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In this article I argue that the women can be identified as the wise and foolish virgins.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13535334" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Article published in ECA 9 (2012-2013), p. 63-78 on the wall painting of the so-called 'women in procession' in the baptistery of Dura-Europos. In this article I argue that the women can be identified as the wise and foolish virgins. <br /> <br />The PDF provides the first pages of the article, if you want a copy of the article, please send me an email: <a href="mailto:s.f.klaver@uva.nl" rel="nofollow">s.f.klaver@uva.nl</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13535334" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fae076ed9b8184659d3a1e438e296703" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41690003,"asset_id":13535334,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41690003/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6187303" href="https://uva.academia.edu/SanneKlaver">Sanne Klaver</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6187303" type="text/json">{"id":6187303,"first_name":"Sanne","last_name":"Klaver","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"SanneKlaver","display_name":"Sanne Klaver","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/SanneKlaver","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6187303/5482193/11067168/s65_sanne.klaver.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13535334 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13535334"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13535334, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13535334", }); 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I also enjoyed my discussions with Carol Snow, the deputy chief conservator, on the restorations of Dura's wall paintings. I would also show my appreciation to the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_86743132" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">for welcoming me to Yale and for permitting me to study Dura's materials. I also enjoyed my discussions with Carol Snow, the deputy chief conservator, on the restorations of Dura's wall paintings. I would also show my appreciation to the staff of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, who allowed me to study their Palmyrene collection and their library. From its welcoming staff, I especially would like to thank Mogens Jørgensen. For my doctoral education, I followed three master classes at OIKOS: I am grateful for the stimulating presentations and excursions in Oxford, Rome, and Athens, which were a pleasant change of pace. Going to conferences and meeting up with scholars with similar interests has been the academic highlight for me over the past five years. The Palmyra Portrait Project was kind and generous for giving me the opportunity to participate in several of their wonderful conferences and workshops. For this I would like to express my gratitude to its director Rubina Raja. I met Signe Krag on several occasions, first as a fellow PhD student and later as an assistant professor of the Palmyra Portrait Project and I greatly enjoyed her company. I appreciated our conversations on women from Palmyra; but much more, I enjoyed our dinners (accompanied by wine) discussing the pros and cons of academia. While attending these Palmyrene conferences, I truly appreciated the conversations with</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/86743132" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="962fa41375c6f23c67336ff3808b4e25" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":91127219,"asset_id":86743132,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/91127219/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6187303" href="https://uva.academia.edu/SanneKlaver">Sanne Klaver</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6187303" type="text/json">{"id":6187303,"first_name":"Sanne","last_name":"Klaver","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"SanneKlaver","display_name":"Sanne Klaver","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/SanneKlaver","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6187303/5482193/11067168/s65_sanne.klaver.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_86743132 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="86743132"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 86743132, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_86743132", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_86743132 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86743132; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_86743132"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_86743132 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="86743132"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 86743132; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=86743132]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_86743132").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_86743132").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2982400" data-work_id="2982400" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2982400/Nero_cum_suis_Een_onderzoek_naar_invloedrijke_personen_in_het_leven_van_een_keizer">Nero cum suis. 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Vos, C.C. Bakels en T.A. Goossens (eds.), The Roman villa at Maasbracht. The archaeology and history of a Roman settlement on the banks of the river Meuse (province of Limburg, The Netherlands) (Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 46) (Leiden), 39-62.","publication_with_fallback":"W.K. Vos, C.C. Bakels en T.A. Goossens (eds.), The Roman villa at Maasbracht. 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The Cannerberg is situated on a loess-covered upper... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50840113" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the summer of a large excavation campaign revealed the layout of a late Bandkeramik settlement on the Cannerberg, just south of the city of Maastricht, near the Belgium border. The Cannerberg is situated on a loess-covered upper terrace formed by the River Meuse during the Pleistocene. It is bordered on its eastern side by a steep drop (height difference of 50 m to the valley of the Jeker/Geer, and on the western side the upper terrace gently merges with the middle terrace. The geographical location of the settlements is atypical, since most of the Dutch LBK settlements are situated on the middle terraces, with the exception of several younger ones on the eastern side of the Meuse. The research was carried out by Archaeological Research Leiden BV (Archol) in combination with the Faculty of Archaeology of Leiden University, the National Museum of Antiquities, KF InHeritage and many others. Due to the tunnelling of the A2 national motorway that splits the city of Maastricht in two, compensation was needed for the loss of natural elements during the building process. The Projectbureau A2 and the city of Maastricht selected the Cannerberg as a compensation area. This area will be forested and connected with the so-called Millennium Forest. The planting of a large body of trees would threaten expected archaeological remains in the area. Per the Valletta Treaty, the city of Maastricht demanded a large test trenching campaign to examine if any archaeological remains were present and how they were preserved. This research was carried out in the winter of 2013. During this campaign it became clear that the area contained a well-preserved Neolithic cultural landscape as well as remains dating from the Iron Age and Roman Period. Based on test trenching, the structure of the settlement was thought to have an open layout. This contrasts with most Dutch LBK settlements such as Elsloo, Stein and Sittard. These are "high density" settlements that were inhabited from the early LBK onwards and yielded many house plans. The indications for a more open distribution of houses at Cannerberg made it a fine example for focusing on the house yards and settlement structure. In total 3.5 ha were excavated, revealing the outlines of a small Bandkeramik village, encompassing at least 29 house yards. Based on the pottery chronology it is thought that 4 to 5 house yards were present during each (ceramic) phase. The site has been dated to the Younger and Youngest phases of the Bandkeramik: phase 1d-2a. The house yards cluster and move across the settlement area. The house structures themselves are oriented east to west and consist merely of Modderman Type 2 houses. These are two prominent features that distinguish this site from other known settlements in the Netherlands and the Graetheide settlement cluster, since most Dutch LBK settlements have a wider range of house types and most of the houses are orientated northeast to southwest. There seems to be little difference in material culture compared to other sites. Pottery, flint and stone tools typically conform to regional LBK standards. What was most striking, however, was the enormous amount of flint that was present within three large refuse pits. They resemble the flint blade production workshops from Verlaine-Petit Paradis and the settlement therefore may have played a comparable important role in social and economic distribution networks. One of the main research questions focused on the origin of the flint raw material. The nearby valley of the Jeker/ Geer came into view as a possible location for raw material. Research involving GIS analysis and stratigraphical plots could establish if flint-bearing outcrops along the Meuse and the Jeker/Geer were accessible during the early Neolithic. the caves in the Cannerberg were used for industrial purpose by the German occupying forces. Remains of allied fire bombs (incendiary cluster bombs) were found scattered over Cannerberg, but it uncertain whether these represent a deliberate bombing of the area or the dumping of excess bombs by an allied plane returning from a bombing raid in Germany.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50840113" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce60fe7db1496fa6c137afb05395a9f4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68708571,"asset_id":50840113,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68708571/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1296113" href="https://uva.academia.edu/esthervandenbrink">Esther van den Brink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1296113" type="text/json">{"id":1296113,"first_name":"Esther","last_name":"van den Brink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"esthervandenbrink","display_name":"Esther van den Brink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/esthervandenbrink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1296113/921234/1153107/s65_esther.van_den_brink.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50840113 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50840113"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50840113, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50840113", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50840113 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50840113; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50840113"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50840113 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50840113"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50840113; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50840113]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50840113").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50840113").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12703097" data-work_id="12703097" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12703097/By_my_beard_The_symbolic_value_and_meaning_of_the_beard_in_Antiquity_Case_studies_in_Roman_coinage">By my beard! The symbolic value and meaning of the beard in Antiquity. Case studies in Roman coinage</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An study of the depiction and meaning of facial hair on Roman coinage with respect to gender, religion and cultural identity. Case studies of the beards of Marc Anthony, Octavian, Nero, Hadrian, Commodus, Constantine the Great and Julian... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12703097" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An study of the depiction and meaning of facial hair on Roman coinage with respect to gender, religion and cultural identity. Case studies of the beards of Marc Anthony, Octavian, Nero, Hadrian, Commodus, Constantine the Great and Julian II.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12703097" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4a6af8042047e4cc40914a7fa4904618" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56740136,"asset_id":12703097,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56740136/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12703097 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12703097"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12703097, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12703097", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12703097]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12703097").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12703097").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12703097"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="829" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_History">Roman History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="829" type="text/json">{"id":829,"name":"Roman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_History","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2272" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_History">Gender History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2272" type="text/json">{"id":2272,"name":"Gender History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_History","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27745" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Iconography">Roman Iconography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27745" type="text/json">{"id":7130,"name":"Emperor Julian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emperor_Julian","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29392" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Roman_Numismatics">Ancient Roman Numismatics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29392" type="text/json">{"id":9650,"name":"Cultural Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Identity","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12703097]'), work: {"id":12703097,"title":"By my beard! The symbolic value and meaning of the beard in Antiquity. Case studies in Roman coinage","created_at":"2015-05-31T09:22:50.567-07:00","owner_id":2782731,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/12703097/By_my_beard_The_symbolic_value_and_meaning_of_the_beard_in_Antiquity_Case_studies_in_Roman_coinage","slug":"By_my_beard_The_symbolic_value_and_meaning_of_the_beard_in_Antiquity_Case_studies_in_Roman_coinage","dom_id":"work_12703097","summary":"An study of the depiction and meaning of facial hair on Roman coinage with respect to gender, religion and cultural identity. Case studies of the beards of Marc Anthony, Octavian, Nero, Hadrian, Commodus, Constantine the Great and Julian 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M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":829,"name":"Roman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_History","nofollow":true},{"id":2272,"name":"Gender History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_History","nofollow":true},{"id":7130,"name":"Emperor Julian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emperor_Julian","nofollow":true},{"id":9650,"name":"Cultural Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Identity","nofollow":true},{"id":27745,"name":"Roman Iconography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Iconography"},{"id":29392,"name":"Ancient Roman Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Roman_Numismatics"},{"id":30955,"name":"Emperor Nero","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emperor_Nero"},{"id":41932,"name":"Roman coins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_coins"},{"id":119014,"name":"Roman Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Art"},{"id":310312,"name":"Octavianus Augustus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Octavianus_Augustus"},{"id":482492,"name":"Beards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beards"}],"publication_year":2015,"publication_year_with_fallback":2015,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":861,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36791837" data-work_id="36791837" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36791837/Pearls_and_the_Roman_woman_ambiguous_identities_and_Roman_notions_of_the_feminine">Pearls and the Roman woman: ambiguous identities and Roman notions of the feminine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ancient Roman notions of the feminine were ambiguous: on the one hand the feminine was defined as wild, irresponsible and dangerous, and on the other hand the feminine was defined as a cultured, productive and essential element of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36791837" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ancient Roman notions of the feminine were ambiguous: on the one hand the feminine was defined as wild, irresponsible and dangerous, and on the other hand the feminine was defined as a cultured, productive and essential element of society. Pearls regularly feature in Roman discourses about the feminine, and poses a similar ambiguity. Pearls were used as a symbol or metaphor for both sides of the ambiguous identity of the feminine in literary, visual and archaeological sources. This thesis analyses the connections between pearls and the ambiguous notions of feminine identity in the Roman world and their use in literary discourse about femininity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36791837" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e779709ee599d65883525b6c7e82891f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56740041,"asset_id":36791837,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56740041/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36791837 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36791837"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36791837, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36791837", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36791837]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36791837").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36791837").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36791837"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5540" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literary_Symbolism">Literary Symbolism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5540" type="text/json">{"id":5540,"name":"Literary Symbolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literary_Symbolism","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13658" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dress_and_the_Body">Dress and the Body</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13658" type="text/json">{"id":13658,"name":"Dress and the Body","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dress_and_the_Body","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16226" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materiality_Anthropology_">Materiality (Anthropology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16226" type="text/json">{"id":16226,"name":"Materiality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materiality_Anthropology_","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36791837]'), work: {"id":36791837,"title":"Pearls and the Roman woman: ambiguous identities and Roman notions of the feminine","created_at":"2018-06-06T06:22:26.638-07:00","owner_id":2782731,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/36791837/Pearls_and_the_Roman_woman_ambiguous_identities_and_Roman_notions_of_the_feminine","slug":"Pearls_and_the_Roman_woman_ambiguous_identities_and_Roman_notions_of_the_feminine","dom_id":"work_36791837","summary":"Ancient Roman notions of the feminine were ambiguous: on the one hand the feminine was defined as wild, irresponsible and dangerous, and on the other hand the feminine was defined as a cultured, productive and essential element of society. Pearls regularly feature in Roman discourses about the feminine, and poses a similar ambiguity. Pearls were used as a symbol or metaphor for both sides of the ambiguous identity of the feminine in literary, visual and archaeological sources. This thesis analyses the connections between pearls and the ambiguous notions of feminine identity in the Roman world and their use in literary discourse about femininity. ","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56740041,"asset_id":36791837,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56740041/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56740041/Pearls_and_the_Roman_woman_cover.docx?1738375232=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPearls_and_the_Roman_woman_ambiguous_ide.docx\u0026Expires=1742849977\u0026Signature=FeQFWZ7NfuXrcHn5tukAs7meak6N5ngeFU4APxpVZ-jyjxRhNPF6VeLwLFM5ckcw9uZOiR5PtTktrOHXfVXWmAPH6gF4tO5anvOBb-ME8sFPTBxERnvP2dBqgWhQWPTdzVr3EoTmHDp5Le014RE6CLHfM1kMle0xM9-ZMkbUuJoB8r0i6-iWjlp8VNuOiwjeNOB8LnkwbU5HsmQhsa~q0-bhrRvNR8O4CyJ8dbpMZul1hqX1ZqQeuGGVeqbpxdn8knWahgDa9P3yECntVsktGs1Oo9p-YO87v9YuqNE5mxkVzKIbT7C-XDjLdFhVLoSuEuLnJOZTU64oTKHXdw1o9A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56740041/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/56740041/mini_magick20190111-7011-afc3om.png?1547243558"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":56740041,"asset_id":36791837,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56740041/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56740041/Pearls_and_the_Roman_woman_cover.docx?1738375232=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPearls_and_the_Roman_woman_ambiguous_ide.docx\u0026Expires=1742849977\u0026Signature=FeQFWZ7NfuXrcHn5tukAs7meak6N5ngeFU4APxpVZ-jyjxRhNPF6VeLwLFM5ckcw9uZOiR5PtTktrOHXfVXWmAPH6gF4tO5anvOBb-ME8sFPTBxERnvP2dBqgWhQWPTdzVr3EoTmHDp5Le014RE6CLHfM1kMle0xM9-ZMkbUuJoB8r0i6-iWjlp8VNuOiwjeNOB8LnkwbU5HsmQhsa~q0-bhrRvNR8O4CyJ8dbpMZul1hqX1ZqQeuGGVeqbpxdn8knWahgDa9P3yECntVsktGs1Oo9p-YO87v9YuqNE5mxkVzKIbT7C-XDjLdFhVLoSuEuLnJOZTU64oTKHXdw1o9A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56740041/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/56740041/mini_magick20190111-7011-afc3om.png?1547243558"}],"has_pdf":false,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":4,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":5540,"name":"Literary Symbolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literary_Symbolism","nofollow":true},{"id":13658,"name":"Dress and the Body","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dress_and_the_Body","nofollow":true},{"id":16226,"name":"Materiality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materiality_Anthropology_","nofollow":true},{"id":19130,"name":"Constructions of femininity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constructions_of_femininity"},{"id":21622,"name":"Dress and identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dress_and_identity"},{"id":41927,"name":"Ancient jewellery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_jewellery"}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":61,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38333626" data-work_id="38333626" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38333626/BLOG_the_succesformule_van_traditie_en_innovatie_de_handwevers_van_India">BLOG: the succesformule van traditie en innovatie: de handwevers van India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Blog on 2019 conference held in Chirala, India, on the Indian hand weaving sector. How Indian textile craftsmen and -women use their cultural heritage and traditional techniques to thrive in a modern globalizing economy.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38333626" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e76267533542282738ef6b22c796bb4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60409469,"asset_id":38333626,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60409469/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38333626 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38333626"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38333626, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38333626", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38333626]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38333626").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38333626").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38333626"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1437" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Dress">History of Dress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1437" type="text/json">{"id":1437,"name":"History of Dress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Dress","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="327103" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Embroidery">Indian Embroidery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="327103" type="text/json">{"id":8686,"name":"Woven Textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Woven_Textiles","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2187532" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anchoring_Innovation">Anchoring Innovation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2187532" type="text/json">{"id":66528,"name":"Traditional and contemporary Textile Craft Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traditional_and_contemporary_Textile_Craft_Practice","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38333626]'), work: {"id":38333626,"title":"BLOG: the succesformule van traditie en innovatie: de handwevers van India","created_at":"2019-02-12T02:42:40.287-08:00","owner_id":2782731,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38333626/BLOG_the_succesformule_van_traditie_en_innovatie_de_handwevers_van_India","slug":"BLOG_the_succesformule_van_traditie_en_innovatie_de_handwevers_van_India","dom_id":"work_38333626","summary":"Blog on 2019 conference held in Chirala, India, on the Indian hand weaving sector. How Indian textile craftsmen and -women use their cultural heritage and traditional techniques to thrive in a modern globalizing economy. 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The paper weighed the pros and cons of the value of the visual elements of funerary monuments in studying identity in the ancient world.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38835361" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0b301b8528fbe37fb42f94519f33423e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58929551,"asset_id":38835361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58929551/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38835361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38835361"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38835361, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38835361", }); 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Presentation at the "Law vs Custom in Anchoring Innovation" conference held at the University of Amsterdam on 22-23 March 2019</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40186067" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a103049415f5868b6d3a2a304e37138a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60409415,"asset_id":40186067,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60409415/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40186067 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40186067"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40186067, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40186067", }); 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M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1434,"name":"Dress Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dress_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":4134,"name":"Roman Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Law","nofollow":true},{"id":177724,"name":"History of clothing and fashion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_clothing_and_fashion","nofollow":true},{"id":312862,"name":"Roman clothing and identities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_clothing_and_identities","nofollow":true},{"id":497723,"name":"Roman Dress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Dress"},{"id":1889340,"name":"Archaeological textiles and clothing, History of Costume, Medieval Textiles and Clothing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_textiles_and_clothing_History_of_Costume_Medieval_Textiles_and_Clothing"}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":86,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67517234" data-work_id="67517234" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67517234/Hamelink_The_iconography_of_Adornment_funerary_monuments_from_Roman_Britain">Hamelink The iconography of Adornment funerary monuments from Roman Britain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Henig et al. 2004, no. 74. 5 Such differences in clothing between lady and attendants can also be observed on monuments such as [fig. 3].</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67517234" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="876441f4c976116e8e3808ff839bf32f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78302788,"asset_id":67517234,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67519423" data-work_id="67519423" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67519423/Sieraden_in_beeld_funeraire_cultuur_en_sieraden_in_Itali%C3%AB_en_de_noordelijke_provincies">Sieraden in beeld: funeraire cultuur en sieraden in Italië en de noordelijke provincies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ondanks dat sieraden overal in het Romeinse rijk uitmaakten van de uitdossing van haar bewoners, zijn er grote verschillen in de zichtbaarheid van sieraden in specifieke contexten. Zo zijn sieraden in Romeins Italië opvallend afwezig in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67519423" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ondanks dat sieraden overal in het Romeinse rijk uitmaakten van de uitdossing van haar bewoners,  zijn er grote verschillen in de zichtbaarheid van sieraden in specifieke contexten. Zo zijn sieraden in Romeins Italië opvallend afwezig in funeraire contexten: zowel in het graf als op grafportretten. In Romeins Engeland en de Donauprovincies daarentegen werden sieraden wél afgebeeld op grafmonumenten die verder volledig in ‘Romeinse stijl’ zijn.<br />Dit verschil in de aanwezigheid van sieraden in de grafcultuur komt voort uit de verschillen in waardering van sieraden tussen Italië en de provincies. In Italië waren sieraden een symbool van sociale status en vrouwelijke schoonheid, maar ook van ijdelheid, spilzucht en zelfs huwelijkse ontrouw. Daarnaast werden sieraden algemeen, en bij wet, erkend als waardevol eigendom dat vererfd hoorde de worden. Dit maakte sieraden ongeschikt voor de publieke en idealiserende funeraire context, dan wel als kapitaalvernietiging door depositie in het graf of als een mogelijk negatief te interpreten element in het portret. <br /><br />In de noordelijke provincies van het Romeinse rijk getuigt de prominente afbeelding van sieraden op grafportretten van een veel positievere waardering voor sieraden. De portretten van vrouwen in pre-Romeinse kledingtradities uit dezelfde regio dragen ook sieraden, wat laat zien dat de positievere waardering voor sieraden onderdeel was van een al bestaand denkbeeld over sieraden dat afweek van het Romeinse beeld. Ook in graven verschijnen sieraden met enige regelmaat. <br />Dit verschil in de aan- en afwezigheid van sieraden op grafportretten tussen Italië en de noordelijke provincies laat zien dat de Romeinse normen en waarden voor de publieke representatie van vrouwen niet geknipt en geplakt werden naar de provincies, maar aangepast aan al bestaande tradities. Daarnaast roepen deze verschillen nieuwe vragen op over de interpretatie van grafdeposities van ‘Romeinse stijl’ sieraden in de noordelijke provincies. Is dat wel een culturele praktijk die overgenomen is van de Romeinen? Gaat het hier alleen om de adoptie van sieraden in hun materiële vorm zonder het bijbehorende gedachtengoed?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67519423" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c5d149401b4d8f8bd4db86c660850059" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78304122,"asset_id":67519423,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78304122/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67519423 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67519423"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67519423, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67519423", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67519423]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67519423").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67519423").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67519423"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8516" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Funerary_Archaeology">Funerary Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8516" type="text/json">{"id":8516,"name":"Funerary Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Funerary_Archaeology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16759" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Britain">Roman Britain</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16759" type="text/json">{"id":16759,"name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Britain","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41927" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_jewellery">Ancient jewellery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41927" type="text/json">{"id":41927,"name":"Ancient jewellery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_jewellery","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="127837" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_and_Roman_Portraiture">Greek and Roman Portraiture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="127837" type="text/json">{"id":127837,"name":"Greek and Roman Portraiture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_and_Roman_Portraiture","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67519423]'), work: {"id":67519423,"title":"Sieraden in beeld: funeraire cultuur en sieraden in Italië en de noordelijke provincies","created_at":"2022-01-07T05:16:28.427-08:00","owner_id":2782731,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/67519423/Sieraden_in_beeld_funeraire_cultuur_en_sieraden_in_Itali%C3%AB_en_de_noordelijke_provincies","slug":"Sieraden_in_beeld_funeraire_cultuur_en_sieraden_in_Italië_en_de_noordelijke_provincies","dom_id":"work_67519423","summary":"Ondanks dat sieraden overal in het Romeinse rijk uitmaakten van de uitdossing van haar bewoners, zijn er grote verschillen in de zichtbaarheid van sieraden in specifieke contexten. Zo zijn sieraden in Romeins Italië opvallend afwezig in funeraire contexten: zowel in het graf als op grafportretten. In Romeins Engeland en de Donauprovincies daarentegen werden sieraden wél afgebeeld op grafmonumenten die verder volledig in ‘Romeinse stijl’ zijn.\nDit verschil in de aanwezigheid van sieraden in de grafcultuur komt voort uit de verschillen in waardering van sieraden tussen Italië en de provincies. In Italië waren sieraden een symbool van sociale status en vrouwelijke schoonheid, maar ook van ijdelheid, spilzucht en zelfs huwelijkse ontrouw. Daarnaast werden sieraden algemeen, en bij wet, erkend als waardevol eigendom dat vererfd hoorde de worden. Dit maakte sieraden ongeschikt voor de publieke en idealiserende funeraire context, dan wel als kapitaalvernietiging door depositie in het graf of als een mogelijk negatief te interpreten element in het portret. \n\nIn de noordelijke provincies van het Romeinse rijk getuigt de prominente afbeelding van sieraden op grafportretten van een veel positievere waardering voor sieraden. De portretten van vrouwen in pre-Romeinse kledingtradities uit dezelfde regio dragen ook sieraden, wat laat zien dat de positievere waardering voor sieraden onderdeel was van een al bestaand denkbeeld over sieraden dat afweek van het Romeinse beeld. Ook in graven verschijnen sieraden met enige regelmaat. \nDit verschil in de aan- en afwezigheid van sieraden op grafportretten tussen Italië en de noordelijke provincies laat zien dat de Romeinse normen en waarden voor de publieke representatie van vrouwen niet geknipt en geplakt werden naar de provincies, maar aangepast aan al bestaande tradities. Daarnaast roepen deze verschillen nieuwe vragen op over de interpretatie van grafdeposities van ‘Romeinse stijl’ sieraden in de noordelijke provincies. Is dat wel een culturele praktijk die overgenomen is van de Romeinen? Gaat het hier alleen om de adoptie van sieraden in hun materiële vorm zonder het bijbehorende gedachtengoed? \n","publication":" Dutch National Archaeology conference \"Reuvensdagen\"","publication_with_fallback":" Dutch National Archaeology conference \"Reuvensdagen\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78304122,"asset_id":67519423,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78304122/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78304122/Presentatie1.pptx?1738464910=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSieraden_in_beeld_funeraire_cultuur_en_s.pptx\u0026Expires=1742878660\u0026Signature=DX6uzNHC~qsiLlvYI~POn~M5mHW6rr7l~m9pgXiKj~ia-gO1dJ~j3sVwhTRwoLbtSHukfdckVK6y637SgYFQ0NAsV9CEnkvQEd3ydMX3e-eeyhF9bQTTqGyRMPtzTb173kozOx6YcCDRK8JTJjyblokiyEv51mVQuiwa4CgF-Pprvfl7ae2I9-RpnpY6rJ8AdaRZ1QOuxb6lrGhryt-e~FlAdJOMAAfaUB2rt0~lIpS0IpqM~95lNZEXi2pPwYnpAz9S54gkJ-31EXRSdr2QnGjaljNHDEJe~VRDQ~QU5xtZO~wvkDSkPJ94nBTbKoLhWlWfFYB2VuBMOrQgUwwjuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78304122/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/78304122/mini_magick20220107-28383-1lv7mp9.png?1641561422"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":78304122,"asset_id":67519423,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78304122/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78304122/Presentatie1.pptx?1738464910=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSieraden_in_beeld_funeraire_cultuur_en_s.pptx\u0026Expires=1742878661\u0026Signature=aETnond5Nd7wBFH9MNaoeISZiflRRTmwb6triTJLwyHQJiUHp3DAjgmCQ-LaVYhJyca5rpmbrPo9~5WNIe0i6yp~w9o5h2ELrVHatpkM7sFrDlAayvJaBAq7AjeHtE~GVnbY9Fml6mDNAtC6bSwe96Izw2g~0Q6WxkcXtZMWeE4zFYDbAf~2kAl0NEIWCs7Y~XJ66U22YeAiPDONe46g3r~hArYw3UGv4L7a0bfvtT0mEe1hjtL4icUxVz5BpO7ms7MEuxoWP5g7sLnt~iX1uv9JHRUW-wq~ybnNURZRBMR54QP887TezmpDtptCizkQfWooe3O-q1ktji9LpeLdhg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78304122/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/78304122/mini_magick20220107-28383-1lv7mp9.png?1641561422"}],"has_pdf":false,"has_fulltext":false,"page_count":2,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8516,"name":"Funerary Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Funerary_Archaeology","nofollow":true},{"id":16759,"name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Britain","nofollow":true},{"id":41927,"name":"Ancient jewellery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_jewellery","nofollow":true},{"id":127837,"name":"Greek and Roman Portraiture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_and_Roman_Portraiture","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2019,"publication_year_with_fallback":2019,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":19,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_106610927 coauthored" data-work_id="106610927" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106610927/Roman_Clavus_Decoration_on_Gallic_Dress_A_Reevaluation_Based_on_New_Discoveries">Roman Clavus Decoration on Gallic Dress: A Reevaluation Based on New Discoveries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">New evidence for color decoration on garments calls into question previously held assumptions about the nature of local dress styles in Roman Gaul. So-called Gallic dress, consisting of a sleeved, unbelted tunic for both men and women,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_106610927" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">New evidence for color decoration on garments calls into question previously held assumptions<br />about the nature of local dress styles in Roman Gaul. So-called Gallic dress,<br />consisting of a sleeved, unbelted tunic for both men and women, accompanied by a<br />hooded cape for men and a rectangular mantle for women, was especially popular in<br />the northwestern provinces from the late first to the late third century CE. Most recent<br />research on the subject has seen it as entirely local in origin and the result of the development<br />of a Gallic/northwestern regional identity. However, recently published evidence,<br />including a detailed study of paint remains on a corpus of funerary reliefs in eastern<br />Gaul, a reconstructed second tunic from the textile find site at Les Martres-de-Veyre<br />(France), and wall painting fragments from Maasbracht (Netherlands) have revealed<br />that the sleeved Gallic tunics could in fact be decorated with two vertical parallel bands,<br />clavi—a typically Roman tunic decoration. As a result, it is necessary to reevaluate our<br />understanding of how Gallic dress developed, what it signified, and ultimately the extent<br />to which we can reconstruct local dress styles in the Roman provinces when so little of<br />the original paintwork on stone monuments survives.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/106610927" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b2d50b597d4be1dc407b36f758374b6f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":105726215,"asset_id":106610927,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105726215/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-106610927">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-106610927"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://uca-fr.academia.edu/NicolasDelferri%C3%A8re">Nicolas Delferrière</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-106610927'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-106610927').html(); 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So-called Gallic dress,\nconsisting of a sleeved, unbelted tunic for both men and women, accompanied by a\nhooded cape for men and a rectangular mantle for women, was especially popular in\nthe northwestern provinces from the late first to the late third century CE. Most recent\nresearch on the subject has seen it as entirely local in origin and the result of the development\nof a Gallic/northwestern regional identity. However, recently published evidence,\nincluding a detailed study of paint remains on a corpus of funerary reliefs in eastern\nGaul, a reconstructed second tunic from the textile find site at Les Martres-de-Veyre\n(France), and wall painting fragments from Maasbracht (Netherlands) have revealed\nthat the sleeved Gallic tunics could in fact be decorated with two vertical parallel bands,\nclavi—a typically Roman tunic decoration. As a result, it is necessary to reevaluate our\nunderstanding of how Gallic dress developed, what it signified, and ultimately the extent\nto which we can reconstruct local dress styles in the Roman provinces when so little of\nthe original paintwork on stone monuments survives.","publication":"American Journal of Archaeology","publication_with_fallback":"American Journal of Archaeology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105726215,"asset_id":106610927,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105726215/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105726215/727735_title_pages_AJA-libre.pdf?1694702459=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRoman_Clavus_Decoration_on_Gallic_Dress.pdf\u0026Expires=1742878661\u0026Signature=J3J91A9Dm6fmazT4ojsS8c8a7P4jBAW~O2kQOWcDgwAT-Sye0X~~QXxIxWl9ts5~MBEokT8yWIjToPpztoMen35sApZUoV2ppBIldyxzwFwInxDpssIs7kY1f0urNvNU2lRVyl-QRO3FDNuGT6bM3jimtK0YpLlFruCu0DG6cVrVYMqp9n91~XqYESgEKc8sSUKjmn3nGQqQGqsHC~lqEBBxRfQQ2jXAN~hZsye-qaS6rYE9eRfRsBfF-dZh0sHQmcbkI0pA4UxZD2r-kaEhcnQAqelRPjfTfOeztdaFp981qCZvjoy-zINXIGZLClA~PIVLzoBDbMkmYaRnePCDyA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105726215/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/105726215/mini_magick20230914-1-6g0y5a.png?1694701656"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":105726215,"asset_id":106610927,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/105726215/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105726215/727735_title_pages_AJA-libre.pdf?1694702459=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRoman_Clavus_Decoration_on_Gallic_Dress.pdf\u0026Expires=1742878661\u0026Signature=J3J91A9Dm6fmazT4ojsS8c8a7P4jBAW~O2kQOWcDgwAT-Sye0X~~QXxIxWl9ts5~MBEokT8yWIjToPpztoMen35sApZUoV2ppBIldyxzwFwInxDpssIs7kY1f0urNvNU2lRVyl-QRO3FDNuGT6bM3jimtK0YpLlFruCu0DG6cVrVYMqp9n91~XqYESgEKc8sSUKjmn3nGQqQGqsHC~lqEBBxRfQQ2jXAN~hZsye-qaS6rYE9eRfRsBfF-dZh0sHQmcbkI0pA4UxZD2r-kaEhcnQAqelRPjfTfOeztdaFp981qCZvjoy-zINXIGZLClA~PIVLzoBDbMkmYaRnePCDyA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105726215/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/105726215/mini_magick20230914-1-6g0y5a.png?1694701656"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"},{"id":3428106,"first_name":"Nicolas","last_name":"Delferrière","domain_name":"uca-fr","page_name":"NicolasDelferrière","display_name":"Nicolas Delferrière","profile_url":"https://uca-fr.academia.edu/NicolasDelferri%C3%A8re","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3428106/1167012/160563040/s65_nicolas.delferri_re.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1434,"name":"Dress Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dress_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":2320,"name":"Textiles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textiles","nofollow":true},{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender","nofollow":true},{"id":9650,"name":"Cultural Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Identity","nofollow":true},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity"},{"id":40134,"name":"Roman Gaul","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Gaul"},{"id":73483,"name":"Polychromy in Ancient Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polychromy_in_Ancient_Art"},{"id":188078,"name":"Roman Funerary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Funerary_Art"}],"publication_year":2023,"publication_year_with_fallback":2023,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":147,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_120478035 coauthored" data-work_id="120478035" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120478035/A_Hamelink_N_Delferri%C3%A8re_and_U_Rothe_2024_POLYCHROMIE_AUF_PORTR%C3%84TGRABSTEINEN_CLAVI_AUF_GALLISCHER_KLEIDUNG">A. Hamelink, N. Delferrière and U. Rothe 2024 POLYCHROMIE AUF PORTRÄTGRABSTEINEN: CLAVI AUF GALLISCHER KLEIDUNG?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Gravestone depictions give us a unique insight into the cultural and social identities of ordinary people in the Roman provinces, especially where they have survived in large numbers, such as in Gaul and the Danube provinces. With most of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_120478035" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Gravestone depictions give us a unique insight into the cultural and social identities of ordinary people in the Roman<br />provinces, especially where they have survived in large numbers, such as in Gaul and the Danube provinces. With<br />most of the original paintwork missing, however, the image these have provided to scholars has been mostly effectively<br />black-and-white. In eastern France, however, close inspection and enhanced research practices have led to the<br />discovery of considerable quantities of paintwork remains on stone monuments. These are starting to call into question<br />prevailing ideas about the nature of some of the clothing styles depicted, such as the so-called Gallic tunic. Most recent<br />research has interpreted this garment as entirely indigenous in character, but the discovery of so-called clavi, a Roman<br />form of decoration that consists of two straight bands reaching from the shoulders to the hem of the tunic, suggests that<br />the clothing worn by provincial Gauls on their gravestones might have been influenced by Roman styles more than<br />previously thought.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/120478035" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0cc493f991b1e210a86ba337c9fe4305" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":115614545,"asset_id":120478035,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115614545/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-120478035">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-120478035"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://uca-fr.academia.edu/NicolasDelferri%C3%A8re">Nicolas Delferrière</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-120478035'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-120478035').html(); 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Langbroek en A. Willemsen. Leiden: Rijkmsuseum van Oudheden,</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/125984169" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3c2a610a48e96f156df67c3755ec159a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":119931418,"asset_id":125984169,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119931418/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_125984169 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="125984169"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 125984169, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_125984169", }); 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Wearing the synthesis on funerary monuments in the Rhineland and Britain. LIMES conference Nijmegen 2021</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The importance of the toga to the Romans as a symbol of their identity and culture is hard to overestimate. Its adoption (or absence) in life and art in provincial contexts is therefore an important part of the story of provincial and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_126040197" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The importance of the toga to the Romans as a symbol of their identity and culture is hard to overestimate. Its adoption (or absence) in life and art in provincial contexts is therefore an important part of the story of provincial and Roman socio-cultural interaction (Rothe 2019). Yet the prominence of the toga leads us to overlook other types of dress that are equally valuable in this regard. One such underappreciated type of dress is the synthesis, a special Roman dinner costume consisting of a matching tunic and rectangular cloak.<br />Scholarship has either mostly misidentified the synthesis as a toga (e.g. Noelke, Kibilka, and Kemper 2005), overlooked it (Freigang 1997), or only discussed it as a part of Roman dress culture in Italy (Olson 2017). However, the synthesis was not constricted to Italian or Mediterranean context: it appears on the Vindolanda tables and tombstones of men ánd women along the frontiers of the Rhineland and Britain as part of the iconography of the funerary banquet. Its adoption and interpretation in provincial contexts is the focus of this paper.<br />I argue that the success of the synthesis as a new dress form in the provinces was due to its embeddedness within Roman dining culture which made it readily acceptable and suitable for the creation and expression of identities in frontier societies. I analyse the role of auxiliary soldiers as early adopters of the synthesis and the interaction between military and civilian elements in the evolution of banquet iconography and dinner dress. Doing so, this paper aims to spark a discussion on the adoption of, and familiarity with, aspects of Roman culture across the range of inhabitants of frontier societies</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/126040197" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c704f956bef652f00d7f7f93e77dcfdd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":119978250,"asset_id":126040197,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119978250/download_file?st=MTc0MzA0MzgyNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2782731" href="https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink">Anique M Hamelink</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2782731" type="text/json">{"id":2782731,"first_name":"Anique","last_name":"Hamelink","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"AniqueHamelink","display_name":"Anique M Hamelink","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/AniqueHamelink","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2782731/908638/121021511/s65_anique.hamelink.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_126040197 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="126040197"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 126040197, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_126040197", }); 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