eritrean-army-deserters-1.5850399">Israeli Government to Appeal Ruling Giving Eritrean Army Deserters Refugee Status</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/04/16/service-life/state-repression-and-indefinite-conscription-eritrea">State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/19/eritrea-forgotten-journalists-jailed-pen-international-press-freedom">'If we don’t give them a voice, no one will': Eritrea's forgotten journalists, still jailed after 14 years</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones2009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones2009_26-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Richard D. <i>Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010</i>. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (27 January 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-2869-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-2869-5">978-0-7106-2869-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation book cs1">Miller, David (2001). <i>The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns</i>. London: Salamander Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84065-245-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84065-245-4"><bdi>1-84065-245-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59522369">59522369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Directory+of+20th+Century+Guns&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Salamander+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59522369&rft.isbn=1-84065-245-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IISS-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISS_28-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Military Balance</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>. 2021. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032012278" title="Special:BookSources/9781032012278"><bdi>9781032012278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781032012278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deagel-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deagel_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deagel.com/Anti-Armor-Weapons-and-Missiles/Kornet_a001010001.aspx">Deagel article on 9M133 Kornet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armstrade.sipri.org/arms_trade/trade_register.php">"SIPRI Arms Transfers Database"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIPRI+Arms+Transfers+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.sipri.org%2Farms_trade%2Ftrade_register.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deagel-1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deagel-1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deagel.com/Main-Battle-Tanks/T-55_a000747001.aspx">Deagel article on T-54/55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111207171035/http://www.tanknutdave.com/component/content/article/725">"The Russian BMP-1 IFV Family of vehicles"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanknutdave.com/component/content/article/725">the original</a> on 7 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian+BMP-1+IFV+Family+of+vehicles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanknutdave.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deagel-4-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deagel-4_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deagel.com/Multiple-Launch-Rocket-Systems/Uragan_a000694001.aspx">Deagel article on BM-27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAS-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAS_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/category/somalia">"Fas.org missile watch document"</a>. <i>Federation Of American Scientists</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+Of+American+Scientists&rft.atitle=Fas.org+missile+watch+document&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fblog%2Fssp%2Fcategory%2Fsomalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425062705/http://blogs.ottawacitizen.com/2010/03/10/eritrea-and-the-manpads/">"ERITREA AND THE MANPADS | Ottawa Citizen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ottawacitizen.com/2010/03/10/eritrea-and-the-manpads/">the original</a> on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ERITREA+AND+THE+MANPADS+%26%23124%3B+Ottawa+Citizen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ottawacitizen.com%2F2010%2F03%2F10%2Feritrea-and-the-manpads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eritrea-1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eritrea-1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eritrea-1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eritrea-1_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402022550/http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Eritrea/eritrea1.html">"Eritrea Fact files"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Eritrea/eritrea1.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrea+Fact+files&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss.co.za%2FAF%2Fprofiles%2FEritrea%2Feritrea1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell1998" class="citation journal cs1">Connell, Dan (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/sudan0898%20Report.pdf">"Sudan: Global Trade, Local Impact. Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. <b>10</b> (4 (A)).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Sudan%3A+Global+Trade%2C+Local+Impact.+Arms+Transfers+to+all+Sides+in+the+Civil+War+in+Sudan&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4+%28A%29&rft.date=1998-08&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fsudan0898%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibreab2017" class="citation book cs1">Kibreab, Gaim (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bM4DwAAQBAJ&q=Sebhat+Ephrem&pg=PA49"><i>The Eritrean National Service: Servitude for 'the Common Good' and the Youth Exodus</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847011602" title="Special:BookSources/9781847011602"><bdi>9781847011602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eritrean+National+Service%3A+Servitude+for+%27the+Common+Good%27+and+the+Youth+Exodus&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781847011602&rft.aulast=Kibreab&rft.aufirst=Gaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6bM4DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSebhat%2BEphrem%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaut2016" class="citation book cs1">Plaut, Martin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vk8jDgAAQBAJ"><i>Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190669591" title="Special:BookSources/9780190669591"><bdi>9780190669591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Eritrea%3A+Inside+Africa%27s+Most+Repressive+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780190669591&rft.aulast=Plaut&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvk8jDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&oldid=1241042353">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Army&oldid=1241042353</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Eritrea" title="Category:Military of Eritrea">Military of Eritrea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2023">Use dmy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_broken_or_outdated_citations_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations from November 2021">Articles with broken or outdated citations from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_broken_or_outdated_citations" title="Category:All articles with broken or outdated citations">All articles with broken or outdated citations</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 August 2024, at 00:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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