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id="toc-Norse_Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_trade_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_trade_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Western trade and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_trade_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_and_Norse_Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_Norse_Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Climate and Norse Greenland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_Norse_Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vinland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vinland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vinland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vinland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vinland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leif's_winter_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leif's_winter_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Leif's winter camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leif's_winter_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thorvald's_voyage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thorvald's_voyage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Thorvald's voyage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thorvald's_voyage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karlsefni's_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karlsefni's_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Karlsefni's expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karlsefni's_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudohistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudohistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pseudohistory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pseudohistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pseudohistory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pseudohistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kensington_Runestone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kensington_Runestone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kensington Runestone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kensington_Runestone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horsford's_Norumbega" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horsford's_Norumbega"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Horsford's Norumbega</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horsford's_Norumbega-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vinland_Map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinland_Map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vinland Map</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinland_Map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misattributed_archeological_findings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misattributed_archeological_findings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Misattributed archeological findings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misattributed_archeological_findings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration_of_Norse_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration_of_Norse_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Duration of Norse contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration_of_Norse_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Norse colonization of North America</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="استيطان الشماليين في أمريكا الشمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استيطان الشماليين في أمريكا الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploraci%C3%B3_n%C3%B2rdica_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Exploració nòrdica d'Amèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exploració nòrdica d'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavische_Besiedlung_Amerikas" title="Skandinavische Besiedlung Amerikas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skandinavische Besiedlung Amerikas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_koloniseerimine_skandinaavlaste_poolt" title="Ameerika koloniseerimine skandinaavlaste poolt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika koloniseerimine skandinaavlaste poolt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asentamientos_vikingos_en_Groenlandia_y_Terranova" title="Asentamientos vikingos en Groenlandia y Terranova – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asentamientos vikingos en Groenlandia y Terranova" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinga_koloniado_en_Ameriko" title="Vikinga koloniado en Ameriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikinga koloniado en Ameriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonies_vikings_en_Am%C3%A9rique" title="Colonies vikings en Amérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonies vikings en Amérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_viquinga_en_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Colonización viquinga en América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colonización viquinga en América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%ED%99%94" title="노르드인의 아메리카 식민화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노르드인의 아메리카 식민화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisasi_Amerika_Utara_oleh_Nordik" title="Kolonisasi Amerika Utara oleh Nordik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolonisasi Amerika Utara oleh Nordik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizzazione_vichinga_dell%27America" title="Colonizzazione vichinga dell'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonizzazione vichinga dell'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking%C5%B3_kolonijos_Amerikoje" title="Vikingų kolonijos Amerikoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikingų kolonijos Amerikoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_viking_felfedez%C3%A9se" title="Amerika viking felfedezése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerika viking felfedezése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="ノース人によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノース人によるアメリカ大陸の植民地化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norr%C3%B8n_kolonisering_av_Amerika" title="Norrøn kolonisering av Amerika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norrøn kolonisering av Amerika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordycka_kolonizacja_Ameryki_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej" title="Nordycka kolonizacja Ameryki Północnej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nordycka kolonizacja Ameryki Północnej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_viquingue_da_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Colonização viquingue da América – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colonização viquingue da América" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Американские походы викингов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американские походы викингов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Нордијска колонизација Америке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нордијска колонизација Америке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordijska_kolonizacija_Amerika" title="Nordijska kolonizacija Amerika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nordijska kolonizacija Amerika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavernas_kolonisering_av_Amerika" title="Skandinavernas kolonisering av Amerika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skandinavernas kolonisering av Amerika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Колонізація Північної Америки вікінгами – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колонізація Північної Америки вікінгами" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" title="諾斯人殖民北美 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="諾斯人殖民北美" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q582948#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Category:Norse colonization of North America">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse colonization<br />of North America</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-Christian_Krohg_-_Leiv_Eirikson_discovering_America_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6912" data-file-height="4594" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Leiv_Eirikson_Discovering_America" title="Leiv Eirikson Discovering America">Leiv Eirikson Discovering America</a></i>, 1893 painting by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Krohg" title="Christian Krohg">Christian Krohg</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markland" title="Markland">Markland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helluland" title="Helluland">Helluland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Settlement" title="Eastern Settlement">Eastern Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Settlement" title="Western Settlement">Western Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Settlement">Middle Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn%27s_skerries" title="Gunnbjörn's skerries">Gunnbjörn's skerries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ireland" title="Great Ireland">Great Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanfield_Valley" title="Tanfield Valley">Tanfield Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straumfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Straumfjörð">Straumfjörð</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Alleged artifacts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maine_penny" title="Maine penny">Maine penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Skálholt Map">Skálholt Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Runestone" title="Kensington Runestone">Kensington Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland_Map" title="Vinland Map">Vinland Map</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Explorers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Eiriksson" title="Thorvald Eiriksson">Thorvald Eiriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn Ulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Karlsefni" title="Thorfinn Karlsefni">Thorfinn Karlsefni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgi_and_Finnbogi" title="Helgi and Finnbogi">Helgi and Finnbogi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Saga of Erik the Red</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_the_Greenlanders" title="Saga of the Greenlanders">Saga of the Greenlanders</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k" title="Íslendingabók">Book of Icelanders</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skræling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Researchers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvano_Fiamma" title="Galvano Fiamma">Galvano Fiamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Fitzhugh" title="William W. Fitzhugh">William W. Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stine_Ingstad" title="Anne Stine Ingstad">Anne Stine Ingstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Ingstad" title="Helge Ingstad">Helge Ingstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_Jones_(author)" title="Gwyn Jones (author)">Gwyn Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McGhee_(archaeologist)" title="Robert McGhee (archaeologist)">Robert McGhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Rafn" title="Carl Christian Rafn">Carl Christian Rafn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Seaver" title="Kirsten Seaver">Kirsten Seaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Sutherland" title="Patricia Sutherland">Patricia Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgitta_Wallace" title="Birgitta Wallace">Birgitta Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_exploration_of_North_America_(sidebar)" title="Template:Norse exploration of North America (sidebar)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Norse_exploration_of_North_America_(sidebar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Norse exploration of North America (sidebar) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_exploration_of_North_America_(sidebar)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse exploration of North America (sidebar)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:19em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0.45em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;font-size: 145%; padding: 0.15em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization<br />of the Americas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.65em; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/125px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/188px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.40em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_wave_of_European_colonization" title="First wave of European colonization">First wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Basque colonization of the Americas">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Curonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_and_the_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Italy and the colonization of the Americas">Italian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Swedish colonies in the Americas">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Colonization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonization of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euromericas" title="Template:Euromericas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euromericas" title="Template talk:Euromericas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euromericas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euromericas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Norse exploration of North America</b> began in the late 10th century, when <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> explored areas of the North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> colonizing <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and creating a short term settlement near the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>. This is known now as <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a> where the remains of buildings were found in 1960 dating to approximately 1,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Nydal1989_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nydal1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery helped reignite archaeological exploration for the Norse in the North Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This single settlement, located on the island of Newfoundland and not on the North American mainland, was abruptly abandoned. </p><p>The Norse settlements on Greenland lasted for almost 500 years. L'Anse aux Meadows, the only confirmed Norse site in present-day Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-Parks_Canada_2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks_Canada_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was small and did not last as long. Other such Norse voyages are likely to have occurred for some time, but there is no evidence of any Norse settlement on mainland North America lasting beyond the 11th century. </p><p>The Norse exploration of North America has been subject to numerous controversies concerning the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">European exploration</a> and settlement of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feder2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pseudoscientific and pseudohistorical theories have emerged since the public acknowledgment of these Norse expeditions and settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Feder2020_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norse_Greenland">Norse Greenland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Norse Greenland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norse_settlements_in_Greenland" title="Norse settlements in Greenland">Norse settlements in Greenland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern-settlement-eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Eastern-settlement-eng.png/220px-Eastern-settlement-eng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Eastern-settlement-eng.png/330px-Eastern-settlement-eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Eastern-settlement-eng.png/440px-Eastern-settlement-eng.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Settlement" title="Eastern Settlement">Eastern Settlement</a> on <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, covering approximately the modern municipality of <a href="/wiki/Kujalleq" title="Kujalleq">Kujalleq</a>. Eiriksfjord (Erik's fjord) and his farm <a href="/wiki/Brattahl%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Brattahlíð">Brattahlíð</a> are shown, as is the location of the bishopric at Gardar.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Sagas of Icelanders</a>, Norsemen from <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> first settled Greenland in the 980s. There is no special reason to doubt the authority of the information that the sagas supply regarding the very beginning of the settlement, but they cannot be treated as primary evidence for the history of Norse Greenland because they embody the literary preoccupations of writers and audiences in medieval Iceland that are not always reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a> (Old Norse: Eiríkr rauði), having been banished from Iceland for <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>, explored the uninhabited southwestern coast of Greenland during the three years of his banishment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made plans to entice settlers to the area, naming it Greenland on the assumption that "people would be more eager to go there because the land had a good name".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner reaches of one long <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>, named <i>Eiriksfjord</i> after him, was where he eventually established his estate <i><a href="/wiki/Brattahl%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Brattahlíð">Brattahlíð</a></i>. He issued tracts of land to his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-ROBW_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorseExplorations-v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NorseExplorations-v2.png/220px-NorseExplorations-v2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NorseExplorations-v2.png/330px-NorseExplorations-v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/NorseExplorations-v2.png/440px-NorseExplorations-v2.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the extent of the Norse world</figcaption></figure> <p>Norse Greenland consisted of two settlements. The Eastern was at the southwestern tip of Greenland, while the <a href="/wiki/Western_Settlement" title="Western Settlement">Western Settlement</a> was about 500 km up the west coast, inland from present-day <a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a>. A smaller settlement near the Eastern Settlement is sometimes considered the <a href="/wiki/Ivittuut" title="Ivittuut">Middle Settlement</a>. The combined population was around 2,000–3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 400 farms have been identified by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-ROBW_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norse Greenland had a <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishopric</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_(Greenland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garðar (Greenland)">Garðar</a>) and exported <a href="/wiki/Walrus_ivory" title="Walrus ivory">walrus ivory</a>, furs, rope, sheep, whale and seal <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a>, live animals such as <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a>, supposed "unicorn horns" (in reality <a href="/wiki/Narwhal#Tusk_trade" title="Narwhal">narwhal tusks</a>), and cattle hides. In 1126, the population requested a bishop (headquartered at Garðar), and in 1261, they accepted the overlordship of the Norwegian king. They continued to have their own law and became almost completely politically independent after 1349, the time of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. In 1380, the Kingdom of Norway entered into <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">a personal union</a> with the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TVA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_trade_and_decline">Western trade and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Western trade and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence of Norse trade with the natives (called the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skrælingjar</a></i></span> by the Norse). The Norse would have encountered both <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Beothuk" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a>, related to the Algonquin) and the <a href="/wiki/Thule_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Thule People">Thule</a>, the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a> had withdrawn from Greenland before the Norse settlement of the island. Items such as comb fragments, pieces of iron cooking utensils and chisels, chess pieces, ship <a href="/wiki/Rivets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivets">rivets</a>, carpenter's planes, and oaken ship fragments used in Inuit boats have been found far beyond the traditional range of Norse colonization. A small <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> statue that appears to represent a <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</a> has also been found among the ruins of an Inuit community house.<sup id="cite_ref-TVA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorset,_Norse,_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg/220px-Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg/330px-Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg/440px-Dorset%2C_Norse%2C_and_Thule_cultures_900-1500.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule people</a> (900 to 1500)</figcaption></figure> <p>The settlements began to decline in the 14th century. The Western Settlement was abandoned around 1350, and the last bishop at Garðar died in 1377.<sup id="cite_ref-TVA_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a marriage was recorded in 1408, no written records mention the settlers. It is probable that the Eastern Settlement was defunct by the late 15th century. The most recent <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> date found in Norse settlements as of 2002 was 1430 (±15 years).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several theories have been advanced to explain the decline. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> of this period would have made travel between Greenland and Europe, as well as farming, more difficult; although seal and other hunting provided a healthy diet, there was more prestige in cattle farming, and there was increased availability of farms in Scandinavian countries depopulated by famine and <a href="/wiki/Black_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Plague">plague</a> epidemics.<sup id="cite_ref-www.spiegel.de_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.spiegel.de-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Greenlandic ivory may have been supplanted in European markets by cheaper ivory from Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the loss of contact with the Greenlanders, the Norwegian-Danish <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">crown</a> continued to consider Greenland a possession. </p><p>Not knowing whether the old Norse civilization remained in Greenland or not—and worried that if it did, it would still be <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> 200 years after the Scandinavian homelands had undergone the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>—a joint merchant-clerical expedition led by the Norwegian missionary <a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a> was sent to Greenland in 1721.<sup id="cite_ref-Nedkvitne2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nedkvitne2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though this expedition found no surviving Europeans, it marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Denmark's re-assertion of sovereignty</a> over the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern2021_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern2021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_and_Norse_Greenland">Climate and Norse Greenland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate and Norse Greenland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norse Greenlanders were limited to scattered fjords on the island that provided a spot for their animals (such as cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, and cats) to be kept and farms to be established.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these fjords, the farms depended upon stables (<i><a href="/wiki/Byre" class="mw-redirect" title="Byre">byres</a></i>) to host their livestock in the winter, and routinely culled their herds so that they could survive the season.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berglund1986_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berglund1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coming warmer seasons meant that livestock were taken from their byres to pasture, the most fertile being controlled by the most powerful farms and the church.<sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berglund1986_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berglund1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1980_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What was produced by livestock and farming was supplemented with subsistence hunting of mainly seal and caribou as well as walrus for trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berglund1986_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berglund1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norse mainly relied on the <i>Nordrsetur</i> hunt, a communal hunt of migratory <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seals</a> in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1980_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade was highly important to the Greenland Norse and they relied on imports of lumber due to the barrenness of Greenland. In turn they exported goods such as walrus ivory and hide, live polar bears, and narwhal tusks.<sup id="cite_ref-Berglund1986_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berglund1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1980_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately these setups were vulnerable as they relied on migratory patterns created by climate as well as the viability of the few fjords on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1980_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion of the time the Greenland settlements existed was during the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> and the climate was, overall, becoming cooler and more humid.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berglund1986_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berglund1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As climate began to cool and humidity began to increase, this brought more storms, longer winters and shorter springs, and affected the migratory patterns of the harp seal.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berglund1986_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berglund1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1980_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasture space began to dwindle and fodder yields for the winter became much smaller. This combined with regular herd culling made it hard to maintain livestock, especially for the poorest of the Greenland Norse.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closer to the Eastern Settlement, temperatures remained stable but a prolonged drought reduced fodder production.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao_22_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao_22-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spring, the voyages to where migratory harp seals could be found became more dangerous due to more frequent storms, and the lower population of harp seals meant that <i>Nordrsetur</i> hunts became less successful, making subsistence hunting extremely difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strain on resources made trade difficult, and as time went on, Greenland exports lost value in the European market due to competing countries and the lack of interest in what was being traded.<sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1980_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade in elephant ivory began competing with the trade in walrus tusks that provided income to Greenland, and there is evidence that walrus over-hunting, particularly of the males with larger tusks, led to walrus population declines.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, it seemed that the Norse were unwilling to integrate with the <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule people</a> of Greenland, through either marriage or culture. There is evidence of contact as seen through the Thule archaeological record, including ivory depictions of the Norse as well as bronze and steel artifacts. In the 20th century, there was little evidence for Thule artifacts among Norse habitations,<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however it is now known that Thule artifacts are found among Norse habitations, indicating that both groups acquired material goods from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The older research posited that it was not climate change alone that led to Norse decline, but also their unwillingness to adapt.<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle1997_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if the Norse had decided to focus their subsistence hunting on the <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seal</a> (which could be hunted year round, though individually), and decided to reduce or do away with their communal hunts, food would have been much less scarce during the winter season.<sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berglund1986_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berglund1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1980_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1999_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1999-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, had Norse individuals used skins instead of wool for their clothing, they would have fared better nearer to the coast, and would not have been as confined to the fjords.<sup id="cite_ref-DugmoreMcGovern2012_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DugmoreMcGovern2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berglund1986_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berglund1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1980_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, more recent research has shown that the Norse did try to adapt in their own ways. This included increased subsistence hunting. A significant number of bones of marine animals can be found at the settlements, suggesting increased hunting with the absence of farmed food. In addition, pollen records show that the Norse did not always devastate the small forests and foliage, as previously thought. Instead they ensured that overgrazed or overused sections were given time to regrow and moved to other areas. Norse farmers also attempted to adapt; with the increased need for winter fodder and smaller pastures, they would self-fertilize their lands to try to keep up with the new demands caused by the changing climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kintisch2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kintisch2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even with these attempts, climate change was not the only thing putting pressure on the Greenland Norse. The economy was changing, and the exports they relied on were losing value.<sup id="cite_ref-McGovern1980_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern1980-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current research suggests that the Norse were unable to maintain their settlements because of economic and climatic change happening at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Kintisch2016_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kintisch2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 study indicates that gravitational effects from a readvance of the Southern Greenland Ice Sheet caused a relative sea level rise of "up to ~3.3 m outside the glaciation zone during Viking settlement, producing shoreline retreat of hundreds of meters. Sea-level rise was progressive and encompassed the entire Eastern Settlement. Moreover, pervasive flooding would have forced abandonment of many coastal sites. These processes likely contributed to the suite of vulnerabilities that led to Viking abandonment of Greenland. Sea-level change thus represents an integral, missing element of the Viking story."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vinland">Vinland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vinland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic sagas">Icelandic sagas</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Saga of Erik the Red</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus chapters of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k" title="Hauksbók">Hauksbók</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flatey Book</a></i>—the Norse started to explore lands to the west of Greenland only a few years after the Greenland settlements were established. In 985, while sailing from Iceland to Greenland with a migration fleet consisting of 400–700 settlers<sup id="cite_ref-ROBW_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 25 other ships (14 of which completed the journey), a merchant named <a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a> was blown off course, and after three days' sailing he sighted land west of the fleet. Bjarni was only interested in finding his father's farm, but he described his findings to <a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a> who explored the area in more detail and planted a small settlement fifteen years later.<sup id="cite_ref-ROBW_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sagas describe three separate areas that were explored: <a href="/wiki/Helluland" title="Helluland">Helluland</a>, which means "land of the flat stones"; <a href="/wiki/Markland" title="Markland">Markland</a>, "the land of forests", definitely of interest to settlers in Greenland where there were few trees; and <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>, "the land of wine", found somewhere south of Markland. It was in Vinland that the settlement described in the sagas was founded. </p><p>Markland was first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> area in 1345 by the Milanese friar <a href="/wiki/Galvaneus_Flamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvaneus Flamma">Galvaneus Flamma</a>. He probably derived it from oral sources in Genoa.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leif's_winter_camp"><span id="Leif.27s_winter_camp"></span>Leif's winter camp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leif's winter camp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erikr-eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Erikr-eng.png/220px-Erikr-eng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Erikr-eng.png/330px-Erikr-eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Erikr-eng.png/440px-Erikr-eng.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Graphical description of the different sailing routes to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, Vinland (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Helluland" title="Helluland">Helluland</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Markland" title="Markland">Markland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>) travelled by different characters in the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Icelandic Sagas</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Saga of Eric the Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_the_Greenlanders" title="Saga of the Greenlanders">Saga of the Greenlanders</a>. Modern English versions of the Norse names.</figcaption></figure> <p>Using the routes, landmarks, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a>, rocks, and winds that Bjarni had described to him, Leif sailed from Greenland westward across the Labrador Sea, with a crew of 35—sailing the same <a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">knarr</a> Bjarni had used to make the voyage. He described Helluland as "level and wooded, with broad white beaches wherever they went and a gently sloping shoreline."<sup id="cite_ref-ROBW_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leif and others had wanted his father, Erik the Red, to lead this expedition and talked him into it. However, as Erik attempted to join his son Leif on the voyage towards these new lands, he fell off his horse as it slipped on the wet rocks near the shore; thus he was injured and stayed behind.<sup id="cite_ref-ROBW_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometime around AD 1000, Leif spent the winter, probably near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bauld" title="Cape Bauld">Cape Bauld</a> on the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, where one day his foster father <a href="/wiki/Tyrker" title="Tyrker">Tyrker</a> was found drunk, on what the saga describes as "wine-berries." <a href="/wiki/Viburnum_edule" title="Viburnum edule">Squashberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gooseberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gooseberries">gooseberries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a> all grew wild in the area. There are varying explanations for Leif apparently describing <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermented berries</a> as "wine." </p><p>Leif spent another winter at "<a href="/wiki/Leifsbudir" title="Leifsbudir">Leifsbudir</a>" without conflict, and sailed back to <a href="/wiki/Brattahl%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Brattahlíð">Brattahlíð</a> in Greenland to assume filial duties to his father. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thorvald's_voyage"><span id="Thorvald.27s_voyage"></span>Thorvald's voyage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thorvald's voyage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A couple of years later,<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leif's brother <a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Eiriksson" title="Thorvald Eiriksson">Thorvald Eiriksson</a> sailed with a crew of 30 men to Vinland and spent the following winter at Leif's camp. In the spring, Thorvald attacked nine of the native people who were sleeping under three skin-covered <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>. The ninth victim escaped and soon came back to the Norse camp with a force. Thorvald was killed by an arrow that succeeded in passing through the <a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">barricade</a>. Although brief hostilities ensued, the Norse explorers stayed another winter and left the following spring. Subsequently, another of Leif's brothers, Thorstein, sailed to the New World to retrieve his dead brother's body, but he died before leaving Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-ROBW_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I._E._C._Rasmussen_-_Sommernat_under_den_Gr%C3%B8nlandske_Kyst_circa_Aar_1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/I._E._C._Rasmussen_-_Sommernat_under_den_Gr%C3%B8nlandske_Kyst_circa_Aar_1000.jpg/220px-I._E._C._Rasmussen_-_Sommernat_under_den_Gr%C3%B8nlandske_Kyst_circa_Aar_1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/I._E._C._Rasmussen_-_Sommernat_under_den_Gr%C3%B8nlandske_Kyst_circa_Aar_1000.jpg/330px-I._E._C._Rasmussen_-_Sommernat_under_den_Gr%C3%B8nlandske_Kyst_circa_Aar_1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/I._E._C._Rasmussen_-_Sommernat_under_den_Gr%C3%B8nlandske_Kyst_circa_Aar_1000.jpg/440px-I._E._C._Rasmussen_-_Sommernat_under_den_Gr%C3%B8nlandske_Kyst_circa_Aar_1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="1721" /></a><figcaption><i>Summer in the Greenland coast circa year 1000</i> by Jens Erik Carl Rasmussen (1841–1893)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karlsefni's_expedition"><span id="Karlsefni.27s_expedition"></span>Karlsefni's expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Karlsefni's expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few years later,<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Karlsefni" title="Thorfinn Karlsefni">Thorfinn Karlsefni</a>, also known as "Thorfinn the Valiant", supplied three <a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">ships</a> with livestock and 160 men and women (although another source sets the number of settlers at 250). After a cruel winter, he headed south and landed at <i><a href="/wiki/Straumfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Straumfjörð">Straumfjörð</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MagnussonPálsson1973_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagnussonPálsson1973-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later moved to <i>Straumsöy</i>, possibly because the current was stronger there. A sign of peaceful relations between the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> and the Norsemen is noted here. The two sides <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">bartered</a> with furs and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">gray squirrel</a> skins for milk and red cloth,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the natives tied around their heads as a sort of <a href="/wiki/Headdress" class="mw-redirect" title="Headdress">headdress</a>. </p><p>There are conflicting stories but one account states that a bull belonging to Karlsefni came storming out of the wood, so frightening the natives that they ran to their skin-boats and rowed away. They returned three days later, in force. The natives used catapults, hoisting "a large sphere on a pole; it was dark blue in color"<sup id="cite_ref-HansenCurtis2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HansenCurtis2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about "the size of a sheep's stomach",<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which flew over the heads of the men and "made an ugly din when it struck the ground".<sup id="cite_ref-HansenCurtis2016_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HansenCurtis2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norsemen retreated. Leif Erikson's half-sister <a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a> was pregnant and unable to keep up with the retreating Norsemen. She called out to them to stop fleeing from "such pitiful wretches", adding that if she had weapons, she could do better than that. Freydís seized the sword belonging to a man who had been killed by the natives. She pulled one of her breasts out of her bodice and slapped it with the sword, frightening the natives, who fled.<sup id="cite_ref-BalkunImbarrato2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BalkunImbarrato2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardeła2021_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardeła2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png/220px-Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png/330px-Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Sk%C3%A1lholt-Karte.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>The 1590 <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Skálholt Map">Skálholt Map</a> showing Latinized Norse placenames in North America:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> • Land of the <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Risi</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">mythical location</a>)<br /> • <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><br /> • <a href="/wiki/Helluland" title="Helluland">Helluland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>)<br /> • <a href="/wiki/Markland" title="Markland">Markland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a>)<br /> • Land of the <i><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skræling</a></i> (location undetermined)<br /> • Promontory of <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Peninsula" title="Great Northern Peninsula">Great Northern Peninsula</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>For centuries, it remained unclear whether the Icelandic stories represented real voyages by the Norse to North America. Although the idea of Norse voyages to, and a colony in, North America was discussed by Swiss scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Mallet" title="Paul Henri Mallet">Paul Henri Mallet</a> in his book <i>Northern Antiquities</i> (English translation 1770),<sup id="cite_ref-Mallet1770_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallet1770-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sagas first gained widespread attention in 1837 when the Danish antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Rafn" title="Carl Christian Rafn">Carl Christian Rafn</a> revived the idea of a Viking presence in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Watts2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North America, by the name <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Winland</a>, first appeared in written sources in a work by <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> from approximately 1075.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittock2018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittock2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important works about North America and the early Norse activities there, namely the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Sagas of Icelanders</a>, were recorded in the 13th and 14th centuries. In 1420, some <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> captives and their kayaks were taken to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver2014_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver2014-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plank2020_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plank2020-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norse sites were depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Skálholt Map">Skálholt Map</a>, made by an Icelandic teacher in 1570 and depicting part of northeastern North America and mentioning Helluland, Markland and Vinland.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg/220px-Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg/330px-Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg/440px-Authentic_Viking_recreation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of Norse buildings at the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> listed <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a> site in Newfoundland, Canada. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that iron working, carpentry, and boat repair were conducted at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence of the Norse west of Greenland came in the 1960s when archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Anne_Stine_Ingstad" title="Anne Stine Ingstad">Anne Stine Ingstad</a> and author <a href="/wiki/Helge_Ingstad" title="Helge Ingstad">Helge Ingstad</a> excavated a Norse site at <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. They found a bronze, ring-headed pin like those the Norse used to fasten their cloaks inside the cooking pit of one of the larger dwellings. A stone oil lamp and a small <a href="/wiki/Spindle_whorl" title="Spindle whorl">spindle whorl</a>, used as the flywheel of a handheld spindle, were found inside another building. A fragment of a bone needle believed to have been used for knitting was discovered in the firepit of a third dwelling. A small, decorated brass fragment, once <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a>, was also discovered. Much <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> formed as a by-product from the smelting and working of iron was found on the site along with many iron boat nails or rivets.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller-Vollmer2022_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-Vollmer2022-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Canadian researchers identified possible signs of Norse outposts in <a href="/wiki/Nanook,_Baffin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanook, Baffin Island">Nanook</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tanfield_Valley" title="Tanfield Valley">Tanfield Valley</a> on <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, as well as on Nunguvik, Willows Island, and <a href="/wiki/Avayalik" title="Avayalik">Avayalik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusual fabric cordage found on Baffin Island in the 1980s and stored at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Museum of Civilization">Canadian Museum of Civilization</a> was identified in 1999 as possibly of Norse manufacture; that discovery led to more comprehensive exploration of the Tanfield Valley archaeological site for points of contact between Norse Greenlanders and the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map.png/220px-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map.png/330px-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map.png/440px-L%27Anse_aux_Meadows_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>The location of <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2021, some wood from L'Anse aux Meadows that was chopped by an axe was dated to 1021, thus providing for the first time a certain date with regard to the Norse presence at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-KuitemsEtAl_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KuitemsEtAl-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pseudohistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purported <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a> have been found in North America, most famously the <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Runestone" title="Kensington Runestone">Kensington Runestone</a>. These are generally considered forgeries or misinterpretations of <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph#North_America" title="Petroglyph">Native American petroglyphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many claims of Norse colonization in New England, none well founded. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(scholar)" title="Gordon Campbell (scholar)">Gordon Campbell</a>'s book <i>Norse America</i>, published in 2021, develops his thesis that the "fleeting and ill-documented" idea that Vikings "discovered America" quickly seduced Americans of northern European Protestant descent, some of whom went on to deliberately manufacture evidence to support it.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2021_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2021-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no physical evidence of a Norse presence in North America except for the far east of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotella2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotella2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other so-called discoveries, mostly in the United States, have been rejected by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraft1989_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraft1989-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supposed physical evidence has been found to be deliberately falsified or historically baseless, often to promote a political agenda. Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Annette_Kolodny" title="Annette Kolodny">Annette Kolodny</a> criticized attempts to evoke what she termed "plastic vikings". These were fictional characters treated as historical figures, but "depicted variously as heroic warriors and empire builders, barbarous berserker invaders, fighters for freedom, courageous explorers, would-be colonists, seamen and merchants, poets and saga men, glorious ancestors, bloodthirsty pagan pirates, and civilized Christian converts" depending on the speaker or author.<sup id="cite_ref-Watts2020_2243_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts2020_2243-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kolodny-2012_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolodny-2012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monuments claimed to be Norse include:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Tower_(Rhode_Island)" title="Newport Tower (Rhode Island)">Stone Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Altar_Rock" title="Viking Altar Rock">Viking Altar Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Pond_runestones" title="Spirit Pond runestones">Spirit Pond runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVM_Runestone" title="AVM Runestone">AVM Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_of_Thor_(monument)" title="Hammer of Thor (monument)">Hammer of Thor (monument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_stone" title="Bourne stone">Bourne stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Runestone" title="Narragansett Runestone">Narragansett Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_penny" title="Maine penny">Maine penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulen_sword" title="Ulen sword">Ulen sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beardmore_Relics" title="Beardmore Relics">Beardmore Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_runestones" title="Oklahoma runestones">Oklahoma runestones</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroglyphs">petroglyphs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dighton_Rock" title="Dighton Rock">Dighton Rock</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Taunton_River" title="Taunton River">Taunton River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KensingtonStone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/KensingtonStone.jpg/137px-KensingtonStone.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/KensingtonStone.jpg/205px-KensingtonStone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/KensingtonStone.jpg/274px-KensingtonStone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="3092" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Runestone" title="Kensington Runestone">Kensington Runestone</a> on display in the Alexandria Chamber of Commerce and Runestone Museum.</figcaption></figure></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kensington_Runestone">Kensington Runestone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kensington Runestone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Runestone" title="Kensington Runestone">Kensington Runestone</a></div> <p>In late 1898, Swedish immigrant Olof Öhman stated that he found this rune in <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Minnesota" title="Kensington, Minnesota">Kensington, Minnesota</a>, while clearing land he had recently acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2021173_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2021173-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that the rune was lying face down and tangled in various roots near the crest of a small <a href="/wiki/Hillock" title="Hillock">knoll</a> within an area of wetlands. After <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaus_J._Breda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olaus J. Breda (page does not exist)">Olaus J. Breda</a> (1853–1916), professor of Scandinavian Languages and Literature in the Scandinavian Department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> analyzed the inscriptions, he declared the rune-stone to be a forgery and published a discrediting article in <i><a href="/wiki/Symra" title="Symra">Symra</a></i> in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breda also forwarded copies of the inscription to various contemporary Scandinavian linguists and historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Oluf_Rygh" title="Oluf Rygh">Oluf Rygh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophus_Bugge" title="Sophus Bugge">Sophus Bugge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Storm" title="Gustav Storm">Gustav Storm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Olsen" title="Magnus Olsen">Magnus Olsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Noreen" title="Adolf Noreen">Adolf Noreen</a>. They "unanimously pronounced the Kensington inscription a fraud and forgery of recent date".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horsford's_Norumbega"><span id="Horsford.27s_Norumbega"></span>Horsford's Norumbega</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Horsford's Norumbega"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eben_Norton_Horsford#Viking" title="Eben Norton Horsford">Eben Norton Horsford § Viking</a></div> <p>The nineteenth-century Harvard chemist <a href="/wiki/Eben_Norton_Horsford" title="Eben Norton Horsford">Eben Norton Horsford</a> connected the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> Basin to places described in the <a href="/wiki/Norse_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse saga">Norse sagas</a> and elsewhere, notably <a href="/wiki/Norumbega" title="Norumbega">Norumbega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming1995_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming1995-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published several books on the topic and had plaques, monuments, and statues erected in honor of the Norse.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work received little support from mainstream historians and archeologists at the time, and even less today.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other nineteenth-century writers, such as Horsford's friend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold_Appleton" title="Thomas Gold Appleton">Thomas Gold Appleton</a>, in his <i>A Sheaf of Papers</i> (1875), and <a href="/wiki/George_Perkins_Marsh" title="George Perkins Marsh">George Perkins Marsh</a>, in his <i>The Goths in New England</i>, seized upon such false notions of <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a> history also to promote the superiority of <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> (as well as to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>). Such misuse of Viking history and imagery reemerged in the twentieth century among some groups promoting <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg/220px-Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg/330px-Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg/440px-Vinland_Map_HiRes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3038" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vinland_Map" title="Vinland Map">Vinland map</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vinland_Map">Vinland Map</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vinland Map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vinland_Map" title="Vinland Map">Vinland Map</a></div><p>During the mid-1960s, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> announced the acquisition of a map purportedly drawn around 1440 that showed <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> and a legend concerning Norse voyages to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However certain experts doubted the authenticity of the map, based on linguistic and cartographic inconsistencies. Chemical analysis of the map's ink later shed further doubts on its authenticity. Scientific debate continued until in 2021 the university finally acknowledged that the Vinland Map is a forgery.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misattributed_archeological_findings">Misattributed archeological findings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Misattributed archeological findings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archeological findings in 2015 at <a href="/wiki/Point_Rosee" title="Point Rosee">Point Rosee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CBC2018_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC2018-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCP2018_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCP2018-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the southwest coast of Newfoundland, were originally thought to reveal evidence of a turf wall and the roasting of <a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">bog iron</a> ore, and therefore a possible 10th century Norse settlement in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Findings from the 2016 excavation suggest the turf wall and the roasted bog iron ore discovered in 2015 were the result of natural processes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possible settlement was initially discovered through <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a> in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-TWS2017_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWS2017-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and archaeologists excavated the area in 2015 and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-TWS2017_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TWS2017-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Birgitta_Wallace" title="Birgitta Wallace">Birgitta Linderoth Wallace</a>, one of the leading experts of Norse archaeology in North America and an expert on the Norse site at L'Anse aux Meadows, is unsure of the identification of Point Rosee as a Norse site.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologist Karen Milek was a member of the 2016 Point Rosee excavation and is a Norse expert. She also expressed doubt that Point Rosee was a Norse site as there are no good landing sites for their boats and there are steep cliffs between the shoreline and the excavation site.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC2016_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their 8 November 2017 report,<sup id="cite_ref-SP2017_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP2017-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Parcak" title="Sarah Parcak">Sarah Parcak</a> and Gregory Mumford, co-directors of the excavation, wrote that they "found no evidence whatsoever for either a Norse presence or human activity at Point Rosee prior to the historic period"<sup id="cite_ref-TCP2018_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCP2018-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "none of the team members, including the Norse specialists, deemed this area as having any traces of human activity."<sup id="cite_ref-CBC2018_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC2018-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duration_of_Norse_contact">Duration of Norse contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Duration of Norse contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Settlements in continental North America aimed to exploit natural resources such as furs and in particular lumber, which was in short supply in Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear why the short-term settlements did not become permanent, though it was likely in part because of hostile relations with the indigenous peoples, referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skræling</a></i> by the Norse.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it appears that sporadic voyages to Markland for forages, timber, and trade with the locals could have lasted as long as 400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Curran" title="James Watson Curran">James Watson Curran</a> writes:</p><blockquote><p>From 985 to 1410, Greenland was in touch with the world. Then silence. In 1492 the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> noted that no news of that country "at the end of the world" had been received for 80 years, and the bishopric of the colony was offered to a certain ecclesiastic if he would go and "restore Christianity" there. He didn't go.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestri_Obygdir" title="Vestri Obygdir">Vestri Obygdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">History of Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn%27s_skerries" title="Gunnbjörn's skerries">Gunnbjörn's skerries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nunavut" title="History of Nunavut">History of Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Newfoundland">History of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish-Norwegian colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day">Leif Erikson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_settlements_by_year_of_foundation" title="List of North American settlements by year of foundation">List of North American settlements by year of foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilineq" title="Akilineq">Akilineq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderstrands" title="Wonderstrands">Wonderstrands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland_flag" title="Vinland flag">Vinland flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Amazonian_Indians" title="White Amazonian Indians">White Amazonian Indians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norse_colonization_of_North_America&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nydal1989-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nydal1989_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNydal1989" class="citation journal cs1">Nydal, Reidar (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200012613">"A Critical Review of Radiocarbon Dating of a Norse Settlement at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Canada"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 976–985. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Radcb..31..976N">1989Radcb..31..976N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200012613">10.1017/S0033822200012613</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129636032">129636032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Review+of+Radiocarbon+Dating+of+a+Norse+Settlement+at+L%27Anse+Aux+Meadows%2C+Newfoundland+Canada&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=976-985&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200012613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129636032%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Radcb..31..976N&rft.aulast=Nydal&rft.aufirst=Reidar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0033822200012613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellLightfootMcManamonMilner2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis; Milner, George (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82">"L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site"</a>. <i>Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3"><bdi>978-0-313-02189-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150120/https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02189-3&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Linda+S.&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+Kent&rft.au=McManamon%2C+Francis&rft.au=Milner%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarfWRW5OFVgC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuitemsWallaceLindsayScifo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, Caroline (20 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8770119">"Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>601</b> (7893): 388–391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..388K">2022Natur.601..388K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03972-8">10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8770119">8770119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34671168">34671168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+European+presence+in+the+Americas+in+ad+1021&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=7893&rft.pages=388-391&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8770119%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.601..388K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34671168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03972-8&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.aulast=Kuitems&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Birgitta+L.&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+Charles&rft.au=Scifo%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Doeve%2C+Petra&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Lindauer%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Erdil%2C+P%C4%B1nar&rft.au=Ledger%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Forbes%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Vermeeren%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8770119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzhugh, William W, 'Vikings: The north Atlantic saga', Anthronotes museum of natural history publication for education, available at www.anthropology.si.edu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parks_Canada_2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parks_Canada_2018_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows">"L'Anse aux Meadows"</a>. <i>L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada</i>. Parks Canada. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209172532/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>Here [L'Anse aux Meadows] Norse expeditions sailed from Greenland, building a small encampment of timber-and-sod buildings ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+National+Historic+Site+of+Canada&rft.atitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Flhn-nhs%2Fnl%2Fmeadows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feder2020-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feder2020_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feder2020_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2020" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Kenneth L. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1108812780"><i>Frauds, myths, and mysteries : science and pseudoscience in archaeology</i></a> (10 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 127–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-009641-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-009641-0"><bdi>978-0-19-009641-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1108812780">1108812780</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033143/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1108812780">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+myths%2C+and+mysteries+%3A+science+and+pseudoscience+in+archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127-137&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1108812780&rft.isbn=978-0-19-009641-0&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1108812780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove, Jonathan. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/418498/The_Place_of_Greenland_In_Medieval_Icelandic_Saga_Narrative">"The Place of Greenland in Medieval Icelandic Saga Narrative"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326054234/https://www.academia.edu/418498/The_Place_of_Greenland_In_Medieval_Icelandic_Saga_Narrative">Archived</a> 26 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>Norse Greenland: Selected Papers of the Hvalsey Conference 2008</i>, <i>Journal of the North Atlantic</i> Special Volume 2, 30–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He remained there making explorations for three years and decided to found a settlement there (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2004" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Rasmus B. (18 February 2004) [1906]. Hare, John Bruno (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/nda/nda27.htm">"Norse voyages in the tenth and following centuries"</a>. <i>The Norse Discovery of America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102155739/https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/nda/nda27.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Norse+Discovery+of+America&rft.atitle=Norse+voyages+in+the+tenth+and+following+centuries&rft.date=2004-02-18&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Rasmus+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fnda%2Fnda27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReevesAnderson1906" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Middleton_Reeves" title="Arthur Middleton Reeves">Reeves, Arthur Middleton</a>; Anderson, Rasmus B. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/nda/nda18.htm">"Discovery and colonization of Greenland"</a>. <i>Saga of Erik the Red</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110123718/https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/nda/nda18.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2008</span>. <q>The first winter he was at Eriksey, nearly in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Settlement" title="Eastern Settlement">Eastern Settlement</a>; the spring after repaired he to Eriksfjord, and took up there his abode. He removed in summer to the western settlement, and gave to many places names. He was the second winter at Holm in Hrafnsgnipa, but the third summer went he to Iceland, and came with his ship into Breidafjord.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saga+of+Erik+the+Red&rft.atitle=Discovery+and+colonization+of+Greenland&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Middleton&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Rasmus+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fnda%2Fnda18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k" class="extiw" title="s:Íslendingabók">Íslendingabók</a> at Wikisource.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROBW-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROBW_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROBW_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROBW_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROBW_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROBW_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROBW_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROBW_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wernick, Robert; <i>The Seafarers: The Vikings</i> (1979), 176 pages, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-2709-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-2709-5">0-8094-2709-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynnerup2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lynnerup, Niels (2014). "Endperiod Demographics of the Greenland Norse". <i>Journal of the North Atlantic</i>. <b>7</b> (sp7): 18–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3721%2F037.002.sp702">10.3721/037.002.sp702</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26671842">26671842</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163050538">163050538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+North+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Endperiod+Demographics+of+the+Greenland+Norse&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=sp7&rft.pages=18-24&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163050538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26671842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3721%2F037.002.sp702&rft.aulast=Lynnerup&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TVA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TVA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TVA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TVA_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlgren1986" class="citation book cs1">Wahlgren, Erik (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vikingsamerica00wahl"><i>The Vikings and America</i></a>. New York: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-02109-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-02109-0"><bdi>0-500-02109-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+and+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-500-02109-0&rft.aulast=Wahlgren&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvikingsamerica00wahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugmoreKellerMcGovern2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dugmore, Andrew J.; Keller, Christian; McGovern, Thomas H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316683">"Norse Greenland Settlement: Reflections on Climate Change, Trade, and the Contrasting Fates or Human Settlements in the North Atlantic Islands"</a>. <i>Arctic Anthropology</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 12–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Farc.2011.0038">10.1353/arc.2011.0038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6939">0066-6939</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316683">40316683</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21847839">21847839</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10030083">10030083</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227031758/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316683">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Norse+Greenland+Settlement%3A+Reflections+on+Climate+Change%2C+Trade%2C+and+the+Contrasting+Fates+or+Human+Settlements+in+the+North+Atlantic+Islands&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-36&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10030083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Farc.2011.0038&rft.issn=0066-6939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40316683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21847839&rft.aulast=Dugmore&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Keller%2C+Christian&rft.au=McGovern%2C+Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40316683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.spiegel.de-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www.spiegel.de_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockinger2012" class="citation web cs1">Stockinger, Günther (10 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/archaeologists-uncover-clues-to-why-vikings-abandoned-greenland-a-876626.html">"Archaeologists Uncover Clues to Why Vikings Abandoned Greenland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928002823/https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/archaeologists-uncover-clues-to-why-vikings-abandoned-greenland-a-876626.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+Uncover+Clues+to+Why+Vikings+Abandoned+Greenland&rft.pub=Der+Spiegel+Online&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft.aulast=Stockinger&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2Farchaeologists-uncover-clues-to-why-vikings-abandoned-greenland-a-876626.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaver2009" class="citation journal cs1">Seaver, Kirsten A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/891057">"Desirable Teeth: the Medieval Trade in Arctic and African Ivory"</a>. <i>Journal of Global History</i>. <b>4</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: 271–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022809003155">10.1017/S1740022809003155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153720935">153720935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Desirable+Teeth%3A+the+Medieval+Trade+in+Arctic+and+African+Ivory&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-292&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740022809003155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153720935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seaver&rft.aufirst=Kirsten+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F891057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nedkvitne2018-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nedkvitne2018_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedkvitne2018" class="citation book cs1">Nedkvitne, Arnved (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs5wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14"><i>Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic</i></a>. 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Routledge. pp. 179–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-45613-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-45613-4"><bdi>978-1-000-45613-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033135/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y85JEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT179">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(25 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8942370">"Prolonged drying trend coincident with the demise of Norse settlement in southern Greenland"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>8</b> (12). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): eabm4346. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SciA....8M4346Z">2022SciA....8M4346Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abm4346">10.1126/sciadv.abm4346</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8942370">8942370</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35319972">35319972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Prolonged+drying+trend+coincident+with+the+demise+of+Norse+settlement+in+southern+Greenland&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=eabm4346&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8942370%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022SciA....8M4346Z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35319972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abm4346&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Boyang&rft.au=Casta%C3%B1eda%2C+Isla+S.&rft.au=Salacup%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Elizabeth+K.&rft.au=Daniels%2C+William+C.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Tobias&rft.au=de+Wet%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Raymond+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8942370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettBoessenkoolKnealeO'Connell2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barrett, James H.; Boessenkool, Sanne; Kneale, Catherine J.; <a href="/wiki/Tamsin_O%27Connell" title="Tamsin O'Connell">O'Connell, Tamsin C.</a>; Star, Bastiaan (1 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.106122">"Ecological globalisation, serial depletion and the medieval trade of walrus rostra"</a>. <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>. <b>229</b>: 106122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020QSRv..22906122B">2020QSRv..22906122B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.106122">10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106122</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F91845">2262/91845</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Ecological+globalisation%2C+serial+depletion+and+the+medieval+trade+of+walrus+rostra&rft.volume=229&rft.pages=106122&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2262%2F91845&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2019.106122&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020QSRv..22906122B&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Boessenkool%2C+Sanne&rft.au=Kneale%2C+Catherine+J.&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+Tamsin+C.&rft.au=Star%2C+Bastiaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.quascirev.2019.106122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2016" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Alistair (16 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=weFmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57"><i>A Millennium of Cultural Contact</i></a>. Routledge. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43572-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-43572-5"><bdi>978-1-315-43572-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704004454/https://books.google.com/books?id=weFmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Millennium+of+Cultural+Contact&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.isbn=978-1-315-43572-5&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DweFmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGovern1999-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGovern1999_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern1991" class="citation journal cs1">McGovern, Thomas H. (1991). "Climate, Correlation, and Causation in Norse Greenland". <i>Arctic Anthropology</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 77–100. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316278">40316278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Climate%2C+Correlation%2C+and+Causation+in+Norse+Greenland&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-100&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40316278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kintisch2016-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kintisch2016_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kintisch2016_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKintisch2016" class="citation web cs1">Kintisch, Eli (10 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/why-did-greenland-s-vikings-disappear">"Why did Greenland's Vikings disappear?"</a>. <i>www.science.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111131631/https://www.science.org/content/article/why-did-greenland-s-vikings-disappear">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.science.org&rft.atitle=Why+did+Greenland%27s+Vikings+disappear%3F&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.aulast=Kintisch&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fwhy-did-greenland-s-vikings-disappear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorreggineLatychevCoulsonPowell2023" class="citation journal cs1">Borreggine, Marisa; Latychev, Konstantin; Coulson, Sophie; Powell, Evelyn; Mitrovica, Jerry; Milne, Glenn; Alley, Richard (17 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10151458">"Sea-level rise in Southwest Greenland as a contributor to Viking abandonment"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>120</b> (17): e2209615120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PNAS..12009615B">2023PNAS..12009615B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2209615120">10.1073/pnas.2209615120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10151458">10151458</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37068242">37068242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258189345">258189345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sea-level+rise+in+Southwest+Greenland+as+a+contributor+to+Viking+abandonment&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=e2209615120&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10151458%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258189345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PNAS..12009615B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37068242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2209615120&rft.aulast=Borreggine&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft.au=Latychev%2C+Konstantin&rft.au=Coulson%2C+Sophie&rft.au=Powell%2C+Evelyn&rft.au=Mitrovica%2C+Jerry&rft.au=Milne%2C+Glenn&rft.au=Alley%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10151458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSephton1880" class="citation news cs1">Sephton, J. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en">"The Saga of Erik the Red"</a>. <i>Icelandic Saga Database</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504211747/http://sagadb.org/eiriks_saga_rauda.en">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icelandic+Saga+Database&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+Erik+the+Red&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Sephton&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsagadb.org%2Feiriks_saga_rauda.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiesa2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chiesa, Paolo (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00822884.2021.1943792">"Marckalada: The First Mention of America in the Mediterranean Area (c. 1340)"</a>. <i>Terrae Incognitae</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 88–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00822884.2021.1943792">10.1080/00822884.2021.1943792</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F860960">2434/860960</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0082-2884">0082-2884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236457428">236457428</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033137/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00822884.2021.1943792">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrae+Incognitae&rft.atitle=Marckalada%3A+The+First+Mention+of+America+in+the+Mediterranean+Area+%28c.+1340%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88-106&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2434%2F860960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236457428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0082-2884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00822884.2021.1943792&rft.aulast=Chiesa&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00822884.2021.1943792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronology-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See chronology <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03972-8/figures/6">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021220517/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03972-8/figures/6">Archived</a> 21 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagnussonPálsson1973-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MagnussonPálsson1973_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnussonPálsson1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Magnusson" title="Magnus Magnusson">Magnusson, Magnus</a>; Pálsson, Hermann (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkTKZMwm2YsC&pg=PT119"><i>The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190698-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190698-0"><bdi>978-0-14-190698-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033135/https://books.google.com/books?id=mkTKZMwm2YsC&pg=PT119">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vinland+Sagas%3A+The+Norse+Discovery+of+America&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190698-0&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft.au=P%C3%A1lsson%2C+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkTKZMwm2YsC%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnusson & Pálsson1973" p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HansenCurtis2016-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HansenCurtis2016_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HansenCurtis2016_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenCurtis2016" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Ken (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VckaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA295"><i>Voyages in World History</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-88841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-88841-8"><bdi>978-1-305-88841-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033137/https://books.google.com/books?id=VckaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA295">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+in+World+History&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-305-88841-8&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVckaCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnusson & Pálsson, 1973 p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BalkunImbarrato2016-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BalkunImbarrato2016_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalkunImbarrato2016" class="citation book cs1">Balkun, Mary McAleer; Imbarrato, Susan C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518185559/https://books.google.com/books?id=d3hhCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21"><i>Women's Narratives of the Early Americas and the Formation of Empire</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-54320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-54320-2"><bdi>978-1-137-54320-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d3hhCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21">the original</a> on 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Narratives+of+the+Early+Americas+and+the+Formation+of+Empire&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-54320-2&rft.aulast=Balkun&rft.aufirst=Mary+McAleer&rft.au=Imbarrato%2C+Susan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd3hhCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardeła2021-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gardeła2021_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardeła2021" class="citation book cs1">Gardeła, Leszek (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvE1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93"><i>Women and Weapons in the Viking World: Amazons of the North</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-668-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-668-0"><bdi>978-1-78925-668-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033136/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvE1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Weapons+in+the+Viking+World%3A+Amazons+of+the+North&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-668-0&rft.aulast=Garde%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvE1EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myoldmaps.com/renaissance-maps-1490-1800/4316-skalholt-map/4316-skalholt-map.pdf">"Skálholt Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807191604/http://www.myoldmaps.com/renaissance-maps-1490-1800/4316-skalholt-map/4316-skalholt-map.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sk%C3%A1lholt+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myoldmaps.com%2Frenaissance-maps-1490-1800%2F4316-skalholt-map%2F4316-skalholt-map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallet1770-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallet1770_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallet1770" class="citation book cs1">Mallet, Paul Henri (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K9ZCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA282"><i>Description of the manners, &c. of the ancient Danes</i></a>. Vol. I. T. Carnan and Company. pp. 282–289. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033136/https://books.google.com/books?id=K9ZCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA282">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>Hitherto we have seen the Norwegians only making slight efforts to establish themselves in Vinland. The year after Thorstein's death proved more favourable to the design of settling a colony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+the+manners%2C+%26c.+of+the+ancient+Danes&rft.pages=282-289&rft.pub=T.+Carnan+and+Company&rft.date=1770&rft.aulast=Mallet&rft.aufirst=Paul+Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK9ZCAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watts2020-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watts2020_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2020" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Edward (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Thq1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT243">"The Norse Forefathers of the American Empire"</a>. <i>Colonizing the Past: Mythmaking and Pre-Columbian Whites in Nineteenth-Century American Writing</i>. University of Virginia Press. pp. 242–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4388-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4388-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-4388-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033136/https://books.google.com/books?id=Thq1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT242">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023. <q>Translated to English and published on both sides of the Atlantic, Rafn's book, the interpretive translation of the Icelandic sagas originally transcribed by Snorri Sturluson and other Skaldic poets in the fourteenth century, catalyzed a transatlantic fascination with all things Viking. This would encompass more than the expected primordial land-based fantasy of a Norse origin. It also catalyzed a more durable blood-based fabrication that pushed the American appropriation of Gothic Anglo-Saxon identity deeper into the legendary past to its fictional roots in Scandinavian Teutonism by designating Anglo-Saxonism as a subculture of Norse Teutonism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Norse+Forefathers+of+the+American+Empire&rft.btitle=Colonizing+the+Past%3A+Mythmaking+and+Pre-Columbian+Whites+in+Nineteenth-Century+American+Writing&rft.pages=242-243&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-4388-6&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThq1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittock2018-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whittock2018_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittock2018" class="citation book cs1">Whittock, Martyn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YbdTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9"><i>Tales of Valhalla</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-912-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-912-6"><bdi>978-1-68177-912-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033137/https://books.google.com/books?id=YbdTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+Valhalla&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-68177-912-6&rft.aulast=Whittock&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYbdTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weaver2014-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weaver2014_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2014" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Jace (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08IBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>The Red Atlantic: American Indigenes and the Making of the Modern World, 1000–1927</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1439-7"><bdi>978-1-4696-1439-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033138/https://books.google.com/books?id=08IBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Atlantic%3A+American+Indigenes+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World%2C+1000%E2%80%931927&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-1439-7&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Jace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D08IBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plank2020-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plank2020_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlank2020" class="citation book cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EurkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Atlantic Wars: From the Fifteenth Century to the Age of Revolution</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086046-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086046-2"><bdi>978-0-19-086046-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033138/https://books.google.com/books?id=EurkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Wars%3A+From+the+Fifteenth+Century+to+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-086046-2&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEurkDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngstadIngstad2001" class="citation book cs1">Ingstad, Helga; Ingstad, Anne Stine (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj-I5hdpzGoC&pg=PA111"><i>The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland</i></a>. Breeakwater Books. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816047161" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816047161"><bdi>978-0816047161</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033138/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj-I5hdpzGoC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Discovery+of+America%3A+The+Excavation+of+a+Norse+Settlement+in+L%27Anse+Aux+Meadows%2C+Newfoundland&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Breeakwater+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0816047161&rft.aulast=Ingstad&rft.aufirst=Helga&rft.au=Ingstad%2C+Anne+Stine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGj-I5hdpzGoC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace" class="citation web cs1">Wallace, Birgitta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lanse-aux-meadows">"L'Anse aux Meadows"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227064113/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lanse-aux-meadows">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=L%27Anse+aux+Meadows&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Flanse-aux-meadows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller-Vollmer2022-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mueller-Vollmer2022_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller-VollmerWolf2022" class="citation book cs1">Mueller-Vollmer, Tristan; Wolf, Kirsten (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MtljEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>Vikings: An Encyclopedia of Conflict, Invasions, and Raids</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7730-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7730-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-7730-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033142/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtljEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Conflict%2C+Invasions%2C+and+Raids&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-7730-8&rft.aulast=Mueller-Vollmer&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtljEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2012" class="citation web cs1">Pringle, Heather (19 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517220110/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121019-viking-outpost-second-new-canada-science-sutherland/">"Evidence of Viking Outpost Found in Canada"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121019-viking-outpost-second-new-canada-science-sutherland/">the original</a> on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Viking+Outpost+Found+in+Canada&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F10%2F121019-viking-outpost-second-new-canada-science-sutherland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pringle, Heather (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119110451/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/11/vikings-and-indians/pringle-text">"Vikings and Native Americans"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. <b>221</b> (11). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/11/vikings-and-indians/pringle-text">the original</a> on 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Vikings+and+Native+Americans&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2012-11&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2012%2F11%2Fvikings-and-indians%2Fpringle-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Nature_of_Things2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Things" title="The Nature of Things">The Nature of Things</a> (22 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/episode/the-norse-an-arctic-mystery.html">"The Norse: An Arctic Mystery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127184750/http://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/episode/the-norse-an-arctic-mystery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Norse%3A+An+Arctic+Mystery&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.au=The+Nature+of+Things&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnatureofthings%2Fepisode%2Fthe-norse-an-arctic-mystery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2000" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Sutherland" title="Patricia Sutherland">Sutherland, Patricia</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historymuseum.ca/learn/research/resources-for-scholars/essays/dorset-norse-interactions-in-the-canadian-eastern-arctic/">"Strands of Culture Contact: Dorset-Norse Interactions in the Canadian Eastern Arctic"</a>. In Appelt, Martin; Berglund, Joel; Gulløv, Hans Christian (eds.). <i>Identities and Cultural Contacts in the Arctic: Proceedings from a Conference at the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, 30 November to 2 December 1999</i>. Copenhagen, Denmark: The Danish National Museum & Danish Polar Center. pp. 159–169. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181204073956/https://www.historymuseum.ca/learn/research/resources-for-scholars/essays/dorset-norse-interactions-in-the-canadian-eastern-arctic/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Strands+of+Culture+Contact%3A+Dorset-Norse+Interactions+in+the+Canadian+Eastern+Arctic&rft.btitle=Identities+and+Cultural+Contacts+in+the+Arctic%3A+Proceedings+from+a+Conference+at+the+Danish+National+Museum%2C+Copenhagen%2C+30+November+to+2+December+1999&rft.place=Copenhagen%2C+Denmark&rft.pages=159-169&rft.pub=The+Danish+National+Museum+%26+Danish+Polar+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historymuseum.ca%2Flearn%2Fresearch%2Fresources-for-scholars%2Fessays%2Fdorset-norse-interactions-in-the-canadian-eastern-arctic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/archeo/helluland/str0301e.html">"Strangers, Partners, Neighbors? Helluland Archaeology Project: Recent Finds"</a>. Canadian Museum of History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203230055/https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/archeo/helluland/str0301e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strangers%2C+Partners%2C+Neighbors%3F+Helluland+Archaeology+Project%3A+Recent+Finds&rft.pub=Canadian+Museum+of+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historymuseum.ca%2Fcmc%2Fexhibitions%2Farcheo%2Fhelluland%2Fstr0301e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KuitemsEtAl-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KuitemsEtAl_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuitemsWallaceLindsayScifo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, Caroline (20 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8770119">"Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>601</b> (7893): 388–391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..388K">2022Natur.601..388K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03972-8">10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8770119">8770119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34671168">34671168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239051036">239051036</a>. <q>Our result of AD 1021 for the cutting year constitutes the only secure calendar date for the presence of Europeans across the Atlantic before the voyages of Columbus. Moreover, the fact that our results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in AD 1021. In addition, our research demonstrates the potential of the AD 993 anomaly in atmospheric 14C concentrations for pinpointing the ages of past migrations and cultural interactions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+European+presence+in+the+Americas+in+AD+1021&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=7893&rft.pages=388-391&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8770119%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239051036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.601..388K&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03972-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34671168&rft.aulast=Kuitems&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Birgitta+L.&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+Charles&rft.au=Scifo%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Doeve%2C+Petra&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Lindauer%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Erdil%2C+P%C4%B1nar&rft.au=Ledger%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Forbes%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Vermeeren%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8770119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Kolodny" title="Annette Kolodny">Annette Kolodny</a>, "Fictions of American Prehistory: Indians, Archeology, and National Origin Myths", <i>American Literature</i> 75 4: 693–721, December 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/51011">full text at Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220033908/http://muse.jhu.edu/article/51011">Archived</a> 20 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2021-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2021_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2021" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gordon (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHEhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212"><i>Norse America: The Story of a Founding Myth</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 27, 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886155-3"><bdi>978-0-19-886155-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502034643/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHEhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+America%3A+The+Story+of+a+Founding+Myth&rft.pages=27%2C+212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-886155-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHEhEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotella2007-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotella2007_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotella2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rotella, Carlo (Summer 2007). "Pulp History". <i>Raritan</i>. <b>27</b> (1). Rutgers University: 11–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raritan&rft.atitle=Pulp+History&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-36&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rotella&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraft1989-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kraft1989_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kraft, Herbert C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914304">"Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Indian/White Trade Relations in the Middle Atlantic and Northeast Regions"</a>. <i>Archaeology of Eastern North America</i>. <b>17</b>: 1–29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-1021">0360-1021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+of+Eastern+North+America&rft.atitle=Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Century+Indian%2FWhite+Trade+Relations+in+the+Middle+Atlantic+and+Northeast+Regions&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0360-1021&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Herbert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40914304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watts2020_2243-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watts2020_2243_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2020" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Edward (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Thq1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT243">"The Norse Forefathers of the American Empire"</a>. <i>Colonizing the Past: Mythmaking and Pre-Columbian Whites in Nineteenth-Century American Writing</i>. University of Virginia Press. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4388-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4388-6"><bdi>978-0-8139-4388-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Norse+Forefathers+of+the+American+Empire&rft.btitle=Colonizing+the+Past%3A+Mythmaking+and+Pre-Columbian+Whites+in+Nineteenth-Century+American+Writing&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-4388-6&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThq1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolodny-2012-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolodny-2012_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodny2012" class="citation book cs1">Kolodny, Annette (2012). <i>In Search of First Contact</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+First+Contact&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kolodny&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Klein, "Uncovering New England's Viking connections", <i>Boston Globe</i>, 23 November 2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2013/11/23/uncovering-new-england-viking-connections/JhxUdp7xvwZK8DjxqQ9cFO/story.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125084907/https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2013/11/23/uncovering-new-england-viking-connections/JhxUdp7xvwZK8DjxqQ9cFO/story.html">Archived</a> 25 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2021173-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2021173_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2021" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gordon (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHEhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173"><i>Norse America: The Story of a Founding Myth</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886155-3"><bdi>978-0-19-886155-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502034643/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHEhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+America%3A+The+Story+of+a+Founding+Myth&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-886155-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHEhEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreda1910" class="citation news cs1">Breda, Olaus (1910). 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St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87351-044-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87351-044-5"><bdi>0-87351-044-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/190744">190744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kensington+rune+stone%3B+new+light+on+an+old+riddle&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F190744&rft.isbn=0-87351-044-5&rft.aulast=Blegen&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F190744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming1995-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming1995_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Fleming1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Fleming" title="Robin Fleming">Robin Fleming</a> (1995). "Picturesque History and the Medieval in Nineteenth-Century America". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>100</b> (4): 1079–1082. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F100.4.1061">10.1086/ahr/100.4.1061</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2168201">2168201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Picturesque+History+and+the+Medieval+in+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1079-1082&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F100.4.1061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2168201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Robin+Fleming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEben_Norton_HorsfordEdward_Henry_Clement1890" class="citation book cs1">Eben Norton Horsford; Edward Henry Clement (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryancien00yorkgoog"><i>The discovery of the ancient city of Norumbega: A communication to the president and council of the American Geographical Society at their special session in Watertown, November 21, 1889</i></a>. Houghton, Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryancien00yorkgoog/page/n22">14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+discovery+of+the+ancient+city+of+Norumbega%3A+A+communication+to+the+president+and+council+of+the+American+Geographical+Society+at+their+special+session+in+Watertown%2C+November+21%2C+1889&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Eben+Norton+Horsford&rft.au=Edward+Henry+Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryancien00yorkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Williams, <i>Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory</i>, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gloria Polizzotti Greis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716041144/http://greisnet.com/needhist.nsf/VikingsontheCharles?OpenPage">"Vikings on the Charles or The Strange Saga of Dighton Rock, Norumbega, and Rumford Double-Acting Baking Powder"</a>. 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Needham Historical Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegal2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Regal, Brian (November–December 2019). "Everything Means Something in Viking". <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. Vol. 43, no. 6. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a>. pp. 44–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Everything+Means+Something+in+Viking&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=44-47&rft.date=2019-11%2F2019-12&rft.aulast=Regal&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2021" class="citation web cs1">Cummings, Mike (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2021/09/01/analysis-unlocks-secret-vinland-map-its-fake">"Analysis unlocks secret of the Vinland Map — it's a fake"</a>. <i>YaleNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915094955/https://news.yale.edu/2021/09/01/analysis-unlocks-secret-vinland-map-its-fake">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YaleNews&rft.atitle=Analysis+unlocks+secret+of+the+Vinland+Map+%E2%80%94+it%27s+a+fake&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2021%2F09%2F01%2Fanalysis-unlocks-secret-vinland-map-its-fake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuhas2021" class="citation news cs1">Yuhas, Alan (30 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/30/us/yale-vinland-map-fake.html">"Yale Says Its Vinland Map, Once Called a Medieval Treasure, Is Fake"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121140732/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/30/us/yale-vinland-map-fake.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yale+Says+Its+Vinland+Map%2C+Once+Called+a+Medieval+Treasure%2C+Is+Fake&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Yuhas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F09%2F30%2Fus%2Fyale-vinland-map-fake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC2018-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2018_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2018_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2018" class="citation news cs1">Bird, Lindsay (30 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/codroy-valley-vikings-report-1.4684066">"Archeological quest for Codroy Valley Vikings comes up short – Report filed with province states no Norse activity found at dig site"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603023906/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/codroy-valley-vikings-report-1.4684066">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Archeological+quest+for+Codroy+Valley+Vikings+comes+up+short+%E2%80%93+Report+filed+with+province+states+no+Norse+activity+found+at+dig+site&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fcodroy-valley-vikings-report-1.4684066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCP2018-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCP2018_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCP2018_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie-Sutter" class="citation news cs1">McKenzie-Sutter, Holly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203935/http://www.timescolonist.com/no-viking-presence-in-southern-newfoundland-after-all-american-researcher-finds-1.23320719">"No Viking presence in southern Newfoundland after all, American researcher finds"</a>. The Canadian Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timescolonist.com/no-viking-presence-in-southern-newfoundland-after-all-american-researcher-finds-1.23320719">the original</a> on 18 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+Viking+presence+in+southern+Newfoundland+after+all%2C+American+researcher+finds&rft.aulast=McKenzie-Sutter&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timescolonist.com%2Fno-viking-presence-in-southern-newfoundland-after-all-american-researcher-finds-1.23320719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2016" class="citation news cs1">Strauss, Mark (31 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421233343/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160331-viking-discovery-north-america-canada-archaeology/">"Discovery Could Rewrite History of Vikings in New World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160331-viking-discovery-north-america-canada-archaeology/">the original</a> on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>Sarah Parcak, a National Geographic Fellow and "space archaeologist" who has used satellite imagery to locate lost Egyptian cities, temples, and tombs [...] supported, in part, by a grant from the National Geographic Society [...] led a team of archaeologists to Point Rosee last summer [2015] to conduct a "test excavation," a small-scale dig to search for initial evidence that the site merits further study.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Discovery+Could+Rewrite+History+of+Vikings+in+New+World&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F03%2F160331-viking-discovery-north-america-canada-archaeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pringle, Heather (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507122114/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/03/vikings-ship-burials-battle-reenactor/">"Vikings"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. <b>231</b> (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/03/vikings-ship-burials-battle-reenactor/">the original</a> on 7 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>During a small excavation in 2015, Parcak and her colleagues found what looked like a turf wall [...] But a larger excavation last summer [2016] cast serious doubt on those interpretations, suggesting that the turf wall and accumulation of bog ore were the results of natural processes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Vikings&rft.volume=231&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2F2017%2F03%2Fvikings-ship-burials-battle-reenactor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWS2017-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TWS2017_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWS2017_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKean2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kean, Gary (30 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926100125/http://www.thewesternstar.com/news/regional/update-archaeologist-thinks-codroy-valley-may-have-once-been-visited-by-vikings-121840/">"Update: Archaeologist thinks Codroy Valley may have once been visited by Vikings"</a>. <i>The Western Star</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewesternstar.com/news/regional/update-archaeologist-thinks-codroy-valley-may-have-once-been-visited-by-vikings-121840/">the original</a> on 26 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>The expedition was documented by the PBS show "NOVA" in partnership with the BBC. The two-hour documentary, titled "Vikings Unearthed," will air on PBS [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Star&rft.atitle=Update%3A+Archaeologist+thinks+Codroy+Valley+may+have+once+been+visited+by+Vikings&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewesternstar.com%2Fnews%2Fregional%2Fupdate-archaeologist-thinks-codroy-valley-may-have-once-been-visited-by-vikings-121840%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2016" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Garrett (1 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/vikings-newfoundland-1.3515747/">"Potential Viking site found in Newfoundland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403150322/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/vikings-newfoundland-1.3515747">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Potential+Viking+site+found+in+Newfoundland&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fvikings-newfoundland-1.3515747%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC2016-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBC2016_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2016" class="citation news cs1">Bird, Lindsay (12 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/viking-dig-point-rosee-newfoundland-2016-1.3751129">"On the Trail of Vikings: Latest search for Norse in North America"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531181120/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/viking-dig-point-rosee-newfoundland-2016-1.3751129">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Trail+of+Vikings%3A+Latest+search+for+Norse+in+North+America&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fviking-dig-point-rosee-newfoundland-2016-1.3751129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP2017-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SP2017_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParcakMumford2017" class="citation news cs1">Parcak, Sarah; Mumford, Gregory (8 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620074156/http://vocm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PENNEY-2017-Point-Rosee-Codroy-Valley-NL-Test-Excavation-Report.pdf">"Point Rosee, Codroy Valley, NL (ClBu-07) 2016 Test Excavations under Archaeological Investigation Permit #16.26"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. geraldpennyassociates.com, 42 pages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vocm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PENNEY-2017-Point-Rosee-Codroy-Valley-NL-Test-Excavation-Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>[The 2015 and 2016 excavations] found no evidence whatsoever for either a Norse presence or human activity at Point Rosee prior to the historic period. ... None of the team members, including the Norse specialists, deemed this area as having any traces of human activity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Point+Rosee%2C+Codroy+Valley%2C+NL+%28ClBu-07%29+2016+Test+Excavations+under+Archaeological+Investigation+Permit+%2316.26&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft.aulast=Parcak&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Mumford%2C+Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvocm.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F05%2FPENNEY-2017-Point-Rosee-Codroy-Valley-NL-Test-Excavation-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Collapse:_How_Societies_Choose_to_Fail_or_Succeed" title="Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed">Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrinJohnsonMcPhersonGerstle2008" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, John M; Johnson, Paul E; McPherson, James M; Gerstle, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aNIeXqWz9YC&pg=PA6"><i>Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Compact</i></a>. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-41101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-41101-7"><bdi>978-0-495-41101-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502034644/https://books.google.com/books?id=4aNIeXqWz9YC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People%2C+Compact&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-41101-7&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=John+M&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Paul+E&rft.au=McPherson%2C+James+M&rft.au=Gerstle%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4aNIeXqWz9YC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schledermann, Peter. 1996. Voices in Stone. A Personal Journey into the Arctic Past. Komatik Series no. 5. Calgary: The Arctic Institute of North America and the University of Calgary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, Patricia. 2000. "The Norse and Native Norse Americans". In William W. Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I. Ward, eds., Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, pp. 238–247. Washington, DC: The Smithsonian Institution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran1939" class="citation book cs1">Curran, James Watson (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eSxCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Here was Vinland: The Great Lakes Region of America</i></a>. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/The_Sault_Star" title="The Sault Star">Sault Daily Star</a>. p. 207. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502034645/https://books.google.com/books?id=eSxCAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+was+Vinland%3A+The+Great+Lakes+Region+of+America&rft.place=Sault+Ste.+Marie%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Sault+Daily+Star&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=James+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeSxCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorse+colonization+of+North+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_colonies" title="Template talk:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Named territories</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></dd> <dd><span class="nobold">Sites:</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island#French_Colony" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Isle St-Jean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island#History" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre Neuve</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in New France">List of towns</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of forts</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Miguel" title="Fort San Miguel">Fort San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Expeditions</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling#Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Basque whaling">Newfoundland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas#Nova_Scotia_(1621)" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Nova Scotia (1621)</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal#Port_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Port Royal Colony</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">Nova Dania</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas#English_colonies_in_North_America" title="British colonization of the Americas">English</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland (1583)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> (?)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Yorkshire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia (1710)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">United Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia (1858–1866)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">British Columbia (1866–1871)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Districts of the Northwest Territories">districts</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove" title="Cuper's Cove">Cuper's Cove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ferryland" title="Ferryland">Avalon (1620)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Langley National Historic Site">Fort Langley</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution after 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Areas disputed by Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a> </b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_colonization_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_colonization_of_North_America" title="Template:European colonization of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_colonization_of_North_America" title="Template talk:European colonization of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_colonization_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European colonization of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_colonization_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization of North America">European colonization of North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Castilla#Belgian_colony" title="Santo Tomás de Castilla">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Curonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse</a></li> <li>Norwegian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red%27s_Land" title="Erik the Red's Land">Erik the Red's Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen_Land" title="Fridtjof Nansen Land">Fridtjof Nansen Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition"><i>Polaris</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)"><i>Polaris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS <i>Alert</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's <i>Fram</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)"><i>Norge</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)"><i>Italia</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)"><i><b>Nautilus</b></i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)"><i>Georgiy Sedov</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS <i>Arktika</i></a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i> submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse colonization of North America</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)"><i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS <i>Discovery</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS <i>Griper</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS <i>Hecla</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS <i>Fury</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS <i>Blossom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS <i>Investigator</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS <i>Resolute</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)"><i>Isabel</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS <i>Advance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)"><i>Fox</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS <i>Pandora</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)"><i>St. Roch</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition"><i>Vega</i> Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition"><i>Jeannette</i> expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS <i>Jeannette</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)"><i>Yermak</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)"><i>Zarya</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Taymyr</i></a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)"><i>Vaygach</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)"><i>Maud</i></a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)"><i>Sadko</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)"><i>A. Sibiryakov</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin"><i>Chelyuskin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)"><i>Krassin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)"><i>Lenin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker"><i>Arktika</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)"><i>San Telmo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)"><i>Vostok</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)"><i>Mirny</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>Astrolabe</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS <i>Vincennes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS <i>Porpoise</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS <i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)"><i>Jason</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">"</span><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a><span class="nobold">"</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)"><i>Belgica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)"><i>Southern Cross</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)"><i>Antarctic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)"><i>Scotia</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)"><i>Pourquoi-Pas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)"><i>Terra Nova</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY <i>Aurora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird"><i>James Caird</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)"><i>Quest</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS <i>Adventure</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS <i>Erebus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS <i>Terror</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greenland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greenland_topics" title="Template:Greenland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greenland_topics" title="Template talk:Greenland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greenland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greenland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greenland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greenland-related_articles" title="Index of Greenland-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Greenland is <a href="/wiki/The_unity_of_the_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="The unity of the Realm">an autonomous constituent country</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Greenland" title="Timeline of Greenland">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Eskimo" title="Paleo-Eskimo">Paleo-Eskimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_settlements_in_Greenland" title="Norse settlements in Greenland">Norse Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Settlement" title="Eastern Settlement">Eastern Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Settlement" title="Western Settlement">Western Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling" title="Skræling">Skræling</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red%27s_Land" title="Erik the Red's Land">Erik the Red's Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen_Land" title="Fridtjof Nansen Land">Fridtjof Nansen Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Thule_Air_Base_B-52_crash" title="1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash">Thule accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Greenland" title="County of Greenland">County of Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_home_rule_referendum,_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic home rule referendum, 1979">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_self-government_referendum,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic self-government referendum, 2008">Autonomy <span style="font-size:85%;">(self-rule)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Cartographic expeditions to Greenland">Cartographic expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland"><img alt="Greenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic#Greenland" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_in_the_Arctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming in the Arctic">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fjords_of_Greenland" title="Category:Fjords of Greenland">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greenland" title="Geology of Greenland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Greenland" title="List of glaciers in Greenland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greenland" title="List of islands of Greenland">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greenland_by_area" title="List of islands of Greenland by area">by area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Greenland" title="List of mountain peaks of Greenland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Greenland_National_Park" title="Northeast Greenland National Park">National park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greenland" title="List of rivers of Greenland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Straits_of_Greenland" title="Category:Straits of Greenland">Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Greenland" title="List of cities and towns in Greenland">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Greenland" title="Flora and fauna of Greenland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greenland" title="Politics of Greenland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greenland" title="Administrative divisions of Greenland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greenland" title="Elections in Greenland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greenland" title="Foreign relations of Greenland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_High_Commissioners_in_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Danish High Commissioners in Greenland">High Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inatsisartut" title="Inatsisartut">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Greenland" title="Law enforcement in Greenland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greenland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greenland" title="Military of Greenland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greenland" title="List of political parties in Greenland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greenlandic_rulers" title="List of Greenlandic rulers">Ruling monarchs</a></li> <li>Political leader <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Greenland" title="List of governors of Greenland">Governor (1728–1730, 1925–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inspectors_of_Greenland" title="List of inspectors of Greenland">Inspector (1782–1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greenland" title="Prime Minister of Greenland">Prime Minister (1979–current)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greenland" title="Economy of Greenland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Greenland">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greenland" title="List of companies of Greenland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Krone <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Greenland" title="Fishing industry in Greenland">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_industry_in_Greenland" title="Gemstone industry in Greenland">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greenland" title="Taxation in Greenland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greenland" title="Telecommunications in Greenland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greenland" title="Tourism in Greenland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greenland" title="Transport in Greenland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Greenland" title="Category:Society of Greenland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland" title="Demographics of Greenland">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inughuit" title="Inughuit">Inughuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaallit" title="Kalaallit">Kalaallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunumiit" title="Tunumiit">Tunumiit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_people_in_Greenland" title="Danish people in Greenland">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlanders" title="Greenlanders">Greenlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greenlanders" title="List of Greenlanders">Notable individuals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greenlandic_artists" title="List of Greenlandic artists">artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greenlandic_Inuit" title="List of Greenlandic Inuit">Inuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greenland" title="Suicide in Greenland">Suicide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greenland" title="Culture of Greenland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greenland#Art_in_Greenland" title="Outline of Greenland">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jante" title="Law of Jante">Jante Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greenland" title="Music of Greenland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greenland" title="Public holidays in Greenland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greenland" title="Religion in Greenland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Greenland" title="Category:Sport in Greenland">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland" title="Coat of arms of Greenland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greenland" title="Flag of Greenland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunarput_utoqqarsuanngoravit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit">National (civic) anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Christian_stod_ved_h%C3%B8jen_mast" title="Kong Christian stod ved højen mast">Royal anthem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greenland" title="Outline of Greenland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greenland-related_articles" title="Index of Greenland-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greenland" title="Category:Greenland">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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