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<span>Major sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_non-profit_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_non-profit_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In non-profit organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_non-profit_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_and_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_and_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Policies and strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies_and_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arguments_for_and_against" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments_for_and_against"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arguments for and against</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments_for_and_against-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_other_open_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_other_open_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relation to other open activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_other_open_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_Data_as_commons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Data_as_commons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Open Data as commons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Open_Data_as_commons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Open Data as commons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Open_Data_as_commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideas_and_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideas_and_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ideas and definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideas_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real-life_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real-life_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Real-life case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real-life_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funders'_mandates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funders'_mandates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Funders' mandates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funders'_mandates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open data</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="بيانات مفتوحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيانات مفتوحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="উন্মুক্ত উপাত্ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উন্মুক্ত উপাত্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khai-h%C3%B2ng_Chu-li%C4%81u" title="Khai-hòng Chu-liāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khai-hòng Chu-liāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Адкрытыя даныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адкрытыя даныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Отворени данни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отворени данни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dades_obertes" title="Dades obertes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dades obertes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otev%C5%99en%C3%A1_data" title="Otevřená data – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otevřená data" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85bne_data" title="Åbne data – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Åbne data" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data" title="Open Data – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Open Data" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaandmed" title="Avaandmed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avaandmed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ανοιχτά Δεδομένα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανοιχτά Δεδομένα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datos_abiertos" title="Datos abiertos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Datos abiertos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfermitaj_datumoj" title="Malfermitaj datumoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malfermitaj datumoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="داده باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داده باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donn%C3%A9es_ouvertes" title="Données ouvertes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Données ouvertes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B3%B5_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0" title="공공 데이터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공공 데이터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%81_%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բաց տվյալներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բաց տվյալներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87" title="मुक्त आंकड़े – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुक्त आंकड़े" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoreni_podatci" title="Otvoreni podatci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otvoreni podatci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_terbuka" title="Data terbuka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Data terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dati_aperti" title="Dati aperti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dati aperti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1" title="ഓപ്പൺ ഡാറ്റ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓപ്പൺ ഡാറ്റ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open data" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="खुल्ला डाटा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खुल्ला डाटा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="オープンデータ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オープンデータ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85pne_data" title="Åpne data – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åpne data" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%A0" title="ទិន្នន័យបើកចំហ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទិន្នន័យបើកចំហ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dados_abertos" title="Dados abertos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dados abertos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_deschise" title="Date deschise – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Date deschise" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Открытые данные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Открытые данные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Open data" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odprti_podatki" title="Odprti podatki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odprti podatki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Отворени подаци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отворени подаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoin_data" title="Avoin data – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avoin data" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ppna_data" title="Öppna data – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öppna data" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="திறந்த தரவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திறந்த தரவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Ачык бирелмәләр – Tatar" lang="tt" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open file format</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Openly accessible data</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lod.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lod.png/220px-Lod.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lod.png/330px-Lod.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lod.png/440px-Lod.png 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Open data map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg/220px-LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg/330px-LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg/440px-LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>Linked open data cloud in August 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Data_stickers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Open_Data_stickers.jpg/220px-Open_Data_stickers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Open_Data_stickers.jpg/330px-Open_Data_stickers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Open_Data_stickers.jpg/440px-Open_Data_stickers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Clear labelling of the licensing terms is a key component of open data, and icons like the one pictured here are being used for that purpose.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Open data</b> is <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> that is openly accessible, exploitable, editable and shareable by anyone for any purpose. Open data is licensed under an <a href="/wiki/Open_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open license">open license</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other "open(-source)" movements such as open-source software, <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">open content</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_specifications" title="Open specifications">open specifications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">open education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">open educational resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">open government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">open knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">open science</a>, and the open web. The growth of the open data movement is paralleled by a rise in intellectual property rights.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosophy behind open data has been long established (for example in the <a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Mertonian tradition of science</a>), but the term "open data" itself is recent, gaining popularity with the rise of the Internet and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> and, especially, with the launch of open-data government initiatives <a href="/wiki/Data.gov" title="Data.gov">Data.gov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data.gov.uk" title="Data.gov.uk">Data.gov.uk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data.gov.in" title="Data.gov.in">Data.gov.in</a>. </p><p>Open data can be <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">linked data</a> - referred to as <b>linked open data</b>. </p><p>One of the most important forms of open data is open government data (OGD), which is a form of open data created by ruling government institutions. Open government data's importance is born from it being a part of citizens' everyday lives, down to the most routine/mundane tasks that are seemingly far removed from government. </p><p>The abbreviation <b><span class="nowrap">FAIR/O data</span></b> is sometimes used to indicate that the dataset or database in question complies with the principles of <a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR data</a> and carries an explicit data‑capable <a href="/wiki/Open_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open license">open license</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of open data is not new, but a formalized definition is relatively new. Open data as a phenomenon denotes that governmental data should be available to anyone with a possibility of redistribution in any form without any copyright restriction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One more definition is the Open Definition which can be summarized as "a piece of data is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it – subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or share-alike."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other definitions, including the <a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Institute" title="Open Data Institute">Open Data Institute</a>'s "open data is data that anyone can access, use or share," have an accessible short version of the definition but refer to the formal definition.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open data may include non-textual material such as <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connectome" title="Connectome">connectomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>, mathematical and scientific formulae, medical data, and practice, bioscience and biodiversity. </p><p>A major barrier to the open data movement is the commercial value of data. Access to, or re-use of, data is often controlled by public or private organizations. Control may be through access restrictions, <a href="/wiki/Licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Licenses">licenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a> and charges for access or re-use. Advocates of open data argue that these restrictions detract from the common good and that data should be available without restrictions or fees. </p><p>Creators of data do not consider the need to state the conditions of ownership, licensing and re-use; instead presuming that not asserting copyright enters the data into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. For example, many scientists do not consider the data published with their work to be theirs to control and consider the act of publication in a journal to be an implicit release of data into the <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a>. The lack of a license makes it difficult to determine the status of a <a href="/wiki/Data_set" title="Data set">data set</a> and may restrict the use of data offered in an "Open" spirit. Because of this uncertainty it is possible for public or private organizations to <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_data" title="Aggregate data">aggregate</a> said data, claim that it is protected by copyright, and then resell it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_sources">Major sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_State_of_Open_Data_Histories_and_Horizons.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_State_of_Open_Data_Histories_and_Horizons.pdf/page1-220px-The_State_of_Open_Data_Histories_and_Horizons.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_State_of_Open_Data_Histories_and_Horizons.pdf/page1-330px-The_State_of_Open_Data_Histories_and_Horizons.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_State_of_Open_Data_Histories_and_Horizons.pdf/page1-440px-The_State_of_Open_Data_Histories_and_Horizons.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i>The State of Open Data</i>, a 2019 book from <a href="/wiki/African_Minds" title="African Minds">African Minds</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Open data can come from any source. This section lists some of the fields that publish (or at least discuss publishing) a large amount of open data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_science">In science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></div> <p>The concept of <b>open access to scientific data</b> was established with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/World_Data_Center" title="World Data Center">World Data Center</a> system, in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> of 1957–1958.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Council of Scientific Unions (now the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Science" title="International Council for Science">International Council for Science</a>) oversees several World Data Centres with the mission to minimize the risk of data loss and to maximize data accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the open-science-data movement long predates the Internet, the availability of fast, readily available networking has significantly changed the context of <a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Open science data</a>, as publishing or obtaining data has become much less expensive and time-consuming.<sup id="cite_ref-Vuong2017SciDataUpd_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vuong2017SciDataUpd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> was a major initiative that exemplified the power of open data. It was built upon the so-called <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Principles" title="Bermuda Principles">Bermuda Principles</a>, stipulating that: "All human genomic sequence information … should be freely available and in the public domain in order to encourage research and development and to maximize its benefit to society".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent initiatives such as the Structural Genomics Consortium have illustrated that the open data approach can be used productively within the context of industrial R&D.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the Science Ministers of all nations of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), which includes most developed countries of the world, signed a declaration which states that all publicly funded archive data should be made publicly available.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a request and an intense discussion with data-producing institutions in member states, the OECD published in 2007 the <i>OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding</i> as a <i>soft-law</i> recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-OOEC_1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OOEC_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of open data in science: </p> <ul><li>data.uni-muenster.de – Open data about scientific artifacts from the University of Muenster, Germany. Launched in 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataverse" title="Dataverse">Dataverse</a> Network Project – archival repository software promoting <a href="/wiki/Data_sharing" title="Data sharing">data sharing</a>, persistent data citation, and reproducible research.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>linkedscience.org/data – Open scientific datasets encoded as <a href="/wiki/Linked_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Linked Data">Linked Data</a>. Launched in 2011, ended 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>systemanaturae.org – Open scientific datasets related to wildlife classified by animal species. Launched in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_government">In government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a> and <a href="/wiki/PSI_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="PSI Directive">PSI Directive</a></div><p>There are a range of different arguments for government open data.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some advocates say that making government information available to the public as machine readable open data can facilitate government transparency, accountability and public participation. "Open data can be a powerful force for public accountability—it can make existing information easier to analyze, process, and combine than ever before, allowing a new level of public scrutiny."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governments that enable public viewing of data can help citizens engage within the governmental sectors and "add value to that data."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open data experts have nuanced the impact that opening government data may have on government transparency and accountability. In a widely cited paper, scholars David Robinson and Harlan Yu contend that governments may project a veneer of transparency by publishing machine-readable data that does not actually make government more transparent or accountable.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from earlier studies on transparency and anticorruption,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World Bank political scientist <a href="/wiki/Tiago_C._Peixoto" title="Tiago C. Peixoto">Tiago C. Peixoto</a> extended Yu and Robinson's argument by highlighting a minimal chain of events necessary for open data to lead to accountability: </p><ol><li>relevant data is disclosed;</li> <li>the data is widely disseminated and understood by the public;</li> <li>the public reacts to the content of the data; and</li> <li>public officials either respond to the public's reaction or are sanctioned by the public through institutional means.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Some make the case that opening up official information can support technological innovation and economic growth by enabling third parties to develop new kinds of digital applications and services.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several national governments have created websites to distribute a portion of the data they collect. It is a concept for a collaborative project in the municipal Government to create and organize culture for Open Data or Open government data. </p><p>Additionally, other levels of government have established open data websites. There are many government entities pursuing <a href="/wiki/Open_Data_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Data in Canada">Open Data in Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Data.gov" title="Data.gov">Data.gov</a> lists the sites of a total of 40 US states and 46 US cities and counties with websites to provide open data, e.g., the state of <a href="/wiki/Maryland_StateStat" title="Maryland StateStat">Maryland</a>, the state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California, US</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the international level, the United Nations has an open data website that publishes statistical data from member states and UN agencies,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank</a> published a range of statistical data relating to developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> has created two portals for the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: the <a href="/wiki/EU_Open_Data_Portal" title="EU Open Data Portal">EU Open Data Portal</a> which gives access to open data from the EU institutions, agencies and other bodies<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the European Data Portal that provides datasets from local, regional and national public bodies across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two portals were consolidated to data.europa.eu on April 21, 2021. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is the first country to release standard processes and guidelines under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> license for spread usage in the Public Administration. The open model is called the Open Data Management Cycle and was adopted in several regions such as <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main cities like <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genova" class="mw-redirect" title="Genova">Genova</a> have also adopted this model.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="dead link (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" title="Open Government Partnership">Open Government Partnership</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/International_Open_Data_Charter" title="International Open Data Charter">International Open Data Charter</a>, a set of principles and best practices for the release of governmental open data formally adopted by seventeen governments of countries, states and cities during the OGP Global Summit in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2024, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> adopted Creative Commons CC-BY-4.0 licensing for its published data and reports.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd-2024_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd-2024-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_non-profit_organizations">In non-profit organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In non-profit organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit Organisation">non-profit organizations</a> offer open access to their data, as long it does not undermine their users', members' or third party's <a href="/wiki/Privacy_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy rights">privacy rights</a>. In comparison to <a href="/wiki/For-profit_corporation" title="For-profit corporation">for-profit corporations</a>, they do not seek to monetize their data. OpenNWT launched a website offering open data of elections.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Tropical_Agriculture" title="International Center for Tropical Agriculture">CIAT</a> offers open data to anybody who is willing to conduct big data analytics in order to enhance the benefit of international agricultural research.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DBLP" title="DBLP">DBLP</a>, which is owned by a non-profit organization <a href="/wiki/Dagstuhl" title="Dagstuhl">Dagstuhl</a>, offers its database of scientific publications from computer science as open data.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">Hospitality exchange services</a>, including Bewelcome, <a href="/wiki/Warm_Showers" title="Warm Showers">Warm Showers</a>, and CouchSurfing (before it became for-profit) have offered scientists access to their <a href="/wiki/Data_anonymization" title="Data anonymization">anonymized data</a> for analysis, public research, and publication.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-delhi_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delhi-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_and_strategies">Policies and strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Policies and strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a small level, a business or research organization's policies and strategies towards open data will vary, sometimes greatly. One common strategy employed is the use of a data commons. A data commons is an interoperable software and hardware platform that aggregates (or collocates) data, data infrastructure, and data-producing and data-managing applications in order to better allow a community of users to manage, analyze, and share their data with others over both short- and long-term timelines.<sup id="cite_ref-NSFLong05_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSFLong05-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GrossmanACase16_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrossmanACase16-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GrossmanHow19_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrossmanHow19-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideally, this interoperable cyberinfrastructure should be robust enough "to facilitate transitions between stages in the life cycle of a collection" of data and information resources<sup id="cite_ref-NSFLong05_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSFLong05-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while still being driven by common data models and workspace tools enabling and supporting robust data analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-GrossmanHow19_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrossmanHow19-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policies and strategies underlying a data commons will ideally involve numerous stakeholders, including the data commons service provider, data contributors, and data users.<sup id="cite_ref-GrossmanACase16_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrossmanACase16-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grossman <i>et al</i><sup id="cite_ref-GrossmanACase16_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrossmanACase16-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests six major considerations for a data commons strategy that better enables open data in businesses and research organizations. Such a strategy should address the need for: </p> <ul><li>permanent, persistent digital IDs, which enable access controls for datasets;</li> <li>permanent, discoverable metadata associated with each digital ID;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API)-based access, tied to an authentication and authorization service;</li> <li>data portability;</li> <li>data "peering," without access, egress, and ingress charges; and</li> <li>a rationed approach to users computing data over the data commons.</li></ul> <p>Beyond individual businesses and research centers, and at a more macro level, countries like Germany<sup id="cite_ref-bmi-2021_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmi-2021-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have launched their own official nationwide open data strategies, detailing how data management systems and data commons should be developed, used, and maintained for the greater public good. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_for_and_against">Arguments for and against</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arguments for and against"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Open_data" title="Special:EditPage/Open data">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Opening government data is only a waypoint on the road to improving education, improving government, and building tools to solve other real-world problems. While many arguments have been made categorically<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="General statement without proof or an example. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the following discussion of arguments for and against open data highlights that these arguments often depend highly on the type of data and its potential uses. </p><p>Arguments made on behalf of open data include the following: </p> <ul><li>"Data belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human race</a>". Typical examples are <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a>, data on organisms, medical science, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_data" title="Environmental data">environmental data</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Convention" title="Aarhus Convention">Aarhus Convention</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">Public money</a> was used to fund the work, and so it should be universally available.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was created by or at a government institution (this is common in US National Laboratories and government agencies).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Facts</a> cannot legally be copyrighted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsors</a> of research do not get full value unless the resulting data are freely available.</li> <li>Restrictions on data re-use create an anticommons.</li> <li>Data are required for the smooth process of running communal human activities and are an important enabler of <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic development">socio-economic development</a> (health care, education, <a href="/wiki/Economic_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic productivity">economic productivity</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-HilbertBigData2013_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertBigData2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In scientific research, the rate of discovery is accelerated by better access to data.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Making data open helps combat "data rot" and ensure that scientific research data are preserved over time.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Statistical literacy benefits from open data. Instructors can use locally relevant data sets to teach statistical concepts to their students.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Allowing open data in the scientific community is essential for increasing the rate of discoveries and recognizing significant patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-DS_1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS_1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It is generally held that factual data cannot be copyrighted.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publishers frequently add copyright statements (often forbidding re-use) to scientific data accompanying publications. It may be unclear whether the factual data embedded in full text are part of the copyright. </p><p>While the human abstraction of facts from paper publications is normally accepted as legal there is often an implied restriction on the machine extraction by robots. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open access</a>, where groups of publishers have stated their concerns, open data is normally challenged by individual institutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Need an example. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their arguments have been discussed less in public discourse and there are fewer quotes to rely on at this time. </p><p>Arguments against making all data available as open data include the following: </p> <ul><li>Government funding may not be used to duplicate or challenge the activities of the private sector (e.g. <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>).</li> <li>Governments have to be accountable for the efficient use of taxpayer's money: If public funds are used to aggregate the data and if the data will bring commercial (private) benefits to only a small number of users, the users should reimburse governments for the cost of providing the data.</li> <li>Open data may lead to exploitation of, and rapid publication of results based on, data pertaining to developing countries by rich and well-equipped research institutes, without any further involvement and/or benefit to local communities (<a href="/wiki/Helicopter_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter research">helicopter research</a>); similarly, to the historical open access to tropical forests that has led to the misappropriation ("Global Pillage") of plant <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> from developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-TR_1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TR_1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The revenue earned by publishing data can be used to cover the costs of generating and/or disseminating the data, so that the dissemination can continue indefinitely.</li> <li>The revenue earned by publishing data permits non-profit organizations to fund other activities (e.g. learned society publishing supports the society).</li> <li>The government gives specific legitimacy for certain organizations to recover costs (<a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">NIST</a> in US, <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> in UK).</li> <li>Privacy concerns may require that access to data is limited to specific users or to sub-sets of the data.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Collecting, 'cleaning', managing and disseminating data are typically labour- and/or cost-intensive processes – whoever provides these services should receive fair remuneration for providing those services.</li> <li>Sponsors do not get full value unless their data is used appropriately – sometimes this requires quality management, dissemination and branding efforts that can best be achieved by charging fees to users.</li> <li>Often, targeted end-users cannot use the data without additional processing (analysis, apps etc.) – if anyone has access to the data, none may have an incentive to invest in the processing required to make data useful (typical examples include biological, medical, and environmental data).</li> <li>There is no control to the secondary use (aggregation) of open data.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The paper entitled "Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that open data is a valuable tool for improving the sustainability and equity of soft mobility in cities. The author argues that open data can be used to identify the needs of different areas of a city, develop algorithms that are fair and equitable, and justify the installation of soft mobility resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_open_activities">Relation to other open activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relation to other open activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goals of the Open Data movement are similar to those of other "Open" movements. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> is concerned with making scholarly publications freely available on the internet. In some cases, these articles include open datasets as well.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_specifications" title="Open specifications">Open specifications</a> are documents describing file types or protocols, where the documents are openly licensed. These specifications are primarily meant to improve different software handling the same file types or protocols, but monopolists forced by law into open specifications might make it more difficult.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a> is concerned with making resources aimed at a human audience (such as prose, photos, or videos) freely available.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Knowledge International">Open Knowledge International</a> argues for openness in a range of issues including, but not limited to, those of open data. It covers (a) scientific, historical, geographic or otherwise (b) Content such as music, films, books (c) Government and other administrative information. Open data is included within the scope of the Open Knowledge Definition, which is alluded to in <a href="/wiki/Science_Commons" title="Science Commons">Science Commons</a>' Protocol for Implementing Open Access Data.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_notebook_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Open notebook science">Open notebook science</a> refers to the application of the Open Data concept to as much of the scientific process as possible, including failed experiments and raw experimental data.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="dead link (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> is concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source licenses</a> under which computer programs can be distributed and is not normally concerned primarily with data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a> are freely accessible, openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, and assessing as well as for research purposes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">open science</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">open science data</a> (linked open science) means an approach to open and interconnect scientific assets like data, methods and tools with <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">linked data</a> techniques to enable transparent, reproducible and interdisciplinary research.<sup id="cite_ref-kauppinen_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kauppinen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Open-GLAM (Galleries, Library, Archives, and Museums)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an initiative and network that supports exchange and collaboration between cultural institutions that support <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> to their digitalized collections. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM" title="Wikipedia:GLAM">GLAM-Wiki Initiative</a> helps cultural institutions share their openly licensed resources with the world through collaborative projects with experienced <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> editors. Open Heritage Data is associated with Open GLAM, as openly licensed data in the heritage sector is now frequently used in research, publishing, and programming,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital Humanities</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_Data_as_commons">Open Data as commons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Open Data as commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideas_and_definitions">Ideas and definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ideas and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formally both the definition of Open Data and commons revolve around the concept of shared resources with a low barrier to access. Substantially, digital commons include Open Data in that it includes resources maintained online, such as data.<sup id="cite_ref-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, looking at operational principles of Open Data one could see the overlap between Open Data and (digital) commons in practice. Principles of Open Data are sometimes distinct depending on the type of data under scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, they are somewhat overlapping and their key rationale is the lack of barriers to the re-use of data(sets).<sup id="cite_ref-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of their origin, principles across types of Open Data hint at the key elements of the definition of commons. These are, for instance, accessibility, re-use, findability, non-proprietarily.<sup id="cite_ref-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, although to a lower extent, threats and opportunities associated with both Open Data and commons are similar. Synthesizing, they revolve around (risks and) benefits associated with (uncontrolled) use of common resources by a large variety of actors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_System">The System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both commons and Open Data can be defined by the features of the resources that fit under these concepts, but they can be defined by the characteristics of the systems their advocates push for. Governance is a focus for both Open Data and commons scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key elements that outline commons and Open Data peculiarities are the differences (and maybe opposition) to the dominant market logics as shaped by capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps it is this feature that emerges in the recent surge of the concept of commons as related to a more social look at digital technologies in the specific forms of digital and, especially, data commons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real-life_case">Real-life case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Real-life case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Application of open data for societal good has been demonstrated in academic research works.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper "Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data" uses open data in two ways. First, it uses open data to identify the needs of different areas of a city. For example, it might use data on population density, traffic congestion, and air quality to determine where soft mobility resources, such as bike racks and charging stations for electric vehicles, are most needed. Second, it uses open data to develop algorithms that are fair and equitable. For example, it might use data on the demographics of a city to ensure that soft mobility resources are distributed in a way that is accessible to everyone, regardless of age, disability, or gender. The paper also discusses the challenges of using open data for soft mobility optimization. One challenge is that open data is often incomplete or inaccurate. Another challenge is that it can be difficult to integrate open data from different sources. Despite these challenges, the paper argues that open data is a valuable tool for improving the sustainability and equity of soft mobility in cities. </p><p>An exemplification of how the relationship between Open Data and commons and how their governance can potentially disrupt the market logic otherwise dominating big data is a project conducted by Human Ecosystem Relazioni in Bologna (Italy). See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.he-r.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/HUB-report-impaginato_v1_small.pdf">https://www.he-r.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/HUB-report-impaginato_v1_small.pdf</a>. </p><p>This project aimed at extrapolating and identifying online social relations surrounding “collaboration” in Bologna. Data was collected from social networks and online platforms for citizens collaboration. Eventually data was analyzed for the content, meaning, location, timeframe, and other variables. Overall, online social relations for collaboration were analyzed based on network theory. The resulting dataset have been made available online as Open Data (aggregated and anonymized); nonetheless, individuals can reclaim all their data. This has been done with the idea of making data into a commons. This project exemplifies the relationship between Open Data and commons, and how they can disrupt the market logic driving big data use in two ways. First, it shows how such projects, following the rationale of Open Data somewhat can trigger the creation of effective data commons. The project itself was offering different types of support to social network platform users to have contents removed. Second, opening data regarding online social networks interactions has the potential to significantly reduce the monopolistic power of social network platforms on those data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funders'_mandates"><span id="Funders.27_mandates"></span>Funders' mandates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Funders' mandates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several funding bodies that mandate Open Access also mandate Open Data. A good expression of requirements (truncated in places) is given by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Institutes_of_Health_Research" title="Canadian Institutes of Health Research">Canadian Institutes of Health Research</a> (CIHR):<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>to deposit bioinformatics, atomic and molecular coordinate data, and experimental data into the appropriate public database immediately upon publication of research results.</li> <li>to retain original data sets for at least five years after the grant. This applies to all data, whether published or not.</li></ul> <p>Other bodies promoting the deposition of data and full text include the <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a>. An academic paper published in 2013 advocated that <a href="/wiki/Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a> (the science funding mechanism of the EU) should mandate that funded projects hand in their databases as "deliverables" at the end of the project so that they can be checked for third-party usability and then shared.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_curation" title="Data curation">Data curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Data governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_publishing" title="Data publishing">Data publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sharing" title="Data sharing">Data sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR data principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Open_Data_Day" title="International Open Data Day">International Open Data Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linked_data#Linked_open_data" title="Linked data">Linked open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases" title="Open energy system databases">Open energy system databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_informatics" title="Urban informatics">Urban informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research" title="List of datasets for machine-learning research">List of datasets for machine-learning research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Standard">Open Standard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://okfn.org/opendata/">"What is open?"</a>. <i>okfn.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=okfn.org&rft.atitle=What+is+open%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fokfn.org%2Fopendata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/">"Open Definition 2.1 - Open Definition - Defining Open in Open Data, Open Content and Open Knowledge"</a>. <i>opendefinition.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendefinition.org&rft.atitle=Open+Definition+2.1+-+Open+Definition+-+Defining+Open+in+Open+Data%2C+Open+Content+and+Open+Knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendefinition.org%2Fod%2F2.1%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerBizerKobilarovLehmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Auer, S. R.; Bizer, C.; Kobilarov, G.; Lehmann, J.; Cyganiak, R.; Ives, Z. (2007). "DBpedia: A Nucleus for a Web of Open Data". <i>The Semantic Web</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4825. pp. 722–735. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-76298-0_52">10.1007/978-3-540-76298-0_52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-76297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-76297-3"><bdi>978-3-540-76297-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7278297">7278297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DBpedia%3A+A+Nucleus+for+a+Web+of+Open+Data&rft.btitle=The+Semantic+Web&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=722-735&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7278297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-76298-0_52&rft.isbn=978-3-540-76297-3&rft.aulast=Auer&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft.au=Bizer%2C+C.&rft.au=Kobilarov%2C+G.&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+J.&rft.au=Cyganiak%2C+R.&rft.au=Ives%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchin2014" class="citation book cs1">Kitchin, Rob (2014). <i>The Data Revolution</i>. London: Sage. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-8748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-8748-4"><bdi>978-1-4462-8748-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Data+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4462-8748-4&rft.aulast=Kitchin&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kassen, Maxat (1 October 2013). "A promising phenomenon of open data: A case study of the Chicago open data project". <i>Government Information Quarterly</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 508–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.giq.2013.05.012">10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-624X">0740-624X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+Information+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+promising+phenomenon+of+open+data%3A+A+case+study+of+the+Chicago+open+data+project&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=508-513&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.giq.2013.05.012&rft.issn=0740-624X&rft.aulast=Kassen&rft.aufirst=Maxat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendefinition.org/">Open Definition home page</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendefinition.org/okd/">full Open Definition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theodi.org/article/what-is-open-data-and-why-should-we-care/">"What is 'open data' and why should we care? – The ODI"</a>. 3 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+%27open+data%27+and+why+should+we+care%3F+%E2%80%93+The+ODI&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheodi.org%2Farticle%2Fwhat-is-open-data-and-why-should-we-care%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Scientific_Accomplishments_of_Earth_Observations_from_Space,_National_Research_Council2008" class="citation book cs1">Committee on Scientific Accomplishments of Earth Observations from Space, National Research Council (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11991&page=6"><i>Earth Observations from Space: The First 50 Years of Scientific Achievements</i></a>. The National Academies Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F11991">10.17226/11991</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-11095-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-11095-2"><bdi>978-0-309-11095-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+Observations+from+Space%3A+The+First+50+Years+of+Scientific+Achievements&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F11991&rft.isbn=978-0-309-11095-2&rft.au=Committee+on+Scientific+Accomplishments+of+Earth+Observations+from+Space%2C+National+Research+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D11991%26page%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Data_System2017" class="citation web cs1">World Data System (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icsu-wds.org/services/data-sharing-principles">"Data Sharing Principles"</a>. <i>www.icsu-wds.org</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publictechnology.net/sector/central-gov/dispatch-box-road-open-data">the original</a> on 29 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+road+to+open+data%2C+by+Ian+Manocha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publictechnology.net%2Fsector%2Fcentral-gov%2Fdispatch-box-road-open-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HilbertBigData2013-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HilbertBigData2013_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2205145">"Big Data for Development: From Information- to Knowledge Societies"</a>, Martin Hilbert (2013), SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2205145. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2205145">https://ssrn.com/abstract=2205145</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/dsj/6/0/6_S116/_article">How to Make the Dream Come True</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> argues in one research area (Astronomy) that access to open data increases the rate of scientific discovery.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="20150311Khodiyar" class="citation web cs1">Khodiyar, Varsha (19 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.f1000research.com/2014/05/19/stopping-the-rot/">"Stopping the rot: ensuring continued access to scientific data, irrespective of age"</a>. <i>F1000 Research</i>. 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Facet Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78330-360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78330-360-1"><bdi>978-1-78330-360-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL29397859M">29397859M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111293389" class="extiw" title="d:Q111293389">Q111293389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Heritage+Data%3A+An+introduction+to+research%2C+publishing+and+programming+with+open+data+in+the+heritage+sector&rft.pub=Facet+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL29397859M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-78330-360-1&rft.au=Henriette+Roued&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FOpen-Heritage-Data-An-introduction-to-research-publishing-and-programming%2FRoued-Cunliffe%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781783303595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dulong_de_RosnayStalder2020_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulong_de_RosnayStalder2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dulong de Rosnay, Mélanie; Stalder, Felix (17 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14763%2F2020.4.1530">"Digital commons"</a>. <i>Internet Policy Review</i>. <b>9</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14763%2F2020.4.1530">10.14763/2020.4.1530</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2197-6775">2197-6775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240800967">240800967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Policy+Review&rft.atitle=Digital+commons&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2020-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240800967%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2197-6775&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14763%2F2020.4.1530&rft.aulast=Dulong+de+Rosnay&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A9lanie&rft.au=Stalder%2C+Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14763%252F2020.4.1530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoets2018_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_LoenenVancauwenbergheCrompvoetsDalla_Corte2018" class="citation book cs1">van Loenen, Bastiaan; Vancauwenberghe, Glenn; Crompvoets, Joep; Dalla Corte, Lorenzo (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:125434bf-b78f-487b-99a2-4e3c2a786609"><i>Open Data Exposed</i></a>. Information Technology and Law Series. Vol. 30. T.M.C. Asser Press. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-6265-261-3_1">10.1007/978-94-6265-261-3_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2215-1966">2215-1966</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6265-260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6265-260-6"><bdi>978-94-6265-260-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-2782">1570-2782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Data+Exposed&rft.series=Information+Technology+and+Law+Series&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=T.M.C.+Asser+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-6265-261-3_1&rft.issn=1570-2782&rft.eissn=2215-1966&rft.isbn=978-94-6265-260-6&rft.aulast=van+Loenen&rft.aufirst=Bastiaan&rft.au=Vancauwenberghe%2C+Glenn&rft.au=Crompvoets%2C+Joep&rft.au=Dalla+Corte%2C+Lorenzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.tudelft.nl%2Fuuid%3A125434bf-b78f-487b-99a2-4e3c2a786609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleisarchakiGürgenMitike_KassaKrystek2022" class="citation book cs1">Kleisarchaki, Sofia; Gürgen, Levent; Mitike Kassa, Yonas; Krystek, Marcin; González Vidal, Daniel (1 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9826779/;jsessionid=M7uAleMIY2J2rAwQzV9bSPQ2dlC3WIMiPynN8waQrJLkxKSsNyXJ!1455866004">"Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data"</a>. <i>2022 18th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE)</i>. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIE54923.2022.9826779">10.1109/IE54923.2022.9826779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6654-6934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6654-6934-0"><bdi>978-1-6654-6934-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250595935">250595935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Optimization+of+Soft+Mobility+Localization+with+Sustainable+Policies+and+Open+Data&rft.btitle=2022+18th+International+Conference+on+Intelligent+Environments+%28IE%29&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250595935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIE54923.2022.9826779&rft.isbn=978-1-6654-6934-0&rft.aulast=Kleisarchaki&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rft.au=G%C3%BCrgen%2C+Levent&rft.au=Mitike+Kassa%2C+Yonas&rft.au=Krystek%2C+Marcin&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Vidal%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F9826779%2F%3Bjsessionid%3DM7uAleMIY2J2rAwQzV9bSPQ2dlC3WIMiPynN8waQrJLkxKSsNyXJ%211455866004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120043/https://mx2.arl.org/Lists/SPARC-OpenData/Message/34.html">"SPARC-OpenData@arl.org Mailing List Archive"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mx2.arl.org/Lists/SPARC-OpenData/Message/34.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPARC-OpenData%40arl.org+Mailing+List+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmx2.arl.org%2FLists%2FSPARC-OpenData%2FMessage%2F34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalsworthyMcKee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Galsworthy, M.; McKee, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423074732/http://jhsrp.rsmjournals.com/content/early/2013/04/16/1355819613476017.full">"Galsworthy, M.J. & McKee, M. (2013). Europe's "Horizon 2020" science funding programme: How is it shaping up? Journal of Health Services Research and Policy. doi: 10.1177/1355819613476017"</a>. <i>Journal of Health Services Research & Policy</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 182–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1355819613476017">10.1177/1355819613476017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107840">4107840</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23595575">23595575</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jhsrp.rsmjournals.com/content/early/2013/04/16/1355819613476017.full">the original</a> on 23 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Services+Research+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Galsworthy%2C+M.J.+%26+McKee%2C+M.+%282013%29.+Europe%27s+%22Horizon+2020%22+science+funding+programme%3A+How+is+it+shaping+up%3F+Journal+of+Health+Services+Research+and+Policy.+doi%3A+10.1177%2F1355819613476017&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=182-185&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4107840%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23595575&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1355819613476017&rft.aulast=Galsworthy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=McKee%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjhsrp.rsmjournals.com%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2013%2F04%2F16%2F1355819613476017.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+data" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_data&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_data" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Open data">Open data</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q309901" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q309901">Open data</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://okfn.org/opendata/">Open Data – An Introduction</a> – from the <a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/tim_berners_lee_on_the_next_web.html">Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410204952/http://www.ted.com/talks/tim_berners_lee_on_the_next_web.html">Archived</a> 10 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED (conference)</a> 2009 calling for "Raw Data Now"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/tim_berners_lee_the_year_open_data_went_worldwide.html">Six minute Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506155951/http://www.ted.com/talks/tim_berners_lee_the_year_open_data_went_worldwide.html">Archived</a> 6 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED (conference)</a> 2010 showing examples of open data</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-data-charter/g8-open-data-charter-and-technical-annex">G8 Open Data Charter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2605828">Towards a Genealogy of Open Data</a> – research paper tracing different historical threads contributing to current conceptions of open data.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Open_data_navbox" title="Template:Open data navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Open_data_navbox" title="Template talk:Open data navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Open_data_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Open data navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Open_data" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open data</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Open science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Open-notebook science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data_in_Canada" title="Open data in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data_in_the_United_States" title="Open data in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data_in_Iran" title="Open data in Iran">Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_data_in_France" title="Open data in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Data in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open data projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_energy_system_databases" title="Open energy system databases">Open energy system databases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open hardware</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open source</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template talk:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br />practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information,<br />and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication<br />and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative 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