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<span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historical roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_Bhajans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_Bhajans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hindu Bhajans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_Bhajans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_composers_and_singers_of_Bhajans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_composers_and_singers_of_Bhajans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern composers and singers of Bhajans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_composers_and_singers_of_Bhajans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="ভজন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভজন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bhajan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bhajan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bhajan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="ભજન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भजन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="भजन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajana" title="Bhajana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bhajana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಜನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಜನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბჰაჯანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბჰაჯანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhad%C5%BEanas" title="Bhadžanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bhadžanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भजन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भजन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bhajan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भजन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भजन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bhajan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bhajan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8" title="ଭଜନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭଜନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भजन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="भजन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhad%C5%BAan" title="Bhadźan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bhadźan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бхаджан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бхаджан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भजन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भजन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%80%DA%84%D9%86" title="ڀڄن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڀڄن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bhajan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bhajan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பஜனைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஜனைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8" title="భజన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భజన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бгаджан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бгаджан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E8%B5%9E%E6%AD%8C" title="拜赞歌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拜赞歌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Singing of poems or hymns in Indian traditions</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navaratri_Bajan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Navaratri_Bajan.jpg/220px-Navaratri_Bajan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Navaratri_Bajan.jpg/330px-Navaratri_Bajan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Navaratri_Bajan.jpg/440px-Navaratri_Bajan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><i>Bhajan</i> in <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" 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class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgeet" title="Borgeet">Borgeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirtana">Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet" title="Shyama Sangeet">Shyama Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasadi" title="Ramprasadi">Ramprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Geeti" title="Nazrul Geeti">Nazrul Geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray" title="Dwijendralal Ray">Dwijendrageeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atulprasad_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Atulprasad Sen">Atulprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Samgiita" title="Prabhat Samgiita">Prabhat Samgiita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">Thumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra (music)">Dadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiti" title="Chaiti">Chaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajari" title="Kajari">Kajari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Sikh</a></li></ul> <p><b>Modern</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangragga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhangragga">Bhangragga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">Filmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bollywood">Bollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmi-ghazal" title="Filmi-ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmi_qawwali" title="Filmi qawwali">Qawwali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_trance" title="Goa trance">Goa trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Dance_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Dance Music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_pop" title="Indian pop">Indi-pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Underground" title="Asian Underground">Asian Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_India" title="Jazz in India">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian hip hop">Hip hop</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Media and performance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Awards" title="Filmfare Awards">Filmfare Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award">Sangeet Natak Akademi Award</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptak_Annual_Festival_of_Music" title="Saptak Annual Festival of Music">Saptak Festival of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Music_Season" title="Madras Music Season">Chennai Music Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Lane_Music_Conference" title="Dover Lane Music Conference">Dover Lane music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandaradasa_Aradhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandaradasa Aradhana">Purandaradasa Aradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja_Aradhana" title="Tyagaraja Aradhana">Tyagaraja Aradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harballabh_Sangeet_Sammelan" title="Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan"> Harivallabh Sangeet Sammelan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sruti_(magazine)" title="Sruti (magazine)">Sruti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Record_(music_magazine)" title="The Record (music magazine)">The Record</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">Jana Gana Mana</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Music of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Music of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Music of Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Assam" title="Music of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bihar" title="Music of Bihar">Bihar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maithili_music" title="Maithili music">Maithili</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Music of Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Goa" title="Music of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gujarat" title="Music of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haryana" title="Music of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Music of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Music of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ladakh" title="Music of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jharkhand" title="Music of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Carnatic_music" title="Development of Carnatic music">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Music of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maharashtra" title="Music of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Manipur" title="Music of Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Meghalaya" title="Music of Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_music" title="Mizo music">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nagaland" title="Music of Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Punjab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rajasthan" title="Music of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sikkim" title="Music of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Music of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tripura" title="Music of Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Music of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Bengal" title="Music of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/120px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/250px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bhajan</b> refers to any devotional song with a religious theme or spiritual ideas, specifically among <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a>, in any language.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>bhajanam</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: भजनम्) means <i>reverence</i> and originates from the root word <i>bhaj</i> (Sanskrit: भज्), which means <i>to revere</i>, as in 'Bhaja Govindam' (<i>Revere Govinda</i>)<i>. </i>The term <b>bhajana</b> also means <i>sharing</i>. </p><p>The term bhajan is also commonly used to refer a group event, with one or more lead singers, accompanied with music, and sometimes dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-kaminskylong484_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaminskylong484-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally, bhajans are accompanied by percussion instruments such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>. Handheld small <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a> (<i>kartals</i>) are also commonly used to maintain the beat. A bhajan may be sung in a <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a>, in a home, under a tree in the open, near a river bank or a place of historic significance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having no prescribed form, or set rules, bhajans are normally lyrical and based on melodic <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CushRobinson2012p87_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CushRobinson2012p87-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It belongs to a genre of music and arts that developed during the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is found in the various traditions of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. Within Hinduism, bhajans are particularly prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideas from scriptures, legendary epics, the teachings of saints and loving devotion to a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> are typical subjects in bhajans.<sup id="cite_ref-CushRobinson2012p87_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CushRobinson2012p87-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhajans have been widely composed anonymously and shared as a musical and arts tradition. Genres such as Nirguni, Gorakhanathi, Vallabhapanthi, Ashtachhap, Madhura-bhakti and the traditional South Indian form Sampradya Bhajan each have their own repertoire and methods of singing.<sup id="cite_ref-Datta1987_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datta1987-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sanskrit word <i>bhajan</i> or <i>bhajana</i> is derived from the root <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhaj</i></span>, which means "divide, share, partake, participate, to belong to".<sup id="cite_ref-Cutler_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prentiss_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prentiss-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werner_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word also connotes "attachment, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to something as a spiritual, religious principle or means of salvation".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_roots">Historical roots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hinduism, <i>Bhajan</i> and its Bhakti term <i><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></i>, have roots in the ancient metric and musical traditions of the Vedic era, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>. The Samaveda <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a> is not meant to be <i>read</i> as a text, but sung as it is like a musical score sheet that must be <i>heard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-staal107_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staal107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other late Vedic texts mention the two scholars <i>Shilalin</i> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Śilālin) and <i>Krishashva</i> (IAST: Kṛśaśva), credited to be pioneers in the studies of ancient drama, singing and dance.<sup id="cite_ref-Lidova1994p111a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lidova1994p111a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_xxxi–xxxii,_17_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_xxxi–xxxii,_17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art schools of Shilalin and Krishashva may have been associated with the performance of Vedic rituals, which involved story telling with embedded ethical values.<sup id="cite_ref-Lidova1994p111a_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lidova1994p111a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vedic traditions integrated rituals with performance arts, such as a dramatic play, where not only praises to gods were recited or sung, but the dialogues were part of a dramatic representation and discussion of spiritual themes.<sup id="cite_ref-varadpande45_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varadpande45-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz2008181–182_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz2008181–182-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>A lyric from a Hindu Bhajan</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>This body is but a guest of four days,<br /> a house made of dirt.<br /> On this earth your mark is made,<br /> a symbol of your good work. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Translated by David N. Lorenzen<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The Vedas and Upanishads celebrate <i>Nada-Brahman</i>, where certain sounds are considered elemental, triggering emotional feelings without necessarily having a literal meaning, and this is deemed a sacred, liminal experience of the primeval ultimate reality and supreme truth.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p246_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p246-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This supreme truth is considered as full of bliss and <i>rasa</i> (emotional taste) in the Hindu thought, and melodic sound is considered a part of human spiritual experience.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p246_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p246-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devotional music genres such as <i>Bhajan</i> are part of a tradition that emerged from these roots.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p246_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p246-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, bhajans rose to prominence as a way of expressing fervent devotion to the divine, breaking down barriers of caste and society, during the Bhakti and Sant movements of medieval India (about the 6th to the 17th centuries). </p><p>By writing verses in a variety of regional languages, saints and poets like Kabir, Mirabai, Tulsidas, and Surdas played a crucial part in popularizing bhajans and making them understandable to a larger audience. Their <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bhajanmagic.blogspot.com">Bhajan lyrics</a> emphasized the universality of divine love while praising the intimate connection between the believer and the deity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_Bhajans">Hindu Bhajans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hindu Bhajans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>Bhajan</i> in Hindu traditions is an informal, loosely structured devotional song with music in a regional language.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p254_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p254-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are found all over India and Nepal, but are particularly popular among the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnav</a> traditions such as those driven by devotion to avatars of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitthal">Vitthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> (often with their consorts).<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p254_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p254-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Southern India, Bhajanais follow a tradition (Sampradaya) called the <i>Dakshina Bharatha Sampradaya Bhajanai</i>. This involves a tradition that has been followed for the last several centuries and includes Songs/Krithis/Lyrics from great composers all over India encompassing many Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>Bhajan</i> may be sung individually, but more commonly together as a choral event wherein the lyrics include religious or spiritual themes in the local language.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CushRobinson2012p87_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CushRobinson2012p87-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhajans often describe loving devotion to a deity, legends from the Epics or the Puranas, compositions of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> saints, or spiritual themes from Hindu scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhajans in many Hindu traditions are a form of congregational singing and bonding, that gives the individual an opportunity to share in the music-driven spiritual and liturgical experience as well as the community a shared sense of identity, wherein people share food, meet and reconnect.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p255_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p255-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bhajans</i> have played a significant role in community organization in 19th and 20th century colonial era, when Indian workers were brought to distant lands such as <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> as cheap labor on plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <i>Bhajans</i> are centuries old, popular on a pan-regional basis, passed down as a community tradition, while others are newly composed. Everyone in the Hindu tradition are free to compose a <i>Bhajan</i> with whatever ideas or in praise of any deity of their wish. But since they are sung, they typically follow meters of classical Indian music, the raga and the tala to go with the musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p247_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p247-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are sung in open air, inside temples such as those of Swaminarayan movement, in Vaishnava monasteries, during festivals or special events, and at pilgrimage sites.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p255_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p255-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some terms related to bhajan. Bhajansimran and Bhajankirtan help a disciple to achieve the higher reverence towards God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhajan_versus_Kirtan_in_the_Hindu_traditions">Bhajan versus Kirtan in the Hindu traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bhajan versus Kirtan in the Hindu traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>Bhajan</i> is closely related to <i>Kirtan</i>, with both sharing common aims, subjects, musical themes and being devotional performance arts. A <i>Bhajan</i> is more free in form, and can be singular melody that is performed by a single singer with or without one and more musical instruments. <i>Kirtan</i>, in contrast, differs in being a more structured team performance, typically with a <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> musical structure, similar to an intimate conversation or gentle sharing of ideas, and it includes two or more musical instruments,<sup id="cite_ref-lavezzoli371_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavezzoli371-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">prosody</a> principles of the Vedic era.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <i>Kirtan</i> are structured for more audience participation, where the singer calls a spiritual chant, a hymn, a mantra or a theme, the audience then responds back by repeating the chant or by chanting back a reply of their shared beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Bhajan</i>, in contrast, is either experienced in silence or a "sing along".<sup id="cite_ref-lavezzoli371_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavezzoli371-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jainism">Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Stavan</i> is a form of popular and historically pervasive genre of devotional music in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelting2001p28_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelting2001p28-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of a <i>Stavan</i> varies, ranging from praise of Jina, Jain religious ideas and its philosophy, in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> Bhajans.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelting2001p28_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelting2001p28-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jainism rejects any Creator god, but accepts protector deities and rebirth of souls as heavenly beings, and its devotional singing traditions integrate these beliefs. <i>Stavan</i> may include dancing and worship rituals. Known as <i>Bhajan</i> in north and west Indian regional languages, a <i>Stavan</i> is typically sung as folk melodies by groups of Jain women, and are a formal part of ceremonies and celebrations within Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Buddhist music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asan_gyanmala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Asan_gyanmala.jpg/220px-Asan_gyanmala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Asan_gyanmala.jpg/330px-Asan_gyanmala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Asan_gyanmala.jpg/440px-Asan_gyanmala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Nepalese Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Gyanmala_Bhajan_Khala" title="Gyanmala Bhajan Khala">Gyānmālā Bhajan Khala</a> singing hymns at <a href="/wiki/Asan,_Kathmandu" title="Asan, Kathmandu">Asan, Kathmandu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous Buddhist traditions use vocal music with instrumental accompaniment as part of their rituals and devotional practices.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist vocal music and chanting is often part of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">festivals</a> in which they may be seen as offerings to the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, there are still several traditions of Buddhist bhajan singing. One is the <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newari Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunla_Bajan" title="Gunla Bajan">Gunlā Bājan</a> tradition, which has a long history. </p><p>Bengali Barua Buddhists also have a tradition of singing songs in the vernacular, which they call <i>Buddha-samkirtan</i> or <i>Buddha kirtan.</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a more recent tradition of Indian Buddhist bhajans which has become popular among recent Indian converts to Buddhism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Buddhists</a> also have their own tradition of bhajans and Buddhist songs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sikh tradition places major emphasis on devotional worship to one formless God, and <i>Bhajans</i> are a part of this worship.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more common form of community singing is called <i><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Shabad Kirtan</a></i> in Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-CushRobinson2012p87_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CushRobinson2012p87-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kaminskylong484_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaminskylong484-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Shabad Kirtan</i> is performed by professional religious musicians, wherein <i>bani</i> ('word', or 'hymns') from the Sikh scripture are sung to a certain raga and tala.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_composers_and_singers_of_Bhajans">Modern composers and singers of Bhajans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern composers and singers of Bhajans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm/220px--Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="344" data-mwtitle="Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple,_Guwahati,_Assam,_India.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple,_Guwahati,_Assam,_India.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm/Local_musicians_singing_bhajan_at_kamakhya_temple%2C_Guwahati%2C_Assam%2C_India.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Local musicians singing bhajan at <a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakhya temple">Kamakhya temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>A modern Bhajan has no fixed form: it may be as simple as a <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a> or as sophisticated as the <a href="/wiki/Dhrupad" title="Dhrupad">dhrupad</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">thumri</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kriti_(music)" title="Kriti (music)">kriti</a></i> with music based on <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">talas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Digambar_Paluskar" title="Vishnu Digambar Paluskar">V. D. Paluskar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande" title="Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande">V. N. Bhatkhande</a> have combined <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a> with bhajan. <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Kumar_Gandharva" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Kumar Gandharva">Pandit Kumar Gandharva</a> made famous the Nirguni Bhajans of <a href="/wiki/Sant_Kabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Kabir">Sant Kabir</a> and Malwa Region. The dancer <a href="/wiki/Mallika_Sarabhai" title="Mallika Sarabhai">Mallika Sarabhai</a> has produced performances based on bhajans. Abhinaya Chakravathi Sri JS Eswara Prasad Rao of Hyderabad, who is the disciple of AL Krishnamurthy Bhagavathar, Pudukkottai system, has produced performances based on Sampradaya bhajans under the title "Nitrya Sankeerthnam".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bhajans of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> traditions, Vedic mantras and Yoga chants have been composed, published in Western musical sheet format or recorded by western singers such as <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Das_(singer)" title="Krishna Das (singer)">Krishna Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva_Premal" title="Deva Premal">Deva Premal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Desmond" title="Andy Desmond">Miten</a>, and by various West Indies singers influenced by East Indian heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Stavan</i> compositions and literature of the Jainism tradition are extensive, with a historic overview provided by <i>Sri Sudhara Stavan Sangrah</i>, traditionally preserved in "puja box" by Jain families.<sup id="cite_ref-kelting215_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelting215-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is vectored text with Jain lyrics and is canonically inspired.<sup id="cite_ref-kelting215_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelting215-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Maharaj" title="Kripalu Maharaj">Kripalu Maharaj</a> is one of the modern era bhakti leaders and bhajan-kirtan composers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has composed eleven thousand one hundred and eleven <i>doha</i> (couplets) on the <i><a href="/wiki/Lila_(Hinduism)" title="Lila (Hinduism)">leela</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha and Krishna</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">devotional</a> philosophy called <i>Radha Govind Geet</i>; 1008 <i>pad</i> (songs) called <i>Prem Ras Madira</i>; hundreds of <i>kirtan</i> in the form of <i>Yugal Shatak</i> and <i>Yugal Ras</i> and twelve <i>pad</i> which fully describe the beauty and the decorations of Krishna, and thirteen <i>pad</i> which describe the beauty and the decorations of Radha called <i>Shree Krishn Dwadashi</i> and <i>Shree Radha Trayodashi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renditions of Shree Maharaji's <i>bhajans</i> and <i>kirtans</i> have been recorded by well-known singers in India such as <a href="/wiki/Manna_Dey" title="Manna Dey">Manna Dey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajnish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajnish (page does not exist)">Ajnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Paudwal" title="Anuradha Paudwal">Anuradha Paudwal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anup_Jalota" title="Anup Jalota">Anup Jalota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the olden days, <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mirabai" title="Mirabai">Mirabai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Narsinh_Mehta" title="Narsinh Mehta">Narsinh Mehta</a> composed several bhajans that are universally sung even today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmi_devotional_songs" title="Filmi devotional songs">Filmi devotional songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurunath" title="Gurunath">Gurunath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salabega" title="Salabega">Salabega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p97-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p97_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaminskylong484-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaminskylong484_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaminskylong484_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnold_P._KaminskyRoger_D._Long2011" class="citation book cs1">Arnold P. Kaminsky; Roger D. Long (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC"><i>India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">484–</span>485. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37463-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37463-0"><bdi>978-0-313-37463-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Life+in+the+Republic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E484-%3C%2Fspan%3E485&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37463-0&rft.au=Arnold+P.+Kaminsky&rft.au=Roger+D.+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVxlfDHGTFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna King, John Brockington, <i>The Intimate Other: Love Divine in Indic Religions</i>, Orient Longman 2005, p 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CushRobinson2012p87-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CushRobinson2012p87_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CushRobinson2012p87_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CushRobinson2012p87_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CushRobinson2012p87_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenise_CushCatherine_RobinsonMichael_York2012" class="citation book cs1">Denise Cush; Catherine Robinson; Michael York (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2"><bdi>978-1-135-18979-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18979-2&rft.au=Denise+Cush&rft.au=Catherine+Robinson&rft.au=Michael+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzPgCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Datta1987-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Datta1987_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmaresh_Datta1987" class="citation book cs1">Amaresh Datta (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA430"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. <span class="nowrap">430–</span>431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1"><bdi>978-81-260-1803-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature%3A+A-Devo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1803-1&rft.au=Amaresh+Datta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObFCT5_taSgC%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutler-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cutler_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCutler1987" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Norman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA1"><i>Songs of Experience</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35334-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35334-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Experience&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35334-4&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveSItWingx8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prentiss-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prentiss_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPechilis_Prentiss1999" class="citation book cs1">Pechilis Prentiss, Karen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC&pg=PA24"><i>The Embodiment of Bhakti</i></a>. US: Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512813-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512813-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Embodiment+of+Bhakti&rft.place=US&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512813-0&rft.aulast=Pechilis+Prentiss&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu95WgeUBfEC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Werner_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerner1993" class="citation book cs1">Werner, Karel (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYahlaJCLnYC&pg=PA168"><i>Love Divine: studies in bhakti and devotional mysticism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0235-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-0235-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+Divine%3A+studies+in+bhakti+and+devotional+mysticism&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0235-0&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYahlaJCLnYC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1872" class="citation book cs1">Monier Monier-Williams (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 695.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=695&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3NWAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-staal107-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-staal107_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, pages 107-112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lidova1994p111a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lidova1994p111a_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lidova1994p111a_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova1994" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Lidova (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C"><i>Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drama+and+Ritual+of+Early+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1234-5&rft.au=Natalia+Lidova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TKarwqJJP0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_xxxi–xxxii,_17-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_xxxi–xxxii,_17_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995">Tarla Mehta 1995</a>, pp. xxiv, xxxi–xxxii, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-varadpande45-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-varadpande45_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ML Varadpande (1990), History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Abhinav, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170172789" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170172789">978-8170172789</a>, pages 45–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz2008181–182-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz2008181–182_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz2008">Maurice Winternitz 2008</a>, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_N._Lorenzen1995" class="citation book cs1">David N. Lorenzen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC"><i>Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-2025-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Religion+in+North+India%3A+Community+Identity+and+Political+Action&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6&rft.au=David+N.+Lorenzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpSxJg_ehnIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NettlStone1998p246-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p246_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p246_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p246_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Beck1998" class="citation book cs1">Guy Beck (1998). Bruno Nettl; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia, the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">246–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia%2C+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Guy+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011" class="citation book cs1">Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC"><i>Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">886–</span>898. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0"><bdi>978-3-11-024003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Communication%3A+An+Aesthetic+Cultural+History+of+Sanskrit+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E886-%3C%2Fspan%3E898&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024003-0&rft.au=Annette+Wilke&rft.au=Oliver+Moebus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wmYz_OtZ_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Breck_Reid2001" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Breck Reid (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OyGqWnBY4KIC"><i>Psalms and Practice: Worship, Virtue, and Authority</i></a>. Liturgical Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5080-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5080-6"><bdi>978-0-8146-5080-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psalms+and+Practice%3A+Worship%2C+Virtue%2C+and+Authority&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5080-6&rft.au=Stephen+Breck+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOyGqWnBY4KIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NettlStone1998p254-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p254_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p254_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Beck1998" class="citation book cs1">Guy Beck (1998). Bruno Nettl; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia, the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">251–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia%2C+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Guy+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuppuswamyHariharan" class="citation journal cs1">Kuppuswamy, Gowri; Hariharan, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616052620/https://snarepository.nvli.in/bitstream/123456789/3188/1/JSNA(64-65)32-39.pdf">"BHAJANA TRADITION IN SOUTH INDIA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snarepository.nvli.in/bitstream/123456789/3188/1/JSNA%2864-65%2932-39.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BHAJANA+TRADITION+IN+SOUTH+INDIA&rft.aulast=Kuppuswamy&rft.aufirst=Gowri&rft.au=Hariharan%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnarepository.nvli.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F3188%2F1%2FJSNA%252864-65%252932-39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011" class="citation book cs1">Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC"><i>Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3, <span class="nowrap">33–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0"><bdi>978-3-11-024003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Communication%3A+An+Aesthetic+Cultural+History+of+Sanskrit+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024003-0&rft.au=Annette+Wilke&rft.au=Oliver+Moebus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wmYz_OtZ_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NettlStone1998p255-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p255_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p255_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Beck1998" class="citation book cs1">Guy Beck (1998). Bruno Nettl; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia, the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">254–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia%2C+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Guy+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMovindri_Reddy2015" class="citation book cs1">Movindri Reddy (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CAUBCwAAQBAJ"><i>Social Movements and the Indian Diaspora</i></a>. Routledge. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47897-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47897-3"><bdi>978-1-317-47897-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Movements+and+the+Indian+Diaspora&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47897-3&rft.au=Movindri+Reddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCAUBCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Myers1998" class="citation book cs1">Helen Myers (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer"><i>Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer/page/88">88</a>, 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55453-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55453-2"><bdi>978-0-226-55453-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+Hindu+Trinidad%3A+Songs+from+the+India+Diaspora&rft.pages=88%2C+128&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-55453-2&rft.au=Helen+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicofhindutrin00myer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1998" class="citation journal cs1">O'Callaghan, Marion (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1178">"Hinduism in the Indian Diaspora in Trinidad"</a>. <i>Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1178">10.7825/2164-6279.1178</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hindu-Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Hinduism+in+the+Indian+Diaspora+in+Trinidad&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7825%2F2164-6279.1178&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7825%252F2164-6279.1178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NettlStone1998p247-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p247_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Beck1998" class="citation book cs1">Guy Beck (1998). Bruno Nettl; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia, the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">247–</span>253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia%2C+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Guy+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lavezzoli371-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lavezzoli371_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavezzoli371_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Lavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Peter Lavezzoli (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC"><i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. <span class="nowrap">371–</span>372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E372&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9&rft.au=Peter+Lavezzoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSZKCXtx-wEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSara_Black_Brown2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sara Black Brown (2014). "Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival". <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>58</b> (3). University of Illinois Press: <span class="nowrap">454–</span>480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fethnomusicology.58.3.0454">10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Krishna%2C+Christians%2C+and+Colors%3A+The+Socially+Binding+Influence+of+Kirtan+Singing+at+a+Utah+Hare+Krishna+Festival&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E480&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fethnomusicology.58.3.0454&rft.au=Sara+Black+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlanna_Kaivalya2014" class="citation book cs1">Alanna Kaivalya (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PkhAwAAQBAJ"><i>Sacred Sound: Discovering the Myth and Meaning of Mantra and Kirtan</i></a>. New World. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60868-244-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60868-244-7"><bdi>978-1-60868-244-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Sound%3A+Discovering+the+Myth+and+Meaning+of+Mantra+and+Kirtan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=New+World&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-60868-244-7&rft.au=Alanna+Kaivalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PkhAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlanna_Kaivalya2014" class="citation book cs1">Alanna Kaivalya (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PkhAwAAQBAJ"><i>Sacred Sound: Discovering the Myth and Meaning of Mantra and Kirtan</i></a>. New World. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>17, <span class="nowrap">34–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60868-244-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60868-244-7"><bdi>978-1-60868-244-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Sound%3A+Discovering+the+Myth+and+Meaning+of+Mantra+and+Kirtan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E17%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=New+World&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-60868-244-7&rft.au=Alanna+Kaivalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PkhAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sara Brown (2012), <i>Every Word Is a Song, Every Step Is a Dance</i>, PhD Thesis, Florida State University (Advisor: Michael Bakan), pages 25-26, 87-88, 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalory_Nye2013" class="citation book cs1">Malory Nye (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QF5cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113"><i>A Place for Our Gods: The Construction of an Edinburgh Hindu Temple Community</i></a>. Routledge. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78504-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78504-7"><bdi>978-1-136-78504-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Place+for+Our+Gods%3A+The+Construction+of+an+Edinburgh+Hindu+Temple+Community&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78504-7&rft.au=Malory+Nye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQF5cAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelting2001p28-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelting2001p28_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelting2001p28_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Whitney_Kelting2001" class="citation book cs1">M. Whitney Kelting (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC"><i>Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29, 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803211-3"><bdi>978-0-19-803211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+to+the+Jinas%3A+Jain+Laywomen%2C+Mandal+Singing%2C+and+the+Negotiations+of+Jain+Devotion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29%2C+84&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803211-3&rft.au=M.+Whitney+Kelting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Delcn1IEJ3CEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA302"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Khê, Trân. “Buddhist Music in Eastern Asia.” <i>The World of Music</i>, vol. 26, no. 3, 1984, pp. 22–32. <i>JSTOR</i>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43561005">43561005</a>. Accessed 18 Dec. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mabbett, Ian W. “Buddhism and Music.” <i>Asian Music</i>, vol. 25, no. 1/2, 1993, pp. 9–28. <i>JSTOR</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F834188">10.2307/834188</a>. Accessed 18 Dec. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold et al (1998). <i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent,</i> p. 247. Taylor & Francis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSukomal_Chaudhuri1982" class="citation book cs1">Sukomal Chaudhuri (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NVoEAAAAYAAJ"><i>Contemporary Buddhism in Bangladesh</i></a>. Atisha Memorial. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Buddhism+in+Bangladesh&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Atisha+Memorial&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Sukomal+Chaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNVoEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatterjee, Aparna (2022). <i>The Barua Buddhists: Lineage and Cultural Interface,</i> pp. 91-92. Shhalaj Publishing House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_MeltonMartin_Baumann2010" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C"><i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=1397&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft.au=Martin+Baumann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKristen_HaarSewa_Singh_Kalsi2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC"><i>Sikhism</i></a>. Infobase. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0647-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2&rft.au=Kristen+Haar&rft.au=Sewa+Singh+Kalsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOI1nB_zTyAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Courtney: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/bhajan.html">http://www.chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/bhajan.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315231155/http://www.chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/bhajan.html">Archived</a> 15 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Laack2011" class="citation book cs1">Isabel Laack (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TW_al8WEHfQC&pg=PA297"><i>Religion und Musik in Glastonbury: Eine Fallstudie zu gegenwärtigen Formen religiöser Identitätsdiskurse</i></a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. <span class="nowrap">298–</span>306, 582. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-647-54011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-647-54011-5"><bdi>978-3-647-54011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+und+Musik+in+Glastonbury%3A+Eine+Fallstudie+zu+gegenw%C3%A4rtigen+Formen+religi%C3%B6ser+Identit%C3%A4tsdiskurse&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E298-%3C%2Fspan%3E306%2C+582&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-647-54011-5&rft.au=Isabel+Laack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTW_al8WEHfQC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Myers1998" class="citation book cs1">Helen Myers (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer"><i>Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer/page/294">294</a>–339, <span class="nowrap">111–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55453-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55453-2"><bdi>978-0-226-55453-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+Hindu+Trinidad%3A+Songs+from+the+India+Diaspora&rft.pages=294-339%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-55453-2&rft.au=Helen+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicofhindutrin00myer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011" class="citation book cs1">Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC"><i>Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 285, <span class="nowrap">477–</span>484, <span class="nowrap">790–</span>801. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0"><bdi>978-3-11-024003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Communication%3A+An+Aesthetic+Cultural+History+of+Sanskrit+Hinduism&rft.pages=285%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E484%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E790-%3C%2Fspan%3E801&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024003-0&rft.au=Annette+Wilke&rft.au=Oliver+Moebus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wmYz_OtZ_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kelting215-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kelting215_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kelting215_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Whitney_Kelting2001" class="citation book cs1">Mary Whitney Kelting (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqXmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215"><i>Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 69, 215 with footnotes 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514011-8"><bdi>978-0-19-514011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+to+the+Jinas%3A+Jain+Laywomen%2C+Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da%E1%B8%B7+Singing%2C+and+the+Negotiations+of+Jain+Devotion&rft.pages=69%2C+215+with+footnotes+13-14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514011-8&rft.au=Mary+Whitney+Kelting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqXmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutton, F. 2008. <i>Rose lore: essays in cultural history and semiotics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saraswati, S. 2001. <i>The true history and the relfigion of India: a concise encyclopedia of authentic hinduism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinnear, M. 1985. <i>A discography of Hindustani and Karnatic music</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=4372">Rang De with Anup Jalota at Radha Madhav Dham, Austin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405031155/http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=4372">Archived</a> 5 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. 20 October 2011. Indo-American News. Retrieved 15 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnatic-circle.com/sampradaya-bhajanai/">Sampradaya Bhajanai, Birmingham, UK</a></i>. 14 July 2017. How to perform Dakshina Bharatha Sampradaya Bhajanai with English Lyrics.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995" class="citation book cs1">Tarla Mehta (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC"><i>Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1057-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Play+Production+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1057-0&rft.au=Tarla+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl7naMj1UxIkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdya_Rangacharya1998" class="citation book cs1">Adya Rangacharya (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5rjAAAACAAJ"><i>Introduction to Bharata's Nāṭyaśāstra</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0829-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0829-2"><bdi>978-81-215-0829-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Bharata%27s+N%C4%81%E1%B9%ADya%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0829-2&rft.au=Adya+Rangacharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5rjAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Maurice Winternitz</a> (2008). <i>History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981)</i>. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120800564" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120800564"><bdi>978-8120800564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature+Vol+3+%28Original+in+German+published+in+1922%2C+translated+into+English+by+VS+Sarma%2C+1981%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8120800564&rft.au=Maurice+Winternitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABhajan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhajan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worship_in_Hinduism314" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Template talk:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Worship in Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Worship_in_Hinduism314" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship in Hinduism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Ārati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshan_(Indian_religions)" title="Darshan (Indian religions)">Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsava" title="Utsava">Utsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">Bhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranāma">Pranāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">Prasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnikaryam" title="Agnikaryam">Agnikaryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupasana" title="Aupasana">Aupasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyakarma" title="Kamyakarma">Kamyakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraja_Homa" title="Viraja Homa">Viraja Homa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamana" title="Achamana">Achamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing#Hinduism" title="Blessing">Ashirvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmkand">Karmakāṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekham" title="Kumbhabhishekham">Kumbhabhishekham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityakarma" title="Nityakarma">Nityakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngejot" title="Ngejot">Ngejot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">Ajapa japa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurta" title="Brahmamuhurta">Brahmamuhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana">Jagarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">Śaktipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_thali" title="Puja thali">Puja thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Hinduism" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banalinga" title="Banalinga">Banalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biruda" title="Biruda">Biruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Cāmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss stick">Agarabattī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">Kamandalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirapat" title="Khirapat">Khirapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)" title="Kindi (vessel)">Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolavar" title="Moolavar">Mulavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilakamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavar">Utsavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Yajnopavitam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu" title="Charu">Charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakam" title="Panakam">Panakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Candana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindūra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaloha" title="Panchaloha">Panchaloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)" title="Pindi (Hindu iconography)">Pindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi" title="Pillaiyar Suḻi">Pillaiyar Suḻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography" title="Category:Hindu iconography">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhwaja Stambha">Dhvajastambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">Pujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Trees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayavata" title="Akshayavata">Akshayavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Fruits and other plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Kusha grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana" title="Tulasi Vrindavana">Tulasi Vrindavana</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_dance" title="Temple dance">Temple dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindustani_classical_music125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindustani_Classical_Music_page_end" title="Template:Hindustani Classical Music page end"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindustani_Classical_Music_page_end" title="Template talk:Hindustani Classical Music page end"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindustani_Classical_Music_page_end" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindustani Classical Music page end"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindustani_classical_music125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Swara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaat" title="Thaat">That</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargam_(music)" title="Sargam (music)"> Sargam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandish" title="Bandish">Bandish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharana" title="Gharana">Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaralipi" title="Swaralipi">Swaralipi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goddess Saraswati"><img alt="Goddess Saraswati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/120px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/250px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="7953" data-file-height="10936" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_musical_instruments" title="List of Indian musical instruments">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tanpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhavaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhrupad" title="Dhrupad">Dhrupad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamar_(music)" title="Dhamar (music)">Dhamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyal" title="Khyal">Khyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarana" title="Tarana">Tarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadra_(music)" title="Sadra (music)">Sadra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-classical genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">Thumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra (music)">Dadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappa" title="Tappa">Tappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajari" title="Kajari">Kajari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiti" title="Chaiti">Chaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">Bhatiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawani" title="Sawani">Sawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hori_(music)" title="Hori (music)">Hori</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhang" title="Abhang">Abhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak" title="Sangeet Natak">NatyaSangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thaat" title="Thaat">Thaats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilaval_(thaat)" title="Bilaval (thaat)">Bilaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamaj_(thaat)" title="Khamaj (thaat)">Khamaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafi_(thaat)" title="Kafi (thaat)">Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asavari_(thaat)" title="Asavari (thaat)">Asavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairav_(thaat)" title="Bhairav (thaat)">Bhairav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi_(thaat)" title="Bhairavi (thaat)">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todi_(thaat)" title="Todi (thaat)">Todi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvi_(thaat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purvi (thaat)">Purvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marva_(thaat)" title="Marva (thaat)">Marva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_(thaat)" title="Kalyan (thaat)">Kalyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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