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<li id="toc-Italian_Asmara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Asmara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Italian Asmara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Asmara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federation_with_Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_with_Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Federation with Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federation_with_Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restaurants,_bars,_cafes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restaurants,_bars,_cafes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Restaurants, bars, cafes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restaurants,_bars,_cafes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>UNESCO World Heritage Site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities_and_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities_and_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Universities and colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities_and_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Primary and secondary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>International schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asmara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмэра – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Асмэра" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB" title="አስመራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አስመራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="أسمرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسمرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fsm%C9%99ra" title="Əsməra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əsməra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اسمره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسمره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara,_%C3%89ritr%C3%A9a" title="Asmara, Éritréa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Asmara, Éritréa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="আসমারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আসমারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асмара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асмара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Асмара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨཱ་སི་མི་ར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨཱ་སི་མི་ར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмэра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Асмэра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara_(ulohang_dakbayan)" title="Asmara (ulohang dakbayan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Asmara (ulohang dakbayan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ασμάρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασμάρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmero" title="Asmero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Asmero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اسمره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسمره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC" title="아스마라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아스마라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Ասմարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասմարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्मारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अस्मारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmera" title="Asmera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Asmera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara,_Eritrea" title="Asmara, Eritrea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asmara, Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Асмэрæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Асмэрæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אסמרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסמרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C9%A9mara" title="Asɩmara – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Asɩmara" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ასმერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასმერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмэра – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Асмэра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмара – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Асмара" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмэра – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Асмэра" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmera" title="Asmera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asmera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmera" title="Asmera – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Asmera" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aszmara" title="Aszmara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aszmara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмара – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Асмара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1" title="അസ്മാറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അസ്മാറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्मारा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अस्मारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ასმერა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასმერა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اسمره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسمره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اسمره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسمره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara,_Eritrea" title="Asmara, Eritrea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asmara, Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмара – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Асмара" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмара – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Асмара" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9" title="アスマラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アスマラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмэра – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Асмэра" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmera" title="Asmera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asmera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਸਮਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਸਮਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اسمارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسمارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اسمره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسمره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмэра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Асмэра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱥᱢᱟᱨᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱥᱢᱟᱨᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اسمارا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسمارا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмєра – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Асмєра" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ئەسمەرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەسمەرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асмара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="அஸ்மாரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அஸ்மாரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="แอสมารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอสมารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AB" title="ኣስመራ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣስመራ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмэра – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асмэра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмэра – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Асмэра" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Асмера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Асмера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اسمارا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسمارا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmar" title="Asmar – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Asmar" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89" title="阿斯马拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿斯马拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89" title="阿斯馬拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿斯馬拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asmara" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89" title="阿斯馬拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿斯馬拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3642#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="View the content page 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Asmara&params=15_20_09_N_38_56_28_E_region:ER-MA_type:city(1073000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°20′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°56′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.33583°N 38.94111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.33583; 38.94111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Eritrea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Asmara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Asmara (disambiguation)">Asmara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Central, Eritrea</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Asmara</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ኣስመራ</span></span><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_panorama,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/263px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/395px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/526px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div><div>Downtown Asmara</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_cinema_impero,_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Asmara%2C_cinema_impero%2C_07.JPG/124px-Asmara%2C_cinema_impero%2C_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="124" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Asmara%2C_cinema_impero%2C_07.JPG/186px-Asmara%2C_cinema_impero%2C_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Asmara%2C_cinema_impero%2C_07.JPG/248px-Asmara%2C_cinema_impero%2C_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2512" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Impero" title="Cinema Impero">Cinema Impero</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_teatro_d%27opera,_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_03.JPG/135px-Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_03.JPG/203px-Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_03.JPG/270px-Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Asmara_Theatre" title="Asmara Theatre">Asmara Theatre</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_tagliero,_07,0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG/80px-Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG/120px-Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG/160px-Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_cattedrale_cattolica,_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_06.JPG/179px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="179" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_06.JPG/269px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_06.JPG/358px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_cattolica%2C_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_coats_of_arms_with_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Asmara"><img alt="Coat of arms of Asmara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Asmara_coats_of_arms_with_transparent_background.png/80px-Asmara_coats_of_arms_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Asmara_coats_of_arms_with_transparent_background.png/120px-Asmara_coats_of_arms_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Asmara_coats_of_arms_with_transparent_background.png/160px-Asmara_coats_of_arms_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="195" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 325px; height: 325px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="325" data-height="325" data-zoom="12" data-lat="15.3229" data-lon="38.9251" data-overlays="["_8a1ad72e24d8b5ba85e4734b27df44c5cf43aa89"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/12/15.3229/38.9251/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,15.3229,38.9251,325x325.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Asmara&revid=1274207044&groups=_8a1ad72e24d8b5ba85e4734b27df44c5cf43aa89" width="325" height="325" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,15.3229,38.9251,325x325@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Asmara&revid=1274207044&groups=_8a1ad72e24d8b5ba85e4734b27df44c5cf43aa89 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Asmara</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrea_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asmara is located in Eritrea"><img alt="Asmara is located in Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Eritrea_physical_map.svg/250px-Eritrea_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Eritrea_physical_map.svg/375px-Eritrea_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Eritrea_physical_map.svg/500px-Eritrea_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="699" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.878%;left:37.707%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Asmara"><img alt="Asmara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Asmara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Eritrea</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Eritrea</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asmara is located in Africa"><img alt="Asmara is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.647%;left:77.541%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Asmara"><img alt="Asmara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Asmara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asmara is located in Earth"><img alt="Asmara is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.48%;left:60.817%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Asmara"><img alt="Asmara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Asmara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Earth</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: (City Hall of Asmara) <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Asmara&params=15_20_09_N_38_56_28_E_region:ER-MA_type:city(1073000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°20′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°56′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.33583°N 38.94111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.33583; 38.94111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Eritrea" title="Regions of Eritrea">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region_(Eritrea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Region (Eritrea)">Central</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrations_of_Asmara" title="Administrations of Asmara">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Asmarino</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">800 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">1890</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor of Asmera</th><td class="infobox-data">Fshaye Haile</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor of Zoba</th><td class="infobox-data">Fshaye Haile</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">45 km<sup>2</sup> (17 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,325 m (7,628 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,073,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Eritrea" title="List of cities in Eritrea">1st in Eritrea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">19,911/km<sup>2</sup> (51,570/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,258,001<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2,023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2019)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.630<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fc0">medium</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Eritrean_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Eritrean regions by Human Development Index">1st</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">BSk</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Asmara: A <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernist</a> African City</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550">1550</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2017 (41st <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">481 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">1,203 ha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Asmara</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">əs-<span style="font-size:90%">MAHR</span>-ə</i></a>), or <b>Asmera</b> (Tigrinya: <span lang="ti">ኣስመራ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">ʾAsmära</i></span>), is the capital and most populous city of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, in the country's <a href="/wiki/Central_Region_(Eritrea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Region (Eritrea)">Central Region</a>. It sits at an elevation of 2,325 metres (7,628 ft), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_cities_by_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="List of capital cities by altitude">sixth highest capital in the world by altitude</a> and the second highest capital in Africa. The city is located at the tip of an <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> that is both the northwestern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Highlands" title="Eritrean Highlands">Eritrean Highlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia" title="Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia">Great Rift Valley</a> in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. In 2017, the city was declared as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> for its well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernist architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to local traditions, the city was founded after four separate villages unified to live together peacefully after long periods of conflict. Asmara had long been overshadowed by nearby <a href="/wiki/Debarwa" title="Debarwa">Debarwa</a>, the residence of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles#Important_regional_offices" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Bahr Negash</a></i> or the governor of the coastal province, however it still existed as a major settlement for over half a millennium and enjoyed some importance as it stood on the trade route to <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>. Asmara first rose to prominence during the 20th century, when it became capital of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Italian rule the city of Asmara experienced rapid urbanization and modernization. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Asmara" title="History of Asmara">History of Asmara</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Asmara" title="Timeline of Asmara">Timeline of Asmara</a>.</div> <p>According to Eritrean Tigrinya oral traditional history, there were four clans living in the Asmera area on the Kebessa Plateau: the Gheza Gurtom, the Gheza Shelele, the Gheza Serenser and Gheza Asmae. These villages were frequently attacked by clans from the lowlands, until the women of each clan decided that to preserve peace the four clans must unite. The men accepted, hence the name "Arbate Asmera". Arbate Asmera literally means, in the <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya language</a>, "the four (feminine plural) made them unite".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mention of Asmara comes from a Latin itinerary during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I" title="Dawit I">Dawit I</a> (1382–1411).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Asmara">Italian Asmara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Italian Asmara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_1935_Panorama_(2567806345).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Asmara_1935_Panorama_%282567806345%29.jpg/220px-Asmara_1935_Panorama_%282567806345%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Asmara_1935_Panorama_%282567806345%29.jpg/330px-Asmara_1935_Panorama_%282567806345%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Asmara_1935_Panorama_%282567806345%29.jpg/440px-Asmara_1935_Panorama_%282567806345%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2106" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>Asmara in 1935</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappa_di_Asmara_TCI_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mappa_di_Asmara_TCI_1929.jpg/280px-Mappa_di_Asmara_TCI_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mappa_di_Asmara_TCI_1929.jpg/420px-Mappa_di_Asmara_TCI_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mappa_di_Asmara_TCI_1929.jpg/560px-Mappa_di_Asmara_TCI_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Map of Italian Asmara in 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>Asmara, a small village in the nineteenth century, started to grow quickly when it was occupied by Italy in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Martini" title="Ferdinando Martini">Ferdinando Martini</a> made it the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a> was built to the coast, passing through the town of <a href="/wiki/Ghinda" title="Ghinda">Ghinda</a>, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Cavanna_family#Early_migration_and_diaspora" title="Cavanna family">Carlo Cavanna</a>. In both <a href="/wiki/1913_Asmara_earthquake" title="1913 Asmara earthquake">1913</a> and <a href="/wiki/1915_Asmara_earthquake" title="1915 Asmara earthquake">1915</a> the city suffered only slight damage in large earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Italian community</a> developed the city.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1939 census, Asmara had a population of 98,000, of whom 53,000 were Italian. Only 75,000 Italians lived in all of Eritrea, thus making the capital city by far their largest centre.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Compare this to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Italian colonization of Libya</a>, where the settler population, albeit larger, was more dispersed.) </p><p>The capital acquired an <a href="/wiki/Italian_modern_and_contemporary_architecture" title="Italian modern and contemporary architecture">Italian architectural look</a>. Europeans used Asmara "to experiment with radical new designs".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1930s, Asmara was called <i>Piccola Roma</i> (Little Rome).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Gunther_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Gunther (journalist) (page does not exist)">John Gunther</a> noted in 1955 that "the Italians built [Asmara] well, like <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, with handsome wide streets, ornate public buildings, and even such refinements of civilization as a modern sewage system ... [Asmara] gives the impression of being a pleasant enough small city in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>.”<sup id="cite_ref-Gunther_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunther-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays more than 400 buildings are of Italian origin, and many shops still have Italian names (e.g., <i>Bar Vittoria</i>, <i>Pasticceria moderna</i>, <i>Casa del formaggio</i>, and <i>Ferramenta</i>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">The Kingdom of Italy</a> invested in the industrial development of Asmara (and surrounding areas of Eritrea),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought this to a halt. </p><p><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> made Asmara a World Heritage Site in July 2017, saying "It is an exceptional example of early modernist urbanism at the beginning of the 20th century and its application in an African context".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federation_with_Ethiopia">Federation with Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Federation with Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, the United Nations resolved to federate the former colony under Ethiopian rule. During the Federation, Asmara was no longer the capital city. The capital was now <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, over 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) to the south. In 1961, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I">Haile Selassie I</a> ended the "federal" arrangement and declared the territory to be the 14th province of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grolier_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grolier-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopia's biggest ally was the United States. The city was home to the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kagnew_Station" title="Kagnew Station">Kagnew Station</a> installation from 1943 until 1977. The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a> began in 1961 and ended in 1991, resulting in the independence of Eritrea. Asmara was left relatively undamaged throughout the war, as were the majority of highland regions. After independence, Asmara again became the capital of Eritrea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city lies at an elevation of 2,325 metres (7,628 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>. It lies on north–south trending highlands known as the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Highlands" title="Eritrean Highlands">Eritrean Highlands</a>, an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>. The temperate central portion, where Asmara lies, is situated on a rocky highland plateau, which separates the western lowlands from the eastern coastal plains. The lands that surround Asmara are very fertile, especially those to the south towards the <a href="/wiki/Debub_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Debub Region">Debub Region</a> of Eritrea. The highlands that Asmera is located in fall away to reveal the eastern lowlands, characterized by the searing heat and humidity of the Eritrean salt pans, lapped by the Red Sea. To the west of the plateau stretches a vast semi-arid hilly terrain continuing all the way towards the border with <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Gash-Barka_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gash-Barka Region">Gash-Barka Region</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_panorama,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/330px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg/440px-Asmara_panorama%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>A view over Asmara</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_traffic_light_Asmara,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Solar_traffic_light_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/170px-Solar_traffic_light_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Solar_traffic_light_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/255px-Solar_traffic_light_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Solar_traffic_light_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/340px-Solar_traffic_light_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Solar traffic lights in a street in Asmara</figcaption></figure> <p>Asmara has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">cool semi-arid climate</a> (<i>BSk</i>) according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has year-round moderately warm weather, with recorded temperatures ranging between a minimum of −4.5 °C or 23.9 °F and a maximum of 31.0 °C or 87.8 °F. It has an average humidity of 51% and an UV-index of 6. <a href="/wiki/Holdridge_life_zones" title="Holdridge life zones">Holdridge life zones system of bioclimatic classification</a> put Asmara in or near the subtropical thorn woodland biome.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainfall patterns differ from month to month with highest precipitation in July and August, and lower precipitation in other months.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asmara has warm, but not hot summers and mild winters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its 2,325-metre (7,628 ft) altitude, temperatures are relatively mild for a city located not particularly far from the hotter surroundings in the country. This climate is characteristic of rainy, wet seasons and dry seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asmara averages about 518 mm (20.4 in) of precipitation annually. <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost</a>, however, is extremely rare in the city. The long dry season of the year extends from September until around April, and a season of occasional showers occurs from April to June.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, about 60% of Asmara's annual precipitation is experienced during the months of July and August. In contrast, December to February are typically Asmara's driest months, where on average only 9.1 mm (0.36 in) of precipitation falls in the three months combined. Due to variable rainfall, Asmara's climate is also characterized by drought.<sup id="cite_ref-7_September_2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_September_2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several prolonged droughts in this region have occurred beginning in the 1960s and have recurred each decade since then.<sup id="cite_ref-7_September_2015_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_September_2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During periods of drought, temperatures are high and little rainfall occurs. As temperatures in a region increase, the rate of evaporation of water from the soil also increases. These combined processes result in the <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of the soil. In order to obtain nutrient rich and moist soil for farming purposes, populations rely on deforestation to make use of the underlying ground.<sup id="cite_ref-7_September_2015_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_September_2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most serious environmental issues Asmara faces are deforestation and desertification. Other issues Asmara faces are soil erosion and <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>. All of these environmental issues produce <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7_September_2015_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_September_2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Asmara, Eritrea (1961–1990 normals, extremes 1903–2012) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(0.15) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(0.08) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(1.31) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(1.62) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.5<br />(1.52) </td> <td style="background: #00F900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.9<br />(6.89) </td> <td style="background: #17FF17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.6<br />(6.13) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(0.61) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(0.61) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(0.80) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(0.13) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">518.6<br />(20.42) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.4 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.9 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.9 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.1 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">276.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.1 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,921.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteo Climat (extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-meteoclimat_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_museo_nazionale,_ingresso.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG/170px-Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG/255px-Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG/340px-Asmara%2C_museo_nazionale%2C_ingresso.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Eritrea" title="National Museum of Eritrea">Eritrean national museum</a> in Asmara</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race,_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race%2C_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race%2C_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race%2C_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/330px-Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race%2C_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race%2C_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/440px-Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race%2C_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Eritrea" title="Tour of Eritrea">Tour of Eritrea</a> cycling competition in Asmara, Eritrea</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean National Museum">Eritrean National Museum</a>. The city is often the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Tour_of_Eritrea" title="Tour of Eritrea">Tour of Eritrea</a> cycling competition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is known for its early 20th-century buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Impero" title="Cinema Impero">Cinema Impero</a> (opened in 1937 and considered by the experts one of the world's finest examples of Art Déco style building<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Cubist Africa Pension, eclectic Eritrean Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Enda_Mariam_Cathedral,_Asmara" title="Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara">Enda Mariam Cathedral</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera House">Opera House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">futurist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Romanesque_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Romanesque architecture">neo-Romanesque</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Asmara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor's Palace (Asmara)">Governor's Palace</a>. The city is adorned by Italian <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansions">mansions</a>, one prominent example being the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Building,_Asmara" title="World Bank Building, Asmara">World Bank Building</a>. Most of central Asmara was built between 1935 and 1941, so the <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> effectively managed to build almost an entire city in just six years.<sup id="cite_ref-Reviving_Asmara_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reviving_Asmara-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, the dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> had great plans for a second <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in Africa. War cut this short, but his injection of funds created the Asmara of today, which supposedly was to be a symbol to the colonial <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> during that period of time. </p><p>The city shows off most early 20th-century architectural styles. Some buildings are <a href="/wiki/Neo-Romanesque_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Romanesque architecture">neo-Romanesque</a>, such as the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, some villas are built in a late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Architecture">Victorian</a> style. Art Deco influences are found throughout the city. Essences of <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> can be found on the Africa Pension Building, and on a small collection of buildings. The <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a> shows almost the height of futurism, just as it was coming into big fashion in Italy. </p><p>Asmara is known to be an exceptionally modern city, not only because of its architecture, but Asmara also had more <a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">traffic lights</a> than <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> did when the city was being built.<sup id="cite_ref-Reviving_Asmara_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reviving_Asmara-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city incorporates many features of a planned city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restaurants,_bars,_cafes"><span id="Restaurants.2C_bars.2C_cafes"></span>Restaurants, bars, cafes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Restaurants, bars, cafes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asmara has wide streets, restaurants, <a href="/wiki/Piazza" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza">piazzas</a> (town squares), <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">cafes</a> while many of the boulevards are lined with palms trees. The <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> inspired food and culture is very present and was introduced during <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>. Countless restaurants and cafes, serve high quality <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">cappuccinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">lattes</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gelato" title="Gelato">gelato</a> parlours and restaurants with <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrean_cuisine" title="Italian Eritrean cuisine">Italian Eritrean cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common dishes served from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrean_cuisine" title="Italian Eritrean cuisine">Italian Eritrean cuisine</a> are 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere', which means "pasta with tomato sauce and <a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">berbere</a>" (spice), "<a href="/wiki/Lasagna" title="Lasagna">lasagna</a>" and "cotoletta alla milanese" (milano cutlet).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinema_Roma,_Asmara,_Eritrea_(30660000812).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cafe and bar at the old Cinema Roma"><img alt="The cafe and bar at the old Cinema Roma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cinema_Roma%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830660000812%29.jpg/200px-Cinema_Roma%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830660000812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cinema_Roma%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830660000812%29.jpg/300px-Cinema_Roma%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830660000812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cinema_Roma%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830660000812%29.jpg/400px-Cinema_Roma%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea_%2830660000812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cafe and bar at the old Cinema Roma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweet_Asmara_Caffe_(8351473807).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical cafe in Asmara selling panettone"><img alt="A typical cafe in Asmara selling panettone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sweet_Asmara_Caffe_%288351473807%29.jpg/200px-Sweet_Asmara_Caffe_%288351473807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sweet_Asmara_Caffe_%288351473807%29.jpg/300px-Sweet_Asmara_Caffe_%288351473807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sweet_Asmara_Caffe_%288351473807%29.jpg/400px-Sweet_Asmara_Caffe_%288351473807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical cafe in Asmara selling <a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">panettone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macchina_Gaggia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A vintage Gaggia espresso machine in a bar in Eritrea. Vintage Italian machinery is common in most Asmara cafes."><img alt="A vintage Gaggia espresso machine in a bar in Eritrea. Vintage Italian machinery is common in most Asmara cafes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Macchina_Gaggia.jpg/200px-Macchina_Gaggia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Macchina_Gaggia.jpg/300px-Macchina_Gaggia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Macchina_Gaggia.jpg/400px-Macchina_Gaggia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A vintage <a href="/wiki/Gaggia" title="Gaggia">Gaggia</a> <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a> machine in a <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. Vintage Italian machinery is common in most Asmara <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">cafes</a>.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asmara was listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in July 2017, becoming the first modernist city anywhere to be listed in its entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription taking place during the 41st World Heritage Committee Session. </p><p>The city has thousands of <a href="/wiki/Art_deco_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco architecture">Art Deco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">rationalist</a> buildings, constructed during the period of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city, nicknamed "<i>La piccola Roma</i>" ("Little Rome"), is located over 2,000 meters above sea level, and was an ideal spot for construction due to the relatively cool climate; architects used a combination of both Italian and local materials. </p><p>Some notable buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Zilli" title="Bar Zilli">Bar Zilli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opera houses, hotels, and cinemas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Impero" title="Cinema Impero">Cinema Impero</a>. </p><p>A statement from UNESCO read: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is an exceptional example of early modernist urbanism at the beginning of the 20th century and its application in an African context.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Some buildings included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list for Asmara:</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_teatro_d%27opera,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Teatro d'Opera, the opera house of Asmara."><img alt="Teatro d'Opera, the opera house of Asmara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_02.JPG/220px-Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_02.JPG/330px-Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_02.JPG/440px-Asmara%2C_teatro_d%27opera%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Asmara%27s_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmara's Opera">Teatro d'Opera</a>, the opera house of Asmara.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara_University_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A building at the University of Asmara."><img alt="A building at the University of Asmara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Asmara_University_Eritrea.jpg/134px-Asmara_University_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Asmara_University_Eritrea.jpg/202px-Asmara_University_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Asmara_University_Eritrea.jpg/269px-Asmara_University_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A building at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Asmara" title="University of Asmara">University of Asmara</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_ambasciata_italiana_(villa_roma).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa Roma, Italian embassy."><img alt="Villa Roma, Italian embassy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Asmara%2C_ambasciata_italiana_%28villa_roma%29.JPG/220px-Asmara%2C_ambasciata_italiana_%28villa_roma%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Asmara%2C_ambasciata_italiana_%28villa_roma%29.JPG/330px-Asmara%2C_ambasciata_italiana_%28villa_roma%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Asmara%2C_ambasciata_italiana_%28villa_roma%29.JPG/440px-Asmara%2C_ambasciata_italiana_%28villa_roma%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Villa Roma, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> embassy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_tagliero,_07,0.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fiat Tagliero Building."><img alt="The Fiat Tagliero Building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG/126px-Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG" decoding="async" width="126" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG/190px-Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG/253px-Fiat_tagliero%2C_07%2C0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">The Fiat Tagliero Building.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_albergo_italia,_esterno_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hotel (Albergo) Italia, built 1889. The hotel is one of the oldest hotels in Asmara"><img alt="Hotel (Albergo) Italia, built 1889. The hotel is one of the oldest hotels in Asmara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Asmara%2C_albergo_italia%2C_esterno_01.JPG/220px-Asmara%2C_albergo_italia%2C_esterno_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Asmara%2C_albergo_italia%2C_esterno_01.JPG/330px-Asmara%2C_albergo_italia%2C_esterno_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Asmara%2C_albergo_italia%2C_esterno_01.JPG/440px-Asmara%2C_albergo_italia%2C_esterno_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hotel (Albergo) Italia, built 1889. The hotel is one of the oldest hotels in Asmara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_africa_pension_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The African pension."><img alt="The African pension." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Asmara%2C_africa_pension_01.JPG/220px-Asmara%2C_africa_pension_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Asmara%2C_africa_pension_01.JPG/330px-Asmara%2C_africa_pension_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Asmara%2C_africa_pension_01.JPG/440px-Asmara%2C_africa_pension_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The African pension.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_ufficio_postale,_interno_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Asmara post office."><img alt="Interior of Asmara post office." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Asmara%2C_ufficio_postale%2C_interno_01.JPG/126px-Asmara%2C_ufficio_postale%2C_interno_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="126" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Asmara%2C_ufficio_postale%2C_interno_01.JPG/190px-Asmara%2C_ufficio_postale%2C_interno_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Asmara%2C_ufficio_postale%2C_interno_01.JPG/253px-Asmara%2C_ufficio_postale%2C_interno_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Asmara post office.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Embasoira_hotel_Asmara,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Embasoira built 1919 (Old Imperial hotel), celebrated 100 years in 2019."><img alt="The Embasoira built 1919 (Old Imperial hotel), celebrated 100 years in 2019." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Embasoira_hotel_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Embasoira_hotel_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Embasoira_hotel_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/330px-Embasoira_hotel_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Embasoira_hotel_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/440px-Embasoira_hotel_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Embasoira built 1919 (Old Imperial hotel), celebrated 100 years in 2019.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_degli_italiani_restaurant_Asmara,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Casa degli Italiani restaurant."><img alt="The Casa degli Italiani restaurant." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Casa_degli_italiani_restaurant_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Casa_degli_italiani_restaurant_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Casa_degli_italiani_restaurant_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/330px-Casa_degli_italiani_restaurant_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Casa_degli_italiani_restaurant_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/440px-Casa_degli_italiani_restaurant_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Casa degli Italiani restaurant.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bf_Asmara_Gleisseite.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The railway station in Asmara."><img alt="The railway station in Asmara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bf_Asmara_Gleisseite.JPG/220px-Bf_Asmara_Gleisseite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bf_Asmara_Gleisseite.JPG/330px-Bf_Asmara_Gleisseite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bf_Asmara_Gleisseite.JPG/440px-Bf_Asmara_Gleisseite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The railway station in Asmara.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_old_house_in_the_European_quarter_built_during_Italian_Eritrea_in_the_early_19th_century_in_Asmara,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An old house in the European quarter."><img alt="An old house in the European quarter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/An_old_house_in_the_European_quarter_built_during_Italian_Eritrea_in_the_early_19th_century_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/220px-An_old_house_in_the_European_quarter_built_during_Italian_Eritrea_in_the_early_19th_century_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/An_old_house_in_the_European_quarter_built_during_Italian_Eritrea_in_the_early_19th_century_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/330px-An_old_house_in_the_European_quarter_built_during_Italian_Eritrea_in_the_early_19th_century_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/An_old_house_in_the_European_quarter_built_during_Italian_Eritrea_in_the_early_19th_century_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/440px-An_old_house_in_the_European_quarter_built_during_Italian_Eritrea_in_the_early_19th_century_in_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An old house in the European quarter.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_bar_zilli_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bar Zilli, architecturally modeled in accordance with the Art Deco movement in the 1930s."><img alt="Bar Zilli, architecturally modeled in accordance with the Art Deco movement in the 1930s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Asmara%2C_bar_zilli_02.JPG/220px-Asmara%2C_bar_zilli_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Asmara%2C_bar_zilli_02.JPG/330px-Asmara%2C_bar_zilli_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Asmara%2C_bar_zilli_02.JPG/440px-Asmara%2C_bar_zilli_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Zilli" title="Bar Zilli">Bar Zilli</a>, architecturally modeled in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> movement in the 1930s.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>The Historic Center of Asmara was placed on the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a>'s 2006 Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites. The listing was designed to bring more attention to the city to save the center from decay and redevelopment and to promote restoration. </p><p>Following CARP (a World Bank initiative on Cultural Heritage), the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> Delegation in Asmara has engaged into a Heritage Project pertaining to building's restoration and archive management. Launched in 2010 the EU/Eritrea Cultural Project was expected to be completed in 2014 (Pierre Couté – Edward Denison, Project Design Report, EUD Asmara 2009). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Catholic_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Catholic_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Catholic_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Four big landmarks of the city are the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kidane_Mehret_Cathedral,_Asmara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidane Mehret Cathedral, Asmara">Kidane Mehret Cathedral</a> of the Catholic faith (the former of Latin and the latter of Coptic rite), the <a href="/wiki/Enda_Mariam_Cathedral,_Asmara" title="Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara">Enda Mariam Cathedral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Asmara" title="Great Mosque of Asmara">Al Khulafa Al Rashiudin Mosque</a> of the Islamic faith. </p><p>Asmara is also the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> of the archbishop of the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> in 1993. The archbishop was elevated in 1998 to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a> of Eritrea, on a par with the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Airlines" title="Eritrean Airlines">Eritrean Airlines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Telecommunications_Corporation" title="Eritrean Telecommunications Corporation">Eritrean Telecommunications Corporation</a>, and other companies are headquartered in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's national television station <a href="/wiki/Eri-TV" title="Eri-TV">Eri-TV</a> has many studios located in various areas in the capital. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asmara_Brewery" title="Asmara Brewery">Asmara Brewery</a>, built 1939 under the name of Melotti, is located in the city and employs 600 people.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brewery produces Asmara beer and other beverages like rum and gin. The brewery also owns and operates as a sponsor of the local football team <a href="/wiki/Asmara_Brewery_FC" title="Asmara Brewery FC">Asmara Brewery FC</a>, also named "Asmara Birra" (translated "Asmara Beer"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/250px-Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/375px-Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/500px-Train_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Steam train outside Asmara on the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Eritrean independence, the roads of Asmara underwent extensive construction projects. Old roads were renovated and new highways were also built. There are five primary roads out of Asmara.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asmara_International_Airport" title="Asmara International Airport">Asmara International Airport</a> serves the city with many international flights. <a href="/wiki/Massawa_International_Airport" title="Massawa International Airport">Massawa International Airport</a> is an alternative airport nearby. </p><p>As of 1999, there is a total of 317 kilometres of <span class="nowrap">950 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) (narrow gauge) rail line in Eritrea. The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a> was built between 1887 and 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badly damaged during <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a> and in later fighting, it was closed section by section, with the final closure coming in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After independence, a rebuilding effort commenced, and the first rebuilt section was reopened in 2003. As of 2009, the section from Asmara to <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> was fully rebuilt and available for service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asmara has always been a national centre of education, and is home to many elementary and high schools. It was home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Asmara" title="University of Asmara">University of Asmara</a> from 1958 until the university was shut down in 2006, following the opening of a university at <a href="/wiki/Mai_Nefhi" title="Mai Nefhi">Mai Nefhi</a>. During the period of Ethiopian Federation and annexation, the university was also linked with what was then the nation's largest tertiary institution, <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University" title="Addis Ababa University">Addis Ababa University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities_and_colleges">Universities and colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Universities and colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Asmara" title="University of Asmara">University of Asmara</a> (1958–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Institute_of_Technology" title="Eritrea Institute of Technology">Eritrea Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_schools">Primary and secondary schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_schools">International schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asmara_International_Community_School" title="Asmara International Community School">Asmara International Community School</a> – Anglophone international school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_School_of_Asmara" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian School of Asmara">Italian School of Asmara</a> – Italian primary school with a <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori</a> department (1903–2020)</li></ul> <p><b>Secondary schools</b> </p> <ul><li>Sheikh Ibrahim Sultan Secondary School</li> <li>Red Sea Secondary School</li> <li>Barka Secondary School</li> <li>Lim'at Secondary School</li> <li>Halay Secondary School</li> <li>Hafeshawi Secondary School</li> <li>Isaac Tewoldemedhin High School</li> <li>Sematat Secondary School</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Districts">Districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrations_of_Asmara" title="Administrations of Asmara">Administrations of Asmara</a></div> <p>Asmara is divided into 13 districts or administrative areas. These districts are subdivided into North, North-West, North-East, South-East, South-West, East, West and Central areas. The thirteen districts (or <i>Neous Zobas</i>) are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <dl><dt>North</dt></dl> <ul><li>Akhriya District</li> <li>Abba'shaul District</li> <li>Edaga Hamus District</li></ul> <dl><dt>North-East</dt></dl> <ul><li>Arba'te Asmara District</li></ul> <dl><dt>North-West</dt></dl> <ul><li>Mai Temenai District</li> <li>Paradiso District</li></ul> <dl><dt>South-West</dt></dl> <ul><li>Sembel District</li></ul> <dl><dt>South-East</dt></dl> <ul><li>Kahawuta District</li> <li>Godaif District</li></ul> <dl><dt>Central</dt></dl> <ul><li>Maakel Ketema District</li></ul> <dl><dt>West</dt></dl> <ul><li>Tiravolo District</li> <li>Tsetserat District</li></ul> <dl><dt>East</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gheza Banda District</li> <li>Gejeret District</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Afewerki" title="Abraham Afewerki">Abraham Afewerki</a>, popular singer, songwriter and music producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desta_Bairu" title="Desta Bairu">Desta Bairu</a>, restaurateur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemane_Barya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemane Barya">Yemane Barya</a>, famous Eritrean singer and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsehaytu_Beraki" title="Tsehaytu Beraki">Tsehaytu Beraki</a>, popular Eritrean musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmeret_Asefaw_Berhe" title="Asmeret Asefaw Berhe">Asmeret Asefaw Berhe</a>, soil biogeochemist and Director of the Office of Science at the US Department of Energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Calligarich" title="Gianfranco Calligarich">Gianfranco Calligarich</a>, Italian novelist, screenwriter and dramatist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus</a>, 8th Director-General of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biniam_Girmay" title="Biniam Girmay">Biniam Girmay</a>, professional bicycle rider</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remo_Girone" title="Remo Girone">Remo Girone</a>, Italian film and stage actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawit_Isaak" title="Dawit Isaak">Dawit Isaak</a>, Swedish-Eritrean journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meb_Keflezighi" title="Meb Keflezighi">Meb Keflezighi</a>, Eritrean-born American long-distance runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lauzi" title="Bruno Lauzi">Bruno Lauzi</a>, Italian singer-songwriter, poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Rosi_(director)" title="Gianfranco Rosi (director)">Gianfranco Rosi</a>, Italian film director and documentarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehari_Shinash" title="Mehari Shinash">Mehari Shinash</a>, Eritrean footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussie_Zerai" title="Mussie Zerai">Mussie Zerai</a>, Roman Catholic priest and activist for the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">right of asylum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/32px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/48px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/64px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Eritrea" title="Portal:Eritrea">Eritrea portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CH-Star" title="CH-Star">CH-Star</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/">"CIA – The World Factbook"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Feritrea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ERI/?levels=4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Fshdi%2FERI%2F%3Flevels%3D4%26interpolation%3D0%26extrapolation%3D0%26nearest_real%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Byrnes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2012/02/african-citys-unusual-preservation-legacy/1163/">An African City's Unusual Preservation Legacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312081533/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2012/02/african-citys-unusual-preservation-legacy/1163/">Archived</a> 12 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 8 February 2012 Atlantic Cities</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40544406">"Eritrea capital Asmera makes World Heritage list"</a>. 8 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eritrea+capital+Asmera+makes+World+Heritage+list&rft.date=2017-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-40544406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715192204/http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/11121-arbate-asmara-the-origin-of-the-city-">"Arbate Asmara: The origin of the city"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/11121-arbate-asmara-the-origin-of-the-city-">the original</a> on 15 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arbate+Asmara%3A+The+origin+of+the+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shabait.com%2Fabout-eritrea%2Fart-a-sport%2F11121-arbate-asmara-the-origin-of-the-city-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1982" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1982). <i>History Of Ethiopian Towns</i>. Steiner. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515032049" title="Special:BookSources/9783515032049"><bdi>9783515032049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Ethiopian+Towns&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9783515032049&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalin2007" class="citation book cs1">Palin, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi-KQchGks8C&pg=PA82"><i>Eritrea</i></a>. Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Bradt_Travel_Guides" title="Bradt Travel Guides">Bradt Travel Guides</a> Ltd. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-171-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-171-5"><bdi>978-1-84162-171-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.place=Chalfont+St+Peter%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-171-5&rft.aulast=Palin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQi-KQchGks8C%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dadfeatured.blogspot.com/2018/08/italian-asmara.html">"Dadfeatured: ITALIAN ASMARA"</a>. 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dadfeatured%3A+ITALIAN+ASMARA&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdadfeatured.blogspot.com%2F2018%2F08%2Fitalian-asmara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAA.VV.1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AA.VV. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39120-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39120-2"><bdi>0-521-39120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seismicity+of+Egypt%2C+Arabia+and+the+Red+Sea%3A+A+Historical+Review&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-39120-2&rft.aulast=Ambraseys&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Melville%2C+C.P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+R.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, <i>Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maitacli.it">"Benvenuto sul sito del Maitacli"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722041546/http://www.maitacli.it/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benvenuto+sul+sito+del+Maitacli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maitacli.it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtontimes.com/article/20070915/ENTERTAINMENT/109150018/1007">"Asmara useful for experimenting with radical designs for Europeans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>. 15 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Asmara+useful+for+experimenting+with+radical+designs+for+Europeans&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtontimes.com%2Farticle%2F20070915%2FENTERTAINMENT%2F109150018%2F1007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedoa.unina.it/1881/01/Santoianni_Progettazione_Architettonica.pdf">"Italian architectural planification of Asmera (in Italian) p. 64-66"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+architectural+planification+of+Asmera+%28in+Italian%29+p.+64-66&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedoa.unina.it%2F1881%2F01%2FSantoianni_Progettazione_Architettonica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunther-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gunther_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther1955" class="citation book cs1">Gunther, John (1955). <i>Inside Africa</i>. Harper & Brothers. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0836981979" title="Special:BookSources/0836981979"><bdi>0836981979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Africa&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0836981979&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchomnia.blogspot.com/2015_04_01_archive.html">"ITALIAN ERITREA INDUSTRIES"</a>. 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITALIAN+ERITREA+INDUSTRIES&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchomnia.blogspot.com%2F2015_04_01_archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/2017-07-14-00-asmara-the-capital-of-art-deco/">"Asmara, the capital of Art Deco"</a>. 14 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asmara%2C+the+capital+of+Art+Deco&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2017-07-14-00-asmara-the-capital-of-art-deco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grolier-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grolier_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofur0000unse"><i>Encyclopedia of Urban Cultures</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Grolier" title="Grolier">Grolier Publishing Co.</a> 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717256983" title="Special:BookSources/9780717256983"><bdi>9780717256983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Urban+Cultures&rft.pub=Grolier+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780717256983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofur0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.besttimetovisit.co.uk/eritrea/asmara-1220041/">"Climate Asmara – Temperature • Best time to visit • Weather"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Asmara+%E2%80%93+Temperature+%E2%80%A2+Best+time+to+visit+%E2%80%A2+Weather&rft.pub=Besttimetovisit.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.besttimetovisit.co.uk%2Feritrea%2Fasmara-1220041%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/eritrea/asmara-climate">"Yearly & Monthly weather - Asmara, Eritrea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yearly+%26+Monthly+weather+-+Asmara%2C+Eritrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Feritrea%2Fasmara-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climate.top/eritrea/asmara/">"Asmara Climate Asmara Temperatures Asmara, Eritrea Weather Averages"</a>. <i>www.climate.top</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.climate.top&rft.atitle=Asmara+Climate+Asmara+Temperatures+Asmara%2C+Eritrea+Weather+Averages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate.top%2Feritrea%2Fasmara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemere2005" class="citation journal cs1">Semere, Soloman (23 December 2005). "Groundwater study using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) in the central highlands of Eritrea". <i>Hydrogeology Journal</i>. <b>14</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">729–</span>741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10040-005-0477-y">10.1007/s10040-005-0477-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55130364">55130364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrogeology+Journal&rft.atitle=Groundwater+study+using+remote+sensing+and+geographic+information+systems+%28GIS%29+in+the+central+highlands+of+Eritrea&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E729-%3C%2Fspan%3E741&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10040-005-0477-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55130364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Semere&rft.aufirst=Soloman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemere2005" class="citation journal cs1">Semere, Soloman (23 December 2005). "Groundwater study using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) in the central highlands of Eritrea". <i>Hydrogeology Journal</i>. <b>14</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">729–</span>741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10040-005-0477-y">10.1007/s10040-005-0477-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55130364">55130364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrogeology+Journal&rft.atitle=Groundwater+study+using+remote+sensing+and+geographic+information+systems+%28GIS%29+in+the+central+highlands+of+Eritrea&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E729-%3C%2Fspan%3E741&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10040-005-0477-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55130364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Semere&rft.aufirst=Soloman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7_September_2015-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-7_September_2015_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7_September_2015_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7_September_2015_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7_September_2015_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhebrezgabher2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ghebrezgabher, Mihretab (7 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrs.2015.09.002">"Extracting and analyzing forest and woodland cover change in Eritrea based on Landsat data using supervised classification"</a>. <i>The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejrs.2015.09.002">10.1016/j.ejrs.2015.09.002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Egyptian+Journal+of+Remote+Sensing+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=Extracting+and+analyzing+forest+and+woodland+cover+change+in+Eritrea+based+on+Landsat+data+using+supervised+classification&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejrs.2015.09.002&rft.aulast=Ghebrezgabher&rft.aufirst=Mihretab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ejrs.2015.09.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/E1/63021.TXT">"Asmara Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asmara+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG__I%2FE1%2F63021.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsmara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteoclimat-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meteoclimat_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1834">"Station Asmara"</a> (in French). Meteo Climat<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Colonial Origin and Postcolonial Experiences", DOM publishers, Berlin 2017,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86922-487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86922-487-9">978-3-86922-487-9</a></li> <li>Stefan Boness: "Asmara – Africa's Jewel of Modernity". Jovis Verlag, Berlin 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86859-435-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86859-435-5">978-3-86859-435-5</a> (photo book; German, English)</li> <li>Stefan Boness: "Asmara – The Frozen City". Jovis Verlag, Berlin 2006. 96 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-936314-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-936314-61-6">3-936314-61-6</a> (photo book; German, English)</li> <li>Edward Denison, Guang Yu Ren, Naigzy Gebremedhin, and Guang Yu Ren, <i>Asmara: Africa's Secret Modernist City</i> (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85894-209-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85894-209-8">1-85894-209-8</a></li> <li>Gianluca Rossi, <i>Renzo Martinelli inviato de "La Nazione"</i>, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7255-356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7255-356-5">978-88-7255-356-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asmara&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.der.org/films/asmara-eritrea.html">Asmara, Eritrea</a> Documentary Film about the city by filmmaker Caterina Borelli</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asmera.nl/asmara.htm">History of Asmara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1550">Asmara inscription in UNESCO</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Asmara</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Asmara" class="extiw" title="c:Asmara">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Asmara" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Asmara">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Asmara" class="extiw" title="voy:Asmara">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asmara44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asmara" title="Template:Asmara"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asmara" title="Template talk:Asmara"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asmara" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asmara"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asmara44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asmara</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Asmara" title="Timeline of Asmara">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asmara_International_Airport" title="Asmara International Airport">Asmara International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enda_Mariam_Cathedral,_Asmara" title="Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara">Enda Mariam Coptic Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Impero" title="Cinema Impero">Cinema Impero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara%27s_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmara's Opera">Asmara's Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace,_Asmara" title="Governor's Palace, Asmara">Governor's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Asmara" title="Great Mosque of Asmara">Great Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidane_Mehret_Cathedral" title="Kidane Mehret Cathedral">Kidane Mehret Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Eritrea" title="National Museum of Eritrea">National Museum of Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara_President%27s_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmara President's Office">President's Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Institute_of_Technology" title="Eritrea Institute of Technology">Eritrea Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara_International_Community_School" title="Asmara International Community School">Asmara International Community School</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Closed6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_Statale_Omnicomprensivo_di_Asmara" title="Istituto Italiano Statale Omnicomprensivo di Asmara">Istituto Italiano Statale Omnicomprensivo di Asmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Asmara" title="University of Asmara">University of Asmara</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_countries370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_countries370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of African countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asmara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a></b> (claimed)/<b><a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a></b> (factual), <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislative</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">judicial</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a></b> (political)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></b> (economic), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3642#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1619" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3642#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1619" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3642#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4467477-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82104369">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16132341p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16132341p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Asmara (Eritrea)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1244551&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555142005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/54345140-eec5-42b7-b3e2-b434897bb8d8">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079852432">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046301">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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