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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rabbinic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaritan_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaritan_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Samaritan canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samaritan_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_canons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_canons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Christian canons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_canons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian canons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_canons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purpose_of_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose_of_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Purpose of canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose_of_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_Christian_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_Christian_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Earliest Christian communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_Christian_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marcion's_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcion's_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Marcion's list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcion's_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Apostolic Fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Eastern Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alexandrian_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexandrian_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Alexandrian Fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexandrian_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifty_Bibles_of_Constantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifty_Bibles_of_Constantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Fifty Bibles of Constantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifty_Bibles_of_Constantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_canons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_canons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Eastern canons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_canons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peshitta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peshitta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Peshitta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peshitta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Western Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Latin Fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Florence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Florence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Council of Florence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Florence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luther's_canon_and_apocrypha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luther's_canon_and_apocrypha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Luther's canon and apocrypha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luther's_canon_and_apocrypha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Trent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Trent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Council of Trent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Trent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_confessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_confessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Protestant confessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_confessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_apocrypha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_apocrypha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>Other apocrypha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_apocrypha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canons_of_various_Christian_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canons_of_various_Christian_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Canons of various Christian traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canons_of_various_Christian_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canons of various Christian traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canons_of_various_Christian_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Old Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Testament_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Old Testament table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Testament_table_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament_table_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Old Testament table notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament_table_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>New Testament table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament_table_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_table_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>New Testament table notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_table_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biblical canon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bybelse_kanon" title="Bybelse kanon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bybelse kanon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الكتاب المقدس القانوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكتاب المقدس القانوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Библейски канон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библейски канон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0non_(B%C3%ADblia)" title="Cànon (Bíblia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cànon (Bíblia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblick%C3%BD_k%C3%A1non" title="Biblický kánon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biblický kánon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_bibelske_kanon" title="Den bibelske kanon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den bibelske kanon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_(Bibel)" title="Kanon (Bibel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanon (Bibel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βιβλικός κανόνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλικός κανόνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_b%C3%ADblico" title="Canon bíblico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canon bíblico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_kanono" title="Biblia kanono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblia kanono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliako_kanona" title="Bibliako kanona – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bibliako kanona" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="حکم کتاب مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکم کتاب مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_biblique" title="Canon biblique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canon biblique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canul" title="Canul – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Canul" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_b%C3%ADblico" title="Canon bíblico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canon bíblico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EA%B2%BD_%EC%A0%95%EA%B2%BD" title="성경 정경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성경 정경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կանոնական գրքեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանոնական գրքեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblijski_kanon" title="Biblijski kanon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biblijski kanon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_Alkitab" title="Kanon Alkitab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanon Alkitab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canone_della_Bibbia" title="Canone della Bibbia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canone della Bibbia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קאנוניזציה של כתבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאנוניזציה של כתבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuni_ya_Biblia" title="Kanuni ya Biblia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanuni ya Biblia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(Biblia)" title="Canon (Biblia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canon (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonas_(Biblija)" title="Kanonas (Biblija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanonas (Biblija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliai_k%C3%A1non" title="Bibliai kánon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bibliai kánon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C3%B4nan%27_ny_Baiboly" title="Kanônan' ny Baiboly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kanônan' ny Baiboly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanun_Alkitab" title="Kanun Alkitab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kanun Alkitab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_van_de_Bijbel" title="Canon van de Bijbel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canon van de Bijbel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%B8" title="聖書正典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖書正典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelens_kanon" title="Bibelens kanon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bibelens kanon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_(Bibel)" title="Kanon (Bibel) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kanon (Bibel)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon_Biblii" title="Kanon Biblii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanon Biblii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2none_b%C3%ADblico" title="Cânone bíblico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cânone bíblico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_biblic" title="Canon biblic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canon biblic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Библейский канон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библейский канон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biblical canon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Канон Светог писма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канон Светог писма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblijski_kanon" title="Biblijski kanon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biblijski kanon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamatun_kaanon" title="Raamatun kaanon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raamatun kaanon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelkanon" title="Bibelkanon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bibelkanon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblikal_na_kanon" title="Biblikal na kanon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biblikal na kanon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="விவிலியத் திருமுறை நூல்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விவிலியத் திருமுறை நூல்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Біблійний канон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біблійний канон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81" title="فہرست مسلمہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فہرست مسلمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%B8" title="正典 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="正典" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Books of the Bible" redirects here. For the edition of the Bible without chapters and verses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_the_Bible_(book)" title="The Books of the Bible (book)">The Books of the Bible (book)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a law promulgated by a synod, an ecumenical council, or an individual bishop, see <a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon (canon law)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>biblical canon</b> is a set of texts (also called "books") which a particular <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> religious community regards as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. </p><p>The English word <i>canon</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κανών</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kanōn</i></span>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">rule</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Measuring_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring stick">measuring stick</a>". The use of the word "canon" to refer to a set of religious scriptures was first used by <a href="/wiki/David_Ruhnken" title="David Ruhnken">David Ruhnken</a>, in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders200211–13Introduction_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders200211–13Introduction-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various biblical canons have developed through debate and agreement on the part of the religious authorities of their respective faiths and denominations. Some books, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_gospels" title="Jewish–Christian gospels">Jewish–Christian gospels</a>, have been excluded from various canons altogether, but many <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">disputed books</a> are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical</a> by many, while some denominations may consider them fully canonical. Differences exist between the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and Christian biblical canons, although the majority of manuscripts are shared in common. </p><p>Different religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. The Jewish <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the <i><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></i> ("teaching"); the eight books of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></i> ("prophets"); and the eleven books of <i><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></i> ("writings"). It is composed mainly in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, with portions in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>), which closely resembles the Hebrew Bible but includes additional texts, is used as the Christian Greek Old Testament, at least in some <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgical contexts</a>. The first part of Christian Bibles is the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, which contains, at minimum, the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible divided into 39 (<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant</a>) or 46 (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a> [including deuterocanonical works]) books that are ordered differently. The second part is the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, almost always containing 27 books: the four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, 21 <a href="/wiki/Epistle#New_Testament_epistles" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> or letters and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> churches hold that certain <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books and passages</a> are part of the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a> churches may have differences in their lists of accepted books. </p><p>Some Christian groups have <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Additional_and_alternative_scriptures" title="List of religious texts">other canonical books</a> (open canon) which are considered holy scripture but not part of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_canons">Jewish canons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Jewish canons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbinic_Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rabbinic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהדות רבנית</span>) recognizes the twenty-four books of the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, commonly called the <i>Tanakh</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תַּנַ"ךְ</span></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence suggests that the process of canonization occurred between 200 BC and 200 AD, and a popular position is that the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> was canonized <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BC</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Neviim" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviim">Prophets</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Writings</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 AD</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders20024_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders20024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps at a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a>—however, this position is increasingly criticised by modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders20025_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders20025-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler" title="Marc Zvi Brettler">Marc Zvi Brettler</a>, the Jewish scriptures outside the Torah and the Prophets were fluid, with different groups seeing authority in different books.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scroll with the text of the Book of Esther in Hebrew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Scroll.jpg/250px-Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Scroll.jpg/375px-Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_megillot" class="mw-redirect" title="Five megillot">five <i>megillot</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> includes a prohibition against adding or subtracting (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%204:2&version=nrsv">4:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2012:32&version=nrsv">12:32</a>) which might apply to the book itself (i.e. a "closed book", a prohibition against future <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribal</a> editing) or to the instruction received by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book of <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>, itself not a part of the Jewish canon, describes <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BC</span>) as having "founded a library and collected books about the kings and prophets, and the writings of David, and letters of kings about votive offerings" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%202:13–15&version=nrsvae">2:13–15</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah</a> suggests that the priest-scribe <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> brought the Torah back <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">from Babylon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nehemiah%208–9&version=nrsv">8–9</a>) around the same time period. Both 1 and 2 Maccabees suggest that <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 167 BC</span>) likewise collected sacred books (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%203:42–50&version=nrsvae">3:42–50</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%202:13–15&version=nrsvae">2:13–15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2015:6–9&version=nrsvae">15:6–9</a>), indeed some scholars argue that the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a> (140 BCE to 37 BCE) fixed the Jewish canon.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samaritan_canon">Samaritan canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Samaritan canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></div> <p>Another version of the Torah, in the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan alphabet</a>, also exists. This text is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שומרונים</span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السامريون</span>), a people of whom the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> states: "Their history as a distinct community begins with the taking of Samaria by the Assyrians in 722 BC."<sup id="cite_ref-Samaritans_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaritans-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_Pentateuch_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg/250px-Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg/375px-Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg/500px-Samaritan_Pentateuch_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5562" data-file-height="3397" /></a><figcaption>The Abisha Scroll, the oldest scroll among the Samaritans in Nablus</figcaption></figure> <p>The Samaritan Pentateuch's relationship to the Masoretic Text is still disputed. Some differences are minor, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as a commandment to be monogamous, which appears only in the Samaritan version. More importantly, the Samaritan text also diverges from the Masoretic in stating that Moses received the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a>—not <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>—and that it is upon Mount Gerizim that sacrifices to God should be made—not in Jerusalem. Scholars nonetheless consult the Samaritan version when trying to determine the meaning of text of the original Pentateuch, as well as to trace the development of text-families. Some scrolls among the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_scrolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead Sea scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a> have been identified as proto-Samaritan Pentateuch text-type.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samaritans consider the Torah to be inspired scripture, but do not accept any other parts of the Bible—probably a position also held by the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did not expand their canon by adding any Samaritan compositions. There is a <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua_(Samaritan)" title="Book of Joshua (Samaritan)">Samaritan Book of Joshua</a>; however, this is a popular chronicle written in Arabic and is not considered to be scripture. Other non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Samaritans#Religious_texts" title="Samaritans">Samaritan religious texts</a> include the <i>Memar Markah</i> ("Teaching of Markah") and the <i>Defter</i> (Prayerbook)—both from the 4th century or later.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of the remnants of the Samaritans in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>/<a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> retain their version of the Torah as fully and authoritatively canonical.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaritans_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaritans-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regard themselves as the true "guardians of the Law". This assertion is only re-enforced by the claim of the Samaritan community in <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> (an area traditionally associated with the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>) to possess the oldest existing copy of the Torah—one that they believe to have been penned by Abisha, a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_canons">Christian canons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian canons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The canon of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (AD 382), the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (AD 393), two of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage">Councils of Carthage</a> (AD 397 and 419), the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (AD 1431–1449) and finally, as an article of faith, by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (AD 1545–1563). Those established the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic biblical canon</a> consisting of 46 books in the Old Testament and 27 books in the New Testament for a total of 73 books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüger1989302_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüger1989302-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canons of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and English <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a> were decided definitively by the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> (1563) and the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> (1647), respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a> (1672) established additional canons that are widely accepted throughout the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. </p><p>Various forms of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a> persisted until around the fifth century, and canonized very different sets of books, including <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_gospels" title="Jewish–Christian gospels">Jewish–Christian gospels</a> which have been lost to history. These and many other works are classified as <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a> by Pauline denominations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Old and New Testament canons did not develop independently of each other and most <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a> for the canon specify both Old and New Testament books.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the biblical scripture for both Testaments, canonically accepted in major traditions of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, see <a href="#Canons_of_various_Christian_traditions">§ Canons of various traditions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purpose_of_canon">Purpose of canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Purpose of canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For churches which espouse <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i> it is necessary and critical to have a clear and complete list of the canonical books.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For churches which espouse <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">sacred Tradition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a> as well as Scripture, the issue can be more organic, as the Bible is an artifact of the church rather than <i>vice versa</i>. </p><p>Theologian <a href="/wiki/William_J._Abraham" title="William J. Abraham">William J. Abraham</a> has suggested that in the primitive church and patristic period the "primary purpose in canonizing Scripture was to provide an authorized list of books for use in worship. The primary setting envisaged for the use of Scripture was not that of the science of theology, or that of the debates of scholars, but the spiritual nourishment of the people of God...the factor which ultimately carried the day (for what was in the canon) was actual usage in the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-abraham_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abraham-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140">: 140 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Church">Early Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earliest_Christian_communities">Earliest Christian communities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Earliest Christian communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">Early Church</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (LXX)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among Greek speakers, with a canon perhaps as found in the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_old_testament_canon#Bryennios_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the old testament canon">Bryennios List</a> or <a href="/wiki/Melito%27s_canon" title="Melito's canon">Melito's canon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> did not otherwise leave a defined set of new <a href="/wiki/Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">scriptures</a>; instead, the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> developed over time. </p><p>Writings attributed to the apostles circulated among the earliest <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> communities. Possible apostolicity was a strong argument used to suggest the canonical status of a book.<sup id="cite_ref-abraham_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abraham-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> were circulating in collected forms by the end of the 1st century AD. <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, in the early 2nd century, mentions the "memoirs of the Apostles", which Christians (Greek: Χριστιανός) called "<a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a>", and which were considered to be authoritatively equal to the Old Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marcion's_list"><span id="Marcion.27s_list"></span>Marcion's list</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marcion's list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a> was the first Christian leader in recorded history (though later considered <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a>) to propose and delineate a uniquely Christian canon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger199798_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger199798-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (c. 140). This included 10 epistles from <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>, as well as an edited version of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, which today is known as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a>. By doing this, he established a particular way of looking at <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious texts</a> that persists in Christian thought today.<sup id="cite_ref-Harnack_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harnack-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Marcion, Christians began to divide texts into those that aligned well with the "<a href="/wiki/Canon_(basic_principle)" title="Canon (basic principle)">canon</a>" (meaning a measuring line, rule, or principle) of accepted theological thought and those that promoted heresy. This played a major role in finalizing the structure of the collection of works called the Bible. It has been proposed that the initial impetus for the <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox Christian</a> project of canonization flowed from opposition to the list produced by Marcion.<sup id="cite_ref-Harnack_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harnack-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apostolic_Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Apostolic Fathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A four-gospel canon (the <i>Tetramorph</i>) was asserted by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (c. 130 – c. 202 AD) in the following quote:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is not possible that the gospels can be either more or fewer in number than they are. For, since there are four-quarters of the earth in which we live, and four universal winds, while the church is scattered throughout all the world, and the 'pillar and ground' of the church is the gospel and the spirit of life, it is fitting that she should have four pillars breathing out immortality on every side, and vivifying men afresh [...] Therefore the gospels are in accord with these things ... For the living creatures are quadriform and the gospel is quadriform [...] These things being so, all who destroy the form of the gospel are vain, unlearned, and also audacious; those [I mean] who represent the aspects of the gospel as being either more in number than as aforesaid, or, on the other hand, fewer.</p></blockquote> <p>Irenaeus additionally quotes from passages of all the books that would later be put in the New Testament canon except the <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Philemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to Philemon">Letter to Philemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/II_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="II Peter">II Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/III_John" class="mw-redirect" title="III John">III John</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> in <i>Against Heresies</i>, refers to the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a> as "scripture"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997155_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997155-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appears to regard <a href="/wiki/I_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="I Clement">I Clement</a> as authoritative. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Folio from Papyrus 46, containing 2 Corinthians 11:33–12:9 in Greek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/250px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/375px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/500px-P46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>A manuscript page from <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_46" title="Papyrus 46">P46</a>, an early 3rd-century collection of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 3rd century, Christian theologians like <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> may have been using—or at least were familiar with—the same 27 books found in modern New Testament editions, though there were still disputes over the canonicity of some of the writings (see also <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise by 200, the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> shows that there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the New Testament, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, while there was a good measure of debate in the Early Church over the New Testament canon, the major writings were accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Church">Eastern Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eastern Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alexandrian_Fathers">Alexandrian Fathers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alexandrian Fathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> (184/85–253/54), an early scholar involved in the codification of the biblical canon, had a thorough education both in Christian theology and in pagan philosophy, but was posthumously condemned at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> in 553 since some of his teachings were considered to be heresy. Origen's canon included all of the books in the current New Testament canon except for four books: <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2nd Peter</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3rd epistles of John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also included the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a> which was later rejected. The religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a> described Origen's efforts, saying "The process of canonization represented by Origen proceeded by way of selection, moving from many candidates for inclusion to fewer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997141_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997141-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his Easter letter of 367, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a> gave a list of exactly the same books that would become the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>–27 book–proto-canon,<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg_2006_15_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg_2006_15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used the phrase "being canonized" (<i>kanonizomena</i>) in regard to them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifty_Bibles_of_Constantine">Fifty Bibles of Constantine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fifty Bibles of Constantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fifty_Bibles_of_Constantine" title="Fifty Bibles of Constantine">Fifty Bibles of Constantine</a></div> <p>In 331, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Constantine I</a> commissioned <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> to deliver fifty Bibles for the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Constantinople">Church of Constantinople</a>. <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recorded <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Alexandrian</a> scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> are examples of these Bibles. Those codices contain almost a full version of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>; Vaticanus lacks only 1–3 <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Maccabees</a> and Sinaiticus lacks 2–3 Maccabees, <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a>, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no evidence among the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea#Biblical_canon" title="First Council of Nicaea">canons of the First Council of Nicaea</a> of any determination on the canon; however, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (347–420), in his <i>Prologue to Judith</i>, makes the claim that the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a> was "found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_canons">Eastern canons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eastern canons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern Churches had, in general, a weaker feeling than those in the West for the necessity of making sharp delineations with regard to the canon. They were more conscious of the gradation of spiritual quality among the books that they accepted (for example, the classification of Eusebius, see also <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a>) and were less often disposed to assert that the books which they rejected possessed no spiritual quality at all. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Trullan Synod of 691–692</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a> (in office 687–701) rejected<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a>), endorsed the following lists of canonical writings: the <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Apostolic Canons</a> (c. 385), the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Laodicea" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Laodicea">Synod of Laodicea</a> (c. 363), the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Third Synod of Carthage</a> (c. 397), and the <a href="/wiki/Easter_letter" title="Easter letter">39th Festal Letter of Athanasius</a> (367).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And yet, these lists do not agree. Similarly, the New Testament canons of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Egyptian Coptic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a> Churches all have minor differences, yet five of these Churches are part of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">same communion</a> and hold the same theological beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peshitta">Peshitta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Peshitta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> is the standard version of the Bible for churches in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac tradition</a>. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> of the Old Testament are found in the Syriac, and the <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Sirach">Wisdom of Sirach</a> is held to have been translated from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and not from the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This New Testament, originally excluding certain <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">disputed books</a> (2 Peter, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Revelation), had become a standard by the early 5th century. The five excluded books were added in the <a href="/wiki/Harklean_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Harklean Version">Harklean Version</a> (616 AD) of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Harqel" title="Thomas of Harqel">Thomas of Harqel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard <a href="/wiki/United_Bible_Societies" title="United Bible Societies">United Bible Societies</a> 1905 edition of the New Testament of the Peshitta was based on editions prepared by Syriacists <a href="/wiki/Philip_E._Pusey" title="Philip E. Pusey">Philip E. Pusey</a> (d. 1880), <a href="/wiki/George_Gwilliam" title="George Gwilliam">George Gwilliam</a> (d. 1914) and <a href="/wiki/John_Gwynn_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gwynn (professor)">John Gwyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All twenty seven books of the common western <a href="#New_Testament">New Testament</a> are included in this British & Foreign Bible Society's 1905 Peshitta edition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Church">Western Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Western Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_Fathers">Latin Fathers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin Fathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Council that accepted the present Catholic canon (the <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Trent" title="Canon of Trent">Canon of Trent</a> of 1546) may have been the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo Regius</a>, held in North Africa in 393. A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage (397)</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(419)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (419)">Council of Carthage (419)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_Note_19_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_Note_19-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Councils took place under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430), who regarded the canon as already closed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> declared without qualification that one is to "prefer those that are received by all Catholic Churches to those which some of them do not receive" (On Christian Doctrines 2.12). In the same passage, Augustine asserted that these dissenting churches should be outweighed by the opinions of "the more numerous and weightier churches", which would include Eastern Churches, the prestige of which Augustine stated moved him to include the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hebrews">Book of Hebrews</a> among the canonical writings, though he had reservation about its authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a> says that "the council of Hippo in 393, and the third (according to another reckoning the sixth) council of Carthage in 397, under the influence of Augustine, who attended both, fixed the catholic canon of the Holy Scriptures, including the Apocrypha of the Old Testament, ... This decision of the transmarine church however, was subject to ratification; and the concurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_see" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman see">Roman see</a> it received when <a href="/wiki/Innocent_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent I">Innocent I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a> (414 AD) repeated the same index of biblical books. This canon remained undisturbed till the sixteenth century, and was sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">council of Trent</a> at its fourth session."<sup id="cite_ref-Schaff_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaff-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lee Martin McDonald, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> was added to the list in 419.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_Note_19_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_Note_19-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These councils were convened under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, who regarded the canon as already closed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson,_Everett_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson,_Everett-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> in 382 (if the <i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gelasianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretum Gelasianum">Decretum</a></i> is correctly associated with it) issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg_2006_15_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg_2006_15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Damasus' commissioning of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> edition of the Bible, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 383, proved instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988225_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988225-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 405) to <a href="/wiki/Exuperius" title="Exuperius">Exsuperius of Toulouse</a>, a Gallic bishop, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> mentioned the sacred books that were already received in the canon.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When bishops and Councils spoke on the matter of the Biblican canon, however, they were not defining something new, but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002319–320_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002319–320-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus from the 4th century there existed unanimity in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a> concerning the New Testament canon as it is today,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988215_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988215-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. In the 5th century the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">East</a> too, with a few exceptions, came to accept the Book of Revelation and thus came into harmony on the matter of the New Testament canon.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the primary canon crystallised, non-canonical texts fell into relative disfavour and neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_Florence">Council of Florence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Council of Florence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition,_vol._1.djvu&page=21" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu/page21-220px-KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu/page21-330px-KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu/page21-440px-KJV_1769_Oxford_Edition%2C_vol._1.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="3841" /></a><figcaption>The contents page in a complete 80 book <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>, listing "The Books of the Old Testament", "The Books called Apocrypha", and "The Books of the New Testament"</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1439–1443) took place. With the approval of this <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a>, Pope <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenius IV">Eugenius IV</a> (in office 1431–1447) issued several <a href="/wiki/Papal_bulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal bulls">papal bulls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Decree_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Decree (Catholic canon law)">decrees</a>) with a view to restoring the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern churches">Eastern churches</a>, which the Catholic Church considered as <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schismatic</a> bodies, into <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">communion with Rome</a>. Catholic theologians regard these documents as <a href="/wiki/Infallible" class="mw-redirect" title="Infallible">infallible</a> statements of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic doctrine</a>. The <i>Decretum pro Jacobitis</i> contains a complete list of the books received by the Catholic Church as inspired, but omits the terms "canon" and "canonical". The Council of Florence therefore taught the inspiration of all the Scriptures, but did not formally pronounce itself on canonicity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luther's_canon_and_apocrypha"><span id="Luther.27s_canon_and_apocrypha"></span>Luther's canon and apocrypha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Luther's canon and apocrypha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a></div> <p>Luther proposed that the genuine mark of canonical material was that it preached Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-abraham_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abraham-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147">: 147 </span></sup> This allowed him to relegate books (including ones that may not have supported his theology) to a <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">secondary status</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546) moved seven Old Testament books (Tobit, Judith, 1–2 Maccabees, Book of Wisdom, Sirach, and Baruch) into a section he called the "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>, that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but are useful and good to read".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these apocrypha are called <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Apocrypha#Anagignoskomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Apocrypha"><i>anagignoskomena</i></a> by the Eastern Orthodox Church per the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>As with the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GeislerMacKenzie1995_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeislerMacKenzie1995-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> accepts "the Apocrypha for instruction in life and manners, but not for the establishment of doctrine",<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many "lectionary readings in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Common_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Common Prayer">The Book of Common Prayer</a> are taken from the Apocrypha", with these lessons being "read in the same ways as those from the Old Testament".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books (3 Esdras, 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a>, which contains the intertestamental books; <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> wedding ceremonies include "the retelling of the marriage of Tobias and Sarah in the Apocrypha".<sup id="cite_ref-Wesner_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesner-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fathers of Anabaptism, such as <a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a>, quoted "them [the Apocrypha] with the same authority and nearly the same frequency as books of the Hebrew Bible" and the texts regarding the martyrdoms under Antiochus IV in <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> are held in high esteem by the Anabaptists, who historically faced persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-deSilva2018_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva2018-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lutheran and Anglican lectionaries continue to include readings from the Apocrypha.<sup id="cite_ref-Forward1981_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forward1981-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_Trent">Council of Trent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Council of Trent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Trent" title="Canon of Trent">Canon of Trent</a></div> <p>In response to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s demands, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> on 8 April 1546 approved the present <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> canon, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a>, and the decision was confirmed by an <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a> by vote (24 yea, 15 nay, 16 abstain).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997246_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997246-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council confirmed the same list as produced at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> in 1442,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine's 397–419 <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Carthage" title="Councils of Carthage">Councils of Carthage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schaff_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaff-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably Damasus' 382 <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg_2006_15_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg_2006_15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cross_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old Testament books that had been rejected by Luther were later termed "deuterocanonical", not indicating a lesser degree of inspiration, but a later time of final approval. The <a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a> contained in the Appendix several books considered as apocryphal by the council: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">3 Esdras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">4 Esdras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BSVxx_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSVxx-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant_confessions">Protestant confessions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Protestant confessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bible</a></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Protestant_confessions_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant confessions of faith">Protestant confessions of faith</a> identify the 27 books of the New Testament canon by name, including the <a href="/wiki/French_Confession_of_Faith" title="French Confession of Faith">French Confession of Faith</a> (1559),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a> (1561), and the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> (1647). The <a href="/wiki/Second_Helvetic_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Helvetic Confession">Second Helvetic Confession</a> (1562), affirms "both Testaments to be the true Word of God" and appealing to <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/De_Civitate_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="De Civitate Dei">De Civitate Dei</a></i>, it rejected the canonicity of the Apocrypha.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a>, issued by the Church of England in 1563, names the books of the Old Testament, but not the New Testament. The Belgic Confession<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Westminster Confession named the 39 books in the Old Testament and, apart from the aforementioned New Testament books, expressly rejected the canonicity of any others.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Epitome_of_the_Formula_of_Concord" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitome of the Formula of Concord">Epitome of the Formula of Concord</a> of 1577 declared that the prophetic and apostolic Scriptures comprised the Old and New Testaments alone.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther himself did not accept the canonicity of the Apocrypha</a> although he believed that its books were "Not Held Equal to the Scriptures, but Are Useful and Good to Read".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lutheran and Anglican lectionaries continue to include readings from the Apocrypha.<sup id="cite_ref-Forward1981_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forward1981-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_apocrypha">Other apocrypha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other apocrypha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></div> <p>Various books that were never canonized by any church, but are known to have existed in antiquity, are similar to the New Testament and often claim apostolic authorship, are known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>. Some of these writings have been cited as <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">scripture</a> by early Christians, but since the fifth century a widespread consensus has emerged limiting the New Testament to the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">27 books of the modern canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman2003_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2003-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches generally do not view these New Testament apocrypha as part of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman2003_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2003-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canons_of_various_Christian_traditions">Canons of various Christian traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Canons of various Christian traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Final dogmatic articulations of the canons were made at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> of 1546 for Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1908_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1908-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Old Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reception_of_the_book_of_Enoch_in_antiquity_and_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Reception of the book of Enoch in antiquity and Middle Ages">Reception of the book of Enoch in antiquity and Middle Ages</a></div> <p>Another set of books, largely written during the <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">intertestamental period</a>, are called the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanon">deuterocanon</a> ("second canon") by Catholics, the deuterocanon or <i><a href="/wiki/Anagignoskomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Anagignoskomena">anagignoskomena</a></i> ("worthy of reading") by Eastern Orthodox Churches, and the biblical apocrypha ("hidden things") by Protestants. These are works recognized by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches as being part of scripture (and thus deuterocanonical rather than apocryphal), but Protestants do not recognize them as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">divinely inspired</a>. Some Protestant Bibles—especially the English King James Bible and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Bible">Lutheran Bible</a>—include an "Apocrypha" section. </p><p>Many denominations recognize deuterocanonical books as good, but not on the level of the other books of the Bible. <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> considers the apocrypha worthy of being "read for example of life" but not to be used "to establish any doctrine".<sup id="cite_ref-39articles_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39articles-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther</a> made a parallel statement in calling them "not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but [...] useful and good to read."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, while the books of <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a> are fairly well known among western scholars, 1, 2, and 3 <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">Meqabyan</a> are not. The three books of Meqabyan are often called the "Ethiopian Maccabees", but are completely different in content from the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">books of Maccabees</a> that are known or have been canonized in other traditions. Finally, the Book of Joseph ben Gurion, or <a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Pseudo-Josephus</a>, is a history of the Jewish people thought to be based upon the writings of <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopic version (Zëna Ayhud) has eight parts and is included in the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ancient copies of the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac tradition</a> include <a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a> (divided into the Apocalypse of Baruch and the Letter of Baruch; some copies only include the Letter) and the non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Tewahedo church</a> accepts all of the deuterocanonical books of Catholicism and anagignoskomena of Eastern Orthodoxy except for the four Books of Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It accepts the 39 protocanonical books along with the following books, called the "<a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Amharic#New_Haile_Selassie_I_Bible_(1962)" title="Bible translations into Amharic">narrow canon</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enumeration of books in the Ethiopic Bible varies greatly between different authorities and printings.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protestants and Catholics<sup id="cite_ref-CDWDS_(2001)_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDWDS_(2001)-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> of the Jewish Tanakh as the textual basis for their translations of the <a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">protocanonical books</a> (those accepted as canonical by both Jews and all Christians), with various changes derived from a multiplicity of other ancient sources (such as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, etc.), while generally using the Septuagint and Vulgate, now supplemented by the ancient Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, as the textual basis for the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a>. </p><p>Eastern Orthodoxy uses the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (translated in the 3rd century BCE) as the textual basis for the entire Old Testament in both protocanonical and deuteroncanonical books—to use both in the Greek for <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> purposes, and as the basis for translations into the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the quotations (300 of 400) of the Old Testament in the New Testament, while differing more or less from the version presented by the Masoretic text, align with that of the Septuagint.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a> rejects the Old Testament entirely; Marcion considered the Old Testament and New Testament gods to be different entities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Testament_table">Old Testament table</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Old Testament table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The order of some books varies among canons. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable)>thead,.mw-parser-output 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.static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.4em}}}</style> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi sort-under"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:90px;"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a> tradition </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> tradition </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> tradition </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:90px;">Books </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-Hebrew_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebrew-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther's</a> <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">1534 Canon</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-Luther_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luther-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-Anglican_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anglican-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Catholicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a><sup id="cite_ref-GrOrthodox_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrOrthodox-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a><sup id="cite_ref-ROrthodox_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROrthodox-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox</a><sup id="cite_ref-GeOrthodox_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeOrthodox-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Armenian_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armenian-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a><sup id="cite_ref-SOrthodox_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOrthodox-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:109px;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a><sup id="cite_ref-Babaism_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babaism-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Torah</i> </td> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></i> </td> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Josue</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(part of Ketuvim)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1 and 2 Samuel</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 and 2 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 and 2 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 and 2 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 and 2 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 and 2 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1 and 2 Kings</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />3 and 4 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />3 and 4 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />3 and 4 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />3 and 4 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />3 and 4 Kingdoms</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1 and 2 Chronicles</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(part of Ketuvim)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 and 2 Paralipomenon</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 and 2 Paralipomenon</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 and 2 Paralipomenon</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 and 2 Paralipomenon</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Apocrypha_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apocrypha-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Apocrypha_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apocrypha-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (?)<br />(part of Odes)<sup id="cite_ref-Manasseh_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manasseh-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (?)<br />(part of Odes)<sup id="cite_ref-Manasseh_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manasseh-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (?)<br />(part of Odes)<sup id="cite_ref-Manasseh_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manasseh-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (?)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (?)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br /> (part of 2 Chronicles)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra<br />(1 Ezra)</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(part of Ketuvim)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br />1 Esdras</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br />Esdras B'</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br />1 Esdras</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 Ezra</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 Ezra</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah<br />(2 Ezra)</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br />2 Esdras</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br />Esdras Γ' or Neemias</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Neemias</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Neemias</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a><br />(3 Ezra)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No<br />1 Esdras<br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate as 3 Esdras.)<sup id="cite_ref-Esdras_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esdras-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br />Esdras A'</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br />2 Esdras</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />2 Ezra</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<br />2 Ezra<sup id="cite_ref-exc_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exc-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Ezra Kali</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> 3–14<br />(4 Ezra or Apocalypsis of Esdras)<sup id="cite_ref-esdras_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esdras-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No<br />2 Esdras<br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – (inc in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate as 4 Esdras.)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<br />(Greek ms. lost)<sup id="cite_ref-lost_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lost-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br />3 Esdras<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />3 Ezra<br />– inc. as noncanonical<sup id="cite_ref-Georgian_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgian-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<br />3 Ezra<sup id="cite_ref-exc_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exc-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Ezra Sutu'el</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a> 1–2; 15–16<br />(5 and 6 Ezra or Apocalypsis of Esdras)<sup id="cite_ref-esdras_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esdras-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No<br />(part of 2 Esdras apocryphon)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – (inc. in Appendix in Clementine Vulgate as 4 Esdras.)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<br />(Greek ms.)<sup id="cite_ref-6ez_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6ez-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <br />3 Esdras<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />3 Ezra<br />– inc. as noncanonical<sup id="cite_ref-Georgian_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgian-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a><sup id="cite_ref-Esther_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esther-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(part of Ketuvim)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to Esther">Additions to Esther</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Tobias (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a><sup id="cite_ref-maccabees_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccabees-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1 Machabees (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a><sup id="cite_ref-maccabees_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maccabees-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />2 Machabees (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-exc_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exc-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-10" class="cite-bracket"> <td><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(appendix)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(appendix)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes – inc. as noncanonical<sup id="cite_ref-Georgian_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgian-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(early tradition)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(Coptic ms,)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1 Ethiopic Maccabees</a><br />(1 Meqabyan)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">2 and 3 Ethiopic Maccabees</a><sup id="cite_ref-Meqabyan_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meqabyan-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(2 and 3 Meqabyan)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Ethiopic Pseudo-Josephus</a> (Zëna Ayhud)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)<sup id="cite_ref-Jossipon_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jossipon-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">Josephus' <i>Jewish War VI</i></a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – inc. in some mss.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – inc. in some mss.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<br />(Greek ms.)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_and_Asenath" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph and Asenath">Joseph and Asenath</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(early tradition?)<sup id="cite_ref-ethasenath_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethasenath-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></i> </td> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Biblical_wisdom_literature_and_Jewish_texts" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom literature</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Iyov</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms 1–150</a><sup id="cite_ref-psb_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psb-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Tehillim</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalm_152-155" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm 152-155">Psalms 152–155</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a><sup id="cite_ref-OSO_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSO-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No – inc. in some mss. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Mishlei</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(in 2 books)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Qohelet</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Shir HaShirim</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Canticle of Canticles</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Aisma Aismaton</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Aisma Aismaton</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Aisma Aismaton</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a> or Wisdom of Solomon</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom of Sirach">Wisdom of Sirach</a> or Sirach (1–51)<sup id="cite_ref-prologue_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prologue-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-sir51_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sir51-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Ecclesiasticus (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Solomon" title="Prayer of Solomon">Prayer of Solomon</a><br />(Sirach 52)<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<br />(Latin ms.)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></i> </td> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Yeshayahu</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Isaias</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No – <br /> liturgical (?)<sup id="cite_ref-Martyrdom_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martyrdom-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No –<br />Ethiopic mss.<br />(early tradition?)<sup id="cite_ref-Ascension_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ascension-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Yirmeyahu</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Jeremias</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations (1–5)</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Eikha (part of Ketuvim)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-lam5_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lam5-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(part of <a href="/wiki/Paralipomena_of_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralipomena of Baruch">Säqoqawä Eremyas</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ethlam_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethlam-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Ethiopic Lamentations (6; 7:1–11:63)</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(part of Säqoqawä Eremyas)<sup id="cite_ref-ethlam_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethlam-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-ebar_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebar-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebar6_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebar6-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(chapter 6 of Baruch) (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(part of Säqoqawä Eremyas)<sup id="cite_ref-lam6_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lam6-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethlam_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethlam-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebar6_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebar6-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syriac Apocalypse<br />of Baruch<br />(<a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a> 1–77)<sup id="cite_ref-Baruch2_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baruch2-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of Baruch">Letter of Baruch</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a> 78–87)<sup id="cite_ref-Baruch2_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baruch2-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss.<sup id="cite_ref-apoc-in-e-chart_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apoc-in-e-chart-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No (?) – inc. in some mss.<sup id="cite_ref-apoc-in-e-chart_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apoc-in-e-chart-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greek Apocalypse<br />of Baruch<br />(<a href="/wiki/3_Baruch" title="3 Baruch">3 Baruch</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Greeka_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greeka-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No <br />(Greek ms.)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No <br />(Slavonic ms.)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4_Baruch" title="4 Baruch">4 Baruch</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(part of Säqoqawä Eremyas)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Yekhezqel</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Ezechiel</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />(part of Ketuvim)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No (Apocrypha)<sup id="cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>O 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No <br />(Apocrypha)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (Deuterocanonical)</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>Trei Asar</i> </td> <td colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Twelve Minor Prophets</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Osee</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Abdias</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Jonas</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Micheas</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Habacuc</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Sophonias</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Aggeus</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Zacharias</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />Malachias</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Old_Testament_table_notes">Old Testament table notes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Old Testament table notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Bible, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible_Revised_Edition" title="New American Bible Revised Edition">New American Bible Revised Edition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a>. The spelling and names in both the 1609–1610 <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay</a> Old Testament (and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament) and the 1749 revision by <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Challoner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Challoner">Bishop Challoner</a> (the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions that derive from the Hebrew Masoretic text.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for Isaiah). In the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a> more recent Catholic translations (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a>, and ecumenical translations used by Catholics, such as the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version_Catholic_Edition" title="Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition">Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition</a>) use the same "standardized" (King James Version) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles (e.g., 1 Chronicles, as opposed to the Douay 1 Paralipomenon, 1–2 Samuel and 1–2 Kings, instead of 1–4 Kings) in the <a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">protocanonicals</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a> 14b gives a different order for the books in <i>Nevi'im</i> and <i>Ketuvim</i>. This order is also quoted in <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> Hilchot <a href="/wiki/Sefer_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer (Hebrew)">Sefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> 7:15. The order of the books of the Torah are universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity. </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hebrew-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hebrew_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The canon followed by the Masoretic Text is adhered to by modern Jews and is known as the Protocanon among Christians, but "it is now recognized that only 2 Maccabees, and additions to Esther (13,1) were written in Greek. And the notion of Greek: diaspora/Hebrew: Palestine in matters of canon has been controverted by clear evidence of the circulation of the Septuagint in Palestine..." see: Sundberg Jr, Albert C. "The" Old Testament": A Christian Canon." <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i> (1968): 143-155, p.145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protestant-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "Protestant" is used loosely here to include most Western non-Roman Catholic churches but not Anglicans. Most Christians in this category include only the protocanon, but there are "churches that include the Apocrypha or Deuterocanonical writings in their Bibles [which] <i>generally</i> follow the R-H LXX edition", see: Lee Martin McDonald, "A Canonical History of the Old Testament Apocrypha." <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha</i> (2021): 24, p.45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luther-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luther_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmon L. Gallagher and John D. Meade. <i>The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: Texts and analysis.</i> (Oxford: OUP, 2017), pp.xx-xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anglican-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anglican_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Articles of Religion</i> 1571, The Church of England. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/articles-religion#VII">https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/articles-religion#VII</a> (Accessed: 07 November 2023).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Roman Catholic Canon as represented in this table reflects the Latin tradition. Some Eastern Rite churches who are in fellowship with the Roman Catholic Church may have different books in their canons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrOrthodox-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrOrthodox_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmon L. Gallagher and John D. Meade. <i>The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: Texts and analysis.</i> (Oxford: OUP, 2017), pp.xx-xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROrthodox-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ROrthodox_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Old Testament, as it functions in the Russian Orthodox Church, contains the thirty-nine books which are part of what other traditions call the Protocanon, as well as eleven other books...[:] "2 Ездры" (3 Esdras in the Vulgate; 'Εσδρας Α' in the Septuagint), Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Letter of Jeremiah, Baruch, 1, 2, and 3 Maccabees, and finally "3 Ездры" (4 Esdras in the Vulgate). To these books should be added the non-canonical sections of Daniel (i.e., Song of the Three Young Men, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon), Esther, Psalms (i.e., Ps 151), and the Prayer of Manasseh placed at the end of 2 Chronicles. These sections are not included separately, but as part of these respective books." See: Lénart J. De Regt, "Canon and Biblical Text in the Slavonic Tradition in Russia." <i>The Bible Translator</i> 67.2 (2016): 223-239, pp.223-224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeOrthodox-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GeOrthodox_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Kharanauli, "The Georgian Canon." <i>Textual history of the Bible; Volume 2A: The deuterocanonical scriptures: Overview articles</i> (2020): 258-268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armenian-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armenian_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The growth and development of the Armenian Biblical canon is complex. Extra-canonical Old Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either exclusive to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status. See: Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists I—the Council of Partaw (768 CE)." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 66.4 (1973): 479-486; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists II—The Stichometry of Anania of Shirak (c. 615-c. 690 CE.)." Harvard Theological Review 68.3-4 (1975): 253-260. Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists III—The Lists of Mechitar of Ayrivankʿ (c. 1285 CE)." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 69.3-4 (1976): 289-300 Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists IV—The List of Gregory of Tatʿew (14th Century)." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 72.3-4 (1979): 237-244; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists V—Anonymous Texts." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 83.2 (1990): 141-161; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists VI—Hebrew Names and Other Attestations." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 94.4 (2001): 477-491. Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists VII: The Poetic List of Aṙak 'el of Siwnik '(d. 1409)." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 104.3 (2011): 367-379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOrthodox-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOrthodox_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The disputed books are often grouped together at the end of their OT canon (cf. ms. Sinai Syr. 10) including 1-4 Maccabees, Judith, Wisdom, 3 Esdras, and Ben Sirach, but the Syrian canon varies in the three Bibles from which subsequent editions are based." See: Lee Martin McDonald, "A Canonical History of the Old Testament Apocrypha." <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha</i> (2021): 24, p.45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babaism-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Babaism_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Church of the East "persisted in using the shorter canon" and the Syriac Deuterocanonicals were not included in Lamsa's translation, though he admitted that "Apocryphal books are [usually] included in the text, they are looked upon as a sacred literature, even though they are not as_commonly used as the others." See: Ron Grove, <i>Canon and community: authority in the history of religions</i> University of California, Santa Barbara, 1983, p.160. It should also be noted that "...conversion to Christianity started after most books were translated, but before the translation of Ezra, Nehemiah and Chronicles... When later converts brought the last books, "there were those in the church who considered that the limits of the Old Testament in Syriac had already been defined" (Weitzman, 1999, p.261). These last books never attained the same status in the Church of the East as the earlier books of the Old Testament." See: Henk Prenger, "The History of the Church of the East." <i>Biola ISCL 742</i> (2010), p,54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protestant_Apocrypha-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protestant_Apocrypha_111-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This book may be included in some of the modern published popular Protestant Bibles like the: CEB, ESV, KJV, MSG, NLT, NEB, NRSV, REB, and RSV publications as (Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical books) or included in CE (Catholic Edition) versions of these Bibles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apocrypha-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apocrypha_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apocrypha_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The English Apocrypha includes the Prayer of Manasseh, 1 & 2 Esdras, the Additions to Esther, Tobit, Judith, 1 & 2 Maccabees, the Book of Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah, and the Additions to Daniel. The Lutheran Apocrypha omits from this list 1 & 2 Esdras. Some Protestant Bibles include 3 Maccabees as part of the Apocrypha. However, many churches within Protestantism—as it is presented here—reject the Apocrypha, do not consider it useful, and do not include it in their Bibles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manasseh-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manasseh_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manasseh_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manasseh_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Prayer of Manasseh is included as part of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Book of Odes</a>, which follows the Psalms in Eastern Orthodox Bibles. The rest of the Book of Odes consists of passages found elsewhere in the Bible. It may also be found at the end of 2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exc-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exc_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exc_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exc_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">2 Ezra, 3 Ezra, and 3 Maccabees are included in Bibles and have an elevated status within the Armenian scriptural tradition, but are considered "extra-canonical".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esdras-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esdras_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esdras_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In many eastern Bibles, the Apocalypse of Ezra is not an exact match to the longer Latin Esdras–2 Esdras in KJV or 4 Esdras in the Vulgate—which includes a Latin prologue (5 Ezra) and epilogue (6 Ezra). However, a degree of uncertainty continues to exist here, and it is certainly possible that the full text—including the prologue and epilogue—appears in Bibles and Biblical manuscripts used by some of these eastern traditions. Also of note is the fact that many Latin versions are missing verses 7:36–7:106. (A more complete explanation of the various divisions of books associated with the scribe Ezra may be found in the Wikipedia article entitled "<a href="/wiki/Esdras" title="Esdras">Esdras</a>".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lost-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lost_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evidence strongly suggests that a Greek manuscript of 4 Ezra once existed; this furthermore implies a Hebrew origin for the text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgian-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgian_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgian_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgian_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Eastern Orthodox Churches, including the Georgian Orthodox Church, Ecumenical Councils are the highest written determining church authority on the lists of Biblical books. Canon 2 of the Quinisext Council, held in Trullo and affirmed by the Eastern Orthodox Churches, listed and affirmed biblical canon lists, such as the list in Canon 85 of the Canons of the Apostles. Trullo's Biblical Canon lists affirmed documents such as 1-3 Maccabees, but neither Slavonic 3 Esdra/Ezra (AKA Vulgate "4 Ezra/Esdras"), nor 4 Maccabees. Source: Canon 2, Council of Trullo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3814.htm">https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3814.htm</a> Georgian Orthodox Bibles apparently tend to include Slavonic 3 Esdra/Ezra and 4 Maccabees (both apocryphal). Contemporary Georgian Orthodox Bibles may mark them and the Deuterocanonical Books (eg. 1-3 Maccabees) as "noncanonical." See eg. "The Old Testament in Modern Georgian Language" on the following Georgian Orthodox website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://orthodoxy.ge/tserili/biblia/sarchevi.htm">https://orthodoxy.ge/tserili/biblia/sarchevi.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6ez-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6ez_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An early fragment of 6 Ezra is known to exist in the Greek language, implying a possible Hebrew origin for 2 Esdras 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esther-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esther_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esther's placement within the canon was questioned by Luther. Others, like Melito, omitted it from the canon altogether.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maccabees-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maccabees_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maccabees_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Vulgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Vulgate">Latin Vulgate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version_Catholic_Edition" title="Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition">Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition</a> place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi; other Catholic translations place them after Esther.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meqabyan-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meqabyan_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 and 3 Meqabyan, though relatively unrelated in content, are often counted as a single book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jossipon-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jossipon_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources place Zëna Ayhud within the "narrower canon".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephus-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A Syriac version of Josephus's <i>Jewish War VI</i> appears in some Peshitta manuscripts as the "<a href="/wiki/5_Maccabees#Title" title="5 Maccabees">Fifth Book of Maccabees</a>", which is clearly a misnomer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethasenath-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethasenath_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several varying historical canon lists exist for the Orthodox Tewahedo tradition. In one particular <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/harden_ethiopic_literature.htm#CHAPTER_IV">list</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060810221758/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/harden_ethiopic_literature.htm#CHAPTER_IV">Archived</a> 10 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> found in a British Library manuscript (Add MS 16188), a book of <a href="/wiki/Asenath" title="Asenath">Assenath</a> is placed within the canon. This most likely refers to the book more commonly known as <i>Joseph and Asenath</i>. An unknown book of <a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a> is also listed there, which may be connected to the lost <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Uzziah" title="Acts of Uzziah">Acts of Uzziah</a> referenced in 2 Chronicles 26:22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psb-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psb_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some traditions use an alternative set of liturgical or metrical Psalms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSO-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSO_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In many ancient manuscripts, a distinct collection known as the <a href="/wiki/Odes_of_Solomon" title="Odes of Solomon">Odes of Solomon</a> is found together with the similar Psalms of Solomon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prologue-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prologue_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The book of Sirach is usually preceded by a non-canonical prologue written by the author's grandson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sir51-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sir51_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Latin Vulgate and Douay-Rheims, chapter 51 of Ecclesiasticus appears separately as the "Prayer of Joshua, son of Sirach".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A shorter variant of the prayer by King Solomon in 1 Kings 8:22–52 appeared in some medieval Latin manuscripts and is found in some Latin Bibles at the end of or immediately following Ecclesiasticus. The two versions of the prayer in Latin may be viewed online for comparison at the following website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sirach%2052;1%20Kings%208:22-52&version=VULGATE">BibleGateway.com: Sirach 52 / 1 Kings 8:22–52; Vulgate</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martyrdom-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martyrdom_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Martyrdom of Isaiah" is prescribed reading to honor the prophet Isaiah within the Armenian Apostolic liturgy. While this likely refers to the account of Isaiah's death within the Lives of the Prophets, it may be a reference to the account of his death found within the first five chapters of the Ascension of Isaiah, which is widely known by this name. The two narratives have similarities and may share a common source.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ascension-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ascension_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ascension of Isaiah has long been known to be a part of the Orthodox Tewahedo scriptural tradition. Though it is not currently considered canonical, various sources attest to the early canonicity—or at least "semi-canonicity"—of this book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lam5-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lam5_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some Latin versions, chapter 5 of Lamentations appears separately as the "Prayer of Jeremiah".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethlam-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethlam_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethlam_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethlam_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethiopic Lamentations consists of eleven chapters, parts of which are considered to be non-canonical.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebar-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebar_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The canonical Ethiopic version of Baruch has five chapters, but is shorter than the LXX text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebar6-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebar6_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebar6_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Some Ethiopic translations of Baruch may include the traditional Letter of Jeremiah as the sixth chapter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lam6-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lam6_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Letter to the Captives" found within Säqoqawä Eremyas—and also known as the sixth chapter of Ethiopic Lamentations—<i>may</i> contain different content from the Letter of Jeremiah (to those same captives) found in other traditions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baruch2-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baruch2_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baruch2_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Letter of Baruch is found in chapters 78–87 of 2 Baruch—the final ten chapters of the book. The letter had a wider circulation and often appeared separately from the first 77 chapters of the book, which is an apocalypse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greeka-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greeka_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Included here for the purpose of disambiguation, 3 Baruch is widely rejected as a pseudepigraphon and is not part of any Biblical tradition. Two manuscripts exist—a longer Greek manuscript with Christian interpolations and a shorter Slavonic version. There is some uncertainty about which was written first.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></div> <p>Other New Testament works that are generally considered apocryphal nonetheless appear in some Bibles and manuscripts. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> was included in numerous Latin Vulgate manuscripts, in the eighteen German Bibles prior to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther's</a> translation, and also a number of early English Bibles, such as Gundulf's Bible and John Wycliffe's English translation—even as recently as 1728, <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> considered this epistle to be genuinely Pauline. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">Third Epistle to the Corinthians</a><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was once considered to be part of the Armenian Orthodox Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is no longer printed in modern editions. Within the Syriac Orthodox tradition, the Third Epistle to the Corinthians also has a history of significance. Both <a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephraem_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraem of Syria">Ephraem of Syria</a> held it in high regard and treated it as if it were canonical.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other writings attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>, were once considered scriptural by various early <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">Church fathers</a>. They are still being honored in some traditions, though they are no longer considered to be canonical. However, certain canonical books within the Orthodox Tewahedo traditions find their origin in the writings of the Apostolic Fathers as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Ancient Church Orders</a>. The Orthodox Tewahedo churches recognize these eight additional New Testament books in its broader canon. They are as follows: the four books of Sinodos, the two books of the Covenant, Ethiopic Clement, and the Ethiopic Didascalia.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Testament_table">New Testament table</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: New Testament table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:124px;">Books </th> <th style="width:123px;">Protestant tradition<sup id="cite_ref-LutherNew_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LutherNew-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:123px;">Roman Catholic tradition<sup id="cite_ref-:0_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:123px;">Eastern Orthodox tradition<sup id="cite_ref-GrOrthodox_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrOrthodox-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:123px;">Armenian Apostolic tradition<sup id="cite_ref-Armenian_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armenian-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:123px;">Coptic Orthodox tradition<sup id="cite_ref-lacopts.org_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacopts.org-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:123px;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> traditions </th> <th style="width:123px;"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christian</a> traditions<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">Canonical gospels</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-infancy_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infancy-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Tatian_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatian-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a><sup id="cite_ref-Addition_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Addition-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Tatian_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatian-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Tatian_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatian-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a><sup id="cite_ref-Addition_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Addition-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goth_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goth-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Tatian_158-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatian-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts of apostles</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a><sup id="cite_ref-Addition_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Addition-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Acts of Paul and Thecla</a><sup id="cite_ref-AoP_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AoP-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(early tradition)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(early tradition) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a><sup id="cite_ref-AoP_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AoP-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corinthians_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corinthians-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No − inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(early tradition) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No − inc. in Wycliffe and Quaker Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-Laodiceans_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laodiceans-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No − inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">General epistles</a>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Luther_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luther-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Luther_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luther-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a><sup id="cite_ref-Addition_159-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Addition-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_156-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Luther_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luther-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_156-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ApocPeter_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApocPeter-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Luther_166-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luther-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_156-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fathers_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathers-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Church Orders</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Apostloic_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apostloic-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Clement">1 Clement</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lacopts.org_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacopts.org-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(Codices <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Alexandrinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Hierosolymitanus" title="Codex Hierosolymitanus">Hierosolymitanus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Clement">2 Clement</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lacopts.org_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacopts.org-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(Codices Alexandrinus and Hierosolymitanus) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">No<br />(early tradition)<sup id="cite_ref-:EthHermas_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:EthHermas-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<br />(<a href="/wiki/Codex_Siniaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Siniaticus">Codex Siniaticus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_170-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(Codices Hierosolymitanus and Siniaticus) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_170-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(Codex Hierosolymitanus) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Biblical_canon#Sinodos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Biblical canon">Ser'atä Seyon</a><br />(Sinodos)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Biblical_canon#Sinodos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Biblical canon">Te'ezaz</a><br />(Sinodos)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Biblical_canon#Sinodos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Biblical canon">Gessew</a><br />(Sinodos)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Biblical_canon#Sinodos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Biblical canon">Abtelis</a><br />(Sinodos)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Biblical_canon#The_Book_of_the_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Biblical canon">Book of the<br />Covenant 1</a><br />(Mäshafä Kidan)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Biblical_canon#The_Book_of_the_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Biblical canon">Book of the<br />Covenant 2</a><br />(Mäshafä Kidan)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Biblical_canon#Ethiopic_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Biblical canon">Ethiopic Clement</a><br />(Qälëmentos)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopic_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopic-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Biblical_canon#Ethiopic_Didascalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Biblical canon">Ethiopic Didescalia</a><br />(Didesqelya)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopic_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopic-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_Testament_table_notes">New Testament table notes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New Testament table notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LutherNew-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LutherNew_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmon L. Gallagher and John D. Meade. <i>The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: Texts and analysis.</i> (Oxford: OUP, 2017), pp.xx-xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrOrthodox-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrOrthodox_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmon L. Gallagher and John D. Meade. <i>The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: Texts and analysis.</i> (Oxford: OUP, 2017), pp.xx-xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armenian-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armenian_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The growth and development of the Armenian Biblical canon is complex. Extra-canonical New Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either distinct to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status. Some of the books are not listed in this table. These include the Prayer of <a href="/wiki/Euthalius" title="Euthalius">Euthalius</a>, the Repose of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Evangelist">St. John the Evangelist</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a> (some sources replace this with the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thaddeus" title="Acts of Thaddeus">Acts of Thaddeus</a>), a reading from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a> (some sources replace this with the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_James" title="Apocryphon of James">Apocryphon of James</a>), <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">the Second Apostolic Canons</a>, the Words of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Justus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius Aeropagite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Acts of Peter</a> (some sources replace this with the <a href="/wiki/Preaching_of_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching of Peter">Preaching of Peter</a>), and a Poem by <a href="/wiki/Ghazar_Parpetsi" title="Ghazar Parpetsi">Ghazar</a>. (Various sources also mention undefined Armenian canonical additions to the Gospels of Mark and John, however, these may refer to the general additions—Mark 16:9–20 and John 7:53–8:11—discussed elsewhere in these notes.) A possible exception here to canonical exclusivity is the Second Apostolic Canons, which share a common source—the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a>—with certain parts of the Orthodox Tewahedo New Testament broader canon. The correspondence between King Agbar and Jesus Christ, which is found in various forms—including within both the Doctrine of Addai and the Acts of Thaddeus—sometimes appears separately. It is noteworthy that the Prayer of Euthalius and the Repose of St. John the Evangelist appear in the appendix of the 1805 Armenian Zohrab Bible. However, some of the aforementioned books, though they are found within canon lists, have nonetheless never been discovered to be part of any Armenian Biblical manuscript. See: Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists I—the Council of Partaw (768 CE)." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 66.4 (1973): 479-486; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists II—The Stichometry of Anania of Shirak (c. 615-c. 690 CE.)." Harvard Theological Review 68.3-4 (1975): 253-260. Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists III—The Lists of Mechitar of Ayrivankʿ (c. 1285 CE)." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 69.3-4 (1976): 289-300 Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists IV—The List of Gregory of Tatʿew (14th Century)." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 72.3-4 (1979): 237-244; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists V—Anonymous Texts." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 83.2 (1990): 141-161; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists VI—Hebrew Names and Other Attestations." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 94.4 (2001): 477-491. Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists VII: The Poetic List of Aṙak 'el of Siwnik '(d. 1409)." <i>Harvard Theological Review</i> 104.3 (2011): 367-379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syriac-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_156-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_156-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_156-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_156-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Peshitta excludes 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation, but certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions include later translations of those books. Still today, the official <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionary</a> followed by the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Assyrian Church of the East, present lessons from only the twenty-two books of Peshitta, the version to which appeal is made for the settlement of doctrinal questions. According to the official Catechism of the Assyrian Church of the East, the books of 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation are not accepted as part of the New Testament canon. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bethkokheh.assyrianchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/catechism-of-the-Church-of-the-East-edited-in-the-year-2020.pdf">Catechism [of] The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East</a>, pgs. 23-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infancy-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infancy_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though widely regarded as non-canonical, the Gospel of James obtained early liturgical acceptance among some Eastern churches and remains a major source for many of Christendom's traditions related to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary, the mother of Jesus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatian-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tatian_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatian_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatian_158-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatian_158-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">gospel harmony</a>, became a standard text in some Syriac-speaking churches down to the 5th century, when it gave-way to the four separate gospels found in the Peshitta.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Addition-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Addition_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Addition_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Addition_159-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Addition_159-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parts of these four books are not found in the most reliable ancient sources; in some cases, are thought to be later additions; and have therefore not historically existed in every Biblical tradition. They are as follows: <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">Mark 16:9–20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">John 7:53–8:11</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comma_Johanneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma Johanneum">Comma Johanneum</a>, and portions of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles#Manuscripts" title="Acts of the Apostles">Western version of Acts</a>. To varying degrees, arguments for the authenticity of these passages—especially for the one from the Gospel of John—have occasionally been made.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goth-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goth_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Skeireins" title="Skeireins">Skeireins</a>, a commentary on the Gospel of John in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a>, was included in the <a href="/wiki/Wulfila_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfila Bible">Wulfila Bible</a>. It exists today only in fragments.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AoP-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AoP_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AoP_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Acts of Paul and Thecla and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians are portions of the greater <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a> narrative, which is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Claromontanus" title="Codex Claromontanus">Codex Claromontanus</a>, but has survived only in fragments. Some of the content within these individual sections may have developed separately, however.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corinthians-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corinthians_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Third Epistle to the Corinthians always appears as a correspondence; it also includes a short letter from the Corinthians to Paul.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laodiceans-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laodiceans_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Epistle to the Laodiceans is present in some western non-Roman Catholic translations and traditions. Especially of note is <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>'s inclusion of the epistle in his English translation, and the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>' use of it to the point where they produced a translation and made pleas for its canonicity (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uN0XAQAAIAAJ">Poole's <i>Annotations</i>, on Col. 4:16</a>). The epistle is nonetheless widely rejected by the vast majority of Protestants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luther-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luther_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luther_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luther_166-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luther_166-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These four works were questioned or "<a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">spoken against</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, and he changed the order of <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">his New Testament</a> to reflect this, but he did not leave them out, nor has any <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> body since. Traditional German Luther Bibles are still printed with the New Testament in this changed "Lutheran" order. The vast majority of Protestants embrace these four works as fully canonical.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApocPeter-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ApocPeter_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>, though not listed in this table, is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> and is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the Codex Claromontanus. It was also held in high regard by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fathers-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fathers_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other known writings of the Apostolic Fathers not listed in this table are as follows: the seven <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Ignatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of Ignatius">Epistles of Ignatius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Polycarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of Polycarp">Epistle of Polycarp</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp" title="Martyrdom of Polycarp">Martyrdom of Polycarp</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a>, the fragment of <a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a>, the fragments of <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a>, the Reliques of the Elders Preserved in <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apostloic-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apostloic_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though they are not listed in this table, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> were considered canonical by some including <a href="/wiki/Alexius_Aristenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius Aristenus">Alexius Aristenus</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>, and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Grigor_Tatevatsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigor Tatevatsi">Grigor Tat'evatsi</a>. They are even classified as part of the New Testament canon within the body of the Constitutions itself. Moreover, they are the source for a great deal of the content in the Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApFa-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_170-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_170-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_170-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These five writings attributed to the Apostolic Fathers are not currently considered canonical in any Biblical tradition, though they are more highly regarded by some more than others. Nonetheless, their early authorship and inclusion in ancient Biblical codices, as well as their acceptance to varying degrees by various early authorities, requires them to be treated as foundational literature for Christianity as a whole.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethiopic-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopic_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopic_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethiopic Clement and the Ethiopic Didascalia are distinct from and should not be confused with other ecclesiastical documents known in the west by similar names.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon (fiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts" title="List of religious texts">List of religious texts</a></li> <li><b>Related to the Bible</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish apocrypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha</a></li> <li>Non-canonical gospels include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Bartholomew" title="Gospel of Bartholomew">Gospel of Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Basilides" title="Gospel of Basilides">Gospel of Basilides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List of Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Canons of other religions</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Islamic holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Islamic_scripture" title="Canonization of Islamic scripture">Canonization of Islamic scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> or Zoroastrian scriptures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism#Yazidi_sacred_texts" title="Yazidism">Yazidi holy texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Hindu scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_scriptures" title="Sikh scriptures">Sikh scriptures</a> or Adi Granth aka Guru Granth Sahib</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> or Buddhist canon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Canon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mahayana Canon (disambiguation)">Mahayana Canons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Classics" title="Thirteen Classics">Thirteen Classics</a> or Confucian canon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruzang" title="Ruzang">Ruzang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daozang" title="Daozang">Daozang</a> or Taoist canon</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> are highly regarded by Christians because they provide valuable insight into 1st century Judaism and early Christianity. Moreover, in <i>Antiquities</i>, Josephus made two extra-Biblical references to Jesus, which have played a crucial role in establishing him as a historical figure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon in its fullest form—which includes the narrower canon in its entirety, as well as nine additional books—is not known to exist at this time as one published compilation. Some books, though considered canonical, are nonetheless difficult to locate and are not even widely available in Ethiopia. While the narrower canon has indeed been published as one compilation, there may be no real <i>emic</i> distinction between the broader canon and the narrower canon, especially in so far as divine inspiration and scriptural authority are concerned. The idea of two such classifications may be nothing more than <a href="/wiki/Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">etic</a> taxonomic conjecture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Third Epistle to the Corinthians can be found as a section within the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a>, which has survived only in fragments. A translation of the entire remaining Acts of Paul can be accessed online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/actspaul.html">Early Christian Writings</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various translations of the Didache can be accessed online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/didache.html">Early Christian Writings</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A translation of the Shepherd of Hermas can be accessed online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/bib/lbob/lbob26.htm">Internet Sacred Texts Archive</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Council of Trent confirmed the identical list/canon of sacred scriptures already anciently approved by the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (Synod of 393), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage, 28 August 397</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence, 4 February 1442</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Union_with_the_Copts" title="Bull of Union with the Copts">Bull of Union with the Copts</a> <i>seventh paragraph down</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders200211–13Introduction-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders200211–13Introduction_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002">McDonald & Sanders (2002)</a>, pp. 11–13, Introduction—"We should be clear, however, that the current use of the term 'canon' to refer to a collection of scripture books was introduced by David Ruhnken in 1768 in his <i>Historia critica oratorum graecorum</i> for lists of sacred scriptures. While it is tempting to think that such usage has its origins in antiquity in reference to a closed collection of scriptures, such is not the case."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaman_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZaman2008" class="citation book cs1">Zaman, Luc (31 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkGwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA46"><i>Bible and Canon: A Modern Historical Inquiry</i></a>. Brill. pp. 45–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16743-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16743-8"><bdi>978-90-04-16743-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+and+Canon%3A+A+Modern+Historical+Inquiry&rft.pages=45-49&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008-05-31&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16743-8&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkGwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the number of books of the Hebrew Bible see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarshan2012" class="citation book cs1">Darshan, G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7021817">"The Twenty-Four Books of the Hebrew Bible and Alexandrian Scribal Methods"</a>. In Niehoff, M. R. (ed.). <i>Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters: Between Literary and Religious Concerns</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 221–244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Twenty-Four+Books+of+the+Hebrew+Bible+and+Alexandrian+Scribal+Methods&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+Bible+in+the+Eyes+of+Ancient+Interpreters%3A+Between+Literary+and+Religious+Concerns&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=221-244&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Darshan&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7021817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders20024-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders20024_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002">McDonald & Sanders (2002)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._M.1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">W. M., Christie (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/jts/026_347.pdf">"The Jamnia Period in Jewish History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i>. os–XXVI (104): 347–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fos-XXVI.104.347">10.1093/jts/os-XXVI.104.347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Jamnia+Period+in+Jewish+History&rft.volume=os-XXVI&rft.issue=104&rft.pages=347-364&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Fos-XXVI.104.347&rft.aulast=W.+M.&rft.aufirst=Christie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fjts%2F026_347.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_P._Lewis" title="Jack P. Lewis">Lewis, Jack P.</a> (April 1964). "What Do We Mean by Jabneh?". <i>Journal of Bible and Religion</i>. <b>32</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 125–132. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1460205">1460205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bible+and+Religion&rft.atitle=What+Do+We+Mean+by+Jabneh%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-132&rft.date=1964-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1460205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jack+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman1992" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, David Noel, ed. (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Bible Dictionary">Anchor Bible Dictionary</a>, Vol. III</i>. New York: Doubleday. pp. 634–637.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anchor+Bible+Dictionary%2C+Vol.+III&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=634-637&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Jack P. (2002). "Jamnia Revisited". In McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (eds.). <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Hendrickson Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jamnia+Revisited&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jack+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders20025-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders20025_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002">McDonald & Sanders (2002)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited are Neusner's <i>Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine</i>, pp. 128–145, and <i>Midrash in Context: Exegesis in Formative Judaism</i>, pp. 1–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettler2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler" title="Marc Zvi Brettler">Brettler, Marc Zvi</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&pg=PA274"><i>How To Read The Bible</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 274–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-1001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-1001-9"><bdi>978-0-8276-1001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+To+Read+The+Bible&rft.pages=274-275&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-1001-9&rft.aulast=Brettler&rft.aufirst=Marc+Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39nQafdJ_ssC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2002" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2002). "The Formation of the Hebrew Canon: Isaiah as a Test Case". In McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (eds.). <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+the+Hebrew+Canon%3A+Isaiah+as+a+Test+Case&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2002" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip R. (2002). "The Jewish Scriptural Canon in Cultural Perspective". In McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (eds.). <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 50. <q>With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Scriptural+Canon+in+Cultural+Perspective&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samaritans-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samaritans_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samaritans_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=110&letter=S&search=Samaritan">"Samaritans"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samaritans&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D110%26letter%3DS%26search%3DSamaritan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKam2002" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James C. (2002). "Questions of Canon through the Dead Sea Scrolls". In McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (eds.). <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Questions+of+Canon+through+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span> Citing private communication with Emanuel Tov on <i>biblical manuscripts</i>: Qumran scribe type c. 25%, proto-Masoretic Text c. 40%, pre-Samaritan texts c. 5%, texts close to the Hebrew model for the Septuagint c. 5% and nonaligned c. 25%.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=40&letter=S&search=Sadducees">"Sadducees"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 1906. <q>With the destruction of the Temple and the state the Sadducees as a party no longer had an object for which to live. They disappear from history, though their views are partly maintained and echoed by the Samaritans, with whom they are frequently identified (see Hippolytus, "Refutatio Hæresium", ix. 29; Epiphanius, l.c. xiv.; and other Church Fathers, who ascribe to the Sadducees the rejection of the Prophets and the Hagiographa; comp. also Sanh. 90b, where "Ẓadduḳim" stands for "Kutim" [Samaritans]; Sifre, Num. 112; Geiger, l.c. pp. 128–129), and by the Karaites (see Maimonides, commentary on Ab. i. 3; Geiger, "Gesammelte Schriften", iii. 283–321; also Anan ben David; Karaites).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sadducees&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D40%26letter%3DS%26search%3DSadducees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman1977" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, John, ed. (1977). <i>Samaritan Documents, Relating To Their History, Religion and Life</i>. Pittsburgh Original Texts & Translations Series No. 2. Translated by Bowman, John.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samaritan+Documents%2C+Relating+To+Their+History%2C+Religion+and+Life&rft.series=Pittsburgh+Original+Texts+%26+Translations+Series+No.+2&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crown, Alan D. (October 1991). "The Abisha Scroll – 3,000 Years Old?". <i>Bible Review</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERüger1989302-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüger1989302_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüger1989">Rüger 1989</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html">"Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent"</a>. <i>www.bible-researcher.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805122857/http://www.bible-researcher.com/trent1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Canons+and+Decrees+of+the+Council+of+Trent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Ftrent1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm">"Council of Basel 1431–45 A.D. Council Fathers"</a>. <i>Papal Encyclicals</i>. 14 December 1431. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424112748/http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papal+Encyclicals&rft.atitle=Council+of+Basel+1431%E2%80%9345+A.D.+Council+Fathers&rft.date=1431&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2FCouncils%2Fecum17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taylormarshall.com/2008/08/decree-of-council-of-rome-ad-382-on.html">"Decree of Council of Rome (AD 382) on the Biblical Canon"</a>. <i>Taylor Marshall</i>. 19 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taylor+Marshall&rft.atitle=Decree+of+Council+of+Rome+%28AD+382%29+on+the+Biblical+Canon&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaylormarshall.com%2F2008%2F08%2Fdecree-of-council-of-rome-ad-382-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2012" class="citation web cs1">Wallace, Daniel B. (18 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danielbwallace.com/2012/03/18/the-problem-with-protestant-ecclesiology/">"The Problem with Protestant Ecclesiology"</a>. <i>Daniel B. Wallace</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daniel+B.+Wallace&rft.atitle=The+Problem+with+Protestant+Ecclesiology&rft.date=2012-03-18&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanielbwallace.com%2F2012%2F03%2F18%2Fthe-problem-with-protestant-ecclesiology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abraham-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abraham_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abraham_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abraham_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2002" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, William J. (31 January 2002). "The Epistemic Fortunes of Sola Scriptura". <i>Canon and Criterion in Christian Theology</i>: 139–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0199250030.003.0006">10.1093/0199250030.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925003-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925003-0"><bdi>0-19-925003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canon+and+Criterion+in+Christian+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Epistemic+Fortunes+of+Sola+Scriptura&rft.pages=139-161&rft.date=2002-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0199250030.003.0006&rft.isbn=0-19-925003-0&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2002" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, J. A. (2002). "The Issue of Closure in the Canonical Process". In McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (eds.). <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 259. <q>... the so-called Septuagint was not in itself formally closed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Issue+of+Closure+in+the+Canonical+Process&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span> Attributed to Albert Sundberg's 1964 Harvard dissertation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2002" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2002). "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon". In McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (eds.). <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 302–303</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Factors+leading+to+the+Selection+and+Closure+of+the+New+Testament+Canon&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pages=302-303&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span>; cf. Justin Martyr. <i><a href="/wiki/First_Apology" class="mw-redirect" title="First Apology">First Apology</a></i>. 67.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger199798-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger199798_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1997">Metzger (1997)</a>, p. 98. "The question whether the Church's canon preceded or followed Marcion's canon continues to be debated."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harnack-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harnack_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harnack_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Harnack1914" class="citation book cs1">von Harnack, Adolf (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/origin_nt.v.vi.html">"Appendix VI"</a>. <i>Origin of the New Testament</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+VI&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+New+Testament&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=von+Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fharnack%2Forigin_nt.v.vi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2002">Ferguson (2002)</a>, p. 301; cf. Irenaeus. <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Adversus Haereses</a></i>. 3.11.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997155-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997155_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1997">Metzger (1997)</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both points taken from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll1997" class="citation book cs1">Noll, Mark A. (1997). <i>Turning Points</i>. Baker Academic. pp. 36–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+Points&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jonge2003" class="citation book cs1">de Jonge, H. J. (2003). "The New Testament Canon". In de Jonge, H. J.; Auwers, J. M. (eds.). <i>The Biblical Canons</i>. Leuven University Press. p. 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+Testament+Canon&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canons&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=de+Jonge&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckroydEvans1970" class="citation book cs1">Ackroyd, P. R.; Evans, C. F., eds. (1970). <i>The Cambridge History of the Bible, Vol. 1</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prat, Ferdinand (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11306b.htm">"Origen and Origenism"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 11</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. According to Eusebius' Church History <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.xi.xxv.html">6.25</a>: a 22 book OT [though Eusebius does not name Minor Prophets, presumably just an oversight?] plus 1 deuterocanon ["And outside these are the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Maccabees</a>, which are entitled S<ph?>ar beth sabanai el."] and 4 Gospels but on the Apostle "Paul ... did not so much as write to all the churches that he taught; and even to those to which he wrote he sent but a few lines."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997141-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997141_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1997">Metzger (1997)</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindberg_2006_15-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg_2006_15_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg_2006_15_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg_2006_15_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, Carter (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistorychri00lind"><i>A Brief History of Christianity</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistorychri00lind/page/n26">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1078-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1078-3"><bdi>1-4051-1078-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-1078-3&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistorychri00lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrakke1994" class="citation journal cs1">Brakke, David (1994). "Canon Formation and Social Conflict in Fourth Century Egypt: Athanasius of Alexandria's Thirty Ninth Festal Letter". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Theological_Review" title="Harvard Theological Review">Harvard Theological Review</a></i>. <b>87</b> (4): 395–419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0017816000030200">10.1017/s0017816000030200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161779697">161779697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Canon+Formation+and+Social+Conflict+in+Fourth+Century+Egypt%3A+Athanasius+of+Alexandria%27s+Thirty+Ninth+Festal+Letter&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-419&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0017816000030200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161779697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brakke&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Apol. Const. 4</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel2004" class="citation cs2">Hengel, Martin (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LUmGZ0NiweAC"><i>Septuagint As Christian Scripture</i></a>, A&C Black, p. 57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567082879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567082879"><bdi>978-0567082879</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septuagint+As+Christian+Scripture&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0567082879&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLUmGZ0NiweAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Canon Debate</i>, pp. 414–415, for the entire paragraph</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Book of Judith"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Book_of_Judith">"Book of Judith" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+of+Judith&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span>: Canonicity: "..."the Synod of Nicaea is said to have accounted it as Sacred Scripture" (Praef. in Lib.). It is true that no such declaration is to be found in the Canons of Nicaea, and it is uncertain whether St. Jerome is referring to the use made of the book in the discussions of the council, or whether he was misled by some spurious canons attributed to that council"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkonomou2007" class="citation book cs1">Ekonomou, Andrew J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zomZk6DbFTIC&pg=PA222"><i>Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-73911977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-73911977-8"><bdi>978-0-73911977-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Rome+and+the+Greek+Popes&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-73911977-8&rft.aulast=Ekonomou&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzomZk6DbFTIC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffWace" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3814.htm">"Council in Trullo"</a>. <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 14</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Council+in+Trullo&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Second+Series%2C+Vol.+14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3814.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1997">Metzger (1997)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/syriac-isbe.html">Syriac Versions of the Bible by Thomas Nicol</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey W. Bromiley <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q–Z</i> 1995. p. 976 "Printed editions of the Peshitta frequently contain these books in order to fill the gaps. D. Harklean Version. The Harklean version is connected with the labors of Thomas of Harqel. When thousands were fleeing Khosrou's invading armies, ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium: Subsidia</i> Catholic University of America, 1987 "37 ff. The project was founded by Philip E. Pusey who started the collation work in 1872. However, he could not see it to completion since he died in 1880. Gwilliam,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_Note_19-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_Note_19_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_Note_19_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002">McDonald & Sanders (2002)</a>, Appendix D-2, Note 19. "Revelation was added later in 419 at the subsequent synod of Carthage."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2002">Ferguson (2002)</a>, p. 320; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1988" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, F. F. (1988). <i>The Canon of Scripture</i>. Intervarsity Press. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+Scripture&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Intervarsity+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=F.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span>; cf. Augustine. <i>De Civitate Dei</i>. 22.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntgreek.org/SeminaryPapers/ChurchHistory/Criteria%20for%20Development%20of%20the%20NT%20Canon%20in%20First%20Four%20Centuries.pdf">"Corey Keating, The Criteria Used for Developing the New Testament Canon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corey+Keating%2C+The+Criteria+Used+for+Developing+the+New+Testament+Canon.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntgreek.org%2FSeminaryPapers%2FChurchHistory%2FCriteria%2520for%2520Development%2520of%2520the%2520NT%2520Canon%2520in%2520First%2520Four%2520Centuries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation cs2">Schaff, Philip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/3_ch09.htm">"Chapter IX. Theological Controversies, and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy"</a>, <i>History of the Christian Church</i>, CCEL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IX.+Theological+Controversies%2C+and+Development+of+the+Ecumenical+Orthodoxy&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=CCEL&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fs%2Fschaff%2Fhistory%2F3_ch09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson,_Everett-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson,_Everett_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, Everett. "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon", in <i>The Canon Debate</i>, eds. L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002) p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. F. Bruce, <i>The Canon of Scripture</i> (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Augustine, <i>De Civitate Dei</i> 22.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988225-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988225_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1988">Bruce (1988)</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html">"Innocent I"</a>. Bible Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innocent+I&rft.pub=Bible+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Finnocent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002319–320-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002319–320_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2002">Ferguson (2002)</a>, pp. 319–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988215-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988215_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1988">Bruce (1988)</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroydEvans1970">Ackroyd & Evans (1970)</a>, p. 305; cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1908" class="citation book cs1">Reid, George (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03274a.htm">"Canon of the New Testament"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+of+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03274a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Rohmann, Dirk (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie7CDAAAQBAJ"><i>Christianity, Book-Burning and Censorship in Late Antiquity: Studies in Text Transmission</i></a>. Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte. Vol. 135. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a> GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110485554" title="Special:BookSources/9783110485554"><bdi>9783110485554</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>Prudentius [348–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 410] ... intends to demonstrate the superiority of Christianity and was likely aware that at this time the Bible has not replaced other books as much as he wants to think. This passage also presents a possible hint that old Latin translations were replaced with a new canonical version, perhaps alluding to the Vulgate, written by Jerome at the end of the fourth century. By implication, this suggests that uncanonical texts were unlikely to be transcribed—an ideologically and authoritatively endorsed selection process that comes close to modern understandings of censorship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Book-Burning+and+Censorship+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Studies+in+Text+Transmission&rft.series=Arbeiten+zur+Kirchengeschichte&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783110485554&rft.aulast=Rohmann&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIe7CDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigot1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Gigot" title="Francis Gigot">Gigot, Francis Ernest Charles</a> (1900). "The Canon of the Old Testament in the Christian Church: Section II. From the Middle of the Fifth Century to our Day". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3kQAQAAIAAJ"><i>General Introduction to the Study of the Holy Scriptures</i></a>. Vol. 1 of Introduction to the study of the Holy Scriptures (3 ed.). New York: Benziger. p. 71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] the bull of Eugenius IV did not deal with the <i>canonicity</i> of the books which were not found in the Hebrew Text, but simply proclaimed their <i>inspiration</i> [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Canon+of+the+Old+Testament+in+the+Christian+Church%3A+Section+II.+From+the+Middle+of+the+Fifth+Century+to+our+Day&rft.btitle=General+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+the+Holy+Scriptures&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Benziger&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Gigot&rft.aufirst=Francis+Ernest+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn3kQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Canon of the Old Testament"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Canon_of_the_Old_Testament">"Canon of the Old Testament" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span> section titled "The Council of Florence 1442"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallows1910" class="citation book cs1">Fallows, Samuel; et al., eds. (1910) [1901]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rl3lcbLkHV0C&pg=PA521"><i>The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary, Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes</i></a>. The Howard-Severance co. p. 521.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+and+Critical+Bible+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+and+Scriptural+Dictionary%2C+Fully+Defining+and+Explaining+All+Religious+Terms%2C+Including+Biographical%2C+Geographical%2C+Historical%2C+Arch%C3%A6ological+and+Doctrinal+Themes&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=The+Howard-Severance+co&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drl3lcbLkHV0C%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeislerMacKenzie1995-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GeislerMacKenzie1995_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeislerMacKenzie1995" class="citation book cs1">Geisler, Norman L.; MacKenzie, Ralph E. (1995). <i>Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences</i>. Baker Publishing Group. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3875-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3875-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3875-4</bdi></a>. <q>Lutherans and Anglicans used it only for ethical / devotional matters but did not consider it authoritative in matters of faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholics+and+Evangelicals%3A+Agreements+and+Differences&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3875-4&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Ralph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwert2010" class="citation book cs1">Ewert, David (2010). <i>A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310872436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310872436"><bdi>978-0310872436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Introduction+to+the+Bible%3A+From+Ancient+Tablets+to+Modern+Translations&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0310872436&rft.aulast=Ewert&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasWondra2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Owen C.; <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wondra" title="Ellen Wondra">Wondra, Ellen K.</a> (2002). <i>Introduction to Theology</i> (3rd ed.). Church Publishing, Inc. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0819218971" title="Special:BookSources/978-0819218971"><bdi>978-0819218971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Theology&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0819218971&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Owen+C.&rft.au=Wondra%2C+Ellen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenzeBoccaccini2013" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Matthias; Boccaccini, Gabriele (2013). <i>Fourth Ezra and Second Baruch: Reconstruction after the Fall</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Publishing">Brill Publishing</a>. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004258815" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004258815"><bdi>978-9004258815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth+Ezra+and+Second+Baruch%3A+Reconstruction+after+the+Fall&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Brill+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004258815&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft.au=Boccaccini%2C+Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesner-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wesner_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesner2015" class="citation web cs1">Wesner, Erik J. (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amishamerica.com/bible/#apocrypha">"The Bible"</a>. Amish America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible&rft.pub=Amish+America&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.aulast=Wesner&rft.aufirst=Erik+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.com%2Fbible%2F%23apocrypha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deSilva2018-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deSilva2018_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeSilva2018" class="citation book cs1">deSilva, David A. (2018). <i>Introducing the Apocrypha: Message, Context, and Significance</i>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-1307-2"><bdi>978-1-4934-1307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+Apocrypha%3A+Message%2C+Context%2C+and+Significance&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-1307-2&rft.aulast=deSilva&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forward1981-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forward1981_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forward1981_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Readings from the Apocrypha</i>. Forward Movement Publications. 1981. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+from+the+Apocrypha&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Forward+Movement+Publications&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997246-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1997246_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1997">Metzger (1997)</a>, p. 246. "Finally on 8 April 1546, by a vote of 24 to 15, with 16 abstentions, the Council issued a decree (<i>De Canonicis Scripturis</i>) in which, for the first time in the history of the Church, the question of the contents of the Bible was made an absolute article of faith and confirmed by an anathema."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm">"Council of Basel 1431–45 A"</a>. <i>Papalencyclicals.net</i>. 14 December 1431<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Papalencyclicals.net&rft.atitle=Council+of+Basel+1431%E2%80%9345+A&rft.date=1431&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2FCouncils%2Fecum17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cross_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone1983" class="citation cs2">Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1983), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 232</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSVxx-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSVxx_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Praefatio, <i>Biblia Sacra Vulgata</i>, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1983, p. xx. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-438-05303-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-438-05303-9">3-438-05303-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds3/Page_361.html">Schaff, Philip. <i>Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches</i>, French Confession of Faith, p. 361</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Second_Helvetic_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Helvetic Confession">Second Helvetic Confession</a>, Chapter 1, Of The Holy Scripture Being The True Word of God</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creeds.net/belgic/">Belgic Confession 4. Canonical Books of the Holy Scripture</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Westminster Confession rejected the canonicity of the Apocrypha stating that "The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the canon of the Scripture, and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_1" class="extiw" title="s:The Confession of Faith of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster">Westminster Confession of Faith, 1646</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031063041/http://bookofconcord.org/fc-ep.php">"The Epitome of the Formula of Concord – Book of Concord"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/fc-ep.php">the original</a> on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Epitome+of+the+Formula+of+Concord+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Concord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Ffc-ep.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. Volume 3, p. 98 James L. Schaaf, trans. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2813-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2813-6">0-8006-2813-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Liere2014" class="citation book cs1">Van Liere, Frans (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dwd-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>An Introduction to the Medieval Bible</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521865784" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521865784"><bdi>978-0521865784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Medieval+Bible&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0521865784&rft.aulast=Van+Liere&rft.aufirst=Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwd-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman2003-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2003_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2003_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHDNe8KmMAIC&pg=PA230"><i>Lost Christianities: Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199756681" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199756681"><bdi>978-0199756681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0199756681&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHDNe8KmMAIC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1908-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1908_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1908">Reid (1908)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39articles-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39articles_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The foundational <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1863)/Articles_of_Religion" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Book of Common Prayer (1863)/Articles of Religion">Article VI</a>, asserts that these disputed books are not (to be) used "to establish any doctrine," but "read for example of life." Although the biblical apocrypha are still used in <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy#Anglican_Communion" title="Christian liturgy">Anglican Liturgy</a>, ("Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus es</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedicite" title="Benedicite">Benedicite</a>, are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8–9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [The books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.]" – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxanglican.net/downloads/apocrypha.pdf">The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205074449/http://orthodoxanglican.net/downloads/apocrypha.pdf">Archived</a> 5 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), the modern trend has been to not even print the Old Testament Apocrypha in editions of Anglican-used Bibles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Fallows1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fallows" title="Samuel Fallows">Samuel Fallows</a>; et al., eds. (1910) [1901]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rl3lcbLkHV0C&q=luther+%22are+useful+and+good+to+read%22&pg=PA521"><i>The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary, Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes</i></a>. The Howard-Severance company. p. 521.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+and+Critical+Bible+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+and+Scriptural+Dictionary%2C+Fully+Defining+and+Explaining+All+Religious+Terms%2C+Including+Biographical%2C+Geographical%2C+Historical%2C+Arch%C3%A6ological+and+Doctrinal+Themes&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=The+Howard-Severance+company&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drl3lcbLkHV0C%26q%3Dluther%2B%2522are%2Buseful%2Band%2Bgood%2Bto%2Bread%2522%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/canonical/books.html">"The Bible"</a>. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. 2003. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to some enumerations, including Ecclesiasticus, Judith, Tobit, 1 Esdras, 4 Ezra (not including chs. 1–2 or 15–16), Wisdom, the rest of Daniel, Baruch, and 1–2 Maccabees</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These books are accounted pseudepigrapha by all other Christian groups, Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox (Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Introduction)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Bible/Text/Canon/ethiopican.html">"The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today"</a>. Islamic-awareness.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon+of+the+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church+Today&rft.pub=Islamic-awareness.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FBible%2FText%2FCanon%2Fethiopican.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDWDS_(2001)-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDWDS_(2001)_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (7 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20010507_liturgiam-authenticam_en.html">"Liturgiam Authenticam"</a> (in Latin and English). Vatican City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2012</span>. <q>Canon 24. 'Furthermore, it is not permissible that the translations be produced from other translations already made into other languages; rather, the new translations must be made directly from the original texts, namely ... the Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek, as the case may be, as regards the texts of Sacred Scripture.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liturgiam+Authenticam&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.date=2001-05-07&rft.au=Congregation+for+Divine+Worship+and+the+Discipline+of+the+Sacraments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fccdds%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_ccdds_doc_20010507_liturgiam-authenticam_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1993" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Timothy (1993). <i>The Orthodox Church: New Edition</i>. Penguin Books. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1"><bdi>978-0-14-014656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church%3A+New+Edition&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014656-1&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Introduction". <i>Orthodox Study Bible</i> (Annotated ed.). Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. 2008. p. 1824. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7180-0359-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7180-0359-3"><bdi>978-0-7180-0359-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Study+Bible&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pages=1824&rft.edition=Annotated&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7180-0359-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLay2004" class="citation book cs1">McLay, R. Timothy (2004). <i>The Use of the Septuagint in New Testament Research</i>. Wm. B. Eerdman's. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6091-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+the+Septuagint+in+New+Testament+Research&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdman%27s&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6091-0&rft.aulast=McLay&rft.aufirst=R.+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible">"Books of the Bible"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Books+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.usccb.org%2Fbible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacopts.org/orthodoxy/our-faith/the-holy-bible/the-deuterocanonical-books/">"The Deuterocanonical Books"</a>. Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Deuterocanonical+Books&rft.pub=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+Los+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacopts.org%2Forthodoxy%2Four-faith%2Fthe-holy-bible%2Fthe-deuterocanonical-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org/english/canonical/books.html">"The Bible"</a>. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible&rft.pub=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiopianorthodox.org%2Fenglish%2Fcanonical%2Fbooks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">read at Easter Saturday vigil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esdras-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esdras_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/qa/are-1-and-2-esdras-non-canonical-books">"Are 1 and 2 Esdras non-canonical books?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+1+and+2+Esdras+non-canonical+books%3F&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fqa%2Fare-1-and-2-esdras-non-canonical-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Библия. Книги Священного Писания Ветхого и Нового Завета</i> (in Russian) (7th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>: Издательство Московской Патриархии. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88017-237-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-88017-237-5"><bdi>978-5-88017-237-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-5-88017-237-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Библия. Книги Священного Писания Ветхого и Нового Завета</i> (in Russian) (7th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>: Издательство Московской Патриархии. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88017-237-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-88017-237-5"><bdi>978-5-88017-237-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-5-88017-237-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apoc-in-e-chart-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apoc-in-e-chart_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apoc-in-e-chart_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Apocrypha in Ecumenical Perspective : The Place of the Late Writings of the Old Testament Among the Biblical Writings and their Significance in the Eastern and Western Church Traditions, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin Vulgate in the case of Catholicism, and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox (as opposed to derivation of translations, instead of transliterations, of Hebrew titles) such <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiasticus">Ecclesiasticus</a> (DRC) instead of <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a> (LXX) or <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sira" title="Ben Sira">Ben Sira</a> (Hebrew), <a href="/wiki/Paralipomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralipomenon">Paralipomenon</a> (Greek, meaning "things omitted") instead of <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>, Sophonias instead of <a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a>, Noe instead of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, Henoch instead of <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messias" class="mw-redirect" title="Messias">Messias</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, Sion instead of <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaifullah" class="citation web cs1">Saifullah, M. S. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Bible/Text/Canon/armenianlist.html">"Canons & Recensions of the Armenian Bible"</a>. Islamic Awareness<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canons+%26+Recensions+of+the+Armenian+Bible&rft.pub=Islamic+Awareness&rft.aulast=Saifullah&rft.aufirst=M.+S.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FBible%2FText%2FCanon%2Farmenianlist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1997">Metzger (1997)</a>, pp. 219, 223; cf. 7, 176, 182. Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpp2002" class="citation book cs1">Epp, Eldon Jay (2002). "Issues in the Interrelation of New Testament Textual Criticism and Canon". In McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (eds.). <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 492.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Issues+in+the+Interrelation+of+New+Testament+Textual+Criticism+and+Canon&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Epp&rft.aufirst=Eldon+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley1974" class="citation journal cs1">Cowley, R. W. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Bible/Text/Canon/ethiopican.html">"The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today"</a>. <i>Ostkirchliche Studien</i>. <b>23</b>: 318–323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ostkirchliche+Studien&rft.atitle=The+Biblical+Canon+of+the+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church+Today&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=318-323&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FBible%2FText%2FCanon%2Fethiopican.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lacopts.org-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lacopts.org_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lacopts.org_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lacopts.org_155-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacopts.org/orthodoxy/our-faith/the-holy-bible/the-canonization-of-scripture/">"The Canonization of Scripture | Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Canonization+of+Scripture+%7C+Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+Los+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacopts.org%2Forthodoxy%2Four-faith%2Fthe-holy-bible%2Fthe-canonization-of-scripture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrisvan_Rompay2002" class="citation journal cs1">Burris, Catherine; van Rompay, Lucas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701092506/http://www.bethmardutho.org/index.php/hugoye/volume-index/143.html">"Thecla in Syriac Christianity: Preliminary Observations"</a>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 225–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463214104-012">10.31826/9781463214104-012</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethmardutho.org/index.php/hugoye/volume-index/143.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=Thecla+in+Syriac+Christianity%3A+Preliminary+Observations&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-236&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463214104-012&rft.aulast=Burris&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=van+Rompay%2C+Lucas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethmardutho.org%2Findex.php%2Fhugoye%2Fvolume-index%2F143.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2000" class="citation cs2">Carter, Nancy A. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213054326/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/corinthians/theclabackground.stm"><i>The Acts of Thecla: A Pauline Tradition Linked to Women</i></a>, Conflict and Community in the Christian Church, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gbgm-umc.org/umw/corinthians/theclabackground.stm">the original</a> on 13 February 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+Thecla%3A+A+Pauline+Tradition+Linked+to+Women&rft.pub=Conflict+and+Community+in+the+Christian+Church&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Nancy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgbgm-umc.org%2Fumw%2Fcorinthians%2Ftheclabackground.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:EthHermas-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:EthHermas_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Hastings, <i>The Church in Africa, 1450-1950.</i> Clarendon Press, 1995.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1986" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, R. T. (1986). <i>The Old Testament Canon of the New Testament Church and Its Background in Early Judaism</i>. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3617-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3617-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3617-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+Canon+of+the+New+Testament+Church+and+Its+Background+in+Early+Judaism&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3617-5&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1983" class="citation book cs1">Davis, L. D. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418"><i>The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787): Their History and Theology</i></a></span>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%28325-787%29%3A+Their+History+and+Theology&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett. <i>Encyclopedia of Early Christianity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1992" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Robin Lane (1992). <i>The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible</i>. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unauthorized+Version%3A+Truth+and+Fiction+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Y._Gamble" title="Harry Y. Gamble">Gamble, Harry Y.</a> (2002). <i>The New Testament Canon: Its Making and Meaning</i>. Wipf & Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57910-909-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57910-909-8"><bdi>1-57910-909-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+Canon%3A+Its+Making+and+Meaning&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57910-909-8&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Harry+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurgens1970" class="citation book cs1">Jurgens, W. A. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithofearlyfath00jurg"><i>Faith of the Early Fathers</i></a></span>. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+of+the+Early+Fathers&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minn.&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Jurgens&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaithofearlyfath00jurg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot,_JosephHarmer,_JohnHolmes,_Michael1992" class="citation book cs1">Lightfoot, Joseph; Harmer, John; Holmes, Michael, eds. (1992). <i>The Apostolic Fathers</i>. Barker Book House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-5676-5"><bdi>978-0-8010-5676-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers&rft.pub=Barker+Book+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-5676-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (2002). "Introduction". <i>The Canon Debate</i>. Hendrickson Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1997" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M. (13 March 1997). <i>The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826954-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826954-4"><bdi>0-19-826954-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Development%2C+and+Significance&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997-03-13&rft.isbn=0-19-826954-4&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNersessian2001" class="citation book cs1">Nersessian, V. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7tSkalMzNvkC&pg=PA29">"The Armenian Canon of the New Testament"</a>. <i>The Bible in the Armenian Tradition</i>. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-640-8"><bdi>978-0-89236-640-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Canon+of+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+the+Armenian+Tradition&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-640-8&rft.aulast=Nersessian&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7tSkalMzNvkC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRüger1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rüger, Hans Peter (July 1989). "The Extent of the Old Testament Canon1". <i>The Bible Translator</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 301–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026009358904000301">10.1177/026009358904000301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164995721">164995721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+Translator&rft.atitle=The+Extent+of+the+Old+Testament+Canon1&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-308&rft.date=1989-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026009358904000301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164995721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCger&rft.aufirst=Hans+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundberg1964" class="citation book cs1">Sundberg, Albert (1964). <i>The Old Testament of the Early Church</i>. Harvard Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+of+the+Early+Church&rft.pub=Harvard+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Sundberg&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Armstrong, Karen (2007) <i>The Bible: A Biography</i>. Books that Changed the World Series. Atlantic Monthly Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87113-969-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87113-969-3">0-87113-969-3</a></li> <li>Barnstone, Willis (ed.) (1984). <i>The Other Bible: Ancient Alternative Scriptures</i>. HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-8434-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-8434-0">978-0-7394-8434-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevard_Childs" title="Brevard Childs">Childs, Brevard S.</a> (1984). <i>The New Testament as Canon: An Introduction</i>. SCM Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02212-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02212-6">0-334-02212-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherMeade2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon L.</a>; Meade, John D. (2017). <i>The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: texts and analysis</i>. Oxford, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879249-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879249-9"><bdi>978-0-19-879249-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987346634">987346634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+biblical+canon+lists+from+early+Christianity%3A+texts+and+analysis&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987346634&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879249-9&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft.au=Meade%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schneemelcher Wilhelm (ed). Hennecke Edgard, <i>New Testament Apocrypha</i>, 2 vol. Original title: <i>Neutestamentliche Apokryphen</i></li> <li>McDonald, Lee Martin (2009). <i>Forgotten Scriptures. The Selection and Rejection of Early Religious Writings</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23357-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23357-0">978-0-664-23357-0</a>.</li> <li>McDonald, Lee Martin (2000). <i>Early Christianity and Its Sacred Literature</i>. Hendrickson Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-266-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56563-266-4">1-56563-266-4</a>.</li> <li>McDonald, Lee Martin (2007). <i>The Biblical Canon: Its Origin, Transmission, and Authority</i>. 3rd ed. Hendrickson Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-925-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-925-6">978-1-56563-925-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentiuc2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugen_J._Pentiuc" title="Eugen J. Pentiuc">Pentiuc, Eugen J.</a>, ed. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190948658.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190948658"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Orthodox Christianity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094868-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-094868-9"><bdi>978-0-19-094868-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Bible+in+Orthodox+Christianity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-094868-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190948658.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190948658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Souter" title="Alexander Souter">Souter, Alexander</a> (1954). <i>The Text and Canon of the New Testament</i>. 2nd ed. Studies in Theology, No. 25. London: Duckworth.</li> <li>Stonehouse, Ned Bernhard (1929). <i>The Apocalypse in the Ancient Church: A Study in the History of the New Testament Canon</i>. Oosterbaan & Le Cointre.</li> <li>Taussig, Hal (2013). <i>A New New Testament: A Bible for the 21st Century Combining Traditional and Newly Discovered Texts</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</li> <li>Wall, Robert W.; Lemcio, Eugene E. (1992). <i>The New Testament as Canon: A Reader in Canonical Criticism</i>. JSOT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-374-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-374-1">1-85075-374-1</a>.</li> <li>Westcott, Brooke Foss. (1875). <i>A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament</i>. 4th ed. London: Macmillan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_canon&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biblical_canon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/canon.html">The Canon of Scripture</a> – contains multiple links and articles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosswire.org/wiki/OSIS_Book_Abbreviations">Cross Wire Bible Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131428/https://crosswire.org/wiki/OSIS_Book_Abbreviations">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reading-rooms.tyndale.ca/old-testament/">Old Testament Reading Room</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reading-rooms.tyndale.ca/new-testament/">New Testament Reading Room</a> – Online resources referenced by Tyndale Seminary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03274a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1025&letter=B">Jewish Encyclopedia: Bible Canon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040611134128/http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/bible/Pdf/books%20of%20the%20bible.htm">Table of Tanakh Books</a> – includes Latin, English, Hebrew and abbreviated names (from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513222152/http://www.sain.org/Armenian.Church/Bible.txt"><i>The Bible in the Armenian Church</i></a> (an essay, with full official canon at the end)</li> <li>H. Schumacher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/handbookofscript01schuuoft#page/n105/mode/2up"><i>The Canon of the New Testament</i></a> (London 1923), pp. 84–94.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_B._Martin" class="citation cs2">Dale B. Martin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815203224/http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/introduction-to-new-testament"><i>Introduction to New Testament History and Literature" course materials</i></a>, Open Yale course, Yale University, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/introduction-to-new-testament">the original</a> on 15 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+New+Testament+History+and+Literature%22+course+materials&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.au=Dale+B.+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foyc.yale.edu%2Freligious-studies%2Fintroduction-to-new-testament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+canon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080102012808/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=939&cuItem_itemID=13407"><i>WELS Topical Q&A</i>: Canon – 66 Books in the Bible</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a> (<a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutheran">Confessional Lutheran</a> perspective)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/75px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/113px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/150px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">The Bible and ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">The Bible and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">The Bible and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">The Bible and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">The Bible and humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad and the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrew Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_punishment_in_the_Torah" title="Crime and punishment in the Torah">Crime and punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_crimes_in_the_Torah" title="List of capital crimes in the Torah">Capital crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_events" title="List of Hebrew Bible events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Prayer in the Hebrew Bible">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Canons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Part_of_a_series_on_the_Biblical_canon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biblical_canon" title="Template:Biblical canon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/60px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/90px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/120px-P46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian<br />canons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Christian biblical canons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development of the Christian biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prologus_Galeatus" title="Prologus Galeatus">Prologus Galeatus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></b> · <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" 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