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href="#Paleolithic_and_Mesolithic_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Paleolithic and Mesolithic occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic_and_Mesolithic_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic:_Austronesian_migrations_(3000–600_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic:_Austronesian_migrations_(3000–600_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Neolithic: Austronesian migrations (3000–600 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic:_Austronesian_migrations_(3000–600_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age:_arrival_of_Dong_Son_culture_(600_BCE–800_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age:_arrival_of_Dong_Son_culture_(600_BCE–800_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bronze Age: arrival of Dong Son culture (600 BCE–800 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age:_arrival_of_Dong_Son_culture_(600_BCE–800_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_historical_period:_Indianized_kingdoms_(800-1343_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_historical_period:_Indianized_kingdoms_(800-1343_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ancient historical period: Indianized kingdoms (800-1343 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_historical_period:_Indianized_kingdoms_(800-1343_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_historical_period:_Majapahit_dynastic_rule_(1343–1846)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_historical_period:_Majapahit_dynastic_rule_(1343–1846)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Middle historical period: Majapahit dynastic rule (1343–1846)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_historical_period:_Majapahit_dynastic_rule_(1343–1846)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle historical period: Majapahit dynastic rule (1343–1846) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_historical_period:_Majapahit_dynastic_rule_(1343–1846)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Majapahit_Golden_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majapahit_Golden_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Majapahit Golden Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majapahit_Golden_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>European contacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_and_opium_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_and_opium_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Slave and opium trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_and_opium_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Local conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco-Dutch_alliance_with_Bali_(1808)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Dutch_alliance_with_Bali_(1808)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Franco-Dutch alliance with Bali (1808)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Dutch_alliance_with_Bali_(1808)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Great_Britain_(1814)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Great_Britain_(1814)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Conflict with Great Britain (1814)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Great_Britain_(1814)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_the_Netherlands_(1816)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_the_Netherlands_(1816)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span> <span>Return of the Netherlands (1816)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_the_Netherlands_(1816)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_historical_period_(1846–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_historical_period_(1846–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern historical period (1846–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_historical_period_(1846–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern historical period (1846–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_historical_period_(1846–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Bali_campaigns_(1846–1849)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Bali_campaigns_(1846–1849)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Northern Bali campaigns (1846–1849)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Bali_campaigns_(1846–1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Colonial administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lombok_and_Karangasem_campaign_(1894)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lombok_and_Karangasem_campaign_(1894)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Lombok and Karangasem campaign (1894)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lombok_and_Karangasem_campaign_(1894)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Bali_campaigns_(1906–1908)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Bali_campaigns_(1906–1908)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Southern Bali campaigns (1906–1908)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Bali_campaigns_(1906–1908)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War_and_Indonesian_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War_and_Indonesian_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Second World War and Indonesian independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War_and_Indonesian_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Indonesian_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Indonesian_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Post Indonesian independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Indonesian_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Bali" title="Histoire de Bali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de Bali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Bali" title="Sejarah Bali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Bali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="История Бали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Бали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="بالی کی تاریخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالی کی تاریخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Bali" title="Lịch sử Bali – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Bali" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3136653#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_Locator_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bali_Locator_Topography.png/300px-Bali_Locator_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bali_Locator_Topography.png/450px-Bali_Locator_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bali_Locator_Topography.png/600px-Bali_Locator_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption>Bali, and location in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indonesia" title="Category:History of Indonesia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of <span class="fn org label">Indonesia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/220px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/330px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/440px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1,000,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Flores Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 94,000–12,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 75,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 350–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s-500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500s–600s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Melayu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu kingdom">Melayu kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–900s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 716–1016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bali_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali kingdom">Bali kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 914–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda kingdom">Sunda kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 932–1579</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1019–1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_kingdom" title="Kediri kingdom">Kediri kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1045–1221</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1183–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000s–1300s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1222–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1293–1527</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Islamic sultanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peureulak_Sultanate" title="Peureulak Sultanate">Peureulak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">840–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aru_kingdom" title="Aru kingdom">Aru kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1225–1613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1257–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_kingdom" title="Pagaruyung kingdom">Pagaruyung kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1347–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1368–1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1405–1851</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1445–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1475–1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1486–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1500s–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar Sultanate">Banjar Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1527–1599</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528s–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600s–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1604s–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1659–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sultanate">Siak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1725–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1745–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1755–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1814–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1824–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Christian kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow" title="Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow">Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1670–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">Chinese Kongsi federations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heshun_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshun Confederation">Heshun Confederation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1776–1854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santiaogou_Republic" title="Santiaogou Republic">Santiaogou Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1853</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">European colonization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1512–1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1521–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_in_the_Malay_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East India Company in the Malay Archipelago">Dutch East India Company</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1602–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1685–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1806–1816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">1800–1942<br />1945–1949</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Emergence of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1949–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1966–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reform era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bogor" title="History of Bogor">Bogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bandung" title="History of Bandung">Bandung</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Indonesia" title="Archaeology of Indonesia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_media_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mass media in Indonesia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Indonesia">Women</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>History of Bali</b> covers a period from the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> to the present, and is characterized by migrations of people and cultures from other parts of Asia. In the 16th century, the history of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> started to be marked by Western influence with the arrival of Europeans, to become, after a long and difficult colonial period under the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, an example of the preservation of traditional cultures and a key tourist destination. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_formation">Geological formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geological formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tertiary_limestone_cliffs_of_Uluwatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tertiary_limestone_cliffs_of_Uluwatu.jpg/170px-Tertiary_limestone_cliffs_of_Uluwatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tertiary_limestone_cliffs_of_Uluwatu.jpg/255px-Tertiary_limestone_cliffs_of_Uluwatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tertiary_limestone_cliffs_of_Uluwatu.jpg/340px-Tertiary_limestone_cliffs_of_Uluwatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> cliffs of <a href="/wiki/Uluwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluwatu">Uluwatu</a> were lifted from the sea floor by <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The island of Bali, like most of the islands of the Indonesian archipelago, is the result of the <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>. The tertiary ocean floor, made of ancient marine deposits including accumulation of coral reefs, was lifted above the sea level by the subduction. Layers of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> lifted from the ocean floor are still visible in areas such as the Bukit peninsula with the huge limestone cliffs of <a href="/wiki/Uluwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluwatu">Uluwatu</a>, or in the northwest of the island at Prapat Agung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local deformation of the Eurasian plate created by the subduction has encouraged the fissuring of the crust, leading to the arising of volcanic phenomena. A string of volcanoes line the northern part of the island, along a west–east axis in which the western part is oldest, and the eastern part newest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest volcano is the active <a href="/wiki/Strato-volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Strato-volcano">strato-volcano</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung</a>, at 3,142 m (10,308 ft). </p><p>Volcanic activity has been intense through the ages, and most of the surface of the island (outside of the <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Peninsula" title="Bukit Peninsula">Bukit Peninsula</a> and Prapat Agung) has been covered by volcanic <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>. Some old deposits remain (older than 1 million years), while most of the central part of the island is covered by young volcanic deposits (less than 1 million years), with some very recent lava fields in the northeast due to the catastrophic eruption of Mount Agung in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volcanic activity, due to the thick deposits of ashes and the soil <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> it generates, has also been a strong factor in the agricultural prosperity of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the edge of the subduction, Bali is also at the edge of the continental <a href="/wiki/Sunda_shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda shelf">Sunda shelf</a>, just west of the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace line">Wallace line</a>, and was at one time connected to the neighbouring island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, particularly during the lowering of the sea level in the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> are therefore Asian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200718–19_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200718–19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleolithic_and_Mesolithic_occupation">Paleolithic and Mesolithic occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleolithic and Mesolithic occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bali being part of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda shelf">Sunda shelf</a>, the island had been connected to the island of Java many times through history. Even today, the two islands are only separated by the 2.4 km <a href="/wiki/Bali_Strait" title="Bali Strait">Bali Strait</a>. </p><p>The ancient occupation of Java itself is accredited by the findings of the <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>, dated between 1.7 and 0.7 million years old, one of the first known specimens of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200132_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bali also was inhabited in <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> times (1 my BCE to 200,000 BCE), testified by the finding of ancient tools such as hand axes which were found in Sembiran and Trunyan villages in Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoejono_et_al2006163_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoejono_et_al2006163-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> period (200,000–30,000 BCE) has also been identified, characterised by advanced food gathering and hunting, but still by Homo Erectus.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period yields more sophisticated tools, such as arrow points, and also tools made of animal or fish bones. They lived in temporary caves, such as those found in the Pecatu hills of the <a href="/wiki/Badung" class="mw-redirect" title="Badung">Badung</a> regency, such as the <i>Selanding</i> and the <i>Karang Boma</i> caves.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first wave of Homo Sapiens arrived around 45,000 BCE as the <a href="/wiki/Australoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Australoid">Australoid</a> people migrated south, replacing Homo Erectus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGugliotta2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGugliotta2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Java Man reconstitution."><img alt="Java Man reconstitution." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Java_Man.jpg/120px-Java_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Java_Man.jpg/180px-Java_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Java_Man.jpg/240px-Java_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a> reconstitution.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesolithic_arrow_point_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mesolithic arrow point, Bali Museum"><img alt="Mesolithic arrow point, Bali Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mesolithic_arrow_point_Bali.jpg/84px-Mesolithic_arrow_point_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mesolithic_arrow_point_Bali.jpg/126px-Mesolithic_arrow_point_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mesolithic_arrow_point_Bali.jpg/169px-Mesolithic_arrow_point_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> arrow point, Bali Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neolithic:_Austronesian_migrations_(3000–600_BCE)"><span id="Neolithic:_Austronesian_migrations_.283000.E2.80.93600_BCE.29"></span>Neolithic: Austronesian migrations (3000–600 BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neolithic: Austronesian migrations (3000–600 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolithic_stone_sarcophagus_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Neolithic_stone_sarcophagus_Bali.jpg/170px-Neolithic_stone_sarcophagus_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Neolithic_stone_sarcophagus_Bali.jpg/255px-Neolithic_stone_sarcophagus_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Neolithic_stone_sarcophagus_Bali.jpg/340px-Neolithic_stone_sarcophagus_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic stone <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali_Museum" title="Bali Museum">Bali Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From around 3000 to 600 BCE, a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture emerges, characterized by a new wave of inhabitants bringing rice-growing technology and speaking <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian languages</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> seem to have migrated from <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">South China</a>, probably through the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. Their tools included rectangular adzes and red slipped decorated pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200132_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200132-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forests and jungles were cleared for the establishment of cultures and villages.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also made some plaited craft and a small boat was also found.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their culinary habits included pork-eating and <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a>-chewing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are thought to have focused on mountain cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200745_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200745-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They buried some of their more prestigious dead in oval stone <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a>, with human heads or zoomorphic figures sculpted on them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bodies were either deposited in the sleeping position, or folded in two or three for compactness.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important neolithic archaeological site in Bali is that of Cekik, in the western part of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These same Austronesian people are thought to have continued their expansion eastward, to occupy <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> islands around 2000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural traits of this period are still clearly visible in the culture of Bali today, and connect it to the cultures of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200745_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200745-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolithic_tools_3000_to_600_BCE_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neolithic stone tools, Bali"><img alt="Neolithic stone tools, Bali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Neolithic_tools_3000_to_600_BCE_Bali.jpg/120px-Neolithic_tools_3000_to_600_BCE_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Neolithic_tools_3000_to_600_BCE_Bali.jpg/180px-Neolithic_tools_3000_to_600_BCE_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Neolithic_tools_3000_to_600_BCE_Bali.jpg/240px-Neolithic_tools_3000_to_600_BCE_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="1734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neolithic stone tools, Bali</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolithic_cultivation_tool_reconstitution_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neolithic cultivation tool reconstitution, Bali"><img alt="Neolithic cultivation tool reconstitution, Bali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Neolithic_cultivation_tool_reconstitution_Bali.jpg/120px-Neolithic_cultivation_tool_reconstitution_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Neolithic_cultivation_tool_reconstitution_Bali.jpg/180px-Neolithic_cultivation_tool_reconstitution_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Neolithic_cultivation_tool_reconstitution_Bali.jpg/240px-Neolithic_cultivation_tool_reconstitution_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neolithic cultivation tool reconstitution, Bali</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronze_Age:_arrival_of_Dong_Son_culture_(600_BCE–800_CE)"><span id="Bronze_Age:_arrival_of_Dong_Son_culture_.28600_BCE.E2.80.93800_CE.29"></span>Bronze Age: arrival of Dong Son culture (600 BCE–800 CE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age: arrival of Dong Son culture (600 BCE–800 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_age_drum_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bronze_age_drum_Bali.jpg/170px-Bronze_age_drum_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bronze_age_drum_Bali.jpg/255px-Bronze_age_drum_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bronze_age_drum_Bali.jpg/340px-Bronze_age_drum_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption>Bronze Age ceremonial drum, Bali.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> period follows, from around 600 BCE to 800 CE. Between the 8th and 3rd century BCE, the island of Bali acquired the "<a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son</a>" metallurgical techniques spreading from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>. These techniques involved sophisticated casting from moulds, with spiral and anthropomorphic motifs. As mould fragments have been found in the area of Manuaba in Bali, it is thought that such implements were manufactured locally rather than imported. The raw material to make bronze (copper and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>) had to be imported however, as it is not available on Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous bronze tools and weapons were made (axes, cooking tools, jewellery), and ceremonial drums from that period are also found in abundance, such as the "Moon of Pejeng", the largest ceremonial drum yet found in Southeast Asia, dated to around 300 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133,_195_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200133,_195-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stone sarcophagi were still in use during that period, as bronze artefacts were also found in them.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_age_drum_face_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthropomorphic design on Bronze Age drum, Bali"><img alt="Anthropomorphic design on Bronze Age drum, Bali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bronze_age_drum_face_Bali.jpg/111px-Bronze_age_drum_face_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bronze_age_drum_face_Bali.jpg/166px-Bronze_age_drum_face_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bronze_age_drum_face_Bali.jpg/221px-Bronze_age_drum_face_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="2125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anthropomorphic design on Bronze Age drum, Bali</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_age_spear_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Age spear."><img alt="Bronze Age spear." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bronze_age_spear_Bali.jpg/91px-Bronze_age_spear_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bronze_age_spear_Bali.jpg/136px-Bronze_age_spear_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bronze_age_spear_Bali.jpg/182px-Bronze_age_spear_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="2078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze Age spear.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_age_decorated_lance_tip_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated spear tip."><img alt="Decorated spear tip." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bronze_age_decorated_lance_tip_Bali.jpg/73px-Bronze_age_decorated_lance_tip_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bronze_age_decorated_lance_tip_Bali.jpg/109px-Bronze_age_decorated_lance_tip_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bronze_age_decorated_lance_tip_Bali.jpg/146px-Bronze_age_decorated_lance_tip_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated spear tip.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_age_heart_shaped_spear_tip_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heart-shaped spear tip."><img alt="Heart-shaped spear tip." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bronze_age_heart_shaped_spear_tip_Bali.jpg/79px-Bronze_age_heart_shaped_spear_tip_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bronze_age_heart_shaped_spear_tip_Bali.jpg/119px-Bronze_age_heart_shaped_spear_tip_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bronze_age_heart_shaped_spear_tip_Bali.jpg/159px-Bronze_age_heart_shaped_spear_tip_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="2656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heart-shaped spear tip.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_age_earrings_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze earrings."><img alt="Bronze earrings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bronze_age_earrings_Bali.jpg/87px-Bronze_age_earrings_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bronze_age_earrings_Bali.jpg/131px-Bronze_age_earrings_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bronze_age_earrings_Bali.jpg/175px-Bronze_age_earrings_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze earrings.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_historical_period:_Indianized_kingdoms_(800-1343_CE)"><span id="Ancient_historical_period:_Indianized_kingdoms_.28800-1343_CE.29"></span>Ancient historical period: Indianized kingdoms (800-1343 CE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient historical period: Indianized kingdoms (800-1343 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Manjucri_from_Goa_Raja_cave_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buddha_Manjucri_from_Goa_Raja_cave_Bali.jpg/170px-Buddha_Manjucri_from_Goa_Raja_cave_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buddha_Manjucri_from_Goa_Raja_cave_Bali.jpg/255px-Buddha_Manjucri_from_Goa_Raja_cave_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Buddha_Manjucri_from_Goa_Raja_cave_Bali.jpg/340px-Buddha_Manjucri_from_Goa_Raja_cave_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="2483" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> <a href="/wiki/Manjucri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjucri">Manjucri</a> from <a href="/wiki/Goa_Gajah" title="Goa Gajah">Goa Gajah</a> cave, Bali.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient historical period is defined by the appearance of the first written records in Bali, in the form of clay pallets with Buddhist inscriptions. These Buddhist inscriptions, found in small clay <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> figurines (called "<a href="/wiki/Stupika" title="Stupika">stupikas</a>") are the first known written inscriptions in Bali and date from around the 8th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such stupikas have been found in the regency of <a href="/wiki/Gianyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianyar">Gianyar</a>, in the villages of Pejeng, Tatiapi and Blahbatuh.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period is generally closely associated with the arrival and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> in the island of Bali. The <a href="/wiki/Belanjong_pillar" title="Belanjong pillar">Belanjong pillar</a> ("Prasasti Blanjong") in southern <a href="/wiki/Sanur_(Bali)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanur (Bali)">Sanur</a> was inscribed in 914 with the mention of the reign of the Balinese king <a href="/wiki/Sri_Kesari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Kesari">Sri Kesari</a>. It is written in both the Indian <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language and Old Balinese language, using two scripts, the <a href="/wiki/Nagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagari script">Nagari script</a> and the Old Balinese script (which is used to write both Balinese and Sanskrit).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al2001275_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al2001275-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is dated 4 February 914 CE according to the Indian <a href="/wiki/Saka_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka calendar">Shaka calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-damais59_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-damais59-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stone temple of <a href="/wiki/Goa_Gajah" title="Goa Gajah">Goa Gajah</a> was made around the same period, and shows a combination of Buddhist and Hindu (<a href="/wiki/Shivaite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaite">Shivaite</a>) iconography. </p><p>Inter-marriages between Java and Bali royalty also occurred, as when king <a href="/wiki/Udayana_Warmadewa" title="Udayana Warmadewa">Udayana Warmadewa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Warmadewa_dynasty" title="Warmadewa dynasty">Warmadewa dynasty</a> of Bali married a Javanese princess, sister of the Emperor of Java <a href="/wiki/Dharmawangsa" title="Dharmawangsa">Dharmawangsa</a>. Their son, <a href="/wiki/Airlangga" title="Airlangga">Airlangga</a>, became the ruler of East Java, and consequently ruled on both Java and Bali. In the 12th century, descendants of Airlangga are also known to have ruled over Bali, such as <a href="/wiki/Jayasakti" title="Jayasakti">Jayasakti</a> (1146–50) and <a href="/wiki/Jayapangus" title="Jayapangus">Jayapangus</a> (1178–81).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200734_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200734-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island of Java again started to encroach significantly on Bali with the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> king <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara">Kertanegara</a> in 1284, as reported in the <a href="/wiki/Nagarakertagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarakertagama">Nagarakertagama</a> (canto 42, stanza 1). </p><p>Contacts with China were also important during this period. <a href="/wiki/Cash_coins_in_Indonesia#Bali" title="Cash coins in Indonesia">Chinese coins, called <i>Kepeng</i></a> were in use in Bali from the 7th century. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Barong_(mythology)" title="Barong (mythology)">Barong</a> is also thought to be derived from the Chinese depiction of a lion. According to recent Balinese legends, the 12th-century king Jayapangus of Bali is said to have married a Chinese princess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200745_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200745-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stupika_and_artifacts_Bali_8th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddhist model clay stupa ("Stupika") inside which can be found clay tablets with Buddhist texts and Buddhist images. 8th century Bali."><img alt="Buddhist model clay stupa ("Stupika") inside which can be found clay tablets with Buddhist texts and Buddhist images. 8th century Bali." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stupika_and_artifacts_Bali_8th_century.jpg/120px-Stupika_and_artifacts_Bali_8th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stupika_and_artifacts_Bali_8th_century.jpg/180px-Stupika_and_artifacts_Bali_8th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Stupika_and_artifacts_Bali_8th_century.jpg/240px-Stupika_and_artifacts_Bali_8th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4190" data-file-height="2699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> model clay stupa ("<a href="/wiki/Stupika" title="Stupika">Stupika</a>") inside which can be found clay tablets with Buddhist texts and Buddhist images. 8th century Bali.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanur_Belankong_Pillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Belanjong pillar in Sanur dates to 914 CE, and testifies to the contacts between Bali and the Indian subcontinent."><img alt="The Belanjong pillar in Sanur dates to 914 CE, and testifies to the contacts between Bali and the Indian subcontinent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sanur_Belankong_Pillar.jpg/74px-Sanur_Belankong_Pillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sanur_Belankong_Pillar.jpg/111px-Sanur_Belankong_Pillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sanur_Belankong_Pillar.jpg/148px-Sanur_Belankong_Pillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="3021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Belanjong_pillar" title="Belanjong pillar">Belanjong pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanur_(Bali)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanur (Bali)">Sanur</a> dates to 914 CE, and testifies to the contacts between Bali and the Indian subcontinent.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper plate inscriptions of king Jayapangus, Old Balinese script, 12th century."><img alt="Copper plate inscriptions of king Jayapangus, Old Balinese script, 12th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg/120px-Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg/180px-Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg/240px-Copper_plate_inscriptions_of_king_Jayapangus_regarding_the_village_border_in_Kintamani_Bangli_Bali_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copper plate inscriptions of king <a href="/wiki/Jayapangus" title="Jayapangus">Jayapangus</a>, Old Balinese script, 12th century.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_historical_period:_Majapahit_dynastic_rule_(1343–1846)"><span id="Middle_historical_period:_Majapahit_dynastic_rule_.281343.E2.80.931846.29"></span>Middle historical period: Majapahit dynastic rule (1343–1846)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle historical period: Majapahit dynastic rule (1343–1846)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Majapahit_Golden_Age">Majapahit Golden Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Majapahit Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acintya_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Acintya_Bali.jpg/170px-Acintya_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Acintya_Bali.jpg/255px-Acintya_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Acintya_Bali.jpg/340px-Acintya_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a> as radiating sun god, on the back of an empty <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_throne" title="Lotus throne">Padmasana</a></i> throne, <a href="/wiki/Jimbaran" title="Jimbaran">Jimbaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a> rule over Bali became complete when <a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a>, Prime Minister of the Javanese king, defeated the Balinese king in Bedulu in 1343. The Majapahit capital in Bali was established at <a href="/wiki/Samprangan" title="Samprangan">Samprangan</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Gelgel,_Indonesia" title="Gelgel, Indonesia">Gelgel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200746_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200746-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelgel remained the paramount kingdom on Bali until the second half of the 17th century. </p><p>The rule of the Majapahit marks the strong influx of Javanese culture into Bali, most of all in architecture, dance and the theatre, in literature with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a>, in painting and sculpture and the <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> puppet theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200745_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200745-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few Balinese who did not adopt this culture are still known today as "<a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a>" ("Original Balinese") and still live in a few isolated villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200746_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200746-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the Indonesian archipelago, the Majapahit empire finally fell, and Bali became independent at the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century. it is believed that the Javanese aristocracy fled to Bali, bringing an even stronger influx of Hindu arts, literature and religion. According to later chronicles, the dynasty of Majapahit origins, established after 1343, continued to rule Bali for 5 more centuries until 1908, when the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> eliminated it in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)</a>. In the 16th century, the Balinese king <a href="/wiki/Dalem_Baturenggong" title="Dalem Baturenggong">Dalem Baturenggong</a> even expanded in turn his rule to <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200746_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200746-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1540, together with the Islamic advance, a Hindu reformation movement took place, led by <a href="/wiki/Dang_Hyang_Nirartha" title="Dang Hyang Nirartha">Dang Hyang Nirartha</a>, leading to the introduction of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_throne" title="Lotus throne">Padmasana</a></i> shrine in honour of the "Supreme God" <a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200746–47_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200746–47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the establishment of the present shape of Shiva-worshipping in Bali. Nirartha also established numerous temples, including the spectacular temple at <a href="/wiki/Uluwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluwatu">Uluwatu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200135_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200135-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pura_Maospahit_Denpasar_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") was established during the period of the Majapahit Empire."><img alt="Pura Maospahit ("Majapahit Temple") was established during the period of the Majapahit Empire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pura_Maospahit_Denpasar_Bali.jpg/120px-Pura_Maospahit_Denpasar_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pura_Maospahit_Denpasar_Bali.jpg/180px-Pura_Maospahit_Denpasar_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pura_Maospahit_Denpasar_Bali.jpg/240px-Pura_Maospahit_Denpasar_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pura Maospahit</i> ("Majapahit Temple") was established during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contacts">European contacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: European contacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleet_of_Cornelis_de_Houtman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fleet_of_Cornelis_de_Houtman.jpg/220px-Fleet_of_Cornelis_de_Houtman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fleet_of_Cornelis_de_Houtman.jpg/330px-Fleet_of_Cornelis_de_Houtman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fleet_of_Cornelis_de_Houtman.jpg/440px-Fleet_of_Cornelis_de_Houtman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2817" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>The "Bali fleet" of <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a>, leaving <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first direct or indirect news of Bali by some European travellers can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> and other possible travellers and traders via the Mediterranean Sea and Asia. </p><p>The first known European contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Abreu" title="António de Abreu">António de Abreu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a> reached its northern coast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was the first expedition of a series of biannual fleets to the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, that throughout the 16th century usually travelled along the coasts of the Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan</a> expedition (1519–1522), through <a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebastian_Elcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Sebastian Elcano">Elcano</a>, is thought to have possibly sighted the island, and early Portuguese and Spanish charts mention the island under various names such as <i>Boly</i>, <i>Bale</i> and <i>Bally</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200432_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200432-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> briefly visited the island in 1580.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200432_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200432-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1585, the Portuguese government in Malacca sent a ship to establish a fort and a trading post in Bali, but the ship foundered on the reef of the <a href="/wiki/Bukit_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukit peninsula">Bukit peninsula</a> and only five survivors could make it ashore. They went into the service of the king of Gelgel, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dalem_(Raja)" title="Dalem (Raja)">Dalem</a>, and were provided with wives and homes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200432_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200432-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1597, the Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> arrived in Bali with 89 surviving men (out of 249 who had departed). After visits to <a href="/wiki/Kuta,_Bali" title="Kuta, Bali">Kuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jembrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jembrana">Jembrana</a>, he assembled his fleet in <a href="/wiki/Padang_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang Bai">Padang Bai</a>. Enthusiastic, he christened the island "Young Holland" (<i>Jonck Hollandt</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200433_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200433-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were able to meet with the <a href="/wiki/Dalem_(Raja)" title="Dalem (Raja)">Dalem</a>, who produced for them one of the Portuguese who had been in his service since 1585, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Noronha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Noronha (page does not exist)">Pedro de Noronha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200437_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200437-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second Dutch expedition appeared in 1601, that of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Jacob van Heemskerck</a>. On this occasion, the Dalem of Gelgel sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Prince Maurits</a>, a translation of which was sent by Cornelis van Eemskerck. This letter was subsequently used by the Dutch in their claims to the island:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200437–38_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200437–38-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"God Be Praised<br />The King of Bali sends the King of Holland his greetings. Your Admiral Cornelis van Eemskerck has come to me, bringing me a letter from Your highness and requesting than I should permit Hollanders to trade here as freely as the Balinese themselves, wherefore I grant permission for all who You send to trade as freely as my own people may when they visit Holland and for Bali and Holland to be one.<br />This is copy of the King's letter, which was given to me in the Balinese language and which Emanuel Rodenbuch has translated into Dutch. There was no signature. It will also be sent from me to you.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>7 July 1601, Cornelis van Eemskerck.</cite></div></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200438_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200438-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_king_in_Houtman_Verhael_vande_Reyse_Naer_Oost_Indien_1597.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Description of the Balinese king, the Dalem, pulled by two white buffaloes, in Houtman's 1597 Verhael vande Reyse ... Naer Oost Indien."><img alt="Description of the Balinese king, the Dalem, pulled by two white buffaloes, in Houtman's 1597 Verhael vande Reyse ... Naer Oost Indien." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Balinese_king_in_Houtman_Verhael_vande_Reyse_Naer_Oost_Indien_1597.jpg/120px-Balinese_king_in_Houtman_Verhael_vande_Reyse_Naer_Oost_Indien_1597.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Balinese_king_in_Houtman_Verhael_vande_Reyse_Naer_Oost_Indien_1597.jpg/180px-Balinese_king_in_Houtman_Verhael_vande_Reyse_Naer_Oost_Indien_1597.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Balinese_king_in_Houtman_Verhael_vande_Reyse_Naer_Oost_Indien_1597.jpg/240px-Balinese_king_in_Houtman_Verhael_vande_Reyse_Naer_Oost_Indien_1597.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="1878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Description of the Balinese king, the <a href="/wiki/Dalem_(Raja)" title="Dalem (Raja)">Dalem</a>, pulled by two white <a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">buffaloes</a>, in Houtman's 1597 <i>Verhael vande Reyse ... Naer Oost Indien</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_rite_of_Suttee_in_Houtman_1597_Verhael_vande_Reyse_..._Naer_Oost_Indien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Description of the Balinese rite of self-sacrifice, in Houtman's 1597 Verhael vande Reyse ... Naer Oost Indien."><img alt="Description of the Balinese rite of self-sacrifice, in Houtman's 1597 Verhael vande Reyse ... Naer Oost Indien." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Balinese_rite_of_Suttee_in_Houtman_1597_Verhael_vande_Reyse_..._Naer_Oost_Indien.jpg/120px-Balinese_rite_of_Suttee_in_Houtman_1597_Verhael_vande_Reyse_..._Naer_Oost_Indien.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Balinese_rite_of_Suttee_in_Houtman_1597_Verhael_vande_Reyse_..._Naer_Oost_Indien.jpg/180px-Balinese_rite_of_Suttee_in_Houtman_1597_Verhael_vande_Reyse_..._Naer_Oost_Indien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Balinese_rite_of_Suttee_in_Houtman_1597_Verhael_vande_Reyse_..._Naer_Oost_Indien.jpg/240px-Balinese_rite_of_Suttee_in_Houtman_1597_Verhael_vande_Reyse_..._Naer_Oost_Indien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Description of the Balinese rite of self-sacrifice, in Houtman's 1597 <i>Verhael vande Reyse ... Naer Oost Indien</i>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slave_and_opium_trade">Slave and opium trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Slave and opium trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg/170px-Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg/255px-Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg/340px-Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2813" /></a><figcaption>Balinese slave in <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> circa 1700, from <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Bruijn" title="Cornelis de Bruijn">Cornelis de Bruijn</a>'s <i>Voyages de Corneille le Brun...</i>, 1718.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dutch records of contacts with Bali in the 17th and 18th century are extremely scarce. Although the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> was very active in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, it took little interest in Bali. The opening of a trading post was attempted in 1620, with the mission given to the First Merchant Hans van Meldert to purchase "rice, beasts, provisions, and women". The enterprise was abandoned in the face of hostile relations with the kings of Bali, and Meldert returned with only 14 female slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200438_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200438-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides these attempts, the VOC left the Bali trade to private traders, mainly Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> and occasionally Dutch, who mainly dealt with <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> trade. According to Hanna, <i>"Balinese slaves were highly prized both in Bali and overseas. Balinese male slaves were famous for their manual skills and their courage, the females for their beauty and artistic attainments"</i>. The kings of Bali would typically sell as slaves opponents, debtors, criminals or even orphans or widows. Such slaves would be used in <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavian</a> households, the Dutch Colonial Army, or sent abroad, the biggest market being <a href="/wiki/French_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mauritius">French Mauritius</a>. Payment to the Balinese kings would usually be made in opium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200441_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200441-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main port for this trade was the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Buleleng" class="mw-redirect" title="Buleleng">Buleleng</a> in north Bali.The English also started to make various attempts to participate in the Balinese trade, to the great worry of the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200442–43_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200442–43-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_conflicts">Local conflicts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Local conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attempts were made for alliances between the Dutch and the Balinese in their conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> of Java. In 1633, the Dutch, who were themselves at war with Mataram sent an ambassador, Van Oosterwijck, to obtain the collaboration of the King of Bali in Gelgel, who was apparently preparing a similar offensive against Mataram. The attempt failed however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200442_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200442-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mataram invaded Bali in 1639, Dewa Agung requested Dutch help in vain, and finally succeeded in repelling Mataram alone. After 1651 the Gelgel kingdom began to break up due to internal conflicts. In 1686 a new royal seat was established in <a href="/wiki/Klungkung_Palace" title="Klungkung Palace">Klungkung</a>, four kilometres north of Gelgel. The rulers of Klungkung, known by the title <a href="/wiki/Dewa_Agung" title="Dewa Agung">Dewa Agung</a>, were however unable to maintain power over Bali. The island was in fact split in nine minor kingdoms (<a href="/wiki/Klungkung" class="mw-redirect" title="Klungkung">Klungkung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buleleng" class="mw-redirect" title="Buleleng">Buleleng</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karangasem_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karangasem Kingdom (page does not exist)">Karangasem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mengwi" title="Kingdom of Mengwi">Mengwi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badung_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badung Kingdom (page does not exist)">Badung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabanan">Tabanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianyar">Gianyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangli">Bangli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jembrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jembrana">Jembrana</a>). The <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Bali" title="List of monarchs of Bali">various kingdoms</a> fought a succession of wars among themselves, although they accorded the Dewa Agung a symbolic paramount status. This situation lasted until the coming of the Dutch in the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franco-Dutch_alliance_with_Bali_(1808)"><span id="Franco-Dutch_alliance_with_Bali_.281808.29"></span>Franco-Dutch alliance with Bali (1808)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Franco-Dutch alliance with Bali (1808)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Invasion of Java (1811)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posthumous_Portrait_of_Herman_Willem_Daendels,_Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Rd_Saleh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Posthumous_Portrait_of_Herman_Willem_Daendels%2C_Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Rd_Saleh.jpg/170px-Posthumous_Portrait_of_Herman_Willem_Daendels%2C_Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Rd_Saleh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Posthumous_Portrait_of_Herman_Willem_Daendels%2C_Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Rd_Saleh.jpg/255px-Posthumous_Portrait_of_Herman_Willem_Daendels%2C_Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Rd_Saleh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Posthumous_Portrait_of_Herman_Willem_Daendels%2C_Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Rd_Saleh.jpg/340px-Posthumous_Portrait_of_Herman_Willem_Daendels%2C_Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Rd_Saleh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4525" data-file-height="5491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Herman Willem Daendels</a> signed a Franco-Dutch alliance with the Balinese king of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badung_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badung Kingdom (page does not exist)">Badung</a> in 1808.</figcaption></figure> <p>For a brief period, in 1806–1815, the Netherlands became a province of France, and Bali was thus in contact with a Franco-Dutch administration. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> handpicked a new Governor-General, the "Iron Marshall" <a href="/wiki/Willem_Daendels" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Daendels">Willem Daendels</a>, sent ships and troops to reinforce the East Indies against British attacks, and had military fortifications built through the length of Java. A treaty of alliance was signed in 1808 between the new administration and the Balinese king of <a href="/wiki/Badung" class="mw-redirect" title="Badung">Badung</a>, to provide workers and soldiers for the Franco-Dutch defensive effort, but <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> fell to the British in 1811, and the agreement was not implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200444–47_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200444–47-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflict_with_Great_Britain_(1814)"><span id="Conflict_with_Great_Britain_.281814.29"></span>Conflict with Great Britain (1814)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conflict with Great Britain (1814)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the British occupation of the East Indies by <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> (which lasted from 1811 until 1816, right after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Empire">Napoleonic Empire</a>), the British made fruitless advances to the Balinese kings. Raffles' abolition of slavery on the contrary triggered the indignation of the Rajas of <a href="/wiki/Buleleng" class="mw-redirect" title="Buleleng">Buleleng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karangasem_Regency" title="Karangasem Regency">Karangasem</a>, who sent a military expedition against <a href="/wiki/Blambangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Blambangan">Blambangan</a>, where they fought British Sepoys in February 1814. In May, Raffles sent an expeditionary force to Bali under Major General Nightingale to obtain assurances of "submission". Raffles himself visited the island in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200447–48_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200447–48-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Return_of_the_Netherlands_(1816)"><span id="Return_of_the_Netherlands_.281816.29"></span>Return of the Netherlands (1816)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Return of the Netherlands (1816)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British returned the East Indies to the Netherlands in 1816. After that, the Dutch endeavoured to reassert and reinforce their control over their colonial possessions. This would open the way to a much more assertive Dutch presence in the East Indies and Bali. Raffles, still looking for an island to colonise, finally settled on Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200449_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200449-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A first special commissioner named H.A. van der Broek was sent to sign "concept contracts" with the Balinese kings, which the kings did not accept, but became quasi-valid in the mind of the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200449–51_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200449–51-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, a few European traders managed to act as intermediaries between Bali and Europe, such as the Danish merchant <a href="/wiki/Mads_Lange" class="mw-redirect" title="Mads Lange">Mads Lange</a>, nicknamed the "White king of Bali".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MJL_faktori_01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="]] around 1845."><img alt="]] around 1845." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/MJL_faktori_01.png/120px-MJL_faktori_01.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/MJL_faktori_01.png/180px-MJL_faktori_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/MJL_faktori_01.png/240px-MJL_faktori_01.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">]] around 1845.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_Raja_in_Thomas_Stamford_Raffes_The_History_of_Java_1817.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balinese Raja, in Thomas Stamford Raffles's The History of Java, 1817"><img alt="Balinese Raja, in Thomas Stamford Raffles's The History of Java, 1817" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Balinese_Raja_in_Thomas_Stamford_Raffes_The_History_of_Java_1817.jpg/120px-Balinese_Raja_in_Thomas_Stamford_Raffes_The_History_of_Java_1817.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Balinese_Raja_in_Thomas_Stamford_Raffes_The_History_of_Java_1817.jpg/180px-Balinese_Raja_in_Thomas_Stamford_Raffes_The_History_of_Java_1817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Balinese_Raja_in_Thomas_Stamford_Raffes_The_History_of_Java_1817.jpg/240px-Balinese_Raja_in_Thomas_Stamford_Raffes_The_History_of_Java_1817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2171" data-file-height="2022" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balinese Raja, in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java_(1817_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of Java (1817 book)">The History of Java</a></i>, 1817</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_historical_period_(1846–present)"><span id="Modern_historical_period_.281846.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern historical period (1846–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern historical period (1846–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_interventions_in_Bali" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Dutch_interventions_in_Bali" title="Template:Campaignbox Dutch interventions in Bali"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Dutch_interventions_in_Bali" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Dutch interventions in Bali"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Dutch_interventions_in_Bali" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Dutch interventions in Bali"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_interventions_in_Bali" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Dutch interventions in Bali</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1846)">Northern Bali (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1848)">Northern Bali (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1849)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1849)">Bali (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Lombok_and_Karangasem" title="Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem">Lombok and Karangasem (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">Southern Bali (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Southern Bali (1908)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Dutch colonial control expanded across the Indonesian archipelago in the nineteenth century, to become the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. In Bali, the Dutch used the pretext of eradicating opium smuggling, arms running, plunder of shipwrecks, and slavery to impose their control on Balinese kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna200462_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna200462-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Bali_campaigns_(1846–1849)"><span id="Northern_Bali_campaigns_.281846.E2.80.931849.29"></span>Northern Bali campaigns (1846–1849)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Northern Bali campaigns (1846–1849)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1846)">Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1846)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1848)">Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1848)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1849)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1849)">Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1849)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puputan_of_the_Raja_of_Boeleleng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Puputan_of_the_Raja_of_Boeleleng.jpg/220px-Puputan_of_the_Raja_of_Boeleleng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Puputan_of_the_Raja_of_Boeleleng.jpg/330px-Puputan_of_the_Raja_of_Boeleleng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Puputan_of_the_Raja_of_Boeleleng.jpg/440px-Puputan_of_the_Raja_of_Boeleleng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>The Raja of <a href="/wiki/Buleleng" class="mw-redirect" title="Buleleng">Buleleng</a> killing himself with 400 followers, in an 1849 <i>puputan</i> against the Dutch. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)" title="Le Petit Journal (newspaper)">Le Petit Journal</a></i>, 1849.</figcaption></figure> <p>A series of three military expeditions occurred between 1846 and 1849; the first two were initially countered successfully by <a href="/wiki/Jelantik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelantik">Jelantik</a>. The "kingdoms of Buleleng and <a href="/wiki/Bangli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangli">Bangli</a> waged continuous disputes, and in 1849 Bangli assisted the Dutch in their military expedition against Buleleng",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson200821_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200821-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permitted the Dutch to take control of the northern Bali kingdoms of Buleleng and <a href="/wiki/Jembrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jembrana">Jembrana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200748_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200748-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king of Buleleng and his retinue killed themselves in a mass ritual suicide, called a <i><a href="/wiki/Puputan" title="Puputan">puputan</a></i>, which was also a hallmark of the subsequent Dutch military interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_administration">Colonial administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colonial administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subsequently, the Dutch established a colonial administration in northern Bali. They nominated a member of the royal family as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, and attached to him a Dutch Controller.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna2004115_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna2004115-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first resident Controller was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heer_van_Bloemen_Waanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heer van Bloemen Waanders (page does not exist)">Heer van Bloemen Waanders</a>, who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Singaraja" title="Singaraja">Singaraja</a> on 12 August 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna2004124_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna2004124-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main reforms included the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>, the banning of self-sacrifice or <i><a href="/wiki/Suttee" class="mw-redirect" title="Suttee">suttee</a></i>, the eradication of slavery, the improvement of the irrigation system, the development of coffee production as a cash crop, the construction of roads, bridges and port facilities for improved commerce and communication. The Dutch also drastically revamped and increased the tax revenues from the people and from commerce, especially of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>. By the mid-1870, Buleleng was visited by 125 European-style ships annually, and another 1,000 local ships. <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> was attempted but proved a total failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna2004125–130_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna2004125–130-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uprising occurred, necessitating further Dutch intervention. In 1858, the Balinese nobleman Njoman Gempol raised a rebellion by claiming that the Dutch were exploiting Java. A fourth military expedition was sent in 1858 with 12 officers and 707 infantrymen and eliminated the rebellion, sentencing Njoman Gempol to exile in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna2004122_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna2004122-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another rebellion was led by Ida Mahe Rai against which was sent a fifth military expedition in 1868, consisting of 800 men under Major van Heemskerk. Initially unsuccessful, the expedition was reinforced by 700 men and a new commander, Colonel de Brabant, and prevailed with only two officers and 10 soldiers killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna2004122_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna2004122-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lombok_and_Karangasem_campaign_(1894)"><span id="Lombok_and_Karangasem_campaign_.281894.29"></span>Lombok and Karangasem campaign (1894)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lombok and Karangasem campaign (1894)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Lombok_and_Karangasem" title="Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem">Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombok_1894_J._Hoynck_van_Papendrecht_1858_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lombok_1894_J._Hoynck_van_Papendrecht_1858_1933.jpg/220px-Lombok_1894_J._Hoynck_van_Papendrecht_1858_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lombok_1894_J._Hoynck_van_Papendrecht_1858_1933.jpg/330px-Lombok_1894_J._Hoynck_van_Papendrecht_1858_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lombok_1894_J._Hoynck_van_Papendrecht_1858_1933.jpg/440px-Lombok_1894_J._Hoynck_van_Papendrecht_1858_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3625" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Lombok_and_Karangasem" title="Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem">Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem</a> against the Balinese in 1894.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms in the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control. A war of the Rajas between 1884 and 1894 gave another pretext to the Dutch to intervene. In 1894, the Dutch defeated the Balinese ruler of <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, adding both Lombok and <a href="/wiki/Karangasem_Regency" title="Karangasem Regency">Karangasem</a> to their possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Bali_campaigns_(1906–1908)"><span id="Southern_Bali_campaigns_.281906.E2.80.931908.29"></span>Southern Bali campaigns (1906–1908)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Southern Bali campaigns (1906–1908)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badung_Puputan_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Badung_Puputan_1906.jpg/220px-Badung_Puputan_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Badung_Puputan_1906.jpg/330px-Badung_Puputan_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Badung_Puputan_1906.jpg/440px-Badung_Puputan_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Balinese corpses at <a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A few years later, with the pretext of stopping the plundering of shipwrecks, the Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)</a>, leading to the elimination of the royal house of <a href="/wiki/Badung" class="mw-redirect" title="Badung">Badung</a> and about 1000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)</a>, a similar massacre occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in <a href="/wiki/Klungkung" class="mw-redirect" title="Klungkung">Klungkung</a>, sealing the end of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit dynasty">Majapahit dynasty</a> which had ruled the island, and the total rule of the Dutch over Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200137–38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards the Dutch governors were able to exercise administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture was generally left intact. </p><p>The Dutch military interventions however were followed closely by the western press which supplied a steady stream of reports of the violent, bloody conquest of the southern part of the island. The disproportion between the offence and harshness of the punitive actions was pointed out. The image of the Netherlands as a benevolent and responsible colonial power were seriously affected as a consequence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchcock_&_Nyoman_Darma_Putra200714_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchcock_&_Nyoman_Darma_Putra200714-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Netherlands, also under criticism for their policies in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and the eastern island, decided to make amends, and announced the establishment of an "<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ethical_Policy" title="Dutch Ethical Policy">Ethical policy</a>". As a consequence, the Dutch in Bali turned students and protectors of Balinese culture and endeavoured to preserve it in addition to their initial modernisation role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna2004171_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna2004171-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts were made at preserving Bali culture and at making it a "living museum" of classical culture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200749_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200749-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1914, Bali was opened to tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200750_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200750-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, and artists <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Covarrubias" title="Miguel Covarrubias">Miguel Covarrubias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Spies" title="Walter Spies">Walter Spies</a>, and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Colin_McPhee" title="Colin McPhee">Colin McPhee</a> created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature", and western tourism first developed on the island. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_soldiers_1880s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balinese soldiers, 1880s."><img alt="Balinese soldiers, 1880s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balinese_soldiers_1880s.jpg/85px-Balinese_soldiers_1880s.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balinese_soldiers_1880s.jpg/127px-Balinese_soldiers_1880s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balinese_soldiers_1880s.jpg/170px-Balinese_soldiers_1880s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="2307" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balinese soldiers, 1880s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_artillery_in_the_fight_against_the_Balinese_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch artillery in the fight against the Balinese, 1906."><img alt="Dutch artillery in the fight against the Balinese, 1906." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dutch_artillery_in_the_fight_against_the_Balinese_1906.jpg/120px-Dutch_artillery_in_the_fight_against_the_Balinese_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dutch_artillery_in_the_fight_against_the_Balinese_1906.jpg/180px-Dutch_artillery_in_the_fight_against_the_Balinese_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Dutch_artillery_in_the_fight_against_the_Balinese_1906.jpg/240px-Dutch_artillery_in_the_fight_against_the_Balinese_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1055" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dutch artillery in the fight against the Balinese, 1906.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War_and_Indonesian_independence">Second World War and Indonesian independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Second World War and Indonesian independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Ngurah_Rai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Statue_of_Ngurah_Rai.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Ngurah_Rai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Statue_of_Ngurah_Rai.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Ngurah_Rai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Statue_of_Ngurah_Rai.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Ngurah_Rai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai" title="I Gusti Ngurah Rai">I Gusti Ngurah Rai</a>, who fought against the Dutch for independence.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_kingdoms_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Balinese_kingdoms_map.jpg/220px-Balinese_kingdoms_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Balinese_kingdoms_map.jpg/330px-Balinese_kingdoms_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Balinese_kingdoms_map.jpg/440px-Balinese_kingdoms_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Maps of Balinese kingdoms during the National Revolution</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> occupied Bali during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> with the declared objective of forming a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asian_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>" that would liberate Asian countries from Western domination. Future rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> were brought forward by the Japanese. Sukarno famously said: <i>"The Lord be praised, God showed me the way; in that valley of the Ngarai I said: Yes, Independent Indonesia can only be achieved with <a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Nippon">Dai Nippon</a>...For the first time in all my life, I saw myself in the mirror of Asia"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200327_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200327-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harshness of war requisitions made Japanese rule more resented than Dutch rule. Most of all, independence was strongly desired among the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200139–40_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200139–40-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Japan's Pacific surrender in August 1945, the Balinese took over the Japanese weapons. The following month Bali was liberated by the British and Indian <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="5th Infantry Division (India)">5th infantry Division</a> under the command of Major-General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mansergh" title="Robert Mansergh">Robert Mansergh</a> who took the Japanese surrender. Once the Japanese forces had been repatriated the island was handed over to the Dutch the following year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Dutch with their return to Indonesia reinstated their pre-war colonial administration. One Balinese, Colonel <a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai" title="I Gusti Ngurah Rai">Gusti Ngurah Rai</a>, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, by then 29 years old, rallied his forces in east Bali at Marga Rana, where they were trapped by heavily armed Dutch troops. On 20 November 1946, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Margarana" title="Battle of Margarana">Battle of Margarana</a>, the Balinese battalion was entirely wiped out, breaking the last of Balinese military resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200751_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200751-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The successor of I Gusti Ngurah Rai however, was Widja Kusuma. He continued to fight the Dutch in 1947 and 1948, after which he surrendered with his troops from the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946 the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed <a href="/wiki/State_of_East_Indonesia" title="State of East Indonesia">State of East Indonesia</a>, a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed and headed by <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Hatta</a>. The Balinese resistance on the island was so extensive, that the Dutch set op a network of 50 prison camps, in which violence against prisoners was common place.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Bali was included in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a> when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200751_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200751-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch gained more than 103 Billion euro in financial benefits with the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first governor of Bali, <a href="/wiki/Anak_Agung_Bagus_Suteja" title="Anak Agung Bagus Suteja">Anak Agung Bagus Suteja</a>, was appointed by President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2004167_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2004167-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Indonesian_independence">Post Indonesian independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post Indonesian independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1963 eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung</a> killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program"><i>transmigrated</i></a> to different parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, and those rejecting these traditional values. Politically, this was represented by opposing supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Communist Party">Indonesian Communist Party</a> (PKI) and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Nationalist Party">Indonesian Nationalist Party</a> (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">An attempted coup</a> in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>. The army became the dominant power as it instigated <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian killings of 1965–66">a violent anti-communist purge</a>, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population. With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200751_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200751-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200140–41_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200140–41-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the 1965–66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">out of the presidency</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">"New Order"</a> government re-established relations with western countries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_dancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Balinese_dancers.jpg/220px-Balinese_dancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Balinese_dancers.jpg/330px-Balinese_dancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Balinese_dancers.jpg/440px-Balinese_dancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption>Balinese dancers show for tourists, <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form, and the resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200751_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200751-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200140–41_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200140–41-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than destroy Bali's culture, <i>"in Bali's case, tourism has helped to reinforce a separate sense of Balinese identity, and given Balinese players in Indonesian society the means by which to support their island's idea of uniqueness"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers20048_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers20048-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, about 30,000 hotel rooms were available for tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2004, the island achieves over 1,000,000 visitors per year, versus an initial "planned" level of 500,000 visitors, leading to overdevelopment and environmental deterioration: "The result has been polluted and eroded beaches, shortages of water, and a deterioration <i>of the quality of life of most Balinese</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers20048_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers20048-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakarta_Post2008_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakarta_Post2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political trouble has also affected the island, as the <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">bombing in 2002</a> by militant <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamists</a> in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and <a href="/wiki/2005_Bali_bombings" title="2005 Bali bombings">another in 2005</a>, severely affected tourism, bringing much economic hardship to the island. </p><p>Professor <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vickers" title="Adrian Vickers">Adrian Vickers</a> wrote in 2004 that <i>"the challenge of the twenty-first century will be to restore tourism while making Bali livable"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers20048_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers20048-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourism has strongly picked up again, with a 28% increase in the first quarter of 2008 with 446,000 arrivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakarta_Post2008_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakarta_Post2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2008, tourism in Bali had fully recovered, with more than 2 million visitors, but the long term livability of Bali, plagued with overdevelopment and traffic jams, remains an issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyginus_Hardoyo2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyginus_Hardoyo2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soekarno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sukarno, President of Indonesia (1945-1968), had a Balinese mother.[55]"><img alt="Sukarno, President of Indonesia (1945-1968), had a Balinese mother.[55]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Soekarno.jpg/80px-Soekarno.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Soekarno.jpg/121px-Soekarno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Soekarno.jpg/161px-Soekarno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, President of Indonesia (1945-1968), had a Balinese mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna2004214_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna2004214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimabaran_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jimbaran beach. Tourism has been supporting the island's development."><img alt="Jimbaran beach. Tourism has been supporting the island's development." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Jimabaran_beach.jpg/105px-Jimabaran_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Jimabaran_beach.jpg/158px-Jimabaran_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Jimabaran_beach.jpg/210px-Jimabaran_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2124" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jimbaran" title="Jimbaran">Jimbaran</a> beach. Tourism has been supporting the island's development.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_kuta_blast_monument_ag1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bali bombing monument"><img alt="Bali bombing monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bali_kuta_blast_monument_ag1.jpg/90px-Bali_kuta_blast_monument_ag1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bali_kuta_blast_monument_ag1.jpg/135px-Bali_kuta_blast_monument_ag1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bali_kuta_blast_monument_ag1.jpg/180px-Bali_kuta_blast_monument_ag1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">Bali bombing monument</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Bali" title="List of monarchs of Bali">List of monarchs of Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Museum" title="Bali Museum">Bali Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200119_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaer_et_al2001">Haer et al 2001</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200718–19-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200718–19_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarski_et_al2007">Barski et al 2007</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200132-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200132_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200132_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaer_et_al2001">Haer et al 2001</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bali_Museum" title="Bali Museum">Bali Museum</a> notice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoejono_et_al2006163-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoejono_et_al2006163_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoejono_et_al2006">Soejono et al 2006</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarski_et_al200751_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarski_et_al2007">Barski et al 2007</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De strijd om Bali, <a href="/wiki/Anne-Lot_Hoek" title="Anne-Lot Hoek">Anne-Lot Hoek</a>, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insideindonesia.org/editions/edition-150-oct-dec-2022/dutch-terror-camps-in-bali#:~:text=Institutions%20of%20violence%20long%20forgotten,and%20numerous%20other%20nationalist%20Balinese.">"Dutch terror camps in Bali"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Indonesia" title="Inside Indonesia">Inside Indonesia</a>. 2023-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+terror+camps+in+Bali&rft.pub=Inside+Indonesia&rft.date=2023-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideindonesia.org%2Feditions%2Fedition-150-oct-dec-2022%2Fdutch-terror-camps-in-bali%23%3A~%3Atext%3DInstitutions%2520of%2520violence%2520long%2520forgotten%2Cand%2520numerous%2520other%2520nationalist%2520Balinese.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the map with prion camps, tangsi’s, in De strijd om Bali by <a href="/wiki/Anne-Lot_Hoek" title="Anne-Lot Hoek">Anne-Lot Hoek</a>, p=5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De prijs van de onafhankelijkheid, Groene Amsterdammer, <a href="/wiki/Anne-Lot_Hoek" title="Anne-Lot Hoek">Anne-Lot Hoek</a> en Ewout van der Kleij, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle2004167-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle2004167_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle2004">Pringle 2004</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200140–41-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200140–41_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaer_et_al200140–41_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaer_et_al2001">Haer et al 2001</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers20048-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers20048_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers20048_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers20048_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers2004">Vickers 2004</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bali and Lombok</i>, p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakarta_Post2008-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakarta_Post2008_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakarta_Post2008_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakarta_Post2008">Jakarta Post 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyginus_Hardoyo2008-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyginus_Hardoyo2008_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyginus_Hardoyo2008">Hyginus Hardoyo 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna2004214-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna2004214_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanna2004">Hanna 2004</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarski_et_al2007" class="citation book cs1">Barski, Andy; Beaucort, Albert; Carpenter, Bruce (2007). <i>Bali and Lombok</i>. Dorling Kindersley, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2878-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2878-9"><bdi>978-0-7566-2878-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+and+Lombok&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley%2C+London&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9&rft.aulast=Barski&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Beaucort%2C+Albert&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapaldiEliot2000" class="citation book cs1">Capaldi, Liz; Eliot, Joshua (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-iPvaB380_8C&pg=PA98"><i>Bali Travel Guide - With Lombok and the Eastern Isles</i></a>. Footprint Handbooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1900949733" title="Special:BookSources/1900949733"><bdi>1900949733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+Travel+Guide+-+With+Lombok+and+the+Eastern+Isles&rft.pub=Footprint+Handbooks&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1900949733&rft.aulast=Capaldi&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft.au=Eliot%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-iPvaB380_8C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2003" class="citation book cs1">Friend, Theodore (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_w6Mn4xRLt8C&pg=PA27"><i>Indonesian Destinies</i></a>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01834-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01834-6"><bdi>0-674-01834-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Destinies&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01834-6&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_w6Mn4xRLt8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGugliotta2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gugliotta, Guy (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/human-migration.html">"The Great Human Migration"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>: 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Great+Human+Migration&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2008-07&rft.aulast=Gugliotta&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Fhuman-migration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_A._Hanna" title="Willard A. Hanna">Hanna, Willard A.</a> (2004). <i>Bali Chronicles</i>. Periplus, Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0272-7"><bdi>978-0-7946-0272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+Chronicles&rft.pub=Periplus%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7946-0272-7&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Willard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaer_et_al2001" class="citation book cs1">Haer, Debbie Guthrie; <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Morillot" title="Juliette Morillot">Morillot, Juliette</a>; Toh, Irene (2001). <i>Bali, a traveller's companion</i>. Editions Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4217-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4217-35-4"><bdi>978-981-4217-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%2C+a+traveller%27s+companion&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-4217-35-4&rft.aulast=Haer&rft.aufirst=Debbie+Guthrie&rft.au=Morillot%2C+Juliette&rft.au=Toh%2C+Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hägerdal, H. (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.lnu.se/index.php/hn/article/view/389">Trajectories of the early-modern kingdoms in eastern Indonesia: Comparative perspectives</a> <i>HumaNetten</i> 37, 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock_&_Nyoman_Darma_Putra2007" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, Michael; Nyoman Darma Putra (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTqNb0zra1gC&pg=PA14"><i>Tourism, development and terrorism in Bali</i></a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4866-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-4866-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism%2C+development+and+terrorism+in+Bali&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4866-6&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Nyoman+Darma+Putra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTqNb0zra1gC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoek2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne-Lot_Hoek" title="Anne-Lot Hoek">Hoek, Anne-Lot</a> (2021). <i>De strijd om Bali</i>. Bezige Bij, Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9403152311" title="Special:BookSources/9403152311"><bdi>9403152311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+strijd+om+Bali&rft.pub=Bezige+Bij%2C+Amsterdam&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9403152311&rft.aulast=Hoek&rft.aufirst=Anne-Lot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobartRamseyerLeemann2001" class="citation book cs1">Hobart, Angela; Ramseyer, Urs; Leemann, Albert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cvxw67f7-8wC&pg=PA24"><i>The People of Bali</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631227415" title="Special:BookSources/0631227415"><bdi>0631227415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+of+Bali&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0631227415&rft.aulast=Hobart&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft.au=Ramseyer%2C+Urs&rft.au=Leemann%2C+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvxw67f7-8wC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyginus_Hardoyo2008" class="citation web cs1">Hyginus Hardoyo (11 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/11/11/bali-tourism-fully-recovers-so-what.html">"Bali tourism fully recovers ... so what?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Bali+tourism+fully+recovers+...+so+what%3F&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.au=Hyginus+Hardoyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F11%2F11%2Fbali-tourism-fully-recovers-so-what.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakarta_Post2008" class="citation web cs1">The Jakarta Post (3 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/03/foreign-arrivals-157-percent-eu-visitors-wane-airline-ban.html">"Foreign arrivals up 15.7 percent, but EU visitors wane on airline ban"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Foreign+arrivals+up+15.7+percent%2C+but+EU+visitors+wane+on+airline+ban&rft.date=2008-05-03&rft.au=The+Jakarta+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F05%2F03%2Fforeign-arrivals-157-percent-eu-visitors-wane-airline-ban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2004" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Robert (2004). <i>Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of</i>. Short History of Asia Series. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-863-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-863-1"><bdi>978-1-86508-863-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%3A+Indonesia%27s+Hindu+Realm%3B+A+short+history+of&rft.series=Short+History+of+Asia+Series&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86508-863-1&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey (2008) [1981]. <i>The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali</i> (4th ed.). London: Cornell university Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54685-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54685-1"><bdi>978-0-230-54685-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Paradise%3A+Political+Violence+in+Bali&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cornell+university+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-54685-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoejono_et_al2006" class="citation book cs1">Soejono, R.P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C"><i>Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift</i></a>. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-26-2499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-26-2499-1"><bdi>978-979-26-2499-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Indonesian+Perspective+%3A+R.P.+Soejono%27s+Festschrift&rft.pub=Yayasan+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-979-26-2499-1&rft.aulast=Soejono&rft.aufirst=R.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSFfD0dpdS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2004" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (2004). Introduction. <i>Bali Chronicles</i>. By Hanna, Willard A. Periplus, Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0272-7"><bdi>978-0-7946-0272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Bali+Chronicles&rft.pub=Periplus%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7946-0272-7&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&oldid=1254541351">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bali&oldid=1254541351</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bali" title="Category:History of Bali">History of Bali</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 14:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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