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<li id="toc-Schisms_and_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schisms_and_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Schisms and branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schisms_and_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_senior_Eliya_line_of_Alqosh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_senior_Eliya_line_of_Alqosh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The senior Eliya line of Alqosh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_senior_Eliya_line_of_Alqosh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_junior_Shimun_line_of_Qochanis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_junior_Shimun_line_of_Qochanis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The junior Shimun line of Qochanis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_junior_Shimun_line_of_Qochanis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_remaining_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_remaining_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Consolidation of remaining branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_remaining_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patriarch_Shimun_XXI_Eshai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarch_Shimun_XXI_Eshai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarch_Shimun_XXI_Eshai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarch_Dinkha_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarch_Dinkha_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Patriarch Dinkha IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarch_Dinkha_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarch_Gewargis_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarch_Gewargis_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Patriarch Gewargis III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarch_Gewargis_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarch_Awa_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarch_Awa_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Patriarch Awa III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarch_Awa_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Doctrine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Christology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hierarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archdioceses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archdioceses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Archdioceses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archdioceses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dioceses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioceses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dioceses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioceses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_Holy_Synod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_Holy_Synod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Members of the Holy Synod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_Holy_Synod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecumenical relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Assyrian Church of the East</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiriese_Kerk_van_die_Ooste" title="Assiriese Kerk van die Ooste – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Assiriese Kerk van die Ooste" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كنيسة المشرق الآشورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنيسة المشرق الآشورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%9A%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_apostolica_assiri%C3%A8na_du_Levant" title="Égllése apostolica assirièna du Levant – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése apostolica assirièna du Levant" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="পূর্বদেশীয় অশূরীয় মণ্ডলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্বদেশীয় অশূরীয় মণ্ডলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Асірыйская Царква Усходу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асірыйская Царква Усходу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%8E%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Асырыйская царква Ўсходу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асырыйская царква Ўсходу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Асирийска източна църква – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Асирийска източна църква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Ass%C3%ADria_Oriental" title="Església Assíria Oriental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Assíria Oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyrsk%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev_V%C3%BDchodu" title="Asyrská církev Východu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Asyrská církev Východu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwys_Asyriaidd_y_Dwyrain" title="Eglwys Asyriaidd y Dwyrain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwys Asyriaidd y Dwyrain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stens_Assyriske_Kirke" title="Østens Assyriske Kirke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østens Assyriske Kirke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrische_Kirche_des_Ostens" title="Assyrische Kirche des Ostens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Assyrische Kirche des Ostens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_asiria_del_Oriente" title="Iglesia asiria del Oriente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia asiria del Oriente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiria_Eklezio_de_la_Oriento" title="Asiria Eklezio de la Oriento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Asiria Eklezio de la Oriento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Asiriar_Eliza" title="Ekialdeko Asiriar Eliza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Asiriar Eliza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82" title="کلیسای آشوری مشرق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای آشوری مشرق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_apostolique_assyrienne_de_l%27Orient" title="Église apostolique assyrienne de l'Orient – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église apostolique assyrienne de l'Orient" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%8F%99%EB%B0%A9%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="아시리아 동방교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아시리아 동방교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirska_Crkva_istoka" title="Asirska Crkva istoka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Asirska Crkva istoka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Asiria_Timur" title="Gereja Asiria Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Asiria Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_assira_d%27Oriente" title="Chiesa assira d'Oriente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa assira d'Oriente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הכנסייה האשורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסייה האשורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აღმოსავლეთის ასურული ეკლესია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთის ასურული ეკლესია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_la_Asiria" title="Kanisa la Asiria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa la Asiria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assz%C3%ADr_keleti_egyh%C3%A1z" title="Asszír keleti egyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asszír keleti egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonana_Asirianan%27_ny_Atsinanana" title="Fiangonana Asirianan' ny Atsinanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonana Asirianan' ny Atsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="കിഴക്കിന്റെ അസ്സീറിയൻ സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിഴക്കിന്റെ അസ്സീറിയൻ സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كنيسة المشرق الاشوريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسة المشرق الاشوريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrische_Kerk_van_het_Oosten" title="Assyrische Kerk van het Oosten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Assyrische Kerk van het Oosten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="アッシリア東方教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッシリア東方教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stens_kirke" title="Østens kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østens kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_assyriske_kyrkja_i_Austen" title="Den assyriske kyrkja i Austen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den assyriske kyrkja i Austen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyryjski_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wschodu" title="Asyryjski Kościół Wschodu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Asyryjski Kościół Wschodu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Ass%C3%ADria_do_Oriente" title="Igreja Assíria do Oriente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Assíria do Oriente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ассирийская церковь Востока – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ассирийская церковь Востока" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Assyrian Church of the East" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%BDrska_cirkev_V%C3%BDchodu" title="Asýrska cirkev Východu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Asýrska cirkev Východu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodna_asirska_cerkev" title="Vzhodna asirska cerkev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodna asirska cerkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Асирска црква Истока – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асирска црква Истока" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asirijska_crkva_Istoka" title="Asirijska crkva Istoka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asirijska crkva Istoka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C3%A4n_apostolinen_kirkko" title="Idän apostolinen kirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Idän apostolinen kirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterns_assyriska_kyrka" title="Österns assyriska kyrka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Österns assyriska kyrka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiryong_Simbahan_ng_Silangan" title="Asiryong Simbahan ng Silangan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asiryong Simbahan ng Silangan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_S%C3%BCryani_Kilisesi" title="Doğu Süryani Kilisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Süryani Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Ассирійська церква Сходу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ассирійська церква Сходу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مشرقی آشوری کلیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی آشوری کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_h%E1%BB%99i_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Assyria" title="Giáo hội Phương Đông Assyria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hội Phương Đông Assyria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E4%BA%9E%E8%BF%B0%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="東方亞述教會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東方亞述教會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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Catholic Assyrian Church of the East">Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Christian denomination</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_church_of_the_East.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Assyrian_church_of_the_East.png/155px-Assyrian_church_of_the_East.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Assyrian_church_of_the_East.png/233px-Assyrian_church_of_the_East.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Assyrian_church_of_the_East.png/310px-Assyrian_church_of_the_East.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="264" /></a></span><br />Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg/200px-The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg/300px-The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg/400px-The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Patriarchal see of the Assyrian Church of the East in <a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">ACOE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christian">Syriac Christian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data">East Syriac theology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a>-<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Awa_III" title="Awa III">Mar Awa III</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Central <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data">Patriach <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XIII_Dinkha" title="Shimun XIII Dinkha">Shimun XIII Dinkha</a>, schism from <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (1672)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Absorbed</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1907)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">400,000+ (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2011154-159_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2011154-159-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assyrianchurch.org">Official website</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Assyrian Church of the East</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>ACOE</b>), sometimes called the <b>Church of the East</b><sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0222_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and officially known as the <b>Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East</b> (<b>HACACE</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinns200228_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinns200228-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> church that follows the traditional <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a> of the historical <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2014601-620_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2014601-620-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It belongs to the eastern branch of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>, and employs the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Addai_and_Mari" title="Liturgy of Addai and Mari">Divine Liturgy of Saints Addai and Mari</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>. Its main <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> is <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>, a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a>, and the majority of its adherents are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> who speak differing <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> influenced dialects of Eastern Aramaic in everyday life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Need evidence of Akkadian influence (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Assyrian Church of the East is officially headquartered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>; its original area encompassed <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, corresponding roughly to ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. The current Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, <a href="/wiki/Awa_Royel" class="mw-redirect" title="Awa Royel">Mar Awa III</a>, was consecrated in September 2021. </p><p>The Assyrian Church of the East claims continuity with the historical <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, and it is not in communion with the Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches. The faction of the original Church of the East in that came into full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> of Rome is the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, whose members are mostly ethnic <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Common_Christological_Declaration_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East">Common Christological Declaration</a> in 1994 between the Church of the East and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, and a 2001 theological dialogue between the churches, they drew up guidelines for faithful to have mutual admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Assyrian Church of the East has a traditional episcopal structure, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos-Patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicos-Patriarch">Catholicos-Patriarch</a>. Its hierarchy is composed of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">diocesan bishops</a>, while lower clergy consists of <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, who serve in dioceses (eparchies) and parishes throughout the <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2014614-615_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2014614-615-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/225px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/338px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg/450px-Church_of_Saint_John_the_Arab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>A 6th-century Nestorian church, St. John the Arab, in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Anda%C3%A7,_Uludere" title="Andaç, Uludere">Geramon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Assyrian Church of the East considers itself as the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, a church that originally developed among the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> during the first century AD in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, east of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">apostolic</a> church established by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa" title="Addai of Edessa">Addai of Edessa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew the Apostle</a>. Contrary to a widespread opinion, the Apostle <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> never visited the Church of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical distinctiveness of the Assyrian Church of the East resulted from the series of complex processes and events that occurred within the Church of the East during the transitional period that started in the middle of the 16th century, and lasted until the beginning of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That turbulent period was marked by several consequent splits and mergers, resulting in the creation of separate branches and rival patriarchal lines. During the entire period, one of the main questions of dispute was the union with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. Ultimately, the pro-Catholic branches were consolidated as the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, while the traditional branches were consolidated as the Assyrian Church of the East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schisms_and_branches">Schisms and branches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schisms and branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism of 1552</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg/220px-Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg/330px-Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg/440px-Mar_Toma_church_urmia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Balowlan" title="St. Thomas Church, Balowlan">Mar Toma church</a> near <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the patriarchal tenure of <a href="/wiki/Shemon_VII_Ishoyahb" title="Shemon VII Ishoyahb">Shemon VII Ishoyahb</a> (1539–1558), who resided in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery">Rabban Hormizd Monastery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a>, an internal dissent occurred over several issues, including the question of hereditary succession to the patriarchal throne, and the question of union with the Catholic Church. By that time, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> missionaries had already gained some influence over several local communities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemmens192617-28_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemmens192617-28-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they took an active role in organizing the opposition to the Patriarch at that time. By the end of 1552, a pro-Catholic party had been organized in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> under the leadership of the priest <a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Yohannan Sulaqa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699-132_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699-132-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who decided to legitimize his position by traveling to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and seeking confirmation by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> (1550–1555).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Receiving support from the Franciscan missionaries, he arrived in Rome and entered into full communion with the Catholic Church in February 1553. At that point, officials of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> were given incorrect information that the elderly Patriarch Shemon VII had actually died. After some deliberation, the Pope decided to appoint Yohannan Sulaqa as "Patriarch of Babylon" and named the breakaway Church as 'The Church of Assyria and Mosul" in April 1553.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulik1904261-277_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulik1904261-277-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon consecration, Yohannan Sulaqa took the name <i>Shimun</i> and by the end of the year he returned to his homeland. He started to organize the pro-Catholic party by appointing several metropolitans and bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_senior_Eliya_line_of_Alqosh">The senior Eliya line of Alqosh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The senior Eliya line of Alqosh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Numeration_of_the_Eliya_line_patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Numeration of the Eliya line patriarchs">Numeration of the Eliya line patriarchs</a></div> <p>Union with Rome was actively opposed by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shemon_VII_Ishoyahb" title="Shemon VII Ishoyahb">Shemon VII Ishoyahb</a>, who continued to reside in the Rabban Hormizd Monastery near the ancient Assyrian town of <a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a>. He was succeeded by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Eliya_VI" title="Eliya VI">Eliya</a> (1558–1591), who was designated as Eliya "VII" in older historiography,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisserant1931261-263_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisserant1931261-263-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiey199337_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiey199337-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but renumbered as Eliya "VI" in recent scholarly works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a243-244_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a243-244-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003116,_174_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003116,_174-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHage2007473_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHage2007473-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same renumbering was applied to his successors, who all took the same name thus creating the <i>Eliya line</i>. During his patriarchal rule, the <i>Eliya line</i> preserved its traditional christology and full ecclesiastical independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022,_42_194,_260,_355_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022,_42_194,_260,_355-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor was Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Eliya_VII" title="Eliya VII">Eliya VII</a> (VIII) (1591–1617), who negotiated on several occasions with the Catholic Church, in 1605 and 1610, and again in 1615–1616, but without any conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further negotiations were abandoned by the next Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Eliya_VIII" title="Eliya VIII">Eliya VIII</a> (IX) (1617–1660).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024-25_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024-25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Wilmshurst noted that his successor, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Eliya_IX" title="Eliya IX">Eliya IX</a> (X) (1660–1700) also was a "vigorous defender of the traditional faith".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eliya line of traditionalist Patriarchs continued throughout the entire 18th century, residing in the ancient Monastery of Rabban Hormizd, which was eventually attacked and looted by muslim Turks in 1743, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1743%E2%80%931746)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)">Ottoman–Persian War (1743–1746)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000205,_263_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000205,_263-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with a centuries-old rivalry and frequent <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Ottoman–Persian Wars">conflicts</a> between two mighty <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> empires (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian</a>), all Christian communities in the bordering regions were constantly exposed to danger – and not only in the times of war, since local, mainly <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a>, warlords were accustomed to attacking <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> Christian communities and monasteries and taking their land, often with Ottoman support. Patriarchs <a href="/wiki/Eliya_X" title="Eliya X">Eliya X</a> (XI) (1700–1722) and <a href="/wiki/Eliya_XI" title="Eliya XI">Eliya XI</a> (XII) (1722–1778) tried to improve the increasingly worsening position of their Christian flock by staying loyal to Ottoman authorities, but the local administration was frequently unable to provide effective protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028,_195,_242,_250–251,_355_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028,_195,_242,_250–251,_355-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eliya line of traditionalist Patriarchs ended in 1804 with the death of <a href="/wiki/Eliya_XII" title="Eliya XII">Eliya XII</a> (XIII) (1778–1804).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000263_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000263-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHage2007473_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHage2007473-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_junior_Shimun_line_of_Qochanis">The junior Shimun line of Qochanis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The junior Shimun line of Qochanis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the second half of the 16th century, traditionalist patriarchs of the Eliya line were faced with the continuous presence of the pro-Catholic movement, led by successors of <a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a>. After his death in 1555, the newly established line of patriarchs who were united with the Catholic Church was continued by <a href="/wiki/Abdisho_IV_Maron" title="Abdisho IV Maron">Abdisho IV Maron</a> (1555–1570), who remained in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the Catholic Church. He visited Rome and was officially confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope of Rome</a> in 1562.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022-23_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022-23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after his death, connections with Rome were weakened for the first time during the tenure of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Yahballaha_IV" title="Yahballaha IV">Yahballaha IV</a> who did not seek confirmation from the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200023_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200023-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That interlude was ended by his successor <a href="/wiki/Shimun_IX_Dinkha" title="Shimun IX Dinkha">Shimun IX Dinkha</a> (1580–1600) who restored full communion with the Catholic Church, and was officially confirmed by the Pope in 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200023-24_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200023-24-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death, the patriarchal office was made hereditary, and Patriarchs of this line continued to use the name <i>Shimun</i>, thus creating the Shimun line. Hereditary succession was not acceptable to Rome, and during the tenure of the next Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shimun_X_Eliyah" title="Shimun X Eliyah">Shimun X Eliyah</a> (1600–1638) ties with the Catholic Church were loosened again. In 1616, Shimun X signed a traditional profession of faith that was not accepted by the Pope, leaving the Patriarch without Rome's confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024,_315_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024,_315-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XI_Eshuyow" title="Shimun XI Eshuyow">Shimun XI Eshuyow</a> (1638–1656) restored communion with the Catholic Church as late as 1653, eventually receiving confirmation from the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, the movement towards full commitment to the traditional faith was constantly growing stronger within the Shimun line. When the next Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XII_Yoalaha" title="Shimun XII Yoalaha">Shimun XII Yoalaha</a> decided to send his profession of faith to the Pope, he was deposed by his bishops because of his pro-Catholic attitude. The Pope tried to intervene on his behalf, but without success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Final resolution of conflicts within the Shimun line occurred under the next Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XIII_Dinkha" title="Shimun XIII Dinkha">Shimun XIII Dinkha</a> (1662–1700), who definitively broke communion with the Catholic Church. In 1670, he gave a traditionalist reply to an approach that was made from the Pope, and by 1672 all connections with the Catholic Church were terminated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025,_316_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025,_316-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003114,_118,_174–175_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003114,_118,_174–175-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Patriarch Shimun XIII moved his seat from <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Amid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Qudshanis" title="Qudshanis">Qochanis</a>. After the final return to the traditional faith, Patriarchs of the Shimun line decided to keep their independence and after that time there were two independent lines of traditional patriarchs: the senior Eliya line in Alqosh and the junior Shimun line in Qochanis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such division was additionally caused by the complex structure of local <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> communities, traditionally organized as tribal confederations with each <a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes" title="List of Assyrian tribes">tribe</a> being headed by a local lord (<i><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">malik</a></i>), while each <i>malik</i> was ultimately subject to the patriarch, who mediated between Christian Assyrians and the Ottoman authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigram1914_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigram1914-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_remaining_branches">Consolidation of remaining branches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consolidation of remaining branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_(1831).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg/110px-Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg/165px-Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg/220px-Bishop_Elias_of_Geogtapa_%281831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Mar Elias (Eliya), the Nestorian bishop of the Urmia Plain village of Geogtapa, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1831</span>. The image comes from <i>A Residence of Eight Years in Persia Among the Nestorians, with Notes of the Mohammedans</i> by Justin Perkins (Andover, 1843).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1780, at the beginning of the patriarchal tenure of <a href="/wiki/Eliya_XII" title="Eliya XII">Eliya XII</a> (XIII) (1778–1804), a group seceded from the Eliya line in Alqosh and elected <a href="/wiki/Yohannan_VIII_Hormizd" title="Yohannan VIII Hormizd">Yohannan Hormizd</a>, who entered full communion with the Catholic Church and was officially appointed <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Mosul" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Mosul">Archbishop of Mosul</a> and patriarchal administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, in 1783. Only after the death in 1827 of the last representative of the Josephite line, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_V_Augustine_Hindi" title="Joseph V Augustine Hindi">Joseph V Augustine Hindi</a>, was Yohannan recognized as the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch by the Pope, in 1830. By this official appointment, the final merger of various factions committed to the union with the Catholic Church was achieved, thus forming the modern Chaldean Catholic Church. </p><p>At the same time, the long coexistence and rivalry between two traditionalist patriarchal branches — the senior Eliya line of Alqosh and the junior Shimun line of Qochanis — ended in 1804 when the last primate of the Eliya line, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Eliya_XII" title="Eliya XII">Eliya XII</a> (XIII) died and was buried in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery">Rabban Hormizd Monastery</a>. His branch decided not to elect a new patriarch, thus enabling the remaining patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XVI_Yohannan" title="Shimun XVI Yohannan">Shimun XVI Yohannan</a> (1780–1820) of the Shimun line to become the sole primate of both Assyrian traditionalist branches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003120,_175_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003120,_175-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000316-319,_356_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000316-319,_356-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consolidated after 1804, the reunited traditionalist Church led by patriarchs of the Shimun line became widely known as the "Assyrian Church of the East". Still based in Qodchanis, Assyrian Patriarch Shimun XVI Yohannan was not able to secure control over the traditional seat of the former Eliya line in the ancient Rabban Hormizd Monastery; and around 1808 that venerated monastic institution passed to the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000125,_263–264_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000125,_263–264-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The next Assyrian Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XVII_Abraham" title="Shimun XVII Abraham">Shimun XVII Abraham</a> (1820–1861) also governed his church from <a href="/wiki/Konak,_Hakkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Konak, Hakkari">Qodshanis</a>. During years marked by political turbulence, he tried to maintain good relations with the local Ottoman authorities. In 1843, he was faced with renewed hostilities from <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> warlords, who <a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">attacked</a> and looted many Christian villages, killing 10,000 Christian men and taking away women and children as captives. The patriarch himself was forced to take temporary refuge in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200033,_212_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200033,_212-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XVIII_Rubil" title="Shimun XVIII Rubil">Shimun XVIII Rubil</a> (1861–1903) who also resided in Qodshanis. In 1869, he received an open invitation from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> to visit <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to attend the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> as an observer, but he did not accept the invitation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003129-130_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003129-130-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In following years, he also rejected other initiatives for union with the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200035-36_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200035-36-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestorian_archbishop_and_servants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nestorian_archbishop_and_servants.jpg/220px-Nestorian_archbishop_and_servants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nestorian_archbishop_and_servants.jpg/330px-Nestorian_archbishop_and_servants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nestorian_archbishop_and_servants.jpg/440px-Nestorian_archbishop_and_servants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Early 20th century Assyrian archbishop and servants</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 19th century, the Assyrian Church of the East consolidated itself as the sole representative of all traditionalist Assyrians. It also managed to secure a certain level of autonomy within the highly complex system of Ottoman local governance in the bordering regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000275-276_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000275-276-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On several occasions, Assyrian patriarchs refused to enter communion with the Catholic Church or merge with the Chaldean Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, by the end of the 19th century some of its communities were converted to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> by various western missionaries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000324_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000324-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other communities were drawn to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>. That movement was led by Assyrian Bishop Mar Yonan of <a href="/wiki/Supurghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Supurghan">Supurghan</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> who converted to Eastern Orthodoxy in 1898, through the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ecclesiastical_Mission_in_Urmia" title="Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Urmia">Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Urmia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200036,_281,_314_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200036,_281,_314-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3457" /></a><figcaption>St. Mary Assyrian Church in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. In spite of both ethnic and religious <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a> and a serious decline in membership since their height around the fourth century, the Assyrian Church of the East has survived into the 21st century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among all the tragedies and schisms which thinned the church out, no other was as severe as the <a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a>. At that point the Assyrian Church of the East was based in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a>, as it had been since 1681. In 1915, The <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> invaded the region — despite the Assyrians' plea of neutrality during the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a> by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> allies — out of fear of an <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a>. In response to this, Assyrians of all denominations (the Assyrian Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> and Assyrian Protestants) entered into a war of independence and allied themselves with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> against the Ottomans and their Islamic Kurdish, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYakoub2020_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYakoub2020-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the odds, the Assyrians fought successfully against the Ottomans and their allies for three years throughout southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northwestern Iran and northeastern Syria. Eventually, however, they were abandoned by their allies, the Russian Empire and the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and the collapse of the Armenian defense, leaving the Assyrians vastly outnumbered, surrounded, and cut off from supplies of ammunition and food. During this period, their See at Qodchanis was completely destroyed and the Turks and their Islamic allies massacred all of the Assyrians in the Hakkari Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who survived fled into Iran with what remained of the Assyrian defense under <a href="/wiki/Agha_Petros" title="Agha Petros">Agha Petros</a>, but they were pursued into Iranian territory despite the fact they were fleeing. Later, in 1918, after the murder of their <i>de facto</i> leader and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XIX_Benyamin" title="Shimun XIX Benyamin">Shimun XIX Benyamin</a> and 150 of his followers during a negotiation, fearing further massacres at the hands of the Turks and Kurds, most of the survivors fled by train from Iran into what was to become Iraq. They sought protection under the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">British mandate</a> there, and joined the already existing indigenous Assyrian communities of both Eastern Orthodox and Catholic rites in the north, where they formed communities in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, and other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriarch_Shimun_XXI_Eshai">Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XXI_Eshai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimun XXI Eshai">Shimun XXI Eshai</a></div> <p>In the aftermath of World War I, the British-educated Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XXI_Eshai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimun XXI Eshai">Shimun XXI Eshai</a>, born into the line of patriarchs at Qodchanis, had agitated for an independent Assyrian state. Following the end of the British mandate in 1933<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">massacre</a> of Assyrian civilians at <a href="/wiki/Simele" title="Simele">Simele</a> by the Iraqi Army, the patriarch was forced to take refuge in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003144_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003144-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Shimun petitioned the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> regarding his people's fate, but to little avail, and he was consequently barred from entering Syria and Iraq. He traveled through <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> before moving to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in 1940 to join the growing <a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a> community there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003144_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003144-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the church's and the general Assyrian community's disorganized state as a result of the conflicts of the 20th century, Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai was forced to reorganize the church's structure in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. He transferred his residence to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in 1954, and was able to travel to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where he worked to strengthen the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003147-148_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003147-148-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, the patriarch decreed a number of changes to the church, including liturgical reform, the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, and the shortening of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. These changes, combined with Shimun's long absence from Iraq, caused a rift in the community there, which led to another schism. In 1968, traditionalists within the church elected <a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a> as a rival patriarch to Shimun XXI Eshai, forming the independent <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003148-149_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003148-149-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, Shimun decided to step down as patriarch, and the following year he got married, in contravention to longstanding church custom. This led to a synod in 1973 in which further reforms were introduced, the most significant of which included the permanent abolition of hereditary succession — a practice introduced in the middle of the fifteenth century by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shemon_IV" title="Shemon IV">Shemon IV Basidi</a> (who had died in 1497) — and it was also decided that Shimun should be reinstated. The second matter was supposed to be settled at another synod in 1975; however, Shimun was assassinated in November 1975 by an estranged relative before this could take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003149_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003149-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriarch_Dinkha_IV">Patriarch Dinkha IV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patriarch Dinkha IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dinkha_IV" title="Dinkha IV">Dinkha IV</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Gewargis_Cathedral_Holy_Apostolic_Catholic_Assyrian_Church_Of_The_East_Chicago_2020-0235.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mar_Gewargis_Cathedral_Holy_Apostolic_Catholic_Assyrian_Church_Of_The_East_Chicago_2020-0235.jpg/200px-Mar_Gewargis_Cathedral_Holy_Apostolic_Catholic_Assyrian_Church_Of_The_East_Chicago_2020-0235.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mar_Gewargis_Cathedral_Holy_Apostolic_Catholic_Assyrian_Church_Of_The_East_Chicago_2020-0235.jpg/300px-Mar_Gewargis_Cathedral_Holy_Apostolic_Catholic_Assyrian_Church_Of_The_East_Chicago_2020-0235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mar_Gewargis_Cathedral_Holy_Apostolic_Catholic_Assyrian_Church_Of_The_East_Chicago_2020-0235.jpg/400px-Mar_Gewargis_Cathedral_Holy_Apostolic_Catholic_Assyrian_Church_Of_The_East_Chicago_2020-0235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Mar Gewargis Assyrian Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: Former Patriarchal See</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost a year after the death of Shimun, <a href="/wiki/Dinkha_IV" title="Dinkha IV">Mar Khnanya Dinkha</a>, Metropolitan of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, convened a synod of seven Assyrian bishops which took place at <a href="/wiki/Alton_Abbey" title="Alton Abbey">St Paul's Abbey, Alton</a>, in England, from 12 to 17 October 1976. They were joined by two <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> bishops, representing the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a>, and elected Dinkha as the 120th Catholicos-Patriarch of the Church of the East. On 17 October he was consecrated as <a href="/wiki/Dinkha_IV" title="Dinkha IV">Dinkha IV</a> at St Barnabas Church, Ealing, in an area where many Assyrians lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000252_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000252-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dinkha, who was then aged 33, operated his see at Tehran until the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> of 1980–1988, when he went into exile in the United States and transferred the Patriarchal See to Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003150-155_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003150-155-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of his patriarchate had been concerned with tending to the Assyrian diaspora community and with ecumenical efforts to strengthen relations with other churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003150-155_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003150-155-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 March 2015, Dinkha IV died in the United States, leaving the Assyrian Church of the East in a period of <i>sede vacante</i> until 18 September 2015. During that time, <a href="/wiki/Aprem_Mooken" title="Aprem Mooken">Aprem Mooken</a> served as the custodian of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriarch_Gewargis_III">Patriarch Gewargis III</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Patriarch Gewargis III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gewargis_III" title="Gewargis III">Gewargis III</a></div> <p>On 18 September 2015, the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East elected the Metropolitan of Iraq, Jordan, and Russia, Warda Sliwa, to succeed the late <a href="/wiki/Dinkha_IV" title="Dinkha IV">Dinkha IV</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of patriarchs of the East">Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East</a>. On 27 September 2015, he was consecrated as Catholicos-Patriarch in the Cathedral Church of St. John the Baptist, in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, Iraq. Upon his consecration, he assumed the ecclesiastical name <a href="/wiki/Gewargis_III" title="Gewargis III">Gewargis III</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg/200px-Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg/300px-Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg/400px-Assyrian_Mar_Narsai_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Mar Narsai Church in <a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Nohadra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Church leaders proposed moving the Patriarchal See from Chicago back to Erbil.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been talks of reunification. In the <a href="/wiki/Common_Christological_Declaration_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East">Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East</a> in 1994, the two churches recognized the legitimacy and rightness of each other's titles for <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the Assyrian Church of the East had about 380,000 members,<sup id="cite_ref-Rassam_2005_166_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rassam_2005_166-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly living in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriarch_Awa_III">Patriarch Awa III</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Patriarch Awa III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Awa_Royel" class="mw-redirect" title="Awa Royel">Awa Royel</a></div> <p>On 6 September 2021, Mar Gewargis III formally stepped down as Catholicos-Patriarch during an Extraordinary Session of the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East, leaving the Patriarchal See vacant. On 8 September 2021, the Holy Synod elected <a href="/wiki/Awa_III" title="Awa III">Mar Awa Royel</a>, Bishop of California and Secretary of the Holy Synod, to succeed Mar Gewargis III as the 122nd <a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of patriarchs of the East">Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was Consecrated and Enthroned as Catholicos-Patriarch on 13 September 2021, on the Feast of the Holy Cross, in the Cathedral Church of St. John the Baptist in Erbil, Iraq, and assumed the ecclesiastical name Mar Awa III. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Christianity" title="Category:Eastern Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png/120px-Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png/180px-Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png/240px-Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Mainstream communions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a> -, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian</a>) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Independent communions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Russian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church of India</a></li> <li>Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic</li> <li>Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Romania" title="Evangelical Church of Romania">Evangelical Church of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Slovenia" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protestant_Evangelical_Church" title="Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church">Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches</a></li> <li>Russian Evangelical Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite#Society_for_Eastern_Rite_Anglicanism" title="Byzantine Rite">Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a></li> <li>St. Valentine's Fellowship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Lutheran_Church" title="Ukrainian Lutheran Church">Ukrainian Lutheran Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern liturgical rites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Rite" title="Coptic Rite">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Rite">Ge'ez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rites" title="Malabar rites">Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotikon" title="Henotikon">Henotikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Chapter_Controversy" title="Three-Chapter Controversy">Three Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyoenergism" title="Dyoenergism">Dyoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyothelitism" title="Dyothelitism">Dyothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Eastern_Christianity-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Eastern Christianity-related articles">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following doctrinal traditions of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, the modern Assyrian Church of the East recognizes the first two <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a>: the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325), and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381). The Assyrian Church follows <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinitarian</a> doctrines, expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, and professes the eternal <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">procession of the Holy Spirit</a> from the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999293_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999293-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christology">Christology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologically">Theologically</a>, the Assyrian Church of the East does not accept doctrinal definitions that were adopted at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431) and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (451), and still adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>'s traditional <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, that is often labeled as <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a>. The use and exact meaning of that term has been the subject of many debates, not only throughout history but also in modern times, since the Assyrian Church of the East has distinctive views on several Christological questions and claims that its theological doctrines and traditions are essentially Orthodox, while admitting the need for further inter-Christian dialogue that would resolve various questions in the field of comparative Christological terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2006_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2006-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nestorian nature of Assyrian Christianity remains a matter of contention. Elements of Nestorian doctrine were explicitly repudiated by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Dinkha_IV" title="Dinkha IV">Dinkha IV</a> on the occasion of his accession in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1988107_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1988107-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christology of the Church of the East has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Antioch">Antiochene</a> theological tradition of the early church. The founders of Assyrian theology are <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tarsus" title="Diodorus of Tarsus">Diodorus of Tarsus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a>, both of whom taught at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. "Antiochene" is a modern designation given to the style of theology associated with the early church at Antioch, as contrasted with the theology of the Church of Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200579_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200579-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Antioch">Antiochene</a> theology emphasizes Christ's humanity and the reality of the moral choices he faced. In order to preserve the impassibility of Christ's Divine Nature, the unity of his <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">person</a> is defined in a looser fashion than in the Alexandrian tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200579_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200579-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The normative Christology of the Church of the East was written by <a href="/wiki/Babai_the_Great" title="Babai the Great">Babai the Great</a> (d. 628) during the controversy that followed the 431 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>. Babai held that within Christ there exist two <i>qnome</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: ܩܢܘܡܐ / <i>qnômâ</i>, a complex term, equivalent for <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> term <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostasis</a>), unmingled, but everlastingly united in the one <a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">prosopon</a> (person) of Christ. </p><p>The precise Christological teachings of <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> are shrouded in obscurity. Wary of Monophysitism, Nestorius rejected Cyril's theory of a <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostatic union</a>, proposing instead a much looser concept of <a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">prosopic union</a>. Nestorianism has come to mean radical <a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess198990,_229,_231_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess198990,_229,_231-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Christ's two natures are eternally separate, though it is doubtful whether Nestorius ever taught such a doctrine. Nestorius' rejection of the term <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> ('God-bearer', or 'Mother of God') has traditionally been held as evidence that he asserted the existence of two persons (dyoprosopism) — not merely two natures — in Jesus Christ, but there exists no evidence that Nestorius denied Christ's oneness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005339_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005339-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the controversy that followed the Council of Ephesus, the term "Nestorian" was applied to all doctrine upholding a strictly Antiochene Christology. In consequence, the Church of the East was labelled Nestorian, though its official Christology was in fact defined by <a href="/wiki/Babai_the_Great" title="Babai the Great">Babai the Great</a>, at the council that was held in 612.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2006_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2006-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The church employs the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>, which includes three <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">anaphoras</a>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa" title="Addai of Edessa">Addai of Edessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mari">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a> and later also <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their homes, Christians belonging to the Assyrian Church of the East hang a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> (without the corpus) on the <a href="/wiki/Direction_of_prayer#Christianity" title="Direction of prayer">eastern wall</a> of the main room.<sup id="cite_ref-ACE2020_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACE2020-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Assyrian Church of the East does not make use of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, and the interiors of its houses of worship are simple.<sup id="cite_ref-Horner1989_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner1989-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iconography has been present in the Church of the East's history; <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" title="Aniconism in Christianity">opposition to religious images</a> eventually became the norm due to the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a> in the region, which forbade any type of depictions of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">biblical prophets</a>. As such, the church was forced to get rid of her icons.<sup id="cite_ref-Nestorian_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nestorian-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horner1989_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner1989-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Nestorian <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> Gospel book written in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Estrangela</a>, from the 13th century, resides at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">State Library of Berlin</a>. This illustrated manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a> proves that in the 13th century the church was not yet <a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">aniconic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Assyrian-Christianity_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assyrian-Christianity-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Evangelion" title="Nestorian Evangelion">Nestorian Evangelion</a> preserved in the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></span></span>, which contains an illustration depicting Jesus Christ (not a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>) in the circle of a <a href="/wiki/Ringed_cross" title="Ringed cross">ringed cross</a> (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a>) surrounded by four angels.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> manuscripts from the early 19th century and earlier—they were edited into a compilation titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Protection" title="The Book of Protection">The Book of Protection</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gollancz" title="Hermann Gollancz">Hermann Gollancz</a>—containing a number of illustrations which are more or less crude. These manuscripts prove the continuous use of images. Moreover, a life-size male stucco figure was discovered in a church of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> from the late 6th century. Beneath this church were found the remains of an earlier church. Although it cannot be determined which Nestorian Church was involved, the discovery nevertheless proves that the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> also used figurative representations.<sup id="cite_ref-Assyrian-Christianity_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assyrian-Christianity-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Feast_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feast of the Discovery of the True Cross, from a 13th-century Nestorian Peshitta Gospel book written in Estrangela, preserved in the SBB."><img alt="Feast of the Discovery of the True Cross, from a 13th-century Nestorian Peshitta Gospel book written in Estrangela, preserved in the SBB." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Feast_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Cross.jpg/88px-Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Feast_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Feast_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Cross.jpg/132px-Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Feast_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Feast_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Cross.jpg/176px-Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Feast_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="1478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feast of the Discovery of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, from a 13th-century Nestorian Peshitta Gospel book written in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Estrangela</a>, preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">SBB</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Announcement_of_Jesus%E2%80%99_Resurrection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An angel announces the resurrection of Christ to Mary and Mary Magdalene, from the Nestorian Peshitta Gospel."><img alt="An angel announces the resurrection of Christ to Mary and Mary Magdalene, from the Nestorian Peshitta Gospel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Announcement_of_Jesus%E2%80%99_Resurrection.jpg/95px-Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Announcement_of_Jesus%E2%80%99_Resurrection.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Announcement_of_Jesus%E2%80%99_Resurrection.jpg/143px-Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Announcement_of_Jesus%E2%80%99_Resurrection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Announcement_of_Jesus%E2%80%99_Resurrection.jpg/190px-Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Announcement_of_Jesus%E2%80%99_Resurrection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An angel announces the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">resurrection of Christ</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, from the Nestorian Peshitta Gospel.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Pentecost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The twelve apostles are gathered around Peter at Pentecost, from the Nestorian Peshitta Gospel."><img alt="The twelve apostles are gathered around Peter at Pentecost, from the Nestorian Peshitta Gospel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Pentecost.jpg/99px-Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Pentecost.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Pentecost.jpg/149px-Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Pentecost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Pentecost.jpg/199px-Nestorian_Peshitta_Gospel_%E2%80%93_Pentecost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The twelve apostles are gathered around Peter at <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, from the Nestorian Peshitta Gospel.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruz_de_la_Iglesia_del_Oriente_(%C2%ABnestoriana%C2%BB).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration from the Nestorian Evangelion, a Syriac gospel manuscript preserved in the BnF."><img alt="Illustration from the Nestorian Evangelion, a Syriac gospel manuscript preserved in the BnF." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cruz_de_la_Iglesia_del_Oriente_%28%C2%ABnestoriana%C2%BB%29.jpg/74px-Cruz_de_la_Iglesia_del_Oriente_%28%C2%ABnestoriana%C2%BB%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cruz_de_la_Iglesia_del_Oriente_%28%C2%ABnestoriana%C2%BB%29.jpg/111px-Cruz_de_la_Iglesia_del_Oriente_%28%C2%ABnestoriana%C2%BB%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cruz_de_la_Iglesia_del_Oriente_%28%C2%ABnestoriana%C2%BB%29.jpg/148px-Cruz_de_la_Iglesia_del_Oriente_%28%C2%ABnestoriana%C2%BB%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration from the <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Evangelion" title="Nestorian Evangelion">Nestorian Evangelion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> gospel manuscript preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BnF</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/200px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/300px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/400px-Church_of_Saint_Mary_-_Urmia_-_Iran_-_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_-_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Church,_Urmia" title="St. Mary Church, Urmia">Saint Mary Church</a>: an ancient Assyrian church located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province" title="West Azerbaijan province">West Azerbaijan province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Assyrian Church of the East is governed by an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a>, the same as other apostolic churches. The church maintains a system of geographical <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> organized into <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">archdioceses</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos-Patriarch</a> is the head of the church. Its synod is composed of bishops who oversee individual dioceses and metropolitans who oversee episcopal dioceses in their territorial jurisdiction. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a>, which encompasses <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, is the largest diocese of the church. Its history goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> that established a presence in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, but the two communities maintained only a sporadic connection for several centuries, and consistent relations were only established with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese in India</a> around 1500. The church is represented by the Assyrian Church of the East and is in <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">communion</a> with it. </p><p>Membership is estimated to 385,000 adherents,<sup id="cite_ref-Rassam_2005_166_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rassam_2005_166-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> sources say as high as 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholar James Minahan around 19% of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a> belong to the Assyrian Church of the East.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its own 2018 Report on Religious Freedom, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> put the Assyrian Church of the East adherents at approximately 20% of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christians in Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qudshanis-Hakkari_Mar_Shimon_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Qudshanis-Hakkari_Mar_Shimon_house.jpg/200px-Qudshanis-Hakkari_Mar_Shimon_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Qudshanis-Hakkari_Mar_Shimon_house.jpg/300px-Qudshanis-Hakkari_Mar_Shimon_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Qudshanis-Hakkari_Mar_Shimon_house.jpg/400px-Qudshanis-Hakkari_Mar_Shimon_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Residence of the Patriarch in <a href="/wiki/Qudshanis" title="Qudshanis">Qudshanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (1692–1918).</figcaption></figure> <p>The patriarchal seat was moved several times throughout history. Up to the 1804, patriarchs of the senior Eliya line resided in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery" title="Rabban Hormizd Monastery">Rabban Hormizd Monastery</a>, while patriarchs of the junior Shimun line resided in the Cathedral Church of Mar Shallita, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Qudshanis" title="Qudshanis">Qudshanis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari Mountains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and continued to do so up to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. After the beginning of conflict in 1915, the patriarchs temporarily resided between <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a>, and after 1918 the patriarchs resided in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> of 1933, the then Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XXI_Eshai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimun XXI Eshai">Shimun XXI Eshai</a> was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> due to his agitation for <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">independence</a>. In 1940, he was welcomed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> where he set up his residence in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and administered the United States and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> as his patriarchal province. The patriarchate was then moved to <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto, California</a>, in 1954, and finally to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in 1958 due to health issues. After the assassination of the patriarch and the election of <a href="/wiki/Dinkha_IV" title="Dinkha IV">Dinkha IV</a> in 1976, the patriarchate was temporarily located in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, where the new patriarch was living at the time. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, the patriarchate again returned to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, where it remained until 2015, when it reestablished itself in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> by organizing in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> after <a href="/wiki/Gewargis_III" title="Gewargis III">Gewargis III</a> was consecrated as Catholicos-Patriarch. The Diocese of Eastern United States served as the patriarch's province from 1994 until 2012. </p><p>Due to the unstable political, religious and economic situation in the church's historical homeland of the Middle East, many of the church members now reside in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a>. Churches and dioceses have been established throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2014614-615_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2014614-615-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest expatriate concentration of church members is in the United States, mainly situated in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archdioceses">Archdioceses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archdioceses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon – established in October 1984.</li> <li>Archdiocese of Syria – jurisdiction lies throughout all Syria, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Hasakah Governorate</a>, where most of the community resides in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> and the 35 villages along the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur River</a>. There are also small communities in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Archdiocese of India</a> – the archdiocese's territory includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a> and surrounding, mostly in the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dioceses">Dioceses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dioceses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interieur_eglise_orumieh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Interieur_eglise_orumieh.jpg/200px-Interieur_eglise_orumieh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Interieur_eglise_orumieh.jpg/300px-Interieur_eglise_orumieh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Interieur_eglise_orumieh.jpg/400px-Interieur_eglise_orumieh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>An ancient Assyrian church in the city of <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimitrov,_S.Kirill_Assyrian_church_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dimitrov%2C_S.Kirill_Assyrian_church_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Dimitrov%2C_S.Kirill_Assyrian_church_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dimitrov%2C_S.Kirill_Assyrian_church_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Dimitrov%2C_S.Kirill_Assyrian_church_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dimitrov%2C_S.Kirill_Assyrian_church_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Dimitrov%2C_S.Kirill_Assyrian_church_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Saint Kirill Assyrian church in <a href="/wiki/Dimitrov,_Armenia" title="Dimitrov, Armenia">Dimitrov, Armenia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Hurmizd_cathedral_in_Sydney11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saint_Hurmizd_cathedral_in_Sydney11.jpg/200px-Saint_Hurmizd_cathedral_in_Sydney11.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saint_Hurmizd_cathedral_in_Sydney11.jpg/300px-Saint_Hurmizd_cathedral_in_Sydney11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Saint_Hurmizd_cathedral_in_Sydney11.jpg/400px-Saint_Hurmizd_cathedral_in_Sydney11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>Saint Hurmizd cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_Park,_New_South_Wales" title="Greenfield Park, New South Wales">Greenfield Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></figcaption></figure> <ol><li>Diocese of Iran – territory includes the capital <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a> plains.</li> <li>Diocese of Nohadra and Nineveh – established in 1999 with jurisdiction includes the indigenous communities of <a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Dohuk</a> and Nineveh.</li> <li>Diocese of Scandinavia and Germany – territory lies in western Europe and includes <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.</li> <li>Diocese of Eastern USA – formerly the patriarchal archdiocese from 1994 until 2012. The territory includes the large <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> community, along with smaller parishes in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.</li> <li>Diocese of California – jurisdiction includes parishes in Western US and northern California. Some of the parishes are <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turlock,_California" title="Turlock, California">Turlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceres,_California" title="Ceres, California">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>.</li> <li>Diocese of Western United States – jurisdiction includes parishes in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.</li> <li>Diocese of Canada – includes the territory of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.</li> <li>Diocese of Victoria and New Zealand – includes <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and New Zealand.</li> <li>Diocese of Western Europe – territory lies in Western Europe and includes the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</li> <li>Diocese of Bagdad, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members_of_the_Holy_Synod">Members of the Holy Synod</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Members of the Holy Synod"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>As of May 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></i> </p> <ol><li>Mar <a href="/wiki/Awa_III" title="Awa III">Awa III</a>: 122nd Catholicos-Patriarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meelis_Zaia" title="Meelis Zaia">Meelis Zaia</a>: Metropolitan of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon and Patriarchal Vicar General</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprem_Natniel" title="Aprem Natniel">Afram Athneil</a>: Metropolitan of Syria</li> <li>Awgin Kuriakose: Metropolitan of India and the Gulf Countries</li> <li>Odisho Awraham: Bishop of Scandinavia and Germany</li> <li>Narsai Benyamin: Bishop of Iran</li> <li>Paulus Benjamin: Bishop of the Eastern United States</li> <li>Abris Youkhannan: Bishop of Dohuk and Nineveh</li> <li>Benyamin Elya: Bishop of Victoria & New Zealand and Secretary of the Holy Synod</li> <li>Awraham Youkhanis:<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop of Western Europe</li> <li>Elia Tamras:<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop of Baghdad, Ukraine and Georgia.</li></ol> <p><i>Retired:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprem_Mooken" title="Aprem Mooken">Aprem Mooken</a>: Metropolitan Emeritus of Malabar and India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargis_Yosip" title="Sargis Yosip">Sargis Yosip</a>: Bishop Emeritus of Baghdad</li> <li>Aprim Khamis: Bishop Emeritus of the Western United States</li> <li>Emmanuel Yosip: Bishop Emeritus of Canada</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecumenical_relations">Ecumenical relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ecumenical relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 11, 1994, a historic meeting between Patriarch Dinkha IV and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. His Holiness, the Pope, and the patriarch signed a document titled "<a href="/wiki/Common_Christological_Declaration_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East">Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East</a>". One side effect of this meeting was that the Assyrian Church of the East's relationship with the fellow <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> began to improve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooken200318_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooken200318-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Τhe Assyrian Church of the East was never admitted a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Council_of_Churches" title="Middle East Council of Churches">Middle East Council of Churches</a>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> accusing the Assyrian Church of the East to be Nestorian, and thus, heretical.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:0222_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0222-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p>The lack of a coherent institution narrative in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Addai_and_Mari" title="Liturgy of Addai and Mari">Anaphora of Addai and Mari</a>, which dates to apostolic times, has caused many Western Christians, and especially Roman Catholics, to doubt the validity of this <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">anaphora</a>, used extensively by the Assyrian Church of the East, as a prayer of consecration of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">eucharistic elements</a>. In 2001, after a study of this issue, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>), then Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>, promulgated a declaration approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> stating that this is a valid anaphora. This declaration opened the door to a joint synodal decree officially implementing the present <i>Guidelines for Admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Common_Christological_Declaration_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East">Common Christological Declaration Between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East,_1318%E2%80%931552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552">Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of patriarchs of the East">List of patriarchs of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_settlements" title="List of Assyrian settlements">List of Assyrian settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes" title="List of Assyrian tribes">List of Assyrian tribes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܖ̈ܝܐ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">ʿĒḏtā ḏ-Maḏnḥā ḏ-ʾĀṯūrāyē</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Østens_Assyriske_Kirke_i_Danmark_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Østens_Assyriske_Kirke_i_Danmark-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كنيسة المشرق الآشورية</span><sup id="cite_ref-Østens_Assyriske_Kirke_i_Danmark_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Østens_Assyriske_Kirke_i_Danmark-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">ʿĒḏtā Qaddīštā wa-Šlīḥāytā Qāṯōlīqī ḏ-Maḏnḥā ḏ-ʾĀṯūrāyē</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كنيسة المشرق الآشورية الرسولية الجاثلقية المقدسة</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ci34A6MHYc">"Interview with Mar Awa Royel, the newly elected patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 8 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Mar+Awa+Royel%2C+the+newly+elected+patriarch+of+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2Ci34A6MHYc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.assyrianchurch.org">Holy Apostolic Assyrian Church of the East Official News Website</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2011154-159-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2011154-159_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2011">Murre van den Berg 2011</a>, p. 154-159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Østens_Assyriske_Kirke_i_Danmark-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Østens_Assyriske_Kirke_i_Danmark_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Østens_Assyriske_Kirke_i_Danmark_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702080210/http://www.assyrianchurch.dk/">"Østens Assyriske Kirke i Danmark"</a>. <i>assyrianchurch.dk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assyrianchurch.dk/">the original</a> on 2 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assyrianchurch.dk&rft.atitle=%C3%98stens+Assyriske+Kirke+i+Danmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assyrianchurch.dk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (1 September 2017) [1999]. "Church of the East". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584"><i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405166584">10.1002/9781405166584</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0222-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0222_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (1 September 2017) [1999]. "Middle East Council of Churches". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584"><i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405166584">10.1002/9781405166584</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6658-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-6658-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+East+Council+of+Churches&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781405166584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinns200228-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinns200228_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBinns2002">Binns 2002</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ar.news.assyrianchurch.org/">"اخبار كنيسة المشرق الاشورية"</a>. <i>اخبار كنيسة المشرق الاشورية</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Far.news.assyrianchurch.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2014601-620-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2014601-620_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter2014">Hunter 2014</a>, p. 601-620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103164736/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html">"Guidelines for admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html">the original</a> on 3 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+admission+to+the+Eucharist+between+the+Chaldean+Church+and+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fdocuments%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2014614-615-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2014614-615_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2014614-615_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter2014">Hunter 2014</a>, p. 614-615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicsentinel.org/Content/Social/Social/Article/Did-the-apostle-Peter-ever-visit-Babylon-/-2/-2/25044">"Did the apostle Peter ever visit Babylon?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+the+apostle+Peter+ever+visit+Babylon%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicsentinel.org%2FContent%2FSocial%2FSocial%2FArticle%2FDid-the-apostle-Peter-ever-visit-Babylon-%2F-2%2F-2%2F25044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemmens192617-28-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemmens192617-28_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemmens1926">Lemmens 1926</a>, p. 17-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699-132-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabbi196699-132_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHabbi1966">Habbi 1966</a>, p. 99-132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulik1904261-277-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulik1904261-277_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGulik1904">Gulik 1904</a>, p. 261-277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisserant1931261-263-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisserant1931261-263_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTisserant1931">Tisserant 1931</a>, p. 261-263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiey199337-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiey199337_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiey1993">Fiey 1993</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a243-244-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a243-244_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg1999a">Murre van den Berg 1999a</a>, p. 243-244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003116,_174-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003116,_174_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 116, 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHage2007473-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHage2007473_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHage2007473_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHage2007">Hage 2007</a>, p. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022,_42_194,_260,_355-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022,_42_194,_260,_355_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 22, 42 194, 260, 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024-25-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024-25_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 24-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000205,_263-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000205,_263_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 205, 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028,_195,_242,_250–251,_355-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200028,_195,_242,_250–251,_355_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 28, 195, 242, 250–251, 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000263-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000263_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022-23-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200022-23_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 22-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200023-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200023_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200023-24-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200023-24_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 23-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024,_315-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200024,_315_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 24, 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025,_316-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200025,_316_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 25, 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003114,_118,_174–175-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003114,_118,_174–175_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 114, 118, 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg1999a235-264_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg1999a">Murre van den Berg 1999a</a>, p. 235-264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigram1914-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigram1914_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigram1914">Wigram 1914</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003120,_175-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003120,_175_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 120, 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000316-319,_356-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000316-319,_356_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 316-319, 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000125,_263–264-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000125,_263–264_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 125, 263–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200033,_212-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200033,_212_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 33, 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003129-130-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003129-130_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 129-130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200035-36-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200035-36_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 35-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000275-276-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000275-276_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 275-276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000324-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2000324_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200036,_281,_314-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200036,_281,_314_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 36, 281, 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYakoub2020-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYakoub2020_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYakoub2020">Yakoub 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005354_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003144-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003144_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003144_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003147-148-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003147-148_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 147-148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003148-149-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003148-149_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 148-149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003149-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003149_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000252-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000252_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoseph2000">Joseph 2000</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003150-155-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003150-155_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003150-155_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, p. 150-155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008040634/http://news.assyrianchurch.org/2015/03/26/holy-synod-announcement-passing-of-catholicos-patriarch/9534">"Holy Synod Announcement – Passing of Catholicos-Patriarch"</a>. Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.assyrianchurch.org/2015/03/26/holy-synod-announcement-passing-of-catholicos-patriarch/9534">the original</a> on 8 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Synod+Announcement+%E2%80%93+Passing+of+Catholicos-Patriarch&rft.pub=Holy+Synod+of+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.assyrianchurch.org%2F2015%2F03%2F26%2Fholy-synod-announcement-passing-of-catholicos-patriarch%2F9534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524201922/http://news.assyrianchurch.org/2015/03/28/notice-from-the-locum-tenens/9643">"Notice from the Locum Tenens"</a>. Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.assyrianchurch.org/2015/03/28/notice-from-the-locum-tenens/9643">the original</a> on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notice+from+the+Locum+Tenens&rft.pub=Holy+Synod+of+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.assyrianchurch.org%2F2015%2F03%2F28%2Fnotice-from-the-locum-tenens%2F9643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagl2015" class="citation news cs1">Nagl, Kurt (26 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/260920151">"Assyrian Church of the East elects new leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rudaw_Media_Network" title="Rudaw Media Network">Rudaw Media Network</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Church+of+the+East+elects+new+leader&rft.date=2015-09-26&rft.aulast=Nagl&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fkurdistan%2F260920151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104205725/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html">"Common Christological declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Holy_See" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holy See">The Holy See</a>. 11 November 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Christological+declaration+between+the+Catholic+Church+and+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=1994-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fdocuments%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_11111994_assyrian-church_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rassam_2005_166-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rassam_2005_166_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rassam_2005_166_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRassam2005" class="citation book cs1">Rassam, Suha (2005). <i>Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852446331" title="Special:BookSources/9780852446331"><bdi>9780852446331</bdi></a>. <q>The number of the faithful at the beginning of the twenty - first century belonging to the Assyrian Church of the East under Mar Dinkha was estimated to be around 385,000 , and the number belonging to the Ancient Church of the East under Mar Addia to be 50,000-70,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Iraq%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780852446331&rft.aulast=Rassam&rft.aufirst=Suha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409819/Nestorians">"Nestorian"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Retrieved April 19, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduardo_Campo2009" class="citation book cs1">Eduardo Campo, Juan (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126968" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126968"><bdi>9781438126968</bdi></a>. <q>the Assyrian Church of the East (found mainly in northern Iraq, southern Turkey, Iran, southwest India, and now the United States).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126968&rft.aulast=Eduardo+Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gj9l0b2a5MY">"His Beatitude Mar Meelis Zaia Remarks on the Election of the New Patriarch"</a>. <i>Youtube</i>. Assyrian Church of the East. 8 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Gj9l0b2a5MY">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=His+Beatitude+Mar+Meelis+Zaia+Remarks+on+the+Election+of+the+New+Patriarch&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGj9l0b2a5MY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirwan2021" class="citation news cs1">Sirwan, Dilan (9 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/080920216">"The Assyrian Church of the East elects new patriarch in Erbil"</a>. Rudaw Media Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East+elects+new+patriarch+in+Erbil&rft.date=2021-09-09&rft.aulast=Sirwan&rft.aufirst=Dilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fkurdistan%2F080920216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999293-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999293_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock1999">Brock 1999</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2006-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2006_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2006_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock2006">Brock 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1988107-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1988107_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1988">Hill 1988</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200579-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200579_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone200579_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess198990,_229,_231-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess198990,_229,_231_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgess1989">Burgess 1989</a>, p. 90, 229, 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005339-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005339_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACE2020-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACE2020_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414091409/https://www.assyrianchurch.org.au/about-us/the-sacraments/sign-of-the-cross/">"Sign of the Cross"</a>. <i>Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assyrianchurch.org.au/about-us/the-sacraments/sign-of-the-cross/">the original</a> on 14 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Inside their homes, a cross is placed on the eastern wall of the first room. If one sees a cross in a house and do not find a crucifix or pictures, it is almost certain that the particular family belongs to the Church of the East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+Apostolic+Catholic+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East+-+Archdiocese+of+Australia%2C+New+Zealand+and+Lebanon&rft.atitle=Sign+of+the+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assyrianchurch.org.au%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-sacraments%2Fsign-of-the-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horner1989-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horner1989_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horner1989_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner1989" class="citation book cs1">Horner, Norman A. (1989). <i>A Guide to Christian Churches in the Middle East: Present-day Christianity in the Middle East and North Africa</i>. Mission Focus. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877736-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877736-00-1"><bdi>978-1-877736-00-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Assyrian Church of the East uses neither images nor icons. A stand, holding a copy of the Gospels and covered with a cloth, bears a simple cross that is venerated with the kiss of peace that people in other Eastern churches accord to their icons. The simplicity of their church interiors may reflect a concession to the Islamic objection to religious pictures in places of worship, or it may merely attest to the poverty of an isolated Christian people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Christian+Churches+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Present-day+Christianity+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Mission+Focus&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-877736-00-1&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestorian-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nestorian_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTighe" class="citation web cs1">Tighe, William J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=21-05-027-f">"The Shadow of Nestorius by William J. Tighe"</a>. <i>Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Touchstone%3A+A+Journal+of+Mere+Christianity&rft.atitle=The+Shadow+of+Nestorius+by+William+J.+Tighe&rft.aulast=Tighe&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.touchstonemag.com%2Farchives%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D21-05-027-f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assyrian-Christianity-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assyrian-Christianity_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assyrian-Christianity_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Baumer" title="Christoph Baumer">Baumer, Christoph</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSXXjwEACAAJ"><i>The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity</i></a> (New ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 75 and 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-683-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-683-1"><bdi>978-1-78453-683-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Assyrian+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=75+and+94&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-683-1&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSXXjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrège1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Drège, Jean-Pierre (1992) [1989]. <i>Marco Polo y la Ruta de la Seda</i>. Collection "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard#Appendix" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Aguilar Universal</a>" (in Spanish). Vol. 31. Translated by López Carmona, Mari Pepa. Madrid: Aguilar, S. A. de Ediciones. pp. 43 & 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-0360-187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-0360-187-1"><bdi>978-84-0360-187-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1024004171">1024004171</a>. <q>Doctrinas persas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo+y+la+Ruta+de+la+Seda&rft.place=Madrid&rft.series=Collection+%22Aguilar+Universal%22&rft.pages=43+%26+187&rft.pub=Aguilar%2C+S.+A.+de+Ediciones&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1024004171&rft.isbn=978-84-0360-187-1&rft.aulast=Dr%C3%A8ge&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriacstudies.com/2012/10/05/the-church-of-the-east-mark-dickens/">"The Church of the East – Mark Dickens"</a>. The American Foundation for Syriac Studies. 5 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East+%E2%80%93+Mark+Dickens&rft.pub=The+American+Foundation+for+Syriac+Studies&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriacstudies.com%2F2012%2F10%2F05%2Fthe-church-of-the-east-mark-dickens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313321092" title="Special:BookSources/9780313321092"><bdi>9780313321092</bdi></a>. <q>The Assyrians, although closely assiociated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+A-C&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313321092&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/IRAQ-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf">"Iraq 2018 International Religious Freedom Report, p. 3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+2018+International+Religious+Freedom+Report%2C+p.+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F05%2FIRAQ-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncca.org.au/ncca-newsletter/may-2019-3/item/1730-our-churches-20190532">"Our Churches"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.org.au%2Fncca-newsletter%2Fmay-2019-3%2Fitem%2F1730-our-churches-20190532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orthodoxia.ch/en/name/1871/show">"Elia Isaac Tamrs - Names - Orthodoxia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elia+Isaac+Tamrs+-+Names+-+Orthodoxia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxia.ch%2Fen%2Fname%2F1871%2Fshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooken200318-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooken200318_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooken2003">Mooken 2003</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html">"Guidelines for admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+admission+to+the+Eucharist+between+the+Chaldean+Church+and+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fdocuments%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20011025_chiesa-caldea-assira_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAboona2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hirmis_Aboona" title="Hirmis Aboona">Aboona, Hirmis</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdZfWpd4YrYC"><i>Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Amherst: Cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604975833" title="Special:BookSources/9781604975833"><bdi>9781604975833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrians%2C+Kurds%2C+and+Ottomans%3A+Intercommunal+Relations+on+the+Periphery+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781604975833&rft.aulast=Aboona&rft.aufirst=Hirmis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAdZfWpd4YrYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramtsov1960" class="citation journal cs1">Abramtsov, David (1960). "The Assyrians of Persia and the Russian Orthodox Church". <i>One Church</i>. <b>14</b>: 155–169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+Church&rft.atitle=The+Assyrians+of+Persia+and+the+Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=155-169&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Abramtsov&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssemani1719" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Simone_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Simone Assemani">Assemani, Giuseppe Simone</a> (1719). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxbAAAAcAAJ"><i>Bibliotheca orientalis clementino-vaticana</i></a>. Vol. 1. Roma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+orientalis+clementino-vaticana&rft.place=Roma&rft.date=1719&rft.aulast=Assemani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe+Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMxbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssemani1775" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Luigi_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Luigi Assemani">Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi</a> (1775). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CQ-CWsHqTgC"><i>De catholicis seu patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum commentarius historico-chronologicus</i></a>. Roma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+catholicis+seu+patriarchis+Chaldaeorum+et+Nestorianorum+commentarius+historico-chronologicus&rft.place=Roma&rft.date=1775&rft.aulast=Assemani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_CQ-CWsHqTgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssemani2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Luigi_Assemani" title="Giuseppe Luigi Assemani">Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi</a> (2004). <i>History of the Chaldean and Nestorian patriarchs</i>. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Chaldean+and+Nestorian+patriarchs&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Assemani&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe+Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadger1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Percy_Badger" title="George Percy Badger">Badger, George Percy</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOPWPqa0aH8C"><i>The Nestorians and Their Rituals</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Joseph Masters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nestorians+and+Their+Rituals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Joseph+Masters&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=George+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOPWPqa0aH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadger1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Percy_Badger" title="George Percy Badger">Badger, George Percy</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cnURAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Nestorians and Their Rituals</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: Joseph Masters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790544823" title="Special:BookSources/9780790544823"><bdi>9780790544823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nestorians+and+Their+Rituals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Joseph+Masters&rft.date=1852&rft.isbn=9780790544823&rft.aulast=Badger&rft.aufirst=George+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnURAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumWinkler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)" title="Wilhelm Baum (historian)">Baum, Wilhelm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_W._Winkler" title="Dietmar W. Winkler">Winkler, Dietmar W.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Church of the East: A Concise History</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134430192" title="Special:BookSources/9781134430192"><bdi>9781134430192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge-Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134430192&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnSCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2006" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7ZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity</i></a>. London-New York: Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111151" title="Special:BookSources/9781845111151"><bdi>9781845111151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Assyrian+Christianity&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845111151&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ7ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecchetti1796" class="citation book cs1">Becchetti, Filippo Angelico (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfM-AAAAcAAJ"><i>Istoria degli ultimi quattro secoli della Chiesa</i></a>. Vol. 10. Roma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+degli+ultimi+quattro+secoli+della+Chiesa&rft.place=Roma&rft.date=1796&rft.aulast=Becchetti&rft.aufirst=Filippo+Angelico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfM-AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2015" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Adam H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WEGNBgAAQBAJ"><i>Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226145310" title="Special:BookSources/9780226145310"><bdi>9780226145310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revival+and+Awakening%3A+American+Evangelical+Missionaries+in+Iran+and+the+Origins+of+Assyrian+Nationalism&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780226145310&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Adam+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEGNBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2008" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Daniel D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IT_oxQEACAAJ"><i>The Patriarchs of the Church of the East</i></a>. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463211059" title="Special:BookSources/9781463211059"><bdi>9781463211059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patriarchs+of+the+Church+of+the+East&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781463211059&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIT_oxQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethune-Baker1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bethune-Baker" title="James Bethune-Baker">Bethune-Baker, James F.</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4ZxBAAAQBAJ"><i>Nestorius and His Teaching: A Fresh Examination of the Evidence</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107432987" title="Special:BookSources/9781107432987"><bdi>9781107432987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nestorius+and+His+Teaching%3A+A+Fresh+Examination+of+the+Evidence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=9781107432987&rft.aulast=Bethune-Baker&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4ZxBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns2002" class="citation book cs1">Binns, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC"><i>An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521667388" title="Special:BookSources/9780521667388"><bdi>9780521667388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Christian+Orthodox+Churches&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521667388&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOA5vfSl3dwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m2396&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF">"The 'Nestorian' Church: A Lamentable Misnomer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 23–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.3">10.7227/BJRL.78.3.3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=The+%27Nestorian%27+Church%3A+A+Lamentable+Misnomer&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=23-35&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.3&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fapi%2Fdatastream%3FpublicationPid%3Duk-ac-man-scw%3A1m2396%26datastreamId%3DPOST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999). "The Christology of the Church of the East in the Synods of the Fifth to Early Seventh Centuries: Preliminary Considerations and Materials". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GC4vwTXJSaMC"><i>Doctrinal Diversity: Varieties of Early Christianity</i></a>. New York and London: Garland Publishing. pp. 281–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815330714" title="Special:BookSources/9780815330714"><bdi>9780815330714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christology+of+the+Church+of+the+East+in+the+Synods+of+the+Fifth+to+Early+Seventh+Centuries%3A+Preliminary+Considerations+and+Materials&rft.btitle=Doctrinal+Diversity%3A+Varieties+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=281-298&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780815330714&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGC4vwTXJSaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey_FW7acTycC"><i>Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754659082" title="Special:BookSources/9780754659082"><bdi>9780754659082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+from+Heaven%3A+Studies+in+Syriac+Theology+and+Liturgy&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780754659082&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEy_FW7acTycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlesonRompay2011" class="citation book cs1">Burleson, Samuel; Rompay, Lucas van (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/List-of-Patriarchs-Churches-Middle-East">"List of Patriarchs of the Main Syriac Churches in the Middle East"</a>. <i>Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 481–491.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=List+of+Patriarchs+of+the+Main+Syriac+Churches+in+the+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=481-491&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Burleson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Rompay%2C+Lucas+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FList-of-Patriarchs-Churches-Middle-East&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1989" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Stanley M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8bYAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Holy Spirit: Eastern Christian Traditions</i></a>. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780913573815" title="Special:BookSources/9780913573815"><bdi>9780913573815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Spirit%3A+Eastern+Christian+Traditions&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780913573815&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8bYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButts2017" class="citation book cs1">Butts, Aaron M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118325216">"Assyrian Christians"</a>. In Frahm, Eckart (ed.). <i>A Companion to Assyria</i>. Malden: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 599–612. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118325216">10.1002/9781118325216</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118325216" title="Special:BookSources/9781118325216"><bdi>9781118325216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Christians&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Assyria&rft.place=Malden&rft.pages=599-612&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118325216&rft.isbn=9781118325216&rft.aulast=Butts&rft.aufirst=Aaron+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1002%2F9781118325216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley1992" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, James F. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHcKAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Church of the East and the Church of England: A History of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Assyrian Mission</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198267447" title="Special:BookSources/9780198267447"><bdi>9780198267447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East+and+the+Church+of+England%3A+A+History+of+the+Archbishop+of+Canterbury%27s+Assyrian+Mission&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780198267447&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHcKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley1996" class="citation journal cs1">Coakley, James F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2407">"The Church of the East since 1914"</a>. <i>The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 179–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.14">10.7227/BJRL.78.3.14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+East+since+1914&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=179-198&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.14&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fuk-ac-man-scw%3A1m2407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley1999" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, James F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2b4ADqorY1oC">"The Patriarchal List of the Church of the East"</a>. <i>After Bardaisan: Studies on Continuity and Change in Syriac Christianity</i>. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 65–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042907355" title="Special:BookSources/9789042907355"><bdi>9789042907355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Patriarchal+List+of+the+Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=After+Bardaisan%3A+Studies+on+Continuity+and+Change+in+Syriac+Christianity&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pages=65-84&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789042907355&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2b4ADqorY1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Coakley, James F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVzYAAAAMAAJ">"Mar Elia Aboona and the history of the East Syrian patriarchate"</a>. <i>Oriens Christianus</i>. <b>85</b>: 119–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447043809" title="Special:BookSources/9783447043809"><bdi>9783447043809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens+Christianus&rft.atitle=Mar+Elia+Aboona+and+the+history+of+the+East+Syrian+patriarchate&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=119-138&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9783447043809&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVzYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank L.; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ"><i>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a> (3rd revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiey1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Maurice_Fiey" title="Jean Maurice Fiey">Fiey, Jean Maurice</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cE5tAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux</i></a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521027007" title="Special:BookSources/9780521027007"><bdi>9780521027007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+Sultans%3A+The+Church+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+1453-1923&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521027007&rft.aulast=Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6DM4szwUpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulik1904" class="citation journal cs1">Gulik, Wilhelm van (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/orienschristian04grgoog/orienschristian04grgoog.pdf">"Die Konsistorialakten über die Begründung des uniert-chaldäischen Patriarchates von Mosul unter Papst Julius III"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oriens Christianus</i>. <b>4</b>: 261–277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens+Christianus&rft.atitle=Die+Konsistorialakten+%C3%BCber+die+Begr%C3%BCndung+des+uniert-chald%C3%A4ischen+Patriarchates+von+Mosul+unter+Papst+Julius+III&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=261-277&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Gulik&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Forienschristian04grgoog%2Forienschristian04grgoog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabbi1966" class="citation journal cs1">Habbi, Joseph (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEWAAAAMAAJ">"Signification de l'union chaldéenne de Mar Sulaqa avec Rome en 1553"</a>. <i>L'Orient Syrien</i>. <b>11</b>: 99–132, 199–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Orient+Syrien&rft.atitle=Signification+de+l%27union+chald%C3%A9enne+de+Mar+Sulaqa+avec+Rome+en+1553&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=99-132%2C+199-230&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Habbi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHage2007" class="citation book cs1">Hage, Wolfgang (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgz_NyvRFIUC"><i>Das orientalische Christentum</i></a>. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783170176683" title="Special:BookSources/9783170176683"><bdi>9783170176683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+orientalische+Christentum&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783170176683&rft.aulast=Hage&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djgz_NyvRFIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrichs1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, Wolfhart</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMZiAAAAMAAJ">"The Modern Assyrians - Name and Nation"</a>. <i>Semitica: Serta philologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata</i>. Torino: Zamorani. pp. 99–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788871580241" title="Special:BookSources/9788871580241"><bdi>9788871580241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Assyrians+-+Name+and+Nation&rft.btitle=Semitica%3A+Serta+philologica+Constantino+Tsereteli+dicata&rft.place=Torino&rft.pages=99-114&rft.pub=Zamorani&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788871580241&rft.aulast=Heinrichs&rft.aufirst=Wolfhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMZiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1980" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Klaus-Peter (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oakcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Untersuchungen zur Sozialgeographie christlicher Minderheiten im Vorderen Orient</i></a>. Wiesbaden: Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783882260809" title="Special:BookSources/9783882260809"><bdi>9783882260809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+zur+Sozialgeographie+christlicher+Minderheiten+im+Vorderen+Orient&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9783882260809&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus-Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoakcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1988" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Henry, ed. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmaQAAAACAAJ"><i>Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches</i></a>. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780919891906" title="Special:BookSources/9780919891906"><bdi>9780919891906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+from+the+East%3A+A+Symposium+on+the+Oriental+Orthodox+and+Assyrian+Churches&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Anglican+Book+Centre&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780919891906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBmaQAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, Erica C. D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2403">"The church of the East in central Asia"</a>. <i>The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 129–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.10">10.7227/BJRL.78.3.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161756931">161756931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=The+church+of+the+East+in+central+Asia&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=129-142&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161756931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Erica+C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fuk-ac-man-scw%3A1m2403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2014" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Erica C. D. (2014). "The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ"><i>Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 601–620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317818663" title="Special:BookSources/9781317818663"><bdi>9781317818663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Apostolic+Catholic+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pages=601-620&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317818663&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Erica+C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt2vAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakob2014" class="citation book cs1">Jakob, Joachim (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNV8BAAAQBAJ"><i>Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts</i></a>. Münster: LIT Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643506160" title="Special:BookSources/9783643506160"><bdi>9783643506160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostsyrische+Christen+und+Kurden+im+Osmanischen+Reich+des+19.+und+fr%C3%BChen+20.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783643506160&rft.aulast=Jakob&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNV8BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jenkins" title="Philip Jenkins">Jenkins, Philip</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/losthistoryofchr00jenk"><i>The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia - and How It Died</i></a></span>. San Francisco: HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061472800" title="Special:BookSources/9780061472800"><bdi>9780061472800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+History+of+Christianity%3A+The+Thousand-Year+Golden+Age+of+the+Church+in+the+Middle+East%2C+Africa%2C+and+Asia+-+and+How+It+Died&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780061472800&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flosthistoryofchr00jenk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2000" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, John (2000). <i>The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: Encounters with Western Christian missions, archaeologists, and colonial power</i>. Leiden: Brill Studies in Christian Mission. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004116412" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004116412"><bdi>978-9004116412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Assyrians+of+the+Middle+East%3A+Encounters+with+Western+Christian+missions%2C+archaeologists%2C+and+colonial+power&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Studies+in+Christian+Mission&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9004116412&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2012" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Robert A. (2012). "The Assyrian Church of the East". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZITAQ4XbgC"><i>The Orthodox Christian World</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 78–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415455169" title="Special:BookSources/9780415455169"><bdi>9780415455169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Christian+World&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pages=78-88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415455169&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbkZITAQ4XbgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampart1966" class="citation book cs1">Lampart, Albert (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOFiQgAACAAJ"><i>Ein Märtyrer der Union mit Rom: Joseph I. 1681–1696, Patriarch der Chaldäer</i></a>. Einsiedeln: Benziger Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ein+M%C3%A4rtyrer+der+Union+mit+Rom%3A+Joseph+I.+1681%E2%80%931696%2C+Patriarch+der+Chald%C3%A4er&rft.place=Einsiedeln&rft.pub=Benziger+Verlag&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lampart&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiOFiQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmens1926" class="citation journal cs1">Lemmens, Leonhard (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOzNAAAAMAAJ">"Relationes nationem Chaldaeorum inter et Custodiam Terrae Sanctae (1551–1629)"</a>. <i>Archivum Franciscanum Historicum</i>. <b>19</b>: 17–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Franciscanum+Historicum&rft.atitle=Relationes+nationem+Chaldaeorum+inter+et+Custodiam+Terrae+Sanctae+%281551%E2%80%931629%29&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=17-28&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Lemmens&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOzNAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundgren2016" class="citation book cs1">Lundgren, Svante (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3xmAQAACAAJ"><i>The Assyrians: From Nineveh to Södertälje</i></a>. Södertälje: Tigris Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789198344127" title="Special:BookSources/9789198344127"><bdi>9789198344127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assyrians%3A+From+Nineveh+to+S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje&rft.place=S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje&rft.pub=Tigris+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789198344127&rft.aulast=Lundgren&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3xmAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Anthony (2006). "Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC"><i>The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity</i></a>. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521811132" title="Special:BookSources/9780521811132"><bdi>9780521811132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=511-536&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521811132&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xUV-nMxNGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooken2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aprem_Mooken" title="Aprem Mooken">Mooken, Aprem</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofassyria0018mara"><i>The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pub=St.+Ephrem+Ecumenical+Research+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mooken&rft.aufirst=Aprem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofassyria0018mara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooken2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aprem_Mooken" title="Aprem Mooken">Mooken, Aprem</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patriarchmardink0000mara"><i>Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV: The Man and His Message</i></a>. Trichur: Mar Narsai Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788190220507" title="Special:BookSources/9788190220507"><bdi>9788190220507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriarch+Mar+Dinkha+IV%3A+The+Man+and+His+Message&rft.place=Trichur&rft.pub=Mar+Narsai+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788190220507&rft.aulast=Mooken&rft.aufirst=Aprem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatriarchmardink0000mara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg1999a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heleen_Murre-van_den_Berg" title="Heleen Murre-van den Berg">Murre van den Berg, Heleen</a> (1999a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/journals/hug/2/1/article-p235.pdf">"The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 235–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020119">10.31826/hug-2010-020119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688640">212688640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Patriarchs+of+the+Church+of+the+East+from+the+Fifteenth+to+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-264&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fjournals%2Fhug%2F2%2F1%2Farticle-p235.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg1999b" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (1999b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh1jAAAAMAAJ"><i>From a Spoken to a Written Language: The Introduction and Development of Literary Urmia Aramaic in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789062589814" title="Special:BookSources/9789062589814"><bdi>9789062589814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+a+Spoken+to+a+Written+Language%3A+The+Introduction+and+Development+of+Literary+Urmia+Aramaic+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Nederlands+Instituut+voor+het+Nabije+Oosten&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789062589814&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRh1jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2006" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CTm1NYWrO0C">"A Neo-Aramaic Gospel Lectionary Translation by Israel of Alqosh"</a>. <i>Loquentes linguis: Linguistic and Oriental Studies in Honour of Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 523–533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447054843" title="Special:BookSources/9783447054843"><bdi>9783447054843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Neo-Aramaic+Gospel+Lectionary+Translation+by+Israel+of+Alqosh&rft.btitle=Loquentes+linguis%3A+Linguistic+and+Oriental+Studies+in+Honour+of+Fabrizio+A.+Pennacchietti&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=523-533&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783447054843&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-CTm1NYWrO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2008" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVZnCV6ABcC">"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800"</a>. <i>Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447057875" title="Special:BookSources/9783447057875"><bdi>9783447057875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Syriac%2C+Neo-Aramaic%2C+and+Arabic+in+the+Church+of+the+East+and+the+Chaldean+Church+between+1500+and+1800&rft.btitle=Aramaic+in+Its+Historical+and+Linguistic+Setting&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=335-352&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783447057875&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfVZnCV6ABcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2009" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU2cPgAACAAJ">"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period"</a>. <i>The Christian Heritage of Iraq</i>. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607241119" title="Special:BookSources/9781607241119"><bdi>9781607241119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chaldeans+and+Assyrians%3A+The+Church+of+the+East+in+the+Ottoman+Period&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Heritage+of+Iraq&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pages=146-164&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781607241119&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU2cPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2011" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2011) [2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYTRSAAACAAJ">"Assyrian Apostolic Church of the East"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization</i>. Vol. 1. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 154–159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Apostolic+Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Civilization&rft.place=Malden&rft.pages=154-159&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYTRSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2013" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQJBAQAAQBAJ">"Light from the East(1948-1954) and the De-Territorialization of the Assyrian Church of the East"</a>. <i>Religion Beyond its Private Role in Modern Society</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004257856" title="Special:BookSources/9789004257856"><bdi>9789004257856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Light+from+the+East%281948-1954%29+and+the+De-Territorialization+of+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=Religion+Beyond+its+Private+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=115-134&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004257856&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIQJBAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2015" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-piLrgEACAAJ"><i>Scribes and Scriptures: The Church of the East in the Eastern Ottoman Provinces (1500-1850)</i></a>. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042930797" title="Special:BookSources/9789042930797"><bdi>9789042930797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribes+and+Scriptures%3A+The+Church+of+the+East+in+the+Eastern+Ottoman+Provinces+%281500-1850%29&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789042930797&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-piLrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2015" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K123rQEACAAJ">"Classical Syriac and the Syriac Churches: A Twentieth-Century History"</a>. <i>Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium</i>. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 119–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042930469" title="Special:BookSources/9789042930469"><bdi>9789042930469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Syriac+and+the+Syriac+Churches%3A+A+Twentieth-Century+History&rft.btitle=Syriac+Encounters%3A+Papers+from+the+Sixth+North+American+Syriac+Symposium&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pages=119-148&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789042930469&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK123rQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutlu-NumansenOssewaarde2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mutlu-Numansen, Sofia; Ossewaarde, Marinus (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.utwente.nl/files/191702532/Mutlu_Numansen2019struggle.pdf">"A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 412–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcz045">10.1093/hgs/dcz045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Struggle+for+Genocide+Recognition%3A+How+the+Aramean%2C+Assyrian%2C+and+Chaldean+Diasporas+Link+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=412-428&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcz045&rft.aulast=Mutlu-Numansen&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rft.au=Ossewaarde%2C+Marinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.utwente.nl%2Ffiles%2F191702532%2FMutlu_Numansen2019struggle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Nichols, Aidan</a> (2010) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hje62q52XNsC"><i>Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586172824" title="Special:BookSources/9781586172824"><bdi>9781586172824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Eastern+Churches%3A+A+Study+in+Schism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781586172824&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHje62q52XNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСадо1996" class="citation journal cs1">Садо, Стефан (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010103431/http://christian-reading.info/data/1996/13/1996-13-07.pdf">"Российская православная миссия в Урмии (1898-1918)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Христианское чтение</i>. <b>13</b>: 73–112. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christian-reading.info/data/1996/13/1996-13-07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%281898-1918%29&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=73-112&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristian-reading.info%2Fdata%2F1996%2F13%2F1996-13-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeleznyov2010" class="citation journal cs1">Seleznyov, Nikolai N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2061116&journal_code=JECS&download=yes2">"Nestorius of Constantinople: Condemnation, Suppression, Veneration: With special reference to the role of his name in East-Syriac Christianity"</a>. <i>Journal of Eastern Christian Studies</i>. <b>62</b> (3–4): 165–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Nestorius+of+Constantinople%3A+Condemnation%2C+Suppression%2C+Veneration%3A+With+special+reference+to+the+role+of+his+name+in+East-Syriac+Christianity&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=165-190&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Seleznyov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fcontent.php%3Furl%3Darticle%26id%3D2061116%26journal_code%3DJECS%26download%3Dyes2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpuler1961" class="citation book cs1">Spuler, Bertold (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnyiDwAAQBAJ">"Die Nestorianische Kirche"</a>. <i>Religionsgeschichte des Orients in der Zeit der Weltreligionen</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 120–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004293816" title="Special:BookSources/9789004293816"><bdi>9789004293816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Nestorianische+Kirche&rft.btitle=Religionsgeschichte+des+Orients+in+der+Zeit+der+Weltreligionen&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=120-169&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9789004293816&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnyiDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTisserant1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant" title="Eugène Tisserant">Tisserant, Eugène</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxhAAQAAMAAJ">"L'Église nestorienne"</a>. <i>Dictionnaire de théologie catholique</i>. Vol. 11. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. pp. 157–323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%89glise+nestorienne&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+th%C3%A9ologie+catholique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=157-323&rft.pub=Letouzey+et+An%C3%A9&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Tisserant&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxhAAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine1937" class="citation book cs1">Vine, Aubrey R. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41565ucmf_1"><i>The Nestorian Churches</i></a>. London: Independent Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nestorian+Churches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Independent+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=Aubrey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41565ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosté1925" class="citation journal cs1">Vosté, Jacques Marie (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiLxoQEACAAJ">"Missio duorum fratrum Melitensium O. P. in Orientem saec. XVI et relatio, nunc primum edita, eorum quae in istis regionibus gesserunt"</a>. <i>Analecta Ordinis Praedicatorum</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 261–278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analecta+Ordinis+Praedicatorum&rft.atitle=Missio+duorum+fratrum+Melitensium+O.+P.+in+Orientem+saec.+XVI+et+relatio%2C+nunc+primum+edita%2C+eorum+quae+in+istis+regionibus+gesserunt&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=261-278&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Vost%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiLxoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosté1931" class="citation journal cs1">Vosté, Jacques Marie (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20fCp25zx4wC">"Mar Iohannan Soulaqa, premier Patriarche des Chaldéens, martyr de l'union avec Rome (†1555)"</a>. <i>Angelicum</i>. <b>8</b>: 187–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angelicum&rft.atitle=Mar+Iohannan+Soulaqa%2C+premier+Patriarche+des+Chald%C3%A9ens%2C+martyr+de+l%27union+avec+Rome+%28%E2%80%A01555%29&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=187-234&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Vost%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20fCp25zx4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigram1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ainger_Wigram" title="William Ainger Wigram">Wigram, William Ainger</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/cu31924028549925/cu31924028549925.pdf"><i>The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Adam and Charles Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle+of+Mankind%3A+Life+in+Eastern+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Wigram&rft.aufirst=William+Ainger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fcu31924028549925%2Fcu31924028549925.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigram1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ainger_Wigram" title="William Ainger Wigram">Wigram, William Ainger</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282998"><i>The Assyrians and Their Neighbours</i></a>. London: G. Bell & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assyrians+and+Their+Neighbours&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Wigram&rft.aufirst=William+Ainger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.282998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC"><i>The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913</i></a>. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042908765" title="Special:BookSources/9789042908765"><bdi>9789042908765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+Organisation+of+the+Church+of+the+East%2C+1318%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789042908765&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB8ir0ek8bgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ"><i>The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East</i></a>. London: East & West Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907318047" title="Special:BookSources/9781907318047"><bdi>9781907318047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martyred+Church%3A+A+History+of+the+Church+of+the+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=East+%26+West+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781907318047&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfxNtwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Patriarchs of the Church of the East"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 799–805. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Patriarchs+of+the+Church+of+the+East&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=799-805&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakoub2020" class="citation book cs1">Yakoub, Afram (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFDFzQEACAAJ"><i>The Path to Assyria: A Call for National Revival</i></a>. Södertälje: Tigris Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789198154160" title="Special:BookSources/9789198154160"><bdi>9789198154160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Assyria%3A+A+Call+for+National+Revival&rft.place=S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje&rft.pub=Tigris+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789198154160&rft.aulast=Yakoub&rft.aufirst=Afram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFDFzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYildiz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Yildiz, Efrem (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/22095031">"The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality"</a>. <i>Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 15–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Assyrian+Academic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Assyrians%3A+A+Historical+and+Current+Reality&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-30&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Yildiz&rft.aufirst=Efrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F22095031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYildiz2000b" class="citation journal cs1">Yildiz, Efrem (2000b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://summa.upsa.es/high.raw?id=0000002192&name=00000001.original.pdf">"Los Asirio-Caldeos, Cristianos orientales arameoparlantes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dialogo Ecumenico</i>. <b>35</b> (112): 263–282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogo+Ecumenico&rft.atitle=Los+Asirio-Caldeos%2C+Cristianos+orientales+arameoparlantes&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=112&rft.pages=263-282&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Yildiz&rft.aufirst=Efrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsumma.upsa.es%2Fhigh.raw%3Fid%3D0000002192%26name%3D00000001.original.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrian+Church+of+the+East" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Assyrian Church of the East</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Assyrian Church of the East">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Assyrian Church of the East">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203179" class="extiw" title="d:Q203179">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sacraments_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sacraments_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Template:Sacraments of the Assyrian Church of the East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sacraments_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Template talk:Sacraments of the Assyrian Church of the East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sacraments_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sacraments of the Assyrian Church of the East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sacraments_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrian Church of the East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblation" title="Oblation">Oblation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Leaven" title="Holy Leaven">Holy Leaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Template:Dioceses of the Church of the East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Template talk:Dioceses of the Church of the East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dioceses of the Church of the East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East">Dioceses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Hierarchy divided into the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> and the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrian Church of the East</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism of 1552</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Time periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East,_1318%E2%80%931552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552">Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_Ctesiphon_(aliraqi1959bagh_0180).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg/200px-Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg/300px-Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg/400px-Arch_of_Ctesiphon_%28aliraqi1959bagh_0180%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Interior metropolitan<br />provinces to 1318</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Garmaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Huzaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Maishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Exterior metropolitan<br />provinces to 1318</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Beth Sinaye (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Beth Tuptaye (Tibet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Dailam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hulwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Islands of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Kashgar and Nevaketh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Katai and Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Rai (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Samarqand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">dioceses to 1318</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Abiward and Shahr Piroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarbaigan_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Adarbaigan (East Syriac diocese)">Adarbaigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Al-Bariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Al-Kuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Al-Qabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Al-Rustaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Aoustan d'Arzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Armenia (East Syriac diocese)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Ardashir Khurrah (Shiraf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Arzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aïn Sipne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Badisi and Qadistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Balad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Barhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Bgash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Beth Daraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Dasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Lapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Mazunaye (Oman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Moksaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Nuhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Rahimaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Tabyathe and the Kartawaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Beth Waziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Beth Zabdaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Bih Shabur (Kazrun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Dabarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Dairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Darabgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Dasqarta d'Malka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Delasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Dinawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Eshnuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Gawkaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Gubeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Rai (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Gurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Haditha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Hamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Harran and Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hebton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hesna d'Kifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Hirta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hormizd Ardashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Hrbath Glal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Ispahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Istakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Karka d'Beth Slokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Karka d'Ledan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Karka d'Maishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kashkar" title="Diocese of Kashkar">Kashkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Khanijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Lashom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Mahoze d'Arewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marga_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Marga (East Syriac diocese)">Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Marmadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Masabadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Mashkena d'Qurdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Mashmahig (Bahrain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Ma<span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>altha and Hnitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Merw i-Rud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Meskene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Mihraganqadaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Muqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Nahargur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Niffar, Nil and al-Nu<span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>maniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulwan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Hulwan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Nihawand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Piroz Shabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Prath d'Maishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Pusang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Qaimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Qarta and Adarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Qasr and Nahrawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Qish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Qube d'Arzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Radani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Ram Hormizd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Ramonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Resh<span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>aïna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishan_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Maishan (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Rima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakh_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Salakh (East Syriac diocese)">Salakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Segestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shahpur Khwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shahrgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shahrzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Shenna d'Beth Ramman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigar_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Shigar (East Syriac diocese)">Shigar and Beth <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Arabaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shushter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Soqotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Taimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garma%C3%AF_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Beth Garmaï (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisibis_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Nisibis (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tamanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhan_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Tirhan (East Syriac diocese)">Tirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Merv (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tus and Abrashahr (Nishapur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_to_1318" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318">Urmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Ukbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Yemen and Sana<span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Zabe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Post-1318 dioceses<br /><small><i>(See also:<br /><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East,_1318%E2%80%931552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552">dioceses from 1318 to 1552</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">dioceses after 1552</a>)</i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Ahwaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Alqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Diocese_of_Amid" title="Chaldean Diocese of Amid">Amid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Anzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Ardishai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Atel and Bohtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadiya_(Chaldean_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya (Chaldean diocese)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Amadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqra"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿ</i></span>Aqra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwari_(East_Syriac_diocese)" title="Berwari (East Syriac diocese)">Berwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_(East_Syriac_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbil (East Syriac diocese)">Erbil (East Syriac diocese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Erbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Erbil">Erbil (Chaldean archeparchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Gawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazarta_(Chaldean_diocese)" title="Gazarta (Chaldean diocese)">Gazarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Jilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Kirkuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_(Chaldean_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardin (Chaldean diocese)">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Nisibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmas_(Chaldean_Archdiocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmas (Chaldean Archdiocese)">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seert_(Chaldean_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seert (Chaldean diocese)">Seert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioceses_of_the_Church_of_the_East_after_1552" title="Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552">Sehna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemsdin_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Shemsdin (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Shemsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemsdin_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Shemsdin (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemsdin_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Shemsdin (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Tuleki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaku-Amadiya_(Chaldean_diocese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaku-Amadiya (Chaldean diocese)">Zakho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syriac_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>, legacy of <br />the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> (685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (512)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>, legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></i><br />(the <i>"Nestorian Church"</i>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>–<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christians</a>,<br />legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></i><br />(active 1st century–1601)<br />in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Catholic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac) (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (West Syriac) (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nestorian (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Jew" title="Paul the Jew">Paul the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian" title="Isaac the Syrian">Isaac the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Angamaly" title="Abraham of Angamaly">Abraham of Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Koorilos_I" title="Abraham Koorilos I">Abraham Koorilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Andrew_Akijan" title="Ignatius Andrew Akijan">Ignatius Andrew Akijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Mellus" title="Elias Mellus">Elias Mellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Vattasseril">Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorilos_Paulose" title="Coorilos Paulose">Coorilos Paulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II" title="Baselios Paulose II">Baselios Paulose II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Syriac Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Liturgical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara%E2%80%93Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" title="Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Defunct with <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main <br />divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a></span><br /><i>Christ Pantocrator</i> (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assyrian_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template talk:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assyrian_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_continuity" title="Assyrian continuity">Assyrian continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrians_(gold_and_blue_Assur).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assyrian flag"><img alt="The Assyrian flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Assyrian flag</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Syriac-Aramean flag"><img alt="The Syriac-Aramean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Aramean-Syriac_flag" title="Aramean-Syriac flag">Aramean-Syriac flag</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chaldean flag"><img alt="The Chaldean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/100px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/150px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/200px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_flag" title="Chaldean flag">Chaldean flag</a><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (518–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (1552–)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1692–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a><br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian folk/pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">History</a><br /><small>(including<br />related<br />contexts)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Assyria" title="Timeline of ancient Assyria">Ancient Assyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Assyrian_period" title="Early Assyrian period">Early Assyrian period</a> (2600–2025 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a> (2025–1364 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1363–912 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–609 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-imperial_Assyria" title="Post-imperial Assyria">Post-imperial Assyria</a> (609 BCE–240 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes" title="List of Assyrian tribes">Assyrian tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical<br />antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (312–63 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BCE–224 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> (132 BCE–244 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a> (66 BCE–217 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> (64 BCE–637 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> (15–116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Roman Assyria</a> (116–118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Christianization</a> (1st to 3rd c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorian_schism" title="Nestorian schism">Nestorian schism</a> (5th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>-<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a> (226–651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian wars">Byzantine–Sasanian wars</a> (502–628)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of Syria</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul" title="List of rulers of Mosul">Emirs of Mosul</a> (905–1383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid amirate</a> (945–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> (1098–1268)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (1258–1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a> (1335–1432)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> (1375–1468)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> (1453–1501)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Safavid Empire</a> (1508–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Ottoman Empire</a> (1555–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism of 1552</a> (16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">Massacres of Badr Khan</a> (1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbekir_(1895)" title="Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)">Massacres of Diyarbekir</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Rise of nationalism</a> (19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Independence movement</a> (1919–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq#Post-Saddam_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Post-Saddam Iraq</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by ISIL">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_population_by_country" title="Assyrian population by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Homeland</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_settlements" title="List of Assyrian settlements">Settlements</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartella" title="Bartella">Bartella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Mazıdağı">Mazıdağı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Belgium" title="Assyrians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Finland" title="Assyrians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_France" title="Assyrians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Assyrians" title="German Assyrians">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Greece" title="Assyrians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Jordan" title="Assyrians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Lebanon" title="Assyrians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Assyrians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_New_Zealand" title="Assyrians in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Assyrians in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians/Syriacs_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians/Syriacs in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Assyrians" title="British Assyrians">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_Eastern_people_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliance" title="Assyrian Universal Alliance">Assyrian Universal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)">Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203179#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203179#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203179#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1432145424592986830087">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143233-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Apoštolská církev Východu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20071129003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&oldid=1259376420">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assyrian_Church_of_the_East&oldid=1259376420</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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7.52% 111.212 4 Template:Langx"," 7.03% 103.869 1 Template:Infobox_Christian_denomination"," 6.67% 98.630 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.29% 92.949 1 Template:Christianity"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.981","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23708347,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAboona2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbramtsov1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssemani1719\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssemani1775\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssemani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadger1852\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBaumWinkler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecchetti1796\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethune-Baker1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinns2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrock1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrock1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrock2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurlesonRompay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButts2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrège1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEduardo_Campo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiey1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulik1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabbi1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHage2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmann1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrichs1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakob2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLampart1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemmens1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLundgren2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooken2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooken2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg1999a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg1999b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMutlu-NumansenOssewaarde2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagl2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Mahony2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParryMellingBradyGriffith2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRassam2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeleznyov2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSirwan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpuler1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTighe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTisserant1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVine1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVosté1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVosté1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigram1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigram1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmshurst2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmshurst2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilmshurst2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakoub2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYildiz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYildiz2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFСадо1996\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Assyrian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Assyrian Church Of The East\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Dioceses of the Church of the East\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Christian denomination\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sacraments of the Assyrian Church of the East\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 68,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Syriac Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-kwvlm","timestamp":"20241124210405","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q203179","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q203179","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-15T20:46:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T21:04:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/e\/e1\/Assyrian_church_of_the_East.png","headline":"ancient Christian religious branch originated in Assyria"}</script> </body> </html>