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title="Dharma">Dharma</a>-post vedic smriti related texts of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> that have survived into the modern age from the 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006178_with_note_28_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006178_with_note_28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of three extant <a href="/wiki/Dharmasutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasutras">Dharmasutras</a> texts from the Taittiriya school which is relatively newer in comparison to Maitrayaniya shakha of <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Krishna Yajurveda</a>, the other two being <i>Baudhayana Dharmasutra</i> and <i>Hiranyakesin Dharmasutra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Apastamba Dharmasutra</i> is part of <i>Apastamba Kalpasutra</i> collection, along with <i>Apastamba Shrautasutra</i> and <i>Apastamba Grihyasutra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the best preserved ancient texts on Dharma,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvi–xxvii_with_note_5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvi–xxvii_with_note_5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is also notable for mentioning and citing views of ten ancient experts on Dharma, which has led scholars to conclude that there existed a rich genre of Dharmasutras text in ancient India before this text was composed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197319–22,_Quote:_The_dharma-sutra_of_Apastamba_suggests_that_a_rich_literature_on_dharma_already_existed._He_cites_ten_authors_by_name._(...)._4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197319–22,_Quote:_The_dharma-sutra_of_Apastamba_suggests_that_a_rich_literature_on_dharma_already_existed._He_cites_ten_authors_by_name._(...).-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimothy_LubinDonald_R._Davis_JrJayanth_K._Krishnan201038_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimothy_LubinDonald_R._Davis_JrJayanth_K._Krishnan201038-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship,_location_and_dates"><span id="Authorship.2C_location_and_dates"></span>Authorship, location and dates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authorship, location and dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Duties of a teacher</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Next the teacher's conduct towards his pupil.<br /> Loving him like a son and totally devoted to him,<br /> the teacher should impart knowledge to him,<br /> without holding anything back,<br /> with respect to any of the Laws.<br /> Except in emergency, moreover,<br /> he should not employ a pupil,<br /> for purposes to the detriment of the pupil's studies. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <i>Apastamba Dharmasutras 1.8.23-25</i><br />Translator: Patrick Olivelle<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199917_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199917-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The Dharmasutra is attributed to Apastamba, the founder of a <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">Shakha</a> (Vedic school) of <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Hindu tradition, Apastamba was the student of Baudhayana, and himself had a student named Hiranyakesin. Each of the three founded a Vedic school, and each of their schools produced a collection of literature within the Krishna Yajurveda tradition, one that included separate <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpasutra</a> compilations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were founders of their traditions, but it is unclear if they authored the Dharmasutras. It is, states Patrick Olivelle, possible that the Apastamba Dharmasutra is ascribed to Apastamba, but actually composed by others in his school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxv-xxvi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxv-xxvi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apastamba tradition may be from south India, possibly near where modern <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> is between Godavari and Krishna rivers, but this is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321–22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321–22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verse 2.17.17 of the Apastamba Dharmasutra mentions a practice of "northerners" but it in unclear what "north" means in the context it is used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the ancient grammarian <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a> refers to it too, and he is generally placed in northwest Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivelle states that the three Taittiriya school Dharmasutras mention practices of north and south, but never clarify how far north or south they are referring to, but placing Dharmasutras in the southern Indian peninsula implies that Brahmanical ideas had established themselves or emerged in the south by the 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Olivelle, the Yajurveda schools may have been in what is north India today, and the Apastamba Dharmasutra may have been composed in north India, rather than south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii-xxviii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii-xxviii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Robert Lingat states that epigraphical evidence such as the Pallava inscriptions confirm that Apastamba tradition existed in South India, in ancient times, in parts of what became <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> in the colonial British India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kane estimated that Apastamba Dharmasutra dates from approximately 600-300 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later more narrowly to between 450 and 350 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxxi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxxi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lingat states that the internal evidence within the text hints of great antiquity, because unlike later Dharma texts, it makes no mention of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars, such as Hopkins, assert that all this can be explained to be an artifact of its relatively remote geographical origins in Andhra region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olivelle, and several other scholars, in contrast, state that the first version of Apastamba Dharmasutra may have been composed after others, but the extant version of the Apastamba text is the oldest Dharma text from ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxviii_with_note_8,_xxx-xxxi_with_note_10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxviii_with_note_8,_xxx-xxxi_with_note_10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006178_with_note_28,_186_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006178_with_note_28,_186-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of the relative chronology, the ancient Apastamba Dharmasutra, states Olivelle, shows clear signs of a maturing legal procedure tradition and that there were Dharma texts in ancient India before it was composed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle200544_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle200544-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197319–22,_Quote:_The_dharma-sutra_of_Apastamba_suggests_that_a_rich_literature_on_dharma_already_existed._He_cites_ten_authors_by_name._(...)._4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197319–22,_Quote:_The_dharma-sutra_of_Apastamba_suggests_that_a_rich_literature_on_dharma_already_existed._He_cites_ten_authors_by_name._(...).-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimothy_LubinDonald_R._Davis_JrJayanth_K._Krishnan201038_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimothy_LubinDonald_R._Davis_JrJayanth_K._Krishnan201038-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_content">Organization and content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization and content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The text is in sutra format, and part of thirty <i>prashnas</i> (प्रश्न, portions, issue, questions) of Apastamba Kalpasutra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apastamba Dharmasutra is the 28th and 29th <i>prashna</i> of this compilation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first 24 <i>prashnas</i> are about Shrautasutras (vedic rituals), 25th is an ancillary mantra section, 26th and 27th are Grihyasutras (householder rites of passage), and the last or the 30th <i>prashna</i> is a Shulbasutra (mathematics for altar building).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is systematically arranged, cross references to other sections of the Kalpasutra compilation so extensively and accurately, as if it is the work of a single author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321–22_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321–22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the two books of this Dharmasūtra, the first is devoted to the student tradition and the second book is devoted to the householder tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19994-6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19994-6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <caption>Apastamba Dharmasutras </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">Chapter </td> <td width="450px">Topics (incomplete) </td> <td width="80px">Translation<br />Comments </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background: #ffcd66;">Book 1. Student life (Book 28 of Apastamba Kalpasutra) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">1.1.1-3 </td> <td width="450px" style="text-align: left;">Origins and reliable sources of law </td> <td width="80px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">1.1.4-1.7.30 </td> <td width="450px" style="text-align: left;">Student at school, dress and cleanliness, residency, code of conduct, food, social classes, general rules, conduct towards teacher and teacher's family, end of school </td> <td width="80px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19997–16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19997–16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">1.7.31-1.19.15 </td> <td width="450px" style="text-align: left;">Responsibility of the teacher, Veda studies, duty to teach, purification, rules on food </td> <td width="80px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199916–31_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199916–31-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">1.20.1-1.32-29 </td> <td width="450px" style="text-align: left;">Law, trade, outcaste as a form of punishment for evil acts, penances, self-knowledge, graduation ceremonies </td> <td width="80px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199931–43_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199931–43-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background: #ffcd66;">Book 2. Householder life (Book 29 of Apastamba Kalpasutra) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">2.1.1-2.14.20 </td> <td width="450px" style="text-align: left;">Wedding, rites, sex, food, respect for guests, post-school studies, charity, lawful occupations, remarriage, child custody, responsibilities to daughters and sons, inheritance </td> <td width="80px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199943–58_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199943–58-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">2.15.1-2.20.23 </td> <td width="450px" style="text-align: left;">Family customs, regional customs, death in family, duties to ancestors, monthly offerings </td> <td width="80px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199958–65_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199958–65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">2.21.1-2.24.14 </td> <td width="450px" style="text-align: left;">Stages of life: student, wandering monk, hermit, relative superiority </td> <td width="80px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199965–68_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199965–68-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">2.25.1-2.26.17 </td> <td width="450px" style="text-align: left;">King, duties of a king, government, taxes, tax collection, judiciary </td> <td width="80px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199968–70_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199968–70-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="80px">2.26.18-2.29.15 </td> <td width="450px" style="text-align: left;">Sexual misconduct, punishment for rape, adultery, levirate rules, crime and punishment, property rights, court system, rules of witnesses, final steps in the study of law </td> <td width="80px"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199970–73_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199970–73-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudo_Rocher2014361–386_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudo_Rocher2014361–386-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Who doesn't pay taxes?</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>The following are exempt from taxes:<br /> vedic scholars, women of all classes,<br /> pre-pubescent boys,<br /> all students studying with a guru,<br /> ascetics, sudras who work as personal servants,<br /> people who are blind, dumb, deaf and sick,<br /> anyone excluded from acquiring property. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <i>Apastamba Dharmasutras 2.26.10-17</i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199970_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199970-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The <i>Āpastamba Dharmasutra</i> is notable for placing the importance of the Veda scriptures second and that of <i>samayacarika</i> or mutually agreed and accepted customs of practice first.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Āpastamba proposes that scriptures alone cannot be source of Law (dharma), and dharma has an empirical nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Āpastamba asserts that it is difficult to find absolute sources of law, in ancient books or current people, according to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a>, with "The Righteous (dharma) and the Unrighteous (adharma) do not go around saying, 'here we are!'; Nor do gods, Gandharvas or ancestors declare, 'This is righteous and that is unrighteous'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most laws are based on agreement between the Aryas, states Āpastamba, on what is right and what is wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laws must also change with ages, states Āpastamba, a theory that became known as <i>Yuga dharma</i> in Hindu traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Āpastamba also asserts in verses 2.29.11-15 a broad minded and liberal view, states Olivelle, that "aspects of dharma not taught in Dharmasastras can be learned from women and people of all classes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006180_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006180-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apastamba Dharmasutra also recognizes property rights of women, and her ability to inherit wealth from her parents.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sita Anantha Raman notes, "As a southerner from Andhra, Āpastamba was familiar with southern customs, including matriliny. He gave importance to the 'married pair' (ĀDS 2.1.7-10) who performed Vedic rites together for the prosperity of the family."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Āpastamba used a hermeneutic strategy to assert that the Vedas once contained all knowledge including that of ideal Dharma, but parts of Vedas have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human customs developed from the original complete Vedas, but given the lost text, one must use customs between good people as a source to infer what the original Vedas might have stated the Dharma to be.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory, called the ‘lost Veda’ theory, made the study of customs of good people as a source of dharma and guide to proper living, states Olivelle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastamba">Apastamba</a> has given a strikingly accurate value for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4afc1e27d418021bf10898eb44a7f5f315735ff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.098ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}"></span> in his which is correct up to five decimal places.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apastamba in his Sulbasutras provide approximate value of square root of 2 as follows: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{3\times 4}}-{\frac {1}{3\times 4\times 34}}={\frac {577}{408}}=1.41421{\overline {56862745098039}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>34</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>577</mn> <mn>408</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.41421</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mn>56862745098039</mn> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{3\times 4}}-{\frac {1}{3\times 4\times 34}}={\frac {577}{408}}=1.41421{\overline {56862745098039}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/724302c712ce992862a119ae707aa40df089b5ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:64.029ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{3\times 4}}-{\frac {1}{3\times 4\times 34}}={\frac {577}{408}}=1.41421{\overline {56862745098039}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several ancient commentaries (<i><a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">bhasya</a></i>) were written on this Dharmasūtra, but only one by Haradatta named '<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ujjvalā</i></span>' has survived into the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scbp72_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scbp72-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haradatta, possibly from South India and one who lived in 12th- or 13th-century commented on the praśnas of Āpastamba Gṛhyasūtra as well as Gautama's Dharmasūtra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haradatta's commentary on Apastamba Dharmasutra was criticized by Boehtlingk in 1885 for lacking "European critical attitude", a view that modern scholars such as Patrick Olivelle have called unjustified and erroneous because Haradatta was a very careful commentator, far more than Boehtlingk and many other 19th-century Orientalists were.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006178_with_note_28-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006178_with_note_28_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle2006">Patrick Olivelle 2006</a>, p. 178 with note 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197320_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert_Lingat1973">Robert Lingat 1973</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvi–xxvii_with_note_5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvi–xxvii_with_note_5_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. xxvi–xxvii with note 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197319–22,_Quote:_The_dharma-sutra_of_Apastamba_suggests_that_a_rich_literature_on_dharma_already_existed._He_cites_ten_authors_by_name._(...).-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197319–22,_Quote:_The_dharma-sutra_of_Apastamba_suggests_that_a_rich_literature_on_dharma_already_existed._He_cites_ten_authors_by_name._(...)._4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197319–22,_Quote:_The_dharma-sutra_of_Apastamba_suggests_that_a_rich_literature_on_dharma_already_existed._He_cites_ten_authors_by_name._(...)._4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert_Lingat1973">Robert Lingat 1973</a>, pp. 19–22, Quote: The dharma-sutra of Apastamba suggests that a rich literature on dharma already existed. He cites ten authors by name. (...)..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimothy_LubinDonald_R._Davis_JrJayanth_K._Krishnan201038-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimothy_LubinDonald_R._Davis_JrJayanth_K._Krishnan201038_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimothy_LubinDonald_R._Davis_JrJayanth_K._Krishnan201038_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimothy_LubinDonald_R._Davis_JrJayanth_K._Krishnan2010">Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199917-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199917_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxv-xxvi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxv-xxvi_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. xxv-xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. xxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321–22-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321–22_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321–22_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert_Lingat1973">Robert Lingat 1973</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii-xxviii-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxvii-xxviii_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. xxvii-xxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197322_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert_Lingat1973">Robert Lingat 1973</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxxi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxxi_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. xxxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxviii_with_note_8,_xxx-xxxi_with_note_10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xxviii_with_note_8,_xxx-xxxi_with_note_10_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. xxviii with note 8, xxx-xxxi with note 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006178_with_note_28,_186-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006178_with_note_28,_186_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle2006">Patrick Olivelle 2006</a>, pp. 178 with note 28, 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle200544-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle200544_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle2005">Patrick Olivelle 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Lingat197321_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert_Lingat1973">Robert Lingat 1973</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19993_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19994-6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19994-6_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. 4-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19997-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19997_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19997–16-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle19997–16_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. 7–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199916–31-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199916–31_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. 16–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199931–43-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199931–43_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. 31–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199943–58-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199943–58_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. 43–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199958–65-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199958–65_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. 58–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199965–68-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199965–68_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. 65–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199968–70-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199968–70_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199970–73-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199970–73_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. 70–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudo_Rocher2014361–386-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudo_Rocher2014361–386_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudo_Rocher2014">Ludo Rocher 2014</a>, pp. 361–386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199970-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle199970_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xl_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. xl.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle1999xli_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999">Patrick Olivelle 1999</a>, pp. xli.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006180-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick_Olivelle2006180_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle2006">Patrick Olivelle 2006</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaurie_Patton2002" class="citation book cs1">Laurie Patton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmbRCwAAQBAJ"><i>Jewels of Authority: Women and Textual Tradition in Hindu India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535064-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535064-7"><bdi>978-0-19-535064-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewels+of+Authority%3A+Women+and+Textual+Tradition+in+Hindu+India&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535064-7&rft.au=Laurie+Patton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmbRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2020" class="citation book cs1">Raman, Sita Anantha (2020-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yy_gDwAAQBAJ&q=baudhayana+andhra&pg=PT97"><i>Women's Rights and Law Codes in Early India, 600 BCE–570 ACE</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53568-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-53568-0"><bdi>978-0-429-53568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Rights+and+Law+Codes+in+Early+India%2C+600+BCE%E2%80%93570+ACE&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-429-53568-0&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=Sita+Anantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYy_gDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbaudhayana%2Bandhra%26pg%3DPT97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta1931" class="citation journal cs1">Dutta, Bibhutibhusan (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2300909">"On the Origin of the Hindu Terms for "Root"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The American Mathematical Monthly</i>. <b>38</b> (7): 371–376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2300909">10.2307/2300909</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330075917/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2300909">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+Hindu+Terms+for+%22Root%22&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=371-376&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2300909&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Bibhutibhusan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2300909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_J._HuffmanScott_V._Thuong2015" class="citation web cs1">Cynthia J. Huffman; Scott V. Thuong (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/ancient-indian-rope-geometry-in-the-classroom-approximating-the-square-root-of-2#:~:text=The%20Śulba-sūtras%20of%20Āpastamba,is%20less%20than%200.0003%25!">"Ancient Indian Rope Geometry in the Classroom - Approximating the Square Root of 2"</a>. <i>www.maa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Increase the measure by its third and this third by its own fourth, less the thirty-fourth part of that fourth. This is the value with a special quantity in excess.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maa.org&rft.atitle=Ancient+Indian+Rope+Geometry+in+the+Classroom+-+Approximating+the+Square+Root+of+2&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Cynthia+J.+Huffman&rft.au=Scott+V.+Thuong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaa.org%2Fpress%2Fperiodicals%2Fconvergence%2Fancient-indian-rope-geometry-in-the-classroom-approximating-the-square-root-of-2%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520%C5%9Aulba-s%C5%ABtras%2520of%2520%C4%80pastamba%2Cis%2520less%2520than%25200.0003%2525%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ_J_O'ConnorE_F_Robertson2020" class="citation web cs1">J J O'Connor; E F Robertson (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Apastamba/">"Apastamba"</a>. <i>www.mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk</i>. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330075917/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Apastamba/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Apastamba&rft.date=2020-11&rft.au=J+J+O%27Connor&rft.au=E+F+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FApastamba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scbp72-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scbp72_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSures_Chandra_Banerji1999" class="citation book cs1">Sures Chandra Banerji (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAZ0CAt03_QC"><i>A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 72–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-370-0"><bdi>978-81-7017-370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.pages=72-75&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-370-0&rft.au=Sures+Chandra+Banerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhAZ0CAt03_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1999" class="citation journal cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (1999). "Sanskrit Commentators and the Transmission of Texts: Haradatta on Āpastamba Dharmasūtra". <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>. <b>27</b> (6). Springer Science: 551–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1004636609126">10.1023/a:1004636609126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189820541">189820541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+Commentators+and+the+Transmission+of+Texts%3A+Haradatta+on+%C4%80pastamba+Dharmas%C5%ABtra&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=551-574&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1004636609126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189820541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Lingat1973" class="citation book cs1">Robert Lingat (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sauo8iSIj7YC"><i>The Classical Law of India</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01898-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01898-3"><bdi>978-0-520-01898-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Law+of+India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01898-3&rft.au=Robert+Lingat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSauo8iSIj7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_LubinDonald_R._Davis_JrJayanth_K._Krishnan2010" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Lubin; Donald R. Davis Jr; Jayanth K. Krishnan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MtuhClbfL7EC"><i>Hinduism and Law: An Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49358-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49358-1"><bdi>978-1-139-49358-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49358-1&rft.au=Timothy+Lubin&rft.au=Donald+R.+Davis+Jr&rft.au=Jayanth+K.+Krishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtuhClbfL7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle2006" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Olivelle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC"><i>Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977507-1"><bdi>978-0-19-977507-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Empires%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977507-1&rft.au=Patrick+Olivelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefaOR_-YsIcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1999" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Olivelle (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnVxqvPg9a0C"><i>Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283882-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283882-7"><bdi>978-0-19-283882-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dharmasutras%3A+The+Law+Codes+of+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283882-7&rft.au=Patrick+Olivelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgnVxqvPg9a0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle2005" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Olivelle (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC"><i>Manu's Code of Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517146-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517146-4"><bdi>978-0-19-517146-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manu%27s+Code+of+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517146-4&rft.au=Patrick+Olivelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnHo02RtONMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudo_Rocher2014" class="citation book cs1">Ludo Rocher (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dziNBAAAQBAJ"><i>Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra</i></a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-315-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-315-2"><bdi>978-1-78308-315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Hindu+Law+and+Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-315-2&rft.au=Ludo+Rocher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdziNBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Apastamba.html">"Apastamba Dharmasutra"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apastamba+Dharmasutra&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FApastamba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApastamba+Dharmasutra" class="Z3988"></span> (discussion of his Sulbasutra)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe02/index.htm">Apastamba</a> Georg Bühler, Sacred Books of the East (1879), Volume 2</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_mathematics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_mathematics" title="Template:Indian mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_mathematics" title="Template talk:Indian mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_mathematics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_mathematicians" title="List of Indian mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apastamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudhayana_sutras" title="Baudhayana sutras">Baudhayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ty%C4%81yana" title="Kātyāyana">Katyayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava" title="Manava">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingala" title="Pingala">Pingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Āryabhaṭa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_II" title="Aryabhata II">Āryabhaṭa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I" title="Bhāskara I">Bhāskara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhāskara II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmadeva" title="Brahmadeva">Brahmadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindasv%C4%81mi" title="Govindasvāmi">Govindasvāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halayudha" title="Halayudha">Halayudha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakara" title="Kamalakara">Kamalakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra_(mathematician)" title="Mahāvīra (mathematician)">Mahāvīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_S%C5%ABri" title="Mahendra Sūri">Mahendra Sūri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munishvara" title="Munishvara">Munishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayana Pandit">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Pisharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyuta Pisharati">Achyuta Pisharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Samrat" title="Jagannatha Samrat">Jagannatha Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABpati" title="Śrīpati">Śrīpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sridhara" title="Sridhara">Sridhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira">Varāhamihira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankara_Variar" title="Sankara Variar">Sankara Variar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasena" title="Virasena">Virasena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.C._Mahalanobis" class="mw-redirect" title="P.C. Mahalanobis">P.C. Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.R._Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C.R. Rao">C.R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeravalli_S._Varadarajan" title="Veeravalli S. Varadarajan">Veeravalli S. Varadarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Parthasarathy_(probabilist)" title="K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)">K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Narasimhan" title="M. S. Narasimhan">M. S. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Seshadri" title="C. S. Seshadri">C. S. Seshadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra" title="Harish-Chandra">Harish-Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbayya_Sivasankaranarayana_Pillai" title="Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai">Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilak_Raj_Prabhakar" title="Tilak Raj Prabhakar">Tilak Raj Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjul_Bhargava" title="Manjul Bhargava">Manjul Bhargava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Venkatesh" title="Akshay Venkatesh">Akshay Venkatesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vakil" title="Ravi Vakil">Ravi Vakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannan_Soundararajan" title="Kannan Soundararajan">Kannan Soundararajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:SSBPST_recipients_in_Mathematical_Science" title="Template:SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhshali_manuscript" title="Bakhshali manuscript">Bakhshali manuscript</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bijaganita" title="Bijaganita">Bijaganita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmasphu%E1%B9%ADasiddh%C4%81nta" title="Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta">Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganita_Kaumudi" title="Ganita Kaumudi">Ganita Kaumudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakkusaram" title="Kanakkusaram">Kanakkusaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karanapaddhati" title="Karanapaddhati">Karanapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C4%ABl%C4%81vat%C4%AB" title="Līlāvatī">Līlāvatī</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lokavibhaga" title="Lokavibhaga">Lokavibhaga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81t%C4%ABga%E1%B9%87ita" title="Pātīgaṇita">Pātīgaṇita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulisa_Siddhanta" title="Paulisa Siddhanta">Paulisa Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira#Pancha-Siddhantika" title="Varāhamihira">Paitamaha Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romaka_Siddhanta" title="Romaka Siddhanta">Romaka Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadratnamala" title="Sadratnamala">Sadratnamala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siddh%C4%81nta_Shiromani" title="Siddhānta Shiromani">Siddhānta Shiromani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shulba_Sutras" title="Shulba Sutras">Śulba Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tantrasamgraha" title="Tantrasamgraha">Tantrasamgraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Siddhanta" title="Vasishtha Siddhanta">Vasishtha Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venvaroha" title="Venvaroha">Veṇvāroha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuktibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Yuktibhāṣā">Yuktibhāṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yavanajataka" title="Yavanajataka">Yavanajataka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneering<br /> innovations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_numerals" title="Brahmi numerals">Brahmi numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a></li> <li>Symbol for <a href="/wiki/0" title="0">zero (0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_series" title="Madhava series">Infinite series expansions for the trigonometric functions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Jaipur" title="Jantar Mantar, Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_New_Delhi" title="Jantar Mantar, New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Ujjain" title="Jantar Mantar, Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Varanasi" title="Jantar Mantar, Varanasi">Varanasi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians of<br /> mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bapudeva_Sastri" title="Bapudeva Sastri">Bapudeva Sastri</a> (1821–1900)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Balakrishna_Dikshit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit (page does not exist)">Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit</a> (1853–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakara_Dvivedi" title="Sudhakara Dvivedi">Sudhakara Dvivedi</a> (1855–1910)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Rangacarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Rangacarya (page does not exist)">M. Rangacarya</a> (1861–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Sengupta" class="mw-redirect" title="P. C. Sengupta">P. C. Sengupta</a> (1876–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Datta" class="mw-redirect" title="B. B. Datta">B. B. Datta</a> (1888–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takao_Hayashi" title="Takao Hayashi">T. Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._A._Krishnaswamy_Ayyangar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar (page does not exist)">A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar</a> (1892– 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhesh_Narayan_Singh" title="Avadhesh Narayan Singh">A. N. Singh</a> (1901–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Rajagopal" class="mw-redirect" title="C. T. Rajagopal">C. T. Rajagopal</a> (1903–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Saraswati_Amma" class="mw-redirect" title="T. A. Saraswati Amma">T. A. Saraswati Amma</a> (1918–2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._N._Sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. N. Sen (page does not exist)">S. N. Sen</a> (1918–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Shukla" class="mw-redirect" title="K. S. Shukla">K. S. Shukla</a> (1918–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Sarma" title="K. V. Sarma">K. V. Sarma</a> (1919–2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eugene_Clark" title="Walter Eugene Clark">Walter Eugene Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Colebrooke" title="Henry Thomas Colebrooke">Henry Thomas Colebrooke </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">David Pingree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics#Medieval_European_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br /> institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskaracharya_Pratishthana" title="Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana">Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mathematical_Institute" title="Chennai Mathematical Institute">Chennai Mathematical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences,_Chennai" title="Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai">Institute of Mathematical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra_Research_Institute" title="Harish-Chandra Research Institute">Harish-Chandra Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Bhabha_Centre_for_Science_Education" title="Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education">Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanujan_Institute_for_Advanced_Study_in_Mathematics" title="Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics">Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">TIFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&oldid=1250111662">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apastamba_Dharmasutra&oldid=1250111662</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Category:Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 October 2024, at 14:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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