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id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval-era_usage_(8th_to_18th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval-era_usage_(8th_to_18th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Medieval-era usage (8th to 18th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-era_usage_(8th_to_18th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial-era_usage_(18th_to_20th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial-era_usage_(18th_to_20th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Colonial-era usage (18th to 20th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial-era_usage_(18th_to_20th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Contemporary usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Hindu_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Hindu_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History of Hindu identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Hindu_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of Hindu identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Hindu_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindu_identity_amidst_other_Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_identity_amidst_other_Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Hindu identity amidst other Indian religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_identity_amidst_other_Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sacred geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Hindu persecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hindu nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hindus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="हिन्दू – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिन्दू" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هندوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81" title="হিন্দু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিন্দু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%BA" title="Hindú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hindú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81" title="হিন্দু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="हिंदू – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदू" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%BA" title="Hindú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hindú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindua" title="Hindua – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindua" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="هندو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هندو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81" title="હિંદુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિંદુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%EC%9D%B8" title="힌두인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌두인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="हिन्दू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umat_Hindu" title="Umat Hindu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Umat Hindu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82" title="ಹಿಂದೂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81" title="ഹിന്ദു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിന്ദു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="हिंदू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoe" title="Hindoe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindoe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81" title="हिन्दु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="ヒンドゥー教徒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンドゥー教徒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hindu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduar" title="Hinduar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hinduar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81" title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82" title="ਹਿੰਦੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="हिन्दू – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हिन्दू" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هندوان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندوان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hindus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindut%C3%AB" title="Hindutë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hindutë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ھندو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھندو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ھیندۆسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیندۆسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Хиндуси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хиндуси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="இந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82" title="ಹಿಂದೂ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindular" title="Hindular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ہندو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" title="印度教教徒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度教教徒" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Adherents of the religion of Hinduism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Hindus_(horse)" title="Hindus (horse)">Hindus (horse)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hindoo" and "Hindu" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hindoo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hindoo (disambiguation)">Hindoo (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hindu (disambiguation)">Hindu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Hindus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_blue_navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aum_Om_blue_navy.svg/100px-Aum_Om_blue_navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aum_Om_blue_navy.svg/150px-Aum_Om_blue_navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aum_Om_blue_navy.svg/200px-Aum_Om_blue_navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>, a common symbol of the Hindu people</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Puran_Reading_in_a_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Puran_Reading_in_a_Temple.jpg/250px-Puran_Reading_in_a_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Puran_Reading_in_a_Temple.jpg/375px-Puran_Reading_in_a_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Puran_Reading_in_a_Temple.jpg/500px-Puran_Reading_in_a_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="714" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Early-20th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/M._V._Dhurandhar" title="M. V. Dhurandhar">M. V. Dhurandhar</a> of Hindu devotees in <a href="/wiki/Satsang" title="Satsang">satsanga</a> and listening to the <a href="/wiki/Pravacana" title="Pravacana">pravachana</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1.2 billion worldwide (2023) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="#cite_note-deccanherald.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-JDB-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-gordonconwell.edu-5">[5]</a> (15% of the global's population<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">India</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">1,106,000,000</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-deccanherald.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-JDB-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nepal</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">28,600,000</a><a href="#cite_note-JDB-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bangladesh</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">13,130,102</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbs-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pakistan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">5,217,216</a><a href="#cite_note-2023_census-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Indonesia</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">4,728,924</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-USStateDep-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-unhcr-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">United States</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">3,230,000</a><a href="#cite_note-religions.pewforum.org-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sri Lanka</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">3,090,000</a><a href="#cite_note-JDB-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011census-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Malaysia</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia" title="Hinduism in Malaysia">1,949,850</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">United Arab Emirates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates">1,239,610</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">1,030,000</a><a href="#cite_note-JDB-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-census2011uk-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">828,100</a><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_Religion-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">684,000</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mauritius</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Mauritius" title="Hinduism in Mauritius">670,327</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">South Africa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Africa" title="Hinduism in South Africa">505,000</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hinduism in Saudi Arabia">451,347</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Singapore</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">280,000</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fiji</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Fiji" title="Hinduism in Fiji">261,136</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Myanmar</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Myanmar" title="Hinduism in Myanmar">252,763</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trinidad and Tobago</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago">240,100</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Guyana</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Guyana" title="Hinduism in Guyana">190,966</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bhutan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bhutan" title="Hinduism in Bhutan">185,700</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Italy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Italy" title="Hinduism in Italy">180,000</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Netherlands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Hinduism in the Netherlands">160,000</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">France</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_France" title="Hinduism in France">150,000</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Russia</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Russia" title="Hinduism in Russia">143,000</a><a href="#cite_note-Are_naAtlas-49">[49]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Suriname</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Suriname" title="Hinduism in Suriname">128,995</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">New Zealand</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" title="Hinduism in New Zealand">123,534</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tana_Dharma" title="Sanātana Dharma">Sanātana Dharma</a>) <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnott19983,_5-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatcher20154–5,_69–71,_150–152-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2000-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2001xiii-55">[55]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>67.6% <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[56]</a> 26.6% <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[56]</a> 3.2% <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[56]</a> </li><li>2.6% other <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu traditions</a>,</li><li>e.g. <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hinduism">Neo-Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_atheism" title="Hindu atheism">Hindu atheism</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[56]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smriti</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">Darśanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmashastras" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastras">Dharmashastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upapurana" title="Upapurana">Upapuranas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Versions_of_the_Ramayana" title="Versions of the Ramayana">other Ramayana versions</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">others</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-goodallix-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Sacred language: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old Tamil</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-Wiley-Blackwell1-62">[62]</a></li></ul> </div> Predominant spoken languages: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahirwati" title="Ahirwati">Ahirwati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Chitrali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_people" title="Gurung people">Gurung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hadauti_language" title="Hadauti language">Hadauti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magadhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Manipuri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santhali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">other South Asian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Osing_language" title="Osing language">Osing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></li><li>English</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li><li>French</li><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li><li>Russian</li><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Malay Chetty Creole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Fijian" title="Pidgin Fijian">Pidgin Fijian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion Creole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois Creole</a></li><li>and others</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hindus (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Hindustani: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈɦɪndu]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e1\/Hi-Hindu.ogg\/Hi-Hindu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-Hindu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Hi-Hindu.ogg/Hi-Hindu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-Hindu.ogg" title="File:Hi-Hindu.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɪnduːz/</a>; also known as <a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tan%C4%AB" title="Sanātanī">Sanātanīs</a>) are people who religiously adhere to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, also known by its endonym <a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tana_Dharma" title="Sanātana Dharma">Sanātana Dharma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-jefferylong-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brian111-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen2006xx,_2,_13–26-68">[68]</a> It is assumed that the term "Hindu" traces back to <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> scripture <a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a> which refers to land of seven rivers as <a href="/wiki/Avestan_geography" title="Avestan geography">Hapta Hendu</a> which itself is a cognate to Sanskrit term Sapta Sindhuḥ (This term Sapta Sindhuḥ is mentioned in RigVeda that refers to a North western Indian region of seven rivers and as an India whole). The Greek cognates of the same terms are "Indus" (for the river) and "India" (for the land of the river).<a href="#cite_note-Bose2006-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-71">[71]</a> Likewise Hebrew cognate hōd-dū refers to India mentioned in Hebrew Bible (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/esther/1-1.htm">Esther 1:1</a>). The term "Hindu" also implied a geographic, ethnic or cultural identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent around or beyond the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Sindhu (Indus) River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hawleynarayanan-72">[72]</a> By the 16th century CE, the term began to refer to residents of the subcontinent who were not <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hawleynarayanan-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[b]</a> Since ancient times, Hindu has been used to refer to people inhibiting region beyond the Sindhu river, therefore some assumptions that medieval Persian authors considered Hindu as derogatory is not accepted by practicing Hindus themselves as those references are much later to references used in pre-Islamic Persian sources, early Arab and Indian sources, all of them had positive connotation only as they either referred to region or followers of Hinduism. The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the local Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-brian111-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-lorenzenhidentity-75">[73]</a> Competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial era</a>, or that it may have developed post-8th century CE after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim invasions</a> and medieval <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Hindu–Muslim wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lorenzenhidentity-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-pollockdevagiri-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-brajadulal-77">[75]</a> A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in some texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pollockdevagiri-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-OConnell1973-78">[76]</a> The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as <a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a> used the phrase Hindu dharma (Hinduism) and contrasted it with Turaka dharma (<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>).<a href="#cite_note-lorenzenhidentity-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen201029-79">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> Sebastiao Manrique used the term 'Hindu' in a religious context in 1649.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200615-80">[78]</a> In the 18th century, European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> collectively as Hindus, in contrast to Mohamedans for groups such as Turks, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, who were adherents of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-brian111-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-hawleynarayanan-72">[72]</a> By the mid-19th century, colonial orientalist texts further distinguished Hindus from <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-brian111-67">[67]</a> but the colonial laws continued to consider all of them to be within the scope of the term Hindu until about mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-rachel-81">[79]</a> Scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-lipner17-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-leslie-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[c]</a> At approximately 1.2 billion,<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Hindus are the world's <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">third-largest religious group</a> after Christians and Muslims. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million (94.3% of the global Hindu population), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">live in India</a>, according to the 2011 Indian census.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> After India, the next nine <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">countries with the largest Hindu populations</a> are, in decreasing order: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia" title="Hinduism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-89">[86]</a> These together accounted for 99% of the world's Hindu population, and the remaining nations of the world combined had about 6 million Hindus as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindus&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-89">[86]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></div> The word Hindu is an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> This word Hindu is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20083-92">[89]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20083-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-71">[71]</a> word Sindhu, which means "a large body of water", covering "river, ocean".<a href="#cite_note-TakacsCline2015-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[d]</a> It was used as the name of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as "a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu)",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-71">[71]</a> more specifically in the 5th-century BCE, <a href="/wiki/DNa_inscription" title="DNa inscription">DNa inscription of Darius I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaa20022-95">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a> in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in <a href="/wiki/Zend_Avesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zend Avesta">Zend Avesta</a>. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hi[n]dush, referring to northwestern India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaa20021-36-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200338-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha200915-98">[94]</a> The people of India were referred to as Hinduvān and hindavī was used as the adjective for Indian language in the 8th century text <a href="/wiki/Chachnama" class="mw-redirect" title="Chachnama">Chachnama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha200915-98">[94]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/D._N._Jha" title="D. N. Jha">D. N. Jha</a>, the term 'Hindu' in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term and did not refer to a religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha200916-99">[95]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_and_Arjuna_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Krishna_and_Arjuna_-_panoramio.jpg/235px-Krishna_and_Arjuna_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Krishna_and_Arjuna_-_panoramio.jpg/353px-Krishna_and_Arjuna_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Krishna_and_Arjuna_-_panoramio.jpg/470px-Krishna_and_Arjuna_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_Hindus_dressed_for_traditional_dance_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Balinese_Hindus_dressed_for_traditional_dance_Indonesia.jpg/235px-Balinese_Hindus_dressed_for_traditional_dance_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Balinese_Hindus_dressed_for_traditional_dance_Indonesia.jpg/353px-Balinese_Hindus_dressed_for_traditional_dance_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Balinese_Hindus_dressed_for_traditional_dance_Indonesia.jpg/470px-Balinese_Hindus_dressed_for_traditional_dance_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Hindu culture in Bali, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The Krishna-Arjuna sculpture inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a> (top), and Hindu dancers in traditional dress.</div></div></div></div> Among the earliest known records of 'Hindu' with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text <a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Records on the Western Regions</a> by the Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>. Xuanzang uses the transliterated term In-tu whose "connotation overflows in the religious" according to <a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaa20023-100">[96]</a> While Xuanzang suggested that the term refers to the country named after the moon, another Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/I-tsing" class="mw-redirect" title="I-tsing">I-tsing</a> contradicted the conclusion saying that In-tu was not a common name for the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha200914-101">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a>'s 11th-century text Tarikh Al-Hind, and the texts of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> period use the term 'Hindu', where it includes all non-Islamic people such as Buddhists, and retains the ambiguity of being "a region or a religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaa20021-36-96">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] The 'Hindu' community occurs as the amorphous 'Other' of the Muslim community in the court chronicles, according to the Indian historian <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thapar_tyranny-102">[98]</a> The comparative religion scholar <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Cantwell_Smith" title="Wilfred Cantwell Smith">Wilfred Cantwell Smith</a> notes that the term 'Hindu' retained its geographical reference initially: 'Indian', 'indigenous, local', virtually 'native'. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves and their "traditional ways" from those of the invaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilfred_Cantwell_Smith198162-103">[99]</a> The text <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Raso" title="Prithviraj Raso">Prithviraj Raso</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Chand_Bardai" title="Chand Bardai">Chand Bardai</a>, about the 1192 CE defeat of <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Chauhan" title="Prithviraj Chauhan">Prithviraj Chauhan</a> at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ghori" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ghori">Muhammad Ghori</a>, is full of references to "Hindus" and "Turks", and at one stage, says "both the religions have drawn their curved swords;" however, the date of this text is unclear and considered by most scholars to be more recent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200633-104">[100]</a> In Islamic literature, <a href="/wiki/Isami_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isami (historian)">'Abd al-Malik Isami</a>'s Persian work, Futuhu's-salatin, composed in the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Deccan under Bahmani rule</a> in 1350, uses the word 'hindi' to mean Indian in the ethno-geographical sense and the word 'hindu' to mean 'Hindu' in the sense of a follower of the Hindu religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200633-104">[100]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kirtilata" title="Kirtilata">Kirtilata</a> (1380) uses the term Hindu in the sense of a religion, it contrasts the cultures of Hindus and Turks (Muslims) in a city and concludes "The Hindus and the Turks live close together; Each makes fun of the other's religion (dhamme)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200631-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> One of the earliest uses of word 'Hindu' in a religious context, in a European language (Spanish), was the publication in 1649 by <a href="/wiki/Sebastien_Manrique" title="Sebastien Manrique">Sebastio Manrique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200615-80">[78]</a> In the Indian historian <a href="/wiki/D._N._Jha" title="D. N. Jha">DN Jha</a>'s essay "Looking for a Hindu identity", he writes: "No Indians described themselves as Hindus before the fourteenth century" and that "The British borrowed the word 'Hindu' from India, gave it a new meaning and significance, [and] reimported it into India as a reified phenomenon called Hinduism."<a href="#cite_note-amp.scroll.in-108">[104]</a> In the 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-amp.scroll.in-108">[104]</a> Other prominent mentions of 'Hindu' include the epigraphical inscriptions from Andhra Pradesh kingdoms who battled military expansion of Muslim dynasties in the 14th century, where the word 'Hindu' partly implies a religious identity in contrast to 'Turks' or Islamic religious identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200632–33-109">[105]</a> The term Hindu was later used occasionally in some Sanskrit texts such as the later <a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajataranginis</a> of Kashmir (Hinduka, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450) and some 16th- to 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> texts, including <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Charitamrita" title="Chaitanya Charitamrita">Chaitanya Charitamrita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Bhagavata" title="Chaitanya Bhagavata">Chaitanya Bhagavata</a>. These texts used it to contrast Hindus from Muslims who are called <a href="/wiki/Yona#Later_meanings" title="Yona">Yavanas</a> (foreigners) or <a href="/wiki/Mlecchas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlecchas">Mlecchas</a> (barbarians), with the 16th-century Chaitanya Charitamrita text and the 17th-century Bhakta Mala text using the phrase "Hindu <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>".<a href="#cite_note-OConnell1973-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malviya_dwipa_island_across_Har_ki_Pauri_during_Kavad_mela,_Haridwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Malviya_dwipa_island_across_Har_ki_Pauri_during_Kavad_mela%2C_Haridwar.jpg/230px-Malviya_dwipa_island_across_Har_ki_Pauri_during_Kavad_mela%2C_Haridwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Malviya_dwipa_island_across_Har_ki_Pauri_during_Kavad_mela%2C_Haridwar.jpg/345px-Malviya_dwipa_island_across_Har_ki_Pauri_during_Kavad_mela%2C_Haridwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Malviya_dwipa_island_across_Har_ki_Pauri_during_Kavad_mela%2C_Haridwar.jpg/460px-Malviya_dwipa_island_across_Har_ki_Pauri_during_Kavad_mela%2C_Haridwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Hindus at <a href="/wiki/Har_Ki_Pauri" title="Har Ki Pauri">Har Ki Pauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a> near river <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> state of India.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval-era_usage_(8th_to_18th_century)">Medieval-era usage (8th to 18th century)</h3></div> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a> notes that the term "Hindus" was used in the 'Brahmanabad settlement' which Muhammad ibn Qasim made with non-Muslims after the Arab invasion of northwestern Sindh region of India, in 712 CE. The term 'Hindu' meant people who were non-Muslims, and it included Buddhists of the region.<a href="#cite_note-arvindsharmahhhh2-110">[106]</a> In the 11th-century text of Al Biruni, Hindus are referred to as "religious antagonists" to Islam, as those who believe in rebirth, presents them to hold a diversity of beliefs, and seems to oscillate between Hindus holding a centralist and pluralist religious views.<a href="#cite_note-arvindsharmahhhh2-110">[106]</a> In the texts of Delhi Sultanate era, states Sharma, the term Hindu remains ambiguous on whether it means people of a region or religion, giving the example of Ibn Battuta's explanation of the name "Hindu Kush" for a mountain range in Afghanistan. It was so called, wrote Ibn Battuta, because many Indian slaves died there of snow cold, as they were marched across that mountain range. The term Hindu there is ambivalent and could mean geographical region or religion.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> The term Hindu appears in the texts from the Mughal Empire era. <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, for example, called the Sikh <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> a Hindu:<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There was a Hindu named Arjan in Gobindwal on the banks of the Beas River. Pretending to be a spiritual guide, he had won over as devotees many simple-minded Indians and even some ignorant, stupid Muslims by broadcasting his claims to be a saint. [...] When Khusraw stopped at his residence, [Arjan] came out and had an interview with [Khusraw]. Giving him some elementary spiritual precepts picked up here and there, he made a mark with saffron on his forehead, which is called qashqa in the idiom of the Hindus and which they consider lucky. When this was reported to me, I realized how perfectly false he was and ordered him brought to me. I awarded his houses and dwellings and those of his children to Murtaza Khan, and I ordered his possessions and goods confiscated and him executed.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Emperor Jahangir, Jahangirnama, 27b-28a (Translated by <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Thackston" title="Wheeler Thackston">Wheeler Thackston</a>)<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[e]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Sikh scholar <a href="/wiki/Pashaura_Singh_(Sikh_scholar)" title="Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)">Pashaura Singh</a> states, "in Persian writings, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> were regarded as Hindu in the sense of non-Muslim Indians".<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> However, scholars like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fraser_(writer)" title="Robert Fraser (writer)">Robert Fraser</a> and Mary Hammond opine that <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> began initially as a militant sect of Hinduism and it got formally separated from Hinduism only in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial-era_usage_(18th_to_20th_century)">Colonial-era usage (18th to 20th century)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_percent_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hindu_percent_1909.jpg/235px-Hindu_percent_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hindu_percent_1909.jpg/353px-Hindu_percent_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hindu_percent_1909.jpg/470px-Hindu_percent_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1969" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg/235px-Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg/353px-Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg/470px-Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1969" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The distribution of Indian religions in India (1909). The upper map shows distribution of Hindus, the lower of Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs.</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Hindu_wedding_ritual_in_progress_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_Hindu_wedding_ritual_in_progress_b.jpg/230px-A_Hindu_wedding_ritual_in_progress_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_Hindu_wedding_ritual_in_progress_b.jpg/345px-A_Hindu_wedding_ritual_in_progress_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_Hindu_wedding_ritual_in_progress_b.jpg/460px-A_Hindu_wedding_ritual_in_progress_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A Hindu wedding ritual in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> During the colonial era, the term Hindu had connotations of native religions of India, that is religions other than Christianity and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-gauri-117">[112]</a> In early colonial era Anglo-Hindu laws and British India court system, the term Hindu referred to people of all Indian religions as well as two non-Indian religions: Judaism and Zoroastrianism.<a href="#cite_note-gauri-117">[112]</a> In the 20th century, personal laws were formulated for Hindus, and the term 'Hindu' in these colonial 'Hindu laws' applied to Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs in addition to denominational Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-rachel-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[f]</a> Beyond the stipulations of British colonial law, European <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalists</a> and particularly the influential Asiatick Researches founded in the 18th century, later called <a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">The Asiatic Society</a>, initially identified just two religions in India – Islam, and Hinduism. These orientalists included all Indian religions such as Buddhism as a subgroup of Hinduism in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-brian111-67">[67]</a> These texts called followers of Islam as Mohamedans, and all others as Hindus. The text, by the early 19th century, began dividing Hindus into separate groups, for chronology studies of the various beliefs. Among the earliest terms to emerge were Seeks and their College (later spelled Sikhs by Charles Wilkins), Boudhism (later spelled Buddhism), and in the 9th volume of Asiatick Researches report on religions in India, the term Jainism received notice.<a href="#cite_note-brian111-67">[67]</a> According to Pennington, the terms Hindu and Hinduism were thus constructed for colonial studies of India. The various sub-divisions and separation of subgroup terms were assumed to be result of "communal conflict", and Hindu was constructed by these orientalists to imply people who adhered to "ancient default oppressive religious substratum of India", states Pennington.<a href="#cite_note-brian111-67">[67]</a> Followers of other Indian religions so identified were later referred Buddhists, Sikhs or Jains and distinguished from Hindus, in an antagonistic two-dimensional manner, with Hindus and Hinduism stereotyped as irrational traditional and others as rational reform religions. However, these mid-19th-century reports offered no indication of doctrinal or ritual differences between Hindu and Buddhist, or other newly constructed religious identities.<a href="#cite_note-brian111-67">[67]</a> These colonial studies, states Pennigton, "puzzled endlessly about the Hindus and intensely scrutinized them, but did not interrogate and avoided reporting the practices and religion of Mughal and Arabs in South Asia", and often relied on Muslim scholars to characterise Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-brian111-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduDevoteeNepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HinduDevoteeNepal.jpg/240px-HinduDevoteeNepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HinduDevoteeNepal.jpg/360px-HinduDevoteeNepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HinduDevoteeNepal.jpg/480px-HinduDevoteeNepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A young <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepali</a> Hindu devotee during a traditional prayer ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Durbar_Square" title="Durbar Square">Durbar Square</a>.</figcaption></figure> In contemporary era, the term Hindus are individuals who identify with one or more aspects of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, whether they are practising or non-practicing or <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> The term does not include those who identify with other Indian religions such as Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism or various animist tribal religions found in India such as <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marty1996-122">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> The term Hindu, in contemporary parlance, includes people who accept themselves as culturally or ethnically Hindu rather than with a fixed set of religious beliefs within Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-jefferylong-65">[65]</a> One need not be religious in the minimal sense, states <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius Lipner</a>, to be accepted as Hindu by Hindus, or to describe oneself as Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> Hindus subscribe to a diversity of ideas on <a href="/wiki/Spirituality#Hinduism" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and traditions, but have no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, nor a single founding prophet; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monotheistic, monistic, agnostic, atheistic or humanist.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term Hinduism, arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-71">[71]</a> The religion "defies our desire to define and categorize it".<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> A Hindu may, by his or her choice, draw upon ideas of other Indian or non-Indian religious thought as a resource, follow or evolve his or her personal beliefs, and still identify as a Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-jefferylong-65">[65]</a> In 1995, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a> was quoted in an <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Indian Supreme Court</a> ruling:<a href="#cite_note-SCI-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-SC1966-130">[124]</a> <dl><dd>When we think of the Hindu religion, unlike other religions in the world, the Hindu religion does not claim any one prophet; it does not worship any one god; it does not subscribe to any one dogma; it does not believe in any one philosophic concept; it does not follow any one set of religious rites or performances; in fact, it does not appear to satisfy the narrow traditional features of any religion or <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>. It may broadly be described as a way of life and nothing more.</dd></dl> Although Hinduism contains a broad range of philosophies, Hindus share philosophical concepts, such as but not limiting to <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a>, even if each subscribes to a diversity of views.<a href="#cite_note-frazierintro-131">[125]</a> Hindus also have shared texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> with embedded <a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishad">Upanishads</a>, and common ritual grammar (<a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskara (rite of passage)</a>) such as rituals during a wedding or when a baby is born or cremation rituals.<a href="#cite_note-carlolson-132">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> Some Hindus go on pilgrimage to shared sites they consider spiritually significant, practice one or more forms of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> or <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a>, celebrate mythology and epics, major festivals, love and respect for <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> and family, and other cultural traditions.<a href="#cite_note-frazierintro-131">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood-134">[128]</a> A Hindu could: <ul><li>follow any of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">schools of philosophy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> (non-dualism of the qualified whole), <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a> (dualism with non-dualism), etc.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a></li> <li>follow a tradition centred on any particular form of the Divine, such as <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a></li> <li>practice any one of the various forms of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> systems in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> – that is freedom in current life (jivanmukti) or salvation in after-life (videhamukti);<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a></li> <li>practice <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> or <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> for spiritual reasons, which may be directed to one's <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> or to a divine image.<a href="#cite_note-jeaneanefowler-139">[133]</a> A visible public form of this practice is worship before an idol or statue. Jeaneane Fowler states that non-Hindu observers often confuse this practice as "stone or idol-worship and nothing beyond it", while for many Hindus, it is an image which represents or is symbolic manifestation of a spiritual Absolute (<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>).<a href="#cite_note-jeaneanefowler-139">[133]</a> This practice may focus on a metal or stone statue, or a photographic image, or a <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a>, or any object or tree (<a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">pipal</a>) or animal (cow) or tools of one's profession, or sunrise or expression of nature or to nothing at all, and the practice may involve meditation, <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">japa</a>, offerings or songs.<a href="#cite_note-jeaneanefowler-139">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> Inden states that this practice means different things to different Hindus, and has been misunderstood, misrepresented as idolatry, and various rationalisations have been constructed by both Western and native Indologists.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputes">Disputes</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, the word "Hindu" has been used in some places to denote persons professing any of these religions: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> This however has been challenged by the Sikhs<a href="#cite_note-Marty1996-122">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fazal2014-143">[137]</a> and by neo-Buddhists who were formerly Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-BoyleSheen2013-144">[138]</a> According to Sheen and Boyle, Jains have not objected to being covered by personal laws termed under 'Hindu',<a href="#cite_note-BoyleSheen2013-144">[138]</a> but Indian courts have acknowledged that Jainism is a distinct religion.<a href="#cite_note-School_Bal_Vidya_Mandir_2003-145">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> is in the peculiar situation that the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> has repeatedly been called upon to define "Hinduism" because the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, while it prohibits "discrimination of any citizen" on grounds of religion in article 15, article 30 foresees special rights for "All minorities, whether based on religion or language". As a consequence, religious groups have an interest in being recognised as distinct from the Hindu majority in order to qualify as a "religious minority". Thus, the Supreme Court was forced to consider the question whether <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> is part of Hinduism in 2005 and 2006. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Hindu_identity">History of Hindu identity</h2></div> Starting after the 10th century and particularly after the 12th century Islamic invasion, states <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Sheldon Pollock</a>, the political response fused with the Indic religious culture and doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-pollockdevagiri-76">[74]</a> Temples dedicated to deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> were built from north to south India, and textual records as well as hagiographic inscriptions began comparing the Hindu epic of <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> to regional kings and their response to Islamic attacks. The <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Devagiri">Devagiri</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_of_Devagiri" title="Ramachandra of Devagiri">Ramacandra</a>, for example states Pollock, is described in a 13th-century record as, "How is this Rama to be described.. who freed <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> from the mleccha (barbarian, Turk Muslim) horde, and built there a golden temple of Sarngadhara".<a href="#cite_note-pollockdevagiri-76">[74]</a> Pollock notes that the Yadava king Ramacandra is described as a devotee of deity <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (Shaivism), yet his political achievements and temple construction sponsorship in Varanasi, far from his kingdom's location in the Deccan region, is described in the historical records in Vaishnavism terms of Rama, a deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> avatar.<a href="#cite_note-pollockdevagiri-76">[74]</a> Pollock presents many such examples and suggests an emerging Hindu political identity that was grounded in the Hindu religious text of Ramayana, one that has continued into the modern times, and suggests that this historic process began with the arrival of Islam in India.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya has questioned the Pollock theory and presented textual and inscriptional evidence.<a href="#cite_note-brajadulal2004-147">[141]</a> According to Chattopadhyaya, the Hindu identity and religious response to Islamic invasion and wars developed in different kingdoms, such as wars between Islamic Sultanates and the Vijayanagara kingdom, and Islamic raids on the kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. These wars were described not just using the mythical story of Rama from Ramayana, states Chattopadhyaya, the medieval records used a wide range of religious symbolism and myths that are now considered as part of Hindu literature.<a href="#cite_note-brajadulal-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-brajadulal2004-147">[141]</a> This emergence of religious with political terminology began with the first Muslim invasion of Sindh in the 8th century CE, and intensified 13th century onwards. The 14th-century Sanskrit text, Madhuravijayam, a memoir written by Gangadevi, the wife of Vijayanagara prince, for example describes the consequences of war using religious terms,<a href="#cite_note-brajadulal306-148">[142]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> I very much lament for what happened to the groves in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madhura</a>, The coconut trees have all been cut and in their place are to be seen,   rows of iron spikes with human skulls dangling at the points, In the highways which were once charming with anklets sound of beautiful women,   are now heard ear-piercing noises of Brahmins being dragged, bound in iron-fetters, The waters of <a href="/wiki/Thamirabarani_River" title="Thamirabarani River">Tambraparni</a>, which were once white with sandal paste,   are now flowing red with the blood of cows slaughtered by miscreants, Earth is no longer the producer of wealth, nor does <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> give timely rains, The <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">God of death</a> takes his undue toll of what are left lives if undestroyed by the Yavanas [Muslims],<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> The Kali age now deserves deepest congratulations for being at the zenith of its power, gone is the sacred learning, hidden is refinement, hushed is the voice of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>. </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Madura_Vijayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Vijayam">Madhuravijayam</a>, Translated by Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya<a href="#cite_note-brajadulal306-148">[142]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The historiographic writings in Telugu language from the 13th- and 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a> period presents a similar "alien other (Turk)" and "self-identity (Hindu)" contrast.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> Chattopadhyaya, and other scholars,<a href="#cite_note-cynthiatalbot701-151">[145]</a> state that the military and political campaign during the medieval era wars in Deccan peninsula of India, and in the north India, were no longer a quest for sovereignty, they embodied a political and religious animosity against the "otherness of Islam", and this began the historical process of Hindu identity formation.<a href="#cite_note-brajadulal-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[g]</a> Andrew Nicholson, in his review of scholarship on Hindu identity history, states that the vernacular literature of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> sants from 15th to 17th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, Anantadas, Eknath, Vidyapati, suggests that distinct religious identities, between Hindus and Turks (Muslims), had formed during these centuries.<a href="#cite_note-andrewnicholson-153">[146]</a> The poetry of this period contrasts Hindu and Islamic identities, states Nicholson, and the literature vilifies the Muslims coupled with a "distinct sense of a Hindu religious identity".<a href="#cite_note-andrewnicholson-153">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_identity_amidst_other_Indian_religions">Hindu identity amidst other Indian religions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_Celebrations_in_Bangalore_India_Culture_and_Sights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Holi_Celebrations_in_Bangalore_India_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/235px-Holi_Celebrations_in_Bangalore_India_Culture_and_Sights.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Holi_Celebrations_in_Bangalore_India_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/353px-Holi_Celebrations_in_Bangalore_India_Culture_and_Sights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Holi_Celebrations_in_Bangalore_India_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/470px-Holi_Celebrations_in_Bangalore_India_Culture_and_Sights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepawali-festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg/235px-Deepawali-festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg/353px-Deepawali-festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Deepawali-festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Hindus celebrating their major festivals, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>.</div></div></div></div> Scholars state that Hindu, Buddhist and Jain identities are retrospectively-introduced modern constructions.<a href="#cite_note-leslie-83">[81]</a> Inscriptional evidence from the 8th century onwards, in regions such as South India, suggests that medieval era India, at both elite and folk religious practices level, likely had a "shared religious culture",<a href="#cite_note-leslie-83">[81]</a> and their collective identities were "multiple, layered and fuzzy".<a href="#cite_note-leslieorr-154">[147]</a> Even among Hinduism denominations such as Shaivism and Vaishnavism, the Hindu identities, states Leslie Orr, lacked "firm definitions and clear boundaries".<a href="#cite_note-leslieorr-154">[147]</a> Overlaps in Jain-Hindu identities have included Jains worshipping Hindu deities, intermarriages between Jains and Hindus, and medieval era Jain temples featuring Hindu religious icons and sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> Beyond India, on Java island of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, historical records attest to marriages between Hindus and Buddhists, medieval era temple architecture and sculptures that simultaneously incorporate Hindu and Buddhist themes,<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> where Hinduism and Buddhism merged and functioned as "two separate paths within one overall system", according to Ann Kenney and other scholars.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> Similarly, there is an organic relation of Sikhs to Hindus, states Zaehner, both in religious thought and their communities, and virtually all Sikhs' ancestors were Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-robertzaehner-160">[153]</a> Marriages between Sikhs and Hindus, particularly among Khatris, were frequent.<a href="#cite_note-robertzaehner-160">[153]</a> Some Hindu families brought up a son as a Sikh, and some Hindus view Sikhism as a tradition within Hinduism, even though the Sikh faith is a distinct religion.<a href="#cite_note-robertzaehner-160">[153]</a> Julius Lipner states that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs is a modern phenomena, but one that is a convenient abstraction.<a href="#cite_note-lipner17-82">[80]</a> Distinguishing Indian traditions is a fairly recent practice, states Lipner, and is the result of "not only Western preconceptions about the nature of religion in general and of religion in India in particular, but also with the political awareness that has arisen in India" in its people and a result of Western influence during its colonial history.<a href="#cite_note-lipner17-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_geography">Sacred geography</h3></div> Scholars such as Fleming and Eck state that the post-Epic era literature from the 1st millennium CE amply demonstrate that there was a historic concept of the Indian subcontinent as a sacred geography, where the sacredness was a shared set of religious ideas. For example, the twelve Jyotirlingas of Shaivism and fifty-one Shaktipithas of Shaktism are described in the early medieval era Puranas as pilgrimage sites around a theme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–56-161">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> This sacred geography and Shaiva temples with same iconography, shared themes, motifs and embedded legends are found across India, from the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a> to hills of South India, from <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a> to <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> by about the middle of 1st millennium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–56-161">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> Shakti temples, dated to a few centuries later, are verifiable across the subcontinent. Varanasi as a sacred pilgrimage site is documented in the Varanasimahatmya text embedded inside the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>, and the oldest versions of this text are dated to 6th to 8th-century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200956-165">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eck2012p34-166">[159]</a> The idea of twelve sacred sites in Shiva Hindu tradition spread across the Indian subcontinent appears not only in the medieval era temples but also in copper plate inscriptions and temple seals discovered in different sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200957–58-167">[160]</a> According to Bhardwaj, non-Hindu texts such as the memoirs of Chinese Buddhist and Persian Muslim travellers attest to the existence and significance of the pilgrimage to sacred geography among Hindus by later 1st millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> According to Fleming, those who question whether the term Hindu and Hinduism are a modern construction in a religious context present their arguments based on some texts that have survived into the modern era, either of Islamic courts or of literature published by Western missionaries or colonial-era Indologists aiming for a reasonable construction of history. However, the existence of non-textual evidence such as cave temples separated by thousands of kilometers, as well as lists of medieval era pilgrimage sites, is evidence of a shared sacred geography and existence of a community that was self-aware of shared religious premises and landscape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–58-169">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eck2012p34-166">[159]</a> Further, it is a norm in evolving cultures that there is a gap between the "lived and historical realities" of a religious tradition and the emergence of related "textual authorities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200957–58-167">[160]</a> The tradition and temples likely existed well before the medieval era Hindu manuscripts appeared that describe them and the sacred geography. This, states Fleming, is apparent given the sophistication of the architecture and the sacred sites along with the variance in the versions of the Puranic literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–58-169">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Diana L. Eck</a> and other Indologists such as André Wink, Muslim invaders were aware of Hindu sacred geography such as Mathura, Ujjain, and Varanasi by the 11th century. These sites became a target of their serial attacks in the centuries that followed.<a href="#cite_note-Eck2012p34-166">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_persecution">Hindu persecution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></div> The Hindus have been persecuted during the medieval and modern era. The medieval persecution included waves of plunder, killing, destruction of temples and enslavement by Turk-Mongol Muslim armies from central Asia. This is documented in Islamic literature such as those relating to 8th century <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin-Qasim">Muhammad bin-Qasim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> 11th century <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> the Persian traveler Al Biruni,<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> the 14th century Islamic army invasion led by Timur,<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> and various Sunni Islamic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-lorenzen50-178">[171]</a> There were occasional exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> who stopped the persecution of Hindus,<a href="#cite_note-lorenzen50-178">[171]</a> and occasional severe persecution such as under <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyalon1986271-179">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvari2013115-181">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[h]</a> who destroyed temples, forcibly converted non-Muslims to Islam and banned the celebration of Hindu festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a> Other recorded persecution of Hindus include those under the reign of 18th century <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> in south India,<a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> and during the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> In the modern era, religious persecution of Hindus have been reported outside India in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_nationalism">Hindu nationalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></div> Christophe Jaffrelot states that modern <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, in the 1920s, as a reaction to the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a> wherein Indian Muslims championed and took the cause of the Turkish Ottoman sultan as the Caliph of all Muslims, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chrisjaffrelot-191">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-minault-192">[184]</a> Hindus viewed this development as one of divided loyalties of Indian Muslim population, of pan-Islamic hegemony, and questioned whether Indian Muslims were a part of an inclusive anti-colonial Indian nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-minault-192">[184]</a> The Hindu nationalism ideology that emerged, states Jeffrelot, was codified by Savarkar while he was a political prisoner of the British colonial authorities.<a href="#cite_note-chrisjaffrelot-191">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> Chris Bayly traces the roots of Hindu nationalism to the Hindu identity and political independence achieved by the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha confederacy</a>, that overthrew the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal empire</a> in large parts of India, allowing Hindus the freedom to pursue any of their diverse religious beliefs and restored Hindu holy places such as Varanasi.<a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a> A few scholars view Hindu mobilisation and consequent nationalism to have emerged in the 19th century as a response to <a href="/wiki/British_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonialism">British colonialism</a> by Indian nationalists and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hinduism">neo-Hinduism</a> gurus.<a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hardy-197">[189]</a> Jaffrelot states that the efforts of Christian missionaries and Islamic proselytizers, during the British colonial era, each of whom tried to gain new converts to their own religion, by stereotyping and stigmatising Hindus to an identity of being inferior and superstitious, contributed to Hindus re-asserting their spiritual heritage and counter cross examining Islam and Christianity, forming organisations such as the Hindu Sabhas (Hindu associations), and ultimately a Hindu-identity driven nationalism in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-chrisjaffrelot2-198">[190]</a> The colonial era Hindu revivalism and mobilisation, along with Hindu nationalism, states Peter van der Veer, was primarily a reaction to and competition with Muslim separatism and Muslim nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-peterveer-199">[191]</a> The successes of each side fed the fears of the other, leading to the growth of Hindu nationalism and Muslim nationalism in the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-peterveer-199">[191]</a> In the 20th century, the sense of religious nationalism grew in India, states van der Veer, but only Muslim nationalism succeeded with the formation of the West and East Pakistan (later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh), as "an Islamic state" upon independence.<a href="#cite_note-peterveer31-200">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a> Religious riots and social trauma followed as millions of Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs moved out of the newly created Islamic states and resettled into the Hindu-majority post-British India.<a href="#cite_note-peterveer53-203">[195]</a> After the separation of India and Pakistan in 1947, the Hindu nationalism movement developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> in second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-RamPrasad-204">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> movement has sought to reform Indian laws, that critics say attempts to impose Hindu values on India's Islamic minority. Gerald Larson states, for example, that Hindu nationalists have sought a uniform civil code, where all citizens are subject to the same laws, everyone has equal civil rights, and individual rights do not depend on the individual's religion.<a href="#cite_note-larson55-205">[197]</a> In contrast, opponents of Hindu nationalists remark that eliminating religious law from India poses a threat to the cultural identity and religious rights of Muslims, and people of Islamic faith have a constitutional right to Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">shariah</a>-based personal laws.<a href="#cite_note-larson55-205">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> A specific law, contentious between Hindu nationalists and their opponents in India, relates to the legal age of marriage for girls.<a href="#cite_note-sylviavatuk-207">[199]</a> Hindu nationalists seek that the legal age for marriage be eighteen that is universally applied to all girls regardless of their religion and that marriages be registered with local government to verify the age of marriage. Muslim clerics consider this proposal as unacceptable because under the shariah-derived personal law, a Muslim girl can be married at any age after she reaches puberty.<a href="#cite_note-sylviavatuk-207">[199]</a> Hindu nationalism in India, states Katharine Adeney, is a controversial political subject, with no consensus about what it means or implies in terms of the form of government and religious rights of the minorities.<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinduism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Hindu_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hinduism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Hindu_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Hinduism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Hindu_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hinduism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Hindu_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/600px-Hinduism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Hindu_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hinduism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Hindu_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/800px-Hinduism_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Hindu_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> by country, worldmap (estimate 2010).<a href="#cite_note-prcwdc-209">[201]</a></figcaption></figure> There are 1.2 billion Hindus worldwide (15% of world's population), with about 95% of them being concentrated in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-deccanherald.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-prctotals-210">[202]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (31.5%), <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> (23.2%) and <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a> (7.1%), Hindus are one of the four major religious groups of the world.<a href="#cite_note-prcpercent-211">[203]</a> Most Hindus are found in Asian countries. The top twenty-five countries with the most Hindu residents and citizens (in decreasing order) are <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia" title="Hinduism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Myanmar" title="Hinduism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Mauritius" title="Hinduism in Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Africa" title="Hinduism in South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hinduism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Fiji" title="Hinduism in Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Guyana" title="Hinduism in Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bhutan" title="Hinduism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Oman" title="Hinduism in Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Yemen" title="Hinduism in Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-prctotals-210">[202]</a> The top fifteen countries with the highest percentage of Hindus (in decreasing order) are <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Suriname" title="Hinduism in Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Hinduism in Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a> The fertility rate, that is children per woman, for Hindus is 2.4, which is less than the world average of 2.5.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a> Pew Research projects that there will be 1.4 billion Hindus by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Percentages may not total 100% because of rounding</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Hinduism by continents (2017–18) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Continents </th> <th scope="col">Hindus population </th> <th scope="col">% of the Hindu <abbr title="population">pop</abbr> </th> <th scope="col">% of the continent <abbr title="population">pop</abbr> </th> <th scope="col">Follower dynamics </th> <th scope="col">World dynamics </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Asia" title="Hinduism in Asia">Asia</a> </td> <td align="center">1,074,728,901 </td> <td align="center">99.3 </td> <td align="center">26.0 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Europe">Europe</a> </td> <td align="center">2,030,904 </td> <td align="center">0.2 </td> <td align="center">0.3 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">The Americas</a> </td> <td align="center">2,806,344 </td> <td align="center">0.3 </td> <td align="center">0.3 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Africa" title="Hinduism in Africa">Africa</a> </td> <td align="center">2,013,705 </td> <td align="center">0.2 </td> <td align="center">0.2 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Oceania">Oceania</a> </td> <td align="center">791,615 </td> <td align="center">0.1 </td> <td align="center">2.1 </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td> <td align="center"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cumulative </th> <th>1,082,371,469 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>15.0 </th> <th><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </th> <th><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> Growing </th></tr></tbody></table> In more ancient times, Hindu kingdoms arose and spread the religion and traditions across Southeast Asia, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Thailand" title="Hinduism in Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Cambodia" title="Hinduism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vietnam,_Laos,_Cambodia-215">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Laos">Laos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vietnam,_Laos,_Cambodia-215">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Philippines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a> and what is now central <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> Over 3 million Hindus are found in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> Indonesia, a culture whose origins trace back to ideas brought by Hindu traders to Indonesian islands in the 1st millennium CE. Their sacred texts are also the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>) are enduring traditions among Indonesian Hindus, expressed in community dances and shadow puppet (<a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a>) performances. As in India, Indonesian Hindus recognise four paths of spirituality, calling it Catur Marga.<a href="#cite_note-murdana-219">[211]</a> Similarly, like Hindus in India, Balinese Hindus believe that there are four proper goals of human life, calling it Catur Purusartha – <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (pursuit of moral and ethical living), <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a> (pursuit of wealth and creative activity), <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a> (pursuit of joy and love) and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (pursuit of self-knowledge and liberation).<a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu culture">Hindu culture</a></div> Hindu culture is a term used to describe the culture and identity of Hindus and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, including the historic <a href="/wiki/Vedic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic people">Vedic people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2009-222">[214]</a> Hindu culture can be intensively seen in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">diet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">astrology</a> and other forms. The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture of India</a> and Hinduism is deeply influenced and assimilated with each other. With the <a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>, the culture has also influenced a long region and other religions people of that area.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> All <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism and Hinduism">Sikhism</a> are deeply influenced and soft-powered by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Hindu empires and dynasties">List of Hindu empires and dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">List of Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suratrana" title="Suratrana">Suratrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samskaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Samskaram">Samskaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">Diksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tan%C4%AB" title="Sanātanī">Sanātanī</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood (1996</a>, p. 6) adds: "(...) 'Hindu', or 'Hindoo', was used towards the end of the eighteenth century by the British to refer to the people of 'Hindustan', the people of northwest India. Eventually 'Hindu' became virtually equivalent to an 'Indian' who was not a Muslim, Sikh, Jain or Christian, thereby encompassing a range of religious beliefs and practices. The '-ism' was added to Hindu in around 1830 to denote the culture and religion of the high-caste Brahmans in contrast to other religions, and the term was soon appropriated by Indians themselves in the context of building a national identity opposed to colonialism, though the term 'Hindu' was used in Sanskrit and Bengali hagiographic texts in contrast to 'Yavana' or Muslim as early as the sixteenth century". </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Stietencron2005">von Stietencron (2005</a>, p. 229): For more than 100 years the word Hindu (plural) continued to denote the Indians in general. But when, from AD 712 onwards, Muslims began to settle permanently in the Indus valley and to make converts among low-caste Hindus, Persian authors distinguished between Hindus and Muslims in India: Hindus were Indians other than Muslim. We know that Persian scholars were able to distinguish a number of religions among the Hindus. But when Europeans started to use the term Hindoo, they applied it to the non-Muslim masses of India without those scholarly differentiations. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Despite the commonplace use of the term "Hindu" for the followers of the Hindu religion, the term also continues to designate a cultural identity, the ownership of India's millennia-old cultural heritage. <a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a> notes that the exclusivist conception of religion was foreign to India, and Indians did not yield to it during the centuries of Muslim rule but only under the British colonial rule. Resistance to the exclusivist conception led to <a href="/wiki/Savarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Savarkar">Savarkar</a>'s Hindutva, where Hinduism was seen both as a religion and a culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200825–26-84">[82]</a> Hindutva is a national Hindu-ness, by which a Hindu is one born in India and behaves like a Hindu. <a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a> even spoke of "Hindu Muslims", meaning "Hindu by culture, Muslim by religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESridharan200013–14-85">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2008">Flood (2008</a>, p. 3): The Indo-Aryan word Sindhu means "river", "ocean". </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau</a>, Jahangir son, mounted a challenge to the emperor within the first year of his reign. The rebellion was put down and all the collaborators executed. (Pashaura Singh, 2005, pp. 31–34) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> According to Ram Bhagat, the term was used by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Colonial British government</a> in post-1871 census of colonial India that included a question on the individual's religion, especially in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1857">1857 revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iips-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2010">Lorenzen (2010)</a>, p. 29: "When it comes to early sources written in Indian languages (and also Persian and Arabic), the word 'Hindu' is used in a clearly religious sense in a great number of texts at least as early as the sixteenth century. (...) Although al-Biruni's original Arabic text only uses a term equivalent to the religion of the people of India, his description of Hindu religion is in fact remarkably similar to those of nineteenth-century European orientalists. For his part Vidyapati, in his Apabhransha text Kirtilata, makes use of the phrase 'Hindu and Turk dharmas' in a clearly religious sense and highlights the local conflicts between the two communities. In the early sixteenth century texts attributed to Kabir, the references to 'Hindus' and to 'Turks' or 'Muslims' (musalamans) in a clearly religious context are numerous and unambiguous." </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> See also "Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records"; more links at the bottom of that page. For Muslim historian's record on major Hindu temple destruction campaigns, from 1193 to 1729 AD, see Richard Eaton (2000), Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pages 283–319 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-deccanherald.com-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deccanherald.com_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deccanherald.com_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deccanherald.com_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/national/can-muslims-surpass-hindus-in-population-numbers-experts-say-practically-not-possible-1103547.html">"Can Muslims surpass Hindus in population numbers? 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Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2777.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/">Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers – Pew Research Center</a>. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-419434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-419434-7"><bdi>978-2-02-419434-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413184239/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020. 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Statistics Canada. 8 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301231632/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=7&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=R&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=0&VID=0&VNAMEE=Religion%20(108)&VNAMEF=Religion%20(108)">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2018. 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World Englishes. 38 (1–2): 200–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fweng.12370">10.1111/weng.12370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199152662">199152662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.atitle=Re-Englishing+%27flat-world%27+fiction&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=200-218&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fweng.12370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199152662%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZavos2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zavos, John (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1006/reli.2001.0322">"Defending Hindu Tradition: Sanatana Dharma as a Symbol of Orthodoxy in Colonial India"</a>. Religion. 31 (2): 109–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Freli.2001.0322">10.1006/reli.2001.0322</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-721X">0048-721X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Defending+Hindu+Tradition%3A+Sanatana+Dharma+as+a+Symbol+of+Orthodoxy+in+Colonial+India&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-123&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Freli.2001.0322&rft.issn=0048-721X&rft.aulast=Zavos&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1006%2Freli.2001.0322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jefferylong-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jefferylong_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jefferylong_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jefferylong_65-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a> (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-273-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-273-8">978-1-84511-273-8</a>, pp. 35–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_Ridgeon2003" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd Ridgeon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFKBAgAAQBAJ">Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present</a>. Routledge. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42935-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-42935-6"><bdi>978-1-134-42935-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+World+Religions%3A+From+Their+Origins+to+the+Present&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-42935-6&rft.au=Lloyd+Ridgeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFKBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988">, Quote: "It is often said that Hinduism is very ancient, and in a sense this is true (...). It was formed by adding the English suffix -ism, of Greek origin, to the word Hindu, of Persian origin; it was about the same time that the word Hindu, without the suffix -ism, came to be used mainly as a religious term. (...) The name Hindu was first a geographical name, not a religious one, and it originated in the languages of Iran, not of India. (...) They referred to the non-Muslim majority, together with their culture, as 'Hindu'. (...) Since the people called Hindu differed from Muslims most notably in religion, the word came to have religious implications, and to denote a group of people who were identifiable by their Hindu religion. (...) However, it is a religious term that the word Hindu is now used in English, and Hinduism is the name of a religion, although, as we have seen, we should beware of any false impression of uniformity that this might give us." </li> <li id="cite_note-brian111-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brian111_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brian111_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brian111_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brian111_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brian111_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brian111_67-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brian111_67-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brian111_67-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brian111_67-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennington2005" class="citation cs2">Pennington, Brian K. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7drluePK-acC&pg=PA111">Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion</a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 111–118, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803729-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803729-3"><bdi>978-0-19-803729-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131328/https://books.google.com/books?id=7drluePK-acC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024, retrieved 31 July 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+Hinduism+Invented%3F%3A+Britons%2C+Indians%2C+and+the+Colonial+Construction+of+Religion&rft.pages=111-118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803729-3&rft.aulast=Pennington&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7drluePK-acC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen2006xx,_2,_13–26-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen2006xx,_2,_13–26_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, pp. xx, 2, 13–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bose2006-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Bose2006_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihir_Bose2006" class="citation book cs1">Mihir Bose (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gyAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">The Magic of Indian Cricket: Cricket and Society in India</a>. Routledge. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24924-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24924-4"><bdi>978-1-134-24924-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+of+Indian+Cricket%3A+Cricket+and+Society+in+India&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-24924-4&rft.au=Mihir+Bose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6gyAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/india">"India"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113063857/https://www.etymonline.com/word/india">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Findia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood19966-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood19966_71-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-hawleynarayanan-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hawleynarayanan_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hawleynarayanan_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hawleynarayanan_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawleyNarayanan2006" class="citation cs2">Hawley, John Stratton; Narayanan, Vasudha (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hairjdT-ekC&pg=PA10">The Life of Hinduism</a>, University of California Press, pp. 10–11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24914-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24914-1&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rft.au=Narayanan%2C+Vasudha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hairjdT-ekC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lorenzenhidentity-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzenhidentity_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzenhidentity_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzenhidentity_75-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, pp. 24–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-pollockdevagiri-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pollockdevagiri_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollockdevagiri_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollockdevagiri_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollockdevagiri_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pollockdevagiri_76-4">e</a> Sheldon Pollock (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648">Rāmāyaṇa and political imagination in India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820001056/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648">Archived</a> 20 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Asian studies, Vol. 52, No. 2, pages 266–269 </li> <li id="cite_note-brajadulal-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brajadulal_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brajadulal_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brajadulal_77-2">c</a> Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1998), Representing the other?: Sanskrit sources and the Muslims (eighth to fourteenth century), Manohar Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-252-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-252-2">978-81-7304-252-2</a>, pages 92–103, Chapter 1 and 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-OConnell1973-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OConnell1973_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OConnell1973_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell,_Joseph_T.1973" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connell, Joseph T. (July–September 1973). "The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 93 (3): 340–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599467">10.2307/599467</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599467">599467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Word+%27Hindu%27+in+Gau%E1%B8%8D%C4%ABya+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Texts&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=340-344&rft.date=1973-07%2F1973-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+Joseph+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen201029-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen201029_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2010">Lorenzen 2010</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200615-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200615_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200615_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-rachel-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rachel_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rachel_81-1">b</a> Rachel Sturman (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Timothy Lubin et al), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71626-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71626-0">978-0-521-71626-0</a>, pag 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-lipner17-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lipner17_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lipner17_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lipner17_82-2">c</a> Julius J. Lipner (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, pages 17–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-leslie-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leslie_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leslie_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leslie_83-2">c</a> Leslie Orr (2014), Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4">978-0-19-535672-4</a>, pages 25–26, 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200825–26-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200825–26_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma2008">Sharma 2008</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESridharan200013–14-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESridharan200013–14_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSridharan2000">Sridharan 2000</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables92/">Hindu Population projections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829082838/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables92/">Archived</a> 29 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pew Research (2015), Washington DC </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Rukmini S Vijaita Singh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-2011-data-on-population-by-religious-communities/article7579161.ece">Muslim population growth slows</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/census-2011-data-on-population-by-religious-communities/article7579161.ece">Archived</a> 10 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Hindu, 25 August 2015; 79.8% of more than 121 crore Indians (as per 2011 census) are Hindus </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum.org-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_89-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/">10 Countries With the Largest Hindu Populations, 2010 and 2050</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143905/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/">Archived</a> 26 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pew Research Center (2015), Washington DC </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman_Siemens,_Vasti_Roodt2009" class="citation book cs1">Herman Siemens, Vasti Roodt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC">Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021733-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021733-9"><bdi>978-3-11-021733-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131328/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+Power+and+Politics%3A+Rethinking+Nietzsche%27s+Legacy+for+Political+Thought&rft.pages=546&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021733-9&rft.au=Herman+Siemens%2C+Vasti+Roodt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2sEL7Kj6lcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_J._Leaf2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Leaf" title="Murray Leaf">Murray J. Leaf</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NRavAwAAQBAJ">The Anthropology of Eastern Religions: Ideas, Organizations, and Constituencies</a>. Lexington Books. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9241-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9241-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-9241-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131350/https://books.google.com/books?id=NRavAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthropology+of+Eastern+Religions%3A+Ideas%2C+Organizations%2C+and+Constituencies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9241-2&rft.au=Murray+J.+Leaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNRavAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood20083-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20083_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood20083_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2008">Flood 2008</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-TakacsCline2015-93"><a href="#cite_ref-TakacsCline2015_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakacsCline2015" class="citation cs2">Takacs, Sarolta Anna; Cline, Eric H. (17 July 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA377">The Ancient World</a>, Routledge, pp. 377–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45839-5"><bdi>978-1-317-45839-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World&rft.pages=377-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45839-5&rft.aulast=Takacs&rft.aufirst=Sarolta+Anna&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPcvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaa20022-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharmaa20022_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharmaa2002">Sharmaa 2002</a>, p. 2" An inscription of Darius I which is “considered to have been carved between c. 518 and 515 BC, adds Hidu [Hindu] to the list of subject countries” (Raychaud- huri 1996:584). Similarly, clay tablets from Persepolis, in Elamite, “datable to different years from the thirteenth to the twenty-eighth reg- nal year of Darius” mention Hi-in-tu (India) (ib. 585). These examples, establishing the primacy of the territorial meaning, are confirmed by Herodotus (Historiae III, 91, 94, 98–102) in his employment of the word as 'Indoi' in Greek, which, “lacking an alphabetic character of the sound of h, did not in this case preserve it” (Narayanan 1996:14)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaa20021-36-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharmaa20021-36_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharmaa20021-36_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharmaa2002">Sharmaa 2002</a>, p. 1-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar200338-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar200338_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThapar2003">Thapar 2003</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha200915-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJha200915_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJha200915_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJha2009">Jha 2009</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha200916-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJha200916_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJha2009">Jha 2009</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaa20023-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharmaa20023_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharmaa2002">Sharmaa 2002</a>, p. 3" The word Hindu derives, by common consent, from the word Sindhu. It is remarkable that the direction of transformation of Sindhu – Hindu – Ind is paralleled in the account of the Buddhist pilgrim Xanzuang (= Hiuen Tsang, 7th century), by the words Shin-tu-Hien-tau-Tien-chu, and even more surprising that it becomes In-tu, at which point its connotation overflows into the religious, at least in Xanzuang's interpretation of it (Beal 1969 [1884]:69)" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJha200914-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJha200914_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJha2009">Jha 2009</a>, p. 14"But the religious affiliation, if any, of these “holy men and sages” remains unknown, which hardly supports the view that Hsian Tsang used the word In-tu (Hindu) in a specifically religious sense: indeed, the later Chinese pilgrim I-tsing questioned the veracity of the statement that it was a common name for the country." </li> <li id="cite_note-Thapar_tyranny-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Thapar_tyranny_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (September–October 1996), "The Tyranny of Labels", Social Scientist, 24 (9/10): 3–23, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3520140">10.2307/3520140</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520140">3520140</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Tyranny+of+Labels&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=9%2F10&rft.pages=3-23&rft.date=1996-09%2F1996-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3520140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3520140%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilfred_Cantwell_Smith198162-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilfred_Cantwell_Smith198162_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilfred_Cantwell_Smith1981">Wilfred Cantwell Smith 1981</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200633-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200633_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200633_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200631-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200631_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsther_BlochMarianne_KeppensRajaram_Hegde2009" class="citation book cs1">Esther Bloch; Marianne Keppens; Rajaram Hegde, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&dq=India%27s+communities+kirtilata&pg=PA29">Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism</a>. Routledge. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135182793" title="Special:BookSources/9781135182793"><bdi>9781135182793</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918024137/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&dq=India%27s+communities+kirtilata&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023. <q>For his part, Vidyapati, in his Apabhransha text Kirtilata, makes use of the phrase 'Hindu and Turk dharmas' in a clearly religious sense and highlights the local conflicts between the two communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Religion+in+India%3A+The+Colonial+Construction+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135182793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrqLAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIndia%2527s%2Bcommunities%2Bkirtilata%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajat_Kanta_Ray2003" class="citation book cs1">Rajat Kanta Ray (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UxuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kirtilata+composed+in">The Felt Community</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-565863-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918024135/https://books.google.com/books?id=3UxuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kirtilata+composed+in">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023. <q>The Kirtilata is said to have been composed in 1380.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Felt+Community&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565863-7&rft.au=Rajat+Kanta+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3UxuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DKirtilata%2Bcomposed%2Bin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amp.scroll.in-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amp.scroll.in_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amp.scroll.in_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDube2016" class="citation web cs1">Dube, Mukul (10 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/801580/a-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism">"A short note on the short history of Hinduism"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128182331/https://scroll.in/article/801580/a-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=A+short+note+on+the+short+history+of+Hinduism&rft.date=2016-01-10&rft.aulast=Dube&rft.aufirst=Mukul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F801580%2Fa-short-note-on-the-short-history-of-hinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELorenzen200632–33-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELorenzen200632–33_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2006">Lorenzen 2006</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-arvindsharmahhhh2-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arvindsharmahhhh2_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arvindsharmahhhh2_110-1">b</a> Arvind Sharma (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470">On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118045517/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470">Archived</a> 18 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Numen, Vol. 49, Fasc. 1, pages 5–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Arvind Sharma (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470">On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism, and Hindutva</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118045517/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470">Archived</a> 18 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Numen, Vol. 49, Fasc. 1, page 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Pashaura Singh (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume12/no1/3_singh.pdf">Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118094357/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume12/no1/3_singh.pdf">Archived</a> 18 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pages 29–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler_Thackston1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Thackston" title="Wheeler Thackston">Wheeler Thackston</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ">The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512718-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512718-8"><bdi>978-0-19-512718-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131327/https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jahangirnama%3A+Memoirs+of+Jahangir%2C+Emperor+of+India&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512718-8&rft.au=Wheeler+Thackston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_QNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), page 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Fraser,_M._Hammond2008" class="citation book cs1">R. Fraser, M. Hammond (10 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9p8DAAAQBAJ&dq=sikhism+hindu+sect+during+mughal+rule&pg=PA21">Books Without Borders, Volume 2: Perspectives from South Asia</a>. Springer. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230289130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230289130"><bdi>978-0230289130</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918024134/https://books.google.com/books?id=C9p8DAAAQBAJ&dq=sikhism+hindu+sect+during+mughal+rule&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023. <q>The Sikhs arose initially as a militant sect of Hinduism in opposition and resistance to Muslim and especially Mughal rule and its discriminatory and oppressive policies and practices. It was only in the twentieth century that they legally and formally separated from Hinduism to constitute a distinct religion followed by about 1 per cent of the current population of India</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+Without+Borders%2C+Volume+2%3A+Perspectives+from+South+Asia&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008-07-10&rft.isbn=978-0230289130&rft.au=R.+Fraser%2C+M.+Hammond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC9p8DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsikhism%2Bhindu%2Bsect%2Bduring%2Bmughal%2Brule%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gauri-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gauri_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gauri_117-1">b</a> Gauri Viswanathan (1998), Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05899-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05899-3">978-0-691-05899-3</a>, page 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-iips-118"><a href="#cite_ref-iips_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagat" class="citation web cs1">Bhagat, Ram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417052237/http://archive.iussp.org/members/restricted/publications/Oslo03/5-con-bhagat03.pdf">"Hindu-Muslim Tension in India: An Interface between census and Politics during Colonial India"</a> (PDF). iussp.org. IIPS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.iussp.org/members/restricted/publications/Oslo03/5-con-bhagat03.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iussp.org&rft.atitle=Hindu-Muslim+Tension+in+India%3A+An+Interface+between+census+and+Politics+during+Colonial+India&rft.aulast=Bhagat&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.iussp.org%2Fmembers%2Frestricted%2Fpublications%2FOslo03%2F5-con-bhagat03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arrow.latrobe.edu.au/store/3/4/5/5/2/public/census.htm">"Archive of All Colonial India documents"</a>. arrow.latrobe.edu.au. The Centre for Data Digitisation and Analysis at The Queen's University of Belfast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530131730/http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au/store/3/4/5/5/2/public/census.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arrow.latrobe.edu.au&rft.atitle=Archive+of+All+Colonial+India+documents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farrow.latrobe.edu.au%2Fstore%2F3%2F4%2F5%2F5%2F2%2Fpublic%2Fcensus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Bryan Turner (2010), The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion, John Wiley & Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8852-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8852-4">978-1-4051-8852-4</a>, pages 424–425 </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty1996-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marty1996_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty1996_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_E._Marty1996" class="citation book cs1">Martin E. Marty (1 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart">Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismss00mart/page/270">270</a>–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50884-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50884-9"><bdi>978-0-226-50884-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+and+the+State%3A+Remaking+Polities%2C+Economies%2C+and+Militance&rft.pages=270-271&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50884-9&rft.au=Martin+E.+Marty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalismss00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> James Minahan (2012), Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1">978-1-59884-659-1</a>, pages 97–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Julius J. Lipner (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, page 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius J. Lipner</a> (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, page 8; Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu." </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Lester Kurtz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369503-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369503-1">978-0-12-369503-1</a>, Academic Press, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> MK Gandhi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf">The Essence of Hinduism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724045756/http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf">Archived</a> 24 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu." </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnott1998" class="citation book cs1">Knott, Kim (1998). Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285387-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285387-5"><bdi>978-0-19-285387-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Oxford+University+press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285387-5&rft.aulast=Knott&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCI-129"><a href="#cite_ref-SCI_129-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061030015441/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/in-depth_issues/RKMission.html">"Bramchari Sidheswar Shai and others Versus State of West Bengal"</a>, 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiankanoon.org/doc/967081/">Archive2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151207043454/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/967081/">Archived</a> 7 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/in-depth_issues/RKMission.html">the original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061030015441/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/in-depth_issues/RKMission.html">Archived</a> 30 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-SC1966-130"><a href="#cite_ref-SC1966_130-0">^</a> Supreme Court of India 1966 AIR 1119, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=2757">Sastri Yagnapurushadji vs Muldas Brudardas Vaishya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221716/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=2757">Archived</a> 12 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf), page 15, 14 January 1966 </li> <li id="cite_note-frazierintro-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frazierintro_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frazierintro_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2011" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Jessica (2011). The Continuum companion to Hindu studies. London: Continuum. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+companion+to+Hindu+studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carlolson-132"><a href="#cite_ref-carlolson_132-0">^</a> Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4068-9">978-0-8135-4068-9</a>, pages 93–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0396-1">978-81-208-0396-1</a>, pages 15–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (7 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&q=uniting+and+dispersing+tendencies&pg=PA4">The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21535-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21535-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126071337/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&q=uniting+and+dispersing+tendencies&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003-02-07&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21535-6&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSfneQ0YYY8C%26q%3Duniting%2Band%2Bdispersing%2Btendencies%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Muller, F. Max. Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Samkhya and Yoga; Naya and Vaiseshika. 1899. This classic work helped to establish the major classification systems as we know them today. Reprint edition: (Kessinger Publishing: February 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4296-1">978-0-7661-4296-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore,_CA1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, S.</a>; Moore, CA (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh">A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy</a>. Princeton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4"><bdi>0-691-01958-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Princeton&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-691-01958-4&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Moore%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcebookinindi00radh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattwananda1984" class="citation book cs1">Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (First revised ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaisnava+Sects%2C+Saiva+Sects%2C+Mother+Worship&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.edition=First+revised&rft.pub=Firma+KLM+Private+Ltd.&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Tattwananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> This work gives an overview of many different subsets of the three main religious groups in India. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> TS Rukmani (2008), Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3232-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3232-9">978-81-208-3232-9</a>, pages 61–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-jeaneanefowler-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeaneanefowler_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeaneanefowler_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeaneanefowler_139-2">c</a> Jeaneane Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-60-8">978-1-898723-60-8</a>, pages 41–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Stella Kramrisch (1958), Traditions of the Indian Craftsman, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, pages 224–230 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Ronald Inden (2001), Imagining India, Indiana University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21358-7">978-0-253-21358-7</a>, pages 110–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/most/rr3indi.htm">India-Constitution:Religious rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007173401/http://www.unesco.org/most/rr3indi.htm">Archived</a> 7 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Article 25:"Explanation II: In sub-Clause (b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion" </li> <li id="cite_note-Fazal2014-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Fazal2014_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanweer_Fazal2014" class="citation book cs1">Tanweer Fazal (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1WwtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">"Nation-state" and Minority Rights in India: Comparative Perspectives on Muslim and Sikh Identities</a>. Routledge. pp. 20, 112–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75179-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75179-3"><bdi>978-1-317-75179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Nation-state%22+and+Minority+Rights+in+India%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Muslim+and+Sikh+Identities&rft.pages=20%2C+112-114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75179-3&rft.au=Tanweer+Fazal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1WwtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoyleSheen2013-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoyleSheen2013_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoyleSheen2013_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_BoyleJuliet_Sheen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Boyle; Juliet Sheen (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PA191">Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report</a>. Routledge. pp. 191–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72229-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72229-7"><bdi>978-1-134-72229-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion+and+Belief%3A+A+World+Report&rft.pages=191-192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72229-7&rft.au=Kevin+Boyle&rft.au=Juliet+Sheen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxgFWwK8dXwC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-School_Bal_Vidya_Mandir_2003-145"><a href="#cite_ref-School_Bal_Vidya_Mandir_2003_145-0">^</a> para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, Uttar Pradesh v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21 August 2006, Supreme Court of India </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Sheldon Pollock (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648">Rāmāyaṇa and political imagination in India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820001056/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648">Archived</a> 20 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Asian studies, Vol. 52, No. 2, pages 261–297 </li> <li id="cite_note-brajadulal2004-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brajadulal2004_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brajadulal2004_147-1">b</a> Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? in The World in the Year 1000 (Editors: James Heitzman, Wolfgang Schenkluhn), University Press of America, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2561-6">978-0-7618-2561-6</a>, pages 303–323 </li> <li id="cite_note-brajadulal306-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brajadulal306_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brajadulal306_148-1">b</a> Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? in The World in the Year 1000 (Editors: James Heitzman, Wolfgang Schenkluhn), University Press of America, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2561-6">978-0-7618-2561-6</a>, pages 306–307 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> the terms were Persians, Tajikas or Arabs, and Turushkas or Turks, states Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2004), Other or the Others? in The World in the Year 1000 (Editors: James Heitzman, Wolfgang Schenkluhn), University Press of America, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2561-6">978-0-7618-2561-6</a>, pages 303–319 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Cynthia Talbot (2000), Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia (Editors: David Gilmartin, Bruce B. Lawrence), University Press of Florida, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2487-5">978-0-8130-2487-5</a>, pages 291–294 </li> <li id="cite_note-cynthiatalbot701-151"><a href="#cite_ref-cynthiatalbot701_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1995" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Cynthia (October 1995). "Inscribing the other, inscribing the self: Hindu-Muslim identities in pre-colonial India". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 37 (4): 701–706. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500019927">10.1017/S0010417500019927</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179206">179206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111385524">111385524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Inscribing+the+other%2C+inscribing+the+self%3A+Hindu-Muslim+identities+in+pre-colonial+India&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=701-706&rft.date=1995-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111385524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F179206%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500019927&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrewnicholson-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrewnicholson_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrewnicholson_153-1">b</a> Andrew Nicholson (2013), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14987-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14987-7">978-0-231-14987-7</a>, pages 198–199 </li> <li id="cite_note-leslieorr-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leslieorr_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leslieorr_154-1">b</a> Leslie Orr (2014), Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4">978-0-19-535672-4</a>, pages 42, 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Paul Dundas (2002), The Jains, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5">978-0-415-26605-5</a>, pages 6–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> K Reddy (2011), Indian History, Tata McGraw Hill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-132923-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-132923-1">978-0-07-132923-1</a>, page 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Margaret Allen (1992), Ornament in Indian Architecture, University of Delaware Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-399-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-399-8">978-0-87413-399-8</a>, page 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Trudy King et al. (1996), Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6">978-1-884964-04-6</a>, page 692 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Ann Kenney et al (2003), Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java, University of Hawaii Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3">978-0-8248-2779-3</a>, pages 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-robertzaehner-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robertzaehner_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-robertzaehner_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-robertzaehner_160-2">c</a> Robert Zaehner (1997), Encyclopedia of the World's Religions, Barnes & Noble Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0712-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0712-8">978-0-7607-0712-8</a>, page 409 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–56-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–56_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–56_161-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2009">Fleming 2009</a>, pp. 51–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnut_A._Jacobsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Knut A. Jacobsen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&pg=PA122">Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space</a>. Routledge. pp. 122–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59038-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59038-9"><bdi>978-0-415-59038-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+in+the+Hindu+Tradition%3A+Salvific+Space&rft.pages=122-129&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-59038-9&rft.au=Knut+A.+Jacobsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKn6_3oBFAqIC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Padoux2017" class="citation book cs1">André Padoux (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odQZDgAAQBAJ">The Hindu Tantric World: An Overview</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 136–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42412-5"><bdi>978-0-226-42412-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Tantric+World%3A+An+Overview&rft.pages=136-149&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-42412-5&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Padoux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodQZDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Kay_DavidsonDavid_Martin_Gitlitz2002" class="citation book cs1">Linda Kay Davidson; David Martin Gitlitz (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC">Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland; an Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 239–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-004-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-004-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-004-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704100931/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage%3A+From+the+Ganges+to+Graceland%3B+an+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=239-244&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-004-8&rft.au=Linda+Kay+Davidson&rft.au=David+Martin+Gitlitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVYkrNhPMQkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200956-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming200956_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2009">Fleming 2009</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eck2012p34-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eck2012p34_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eck2012p34_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eck2012p34_166-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_L_Eck2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Eck" title="Diana L. Eck">Diana L Eck</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNlJOSf__xYC">India: A Sacred Geography</a>. Harmony. pp. 34–40, 55–58, 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53191-7"><bdi>978-0-385-53191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+Sacred+Geography&rft.pages=34-40%2C+55-58%2C+88&rft.pub=Harmony&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53191-7&rft.au=Diana+L+Eck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNlJOSf__xYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200957–58-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming200957–58_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming200957–58_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2009">Fleming 2009</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurinder_M._Bhardwaj1983" class="citation book cs1">Surinder M. Bhardwaj (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC">Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography</a>. University of California Press. pp. 75–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04951-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04951-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04951-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131330/https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Places+of+Pilgrimage+in+India%3A+A+Study+in+Cultural+Geography&rft.pages=75-79&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04951-2&rft.au=Surinder+M.+Bhardwaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6XJFokSJzEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–58-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–58_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming200951–58_169-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming2009">Fleming 2009</a>, pp. 51–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurinder_M._Bhardwaj1983" class="citation book cs1">Surinder M. Bhardwaj (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC">Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography</a>. University of California Press. pp. 58–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04951-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04951-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04951-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131330/https://books.google.com/books?id=D6XJFokSJzEC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Places+of+Pilgrimage+in+India%3A+A+Study+in+Cultural+Geography&rft.pages=58-79&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04951-2&rft.au=Surinder+M.+Bhardwaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6XJFokSJzEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink2002" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC">Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 154–161, 203–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04173-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04173-8"><bdi>978-0-391-04173-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam+7Th-11th+Centuries&rft.pages=154-161%2C+203-205&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04173-8&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink2002" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC">Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 162–163, 184–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04173-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04173-8"><bdi>978-0-391-04173-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam+7Th-11th+Centuries&rft.pages=162-163%2C+184-186&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04173-8&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_Schofield2010" class="citation book cs1">Victoria Schofield (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CXfd1johOAC&pg=PA25">Afghan Frontier: At the Crossroads of Conflict</a>. Tauris. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-188-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-188-7"><bdi>978-1-84885-188-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Frontier%3A+At+the+Crossroads+of+Conflict&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-188-7&rft.au=Victoria+Schofield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CXfd1johOAC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachau1910" class="citation book cs1">Sachau, Edward (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/pages/ldpd_5949073_001_00000078.html?toggle=image&menu=maximize&top=&left=">Alberuni's India, Vol. 1</a>. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102408/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_001/pages/ldpd_5949073_001_00000078.html?toggle=image&menu=maximize&top=&left=">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alberuni%27s+India%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Sachau&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Fdigital%2Fcollections%2Fcul%2Ftexts%2Fldpd_5949073_001%2Fpages%2Fldpd_5949073_001_00000078.html%3Ftoggle%3Dimage%26menu%3Dmaximize%26top%3D%26left%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, and performed there wonderful exploits, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapan_RaychaudhuriIrfan_Habib1982" class="citation book cs1">Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PsyatLixPsUC&pg=PA91">Cambridge Economic History of India Vol-1</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2730-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2730-0"><bdi>978-81-250-2730-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Economic+History+of+India+Vol-1&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2730-0&rft.au=Tapan+Raychaudhuri&rft.au=Irfan+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPsyatLixPsUC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988">, Quote: "When Timur invaded India in 1398–99, collection of slaves formed an important object for his army. 100,000 Hindu slaves had been seized by his soldiers and camp followers. Even a pious saint had gathered together fifteen slaves. Regrettably, all had to be slaughtered before the attack on Delhi for fear that they might rebel. But after the occupation of Delhi the inhabitants were brought out and distributed as slaves among Timur's nobles, the captives including several thousand artisans and professional people." </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqui_Salma_Ahmed2011" class="citation book cs1">Farooqui Salma Ahmed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA105">A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</a>. Pearson. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.au=Farooqui+Salma+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_KulkeDietmar_Rothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA180">A History of India</a>. Routledge. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32919-4&rft.au=Hermann+Kulke&rft.au=Dietmar+Rothermund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPVq3ykHyH4C%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lorenzen50-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzen50_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzen50_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_N._Lorenzen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lorenzen" title="David Lorenzen">David N. Lorenzen</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&pg=PA50">Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History</a>. Yoda. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-902272-6-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-902272-6-1"><bdi>978-81-902272-6-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Invented+Hinduism%3A+Essays+on+Religion+in+History&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Yoda&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-902272-6-1&rft.au=David+N.+Lorenzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSO-YmMWpcVEC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyalon1986271-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyalon1986271_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyalon1986">Ayalon 1986</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Abraham Eraly (2000), Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals, Penguin Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100143-2">978-0-14-100143-2</a> pages 398–399 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvari2013115-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvari2013115_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvari2013">Avari 2013</a>, p. 115: citing a 2000 study, writes "Aurangzeb was perhaps no more culpable than most of the sultans before him; they desecrated the temples associated with Hindu power, not all temples. It is worth noting that, in contrast to the traditional claim of hundreds of Hindu temples having been destroyed by Aurangzeb, a recent study suggests a modest figure of just fifteen destructions." In contrast to Avari, the historian Abraham Eraly estimates Aurangzeb era destruction to be significantly higher; "in 1670, all temples around <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> were destroyed"; and later, "300 temples were destroyed in and around Chitor, <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>" among other Hindu temples destroyed elsewhere in campaigns through 1705.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> The persecution during the Islamic period targeted non-Hindus as well. Avari writes, "Aurangzeb's religious policy caused friction between him and the ninth <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> guru, Tegh Bahadur. In both <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> and Kashmir the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> leader was roused to action by Aurangzeb's excessively zealous Islamic policies. Seized and taken to Delhi, he was called upon by <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> to embrace <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and, on refusal, was tortured for five days and then beheaded in November 1675. Two of the ten Sikh gurus thus died as martyrs at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>. (Avari (2013), page 155) </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiyokazu_Okita2014" class="citation book cs1">Kiyokazu Okita (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9X1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Hindu Theology in Early Modern South Asia: The Rise of Devotionalism and the Politics of Genealogy</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870926-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870926-8"><bdi>978-0-19-870926-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Theology+in+Early+Modern+South+Asia%3A+The+Rise+of+Devotionalism+and+the+Politics+of+Genealogy&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870926-8&rft.au=Kiyokazu+Okita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9X1AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKate_Brittlebank1997" class="citation book cs1">Kate Brittlebank (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zI-AAAAMAAJ">Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 12, 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563977-3"><bdi>978-0-19-563977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tipu+Sultan%27s+Search+for+Legitimacy%3A+Islam+and+Kingship+in+a+Hindu+Domain&rft.pages=12%2C+34-35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563977-3&rft.au=Kate+Brittlebank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3zI-AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunso_S._Afọlayan2004" class="citation book cs1">Funso S. Afọlayan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJh4ziYPoksC&pg=PA78">Culture and Customs of South Africa</a>. Greenwood. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32018-7"><bdi>978-0-313-32018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+South+Africa&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32018-7&rft.au=Funso+S.+Af%E1%BB%8Dlayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJh4ziYPoksC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Sherry-Ann (2005). "Hinduism and the State in Trinidad". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 6 (3): 353–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649370500169987">10.1080/14649370500169987</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144214455">144214455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter-Asia+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Hinduism+and+the+State+in+Trinidad&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-365&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14649370500169987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144214455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sherry-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_R._PetersonDarren_R._Walhof2002" class="citation book cs1">Derek R. Peterson; Darren R. Walhof (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5k49IdzycwUC">The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History</a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3093-2"><bdi>978-0-8135-3093-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131351/https://books.google.com/books?id=5k49IdzycwUC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion%3A+Rethinking+Belief+in+Politics+and+History&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3093-2&rft.au=Derek+R.+Peterson&rft.au=Darren+R.+Walhof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5k49IdzycwUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_A._Marshall2000" class="citation book cs1">Paul A. Marshall (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIq-whVzNxoC&pg=PA89">Religious Freedom in the World</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6213-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6213-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-6213-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Freedom+in+the+World&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6213-4&rft.au=Paul+A.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIq-whVzNxoC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimFinke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Grim, B. J.; Finke, R. (2007). "Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies?". American Sociological Review. 72 (4): 633–658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240707200407">10.1177/000312240707200407</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145734744">145734744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Religious+Persecution+in+Cross-National+Context%3A+Clashing+Civilizations+or+Regulated+Religious+Economies%3F&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=633-658&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000312240707200407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145734744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grim&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rft.au=Finke%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Hindus are fatally persecuted in Bangladesh and elsewhere." </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hindus-from-pakistan-flee-to-india-citing-religious-persecution/2012/08/15/adf09888-e6e4-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html">"Hindus from Pakistan flee to India, citing religious persecution"</a>. The Washington Post. 15 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092547/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hindus-from-pakistan-flee-to-india-citing-religious-persecution/2012/08/15/adf09888-e6e4-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hindus+from+Pakistan+flee+to+India%2C+citing+religious+persecution&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fasia_pacific%2Fhindus-from-pakistan-flee-to-india-citing-religious-persecution%2F2012%2F08%2F15%2Fadf09888-e6e4-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrisjaffrelot-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chrisjaffrelot_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chrisjaffrelot_191-1">b</a> Christophe Jaffrelot (2007), Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13098-9">978-0-691-13098-9</a>, pages 13–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-minault-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minault_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-minault_192-1">b</a> Gail Minault (1982), The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05072-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05072-2">978-0-231-05072-2</a>, pages 1–11 and Preface section </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Amalendu Misra (2004), Identity and Religion, SAGE Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3226-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3226-0">978-0-7619-3226-0</a>, pages 148–188 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> CA Bayly (1985), The pre-history of communialism? Religious conflict in India 1700–1860, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, pages 186–187, 177–203 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Christophe Jaffrelot (2007), Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13098-9">978-0-691-13098-9</a>, pages 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Copley" title="Antony Copley">Antony Copley</a> (2000), Gurus and their followers: New religious reform movements in Colonial India, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564958-1">978-0-19-564958-1</a>, pages 4–5, 24–27, 163–164 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardy-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_197-0">^</a> Hardy, F. "A radical assessment of the Vedic heritage" in Representing Hinduism: The Construction of Religious and National Identity, Sage Publ., Delhi, 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-chrisjaffrelot2-198"><a href="#cite_ref-chrisjaffrelot2_198-0">^</a> Christophe Jaffrelot (2007), Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13098-9">978-0-691-13098-9</a>, pages 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-peterveer-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peterveer_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterveer_199-1">b</a> Peter van der Veer (1994), Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4">978-0-520-08256-4</a>, pages 11–14, 1–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-peterveer31-200"><a href="#cite_ref-peterveer31_200-0">^</a> Peter van der Veer (1994), Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4">978-0-520-08256-4</a>, pages 31, 99, 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawad_SyedEdwina_PioTahir_Kamran2016" class="citation book cs1">Jawad Syed; Edwina Pio; Tahir Kamran; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ">Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-94966-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-94966-3"><bdi>978-1-349-94966-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209183715/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith-Based+Violence+and+Deobandi+Militancy+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-94966-3&rft.au=Jawad+Syed&rft.au=Edwina+Pio&rft.au=Tahir+Kamran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarahnaz_Ispahani2017" class="citation book cs1">Farahnaz Ispahani (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl7ODQAAQBAJ">Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062167-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062167-4"><bdi>978-0-19-062167-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purifying+the+Land+of+the+Pure%3A+A+History+of+Pakistan%27s+Religious+Minorities&rft.pages=28-37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-062167-4&rft.au=Farahnaz+Ispahani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJl7ODQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peterveer53-203"><a href="#cite_ref-peterveer53_203-0">^</a> Peter van der Veer (1994), Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4">978-0-520-08256-4</a>, pages 26–32, 53–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-RamPrasad-204"><a href="#cite_ref-RamPrasad_204-0">^</a> Ram-Prasad, C. "Contemporary political Hinduism" in Blackwell companion to Hinduism, Blackwell Publishing, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21535-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21535-2">0-631-21535-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-larson55-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-larson55_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-larson55_205-1">b</a> GJ Larson (2002), Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment, Indiana University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21480-5">978-0-253-21480-5</a>, pages 55–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> John Mansfield (2005), The Personal Laws or a Uniform Civil Code?, in Religion and Law in Independent India (Editor: Robert Baird), Manohar, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-588-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-588-2">978-81-7304-588-2</a>, page 121-127, 135–136, 151–156 </li> <li id="cite_note-sylviavatuk-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sylviavatuk_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sylviavatuk_207-1">b</a> Sylvia Vatuk (2013), Adjudicating Family Law in Muslim Courts (Editor: Elisa Giunchi), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81185-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81185-9">978-0-415-81185-9</a>, pages 52–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Katharine Adeney and Lawrence Saez (2005), Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35981-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35981-8">978-0-415-35981-8</a>, pages 98–114 </li> <li id="cite_note-prcwdc-209"><a href="#cite_ref-prcwdc_209-0">^</a> Pew Research Center, Washington DC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf">Religious Composition by Country (December 2012)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310101254/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf">Archived</a> 10 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-prctotals-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prctotals_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prctotals_210-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/">Hindu population totals in 2010 by Country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209223553/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/">Archived</a> 9 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pew Research, Washington DC (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-prcpercent-211"><a href="#cite_ref-prcpercent_211-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf">Table: Religious Composition (%) by Country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219024554/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf">Archived</a> 19 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Global Religious Composition, Pew Research Center (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">"The World Factbook – The World Factbook"</a>. cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104183935/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables97/">Total Fertility Rates of Hindus by Region, 2010–2050</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905133556/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables97/">Archived</a> 5 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pew Research Center (2015), Washington DC </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables92/">Projected Global Hindu Population, 2010–2050</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829082838/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables92/">Archived</a> 29 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pew Research Center (2015), Washington DC </li> <li id="cite_note-Vietnam,_Laos,_Cambodia-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vietnam,_Laos,_Cambodia_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vietnam,_Laos,_Cambodia_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4uJMJNpvdYC">Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia</a>. 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Essays on Religion in History, Yoda Press, pp. 1–36, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-902272-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-902272-6-2"><bdi>81-902272-6-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414054229/https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&pg=PA1">archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021, retrieved 23 September 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+invented+Hinduism%3F&rft.btitle=Who+Invented+Hinduism%3F+Essays+on+Religion+in+History&rft.pages=1-36&rft.pub=Yoda+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-902272-6-2&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSO-YmMWpcVEC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzen2010" class="citation cs2">Lorenzen, David N. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">"Hindus and others"</a>, in Esther Bloch; Marianne Keppens; Rajaram Hegde (eds.), Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism, Routledge, pp. 25–40, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18279-3"><bdi>978-1-135-18279-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107115838/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrqLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021, retrieved 23 September 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindus+and+others&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Religion+in+India%3A+The+Colonial+Construction+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=25-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18279-3&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrqLAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSridharan2000" class="citation cs2">Sridharan, Kripa (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEcHhROO_qUC&pg=PA310">"Grasping the Nettle: Indian Nationalism and Globalization"</a>, in Leo Suryadinata (ed.), Nationalism and globalization: east and west, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 294–318, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-078-2"><bdi>978-981-230-078-2</bdi></a>, <q>... The term Hindutva equates religious and national identity: an Indian is a Hindu ... 'the Indian Muslims are not aliens ethnically. They are flesh of our flesh and blood of our blood' ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grasping+the+Nettle%3A+Indian+Nationalism+and+Globalization&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+globalization%3A+east+and+west&rft.pages=294-318&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-981-230-078-2&rft.aulast=Sridharan&rft.aufirst=Kripa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEcHhROO_qUC%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Sharma, Arvind</a> (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4eXRvwyvtMC&pg=PA31">"The Hermeneutics of the word "Religion" and Its Implications for the World of Indian Religions"</a>, in Sherma, Rita; Sharma, Arvind (eds.), Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons, Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 19–32, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8192-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-8192-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hermeneutics+of+the+word+%22Religion%22+and+Its+Implications+for+the+World+of+Indian+Religions&rft.btitle=Hermeneutics+and+Hindu+Thought%3A+Toward+a+Fusion+of+Horizons&rft.pages=19-32&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8192-7&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4eXRvwyvtMC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilfred_Cantwell_Smith1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Cantwell_Smith" title="Wilfred Cantwell Smith">Smith, Wilfred Cantwell</a> (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09sPiy1X3SsC&pg=PA195">On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies</a>, Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3448-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3448-2"><bdi>978-90-279-3448-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Understanding+Islam%3A+Selected+Studies&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-279-3448-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Cantwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09sPiy1X3SsC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Stietencron2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stietencron" title="Heinrich von Stietencron">von Stietencron, Heinrich</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VFAVpGyo1X0C&pg=PA227">"Hinduism: On the Proper Use of a Deceptive Term"</a>, Hindu Myth, Hindu History, Religion, Art, and Politics, Orient Blackswan, pp. 227–248, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-122-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-122-7"><bdi>978-81-7824-122-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hinduism%3A+On+the+Proper+Use+of+a+Deceptive+Term&rft.btitle=Hindu+Myth%2C+Hindu+History%2C+Religion%2C+Art%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=227-248&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-122-7&rft.aulast=von+Stietencron&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVFAVpGyo1X0C%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (1989), "Imagined religious communities? Ancient history and the modern search for a Hindu identity", Modern Asian Studies, 23 (2), Cambridge University Press: 209–231, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00001049">10.1017/S0026749X00001049</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312738">312738</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145293468">145293468</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Imagined+religious+communities%3F+Ancient+history+and+the+modern+search+for+a+Hindu+identity&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-231&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145293468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00001049&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (1993), "Imagined religious communities?", Interpreting Early India, Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 60–88</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imagined+religious+communities%3F&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Early+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=60-88&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romula</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC&q=%22puranic+hinduism%22+-wikipedia">The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300</a>, Penguin Books India, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302989-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302989-2"><bdi>978-0-14-302989-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223190310/https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC&q=%22puranic+hinduism%22+-wikipedia#v=snippet&q=%22puranic%20hinduism%22%20-wikipedia&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023, retrieved 2 October 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+AD+1300&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-302989-2&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgyiqZKDlSBMC%26q%3D%2522puranic%2Bhinduism%2522%2B-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaa2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Sharmaa, Arvind</a> (2002), "On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva", Numen, 49 (1), Brill: 1–36, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685270252772759">10.1163/15685270252772759</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270470">3270470</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=On+Hindu%2C+Hindust%C4%81n%2C+Hinduism+and+Hindutva&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685270252772759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sharmaa&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsther_BlochMarianne_KeppensRajaram_Hegde2009" class="citation book cs1">Esther Bloch; Marianne Keppens; Rajaram Hegde, eds. (2009). Rethinking Religion in India: The Colonial Construction of Hinduism. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18279-3"><bdi>978-1-135-18279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Religion+in+India%3A+The+Colonial+Construction+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18279-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDass1860" class="citation book cs1">Dass, Baboo Ishuree (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/domesticmanners00dassgoog#page/n5/mode/2up">Domestic manners and customs of the Hindoos of northern India, or, more strictly speaking, of the north west provinces of India</a>. Medical Hall Press, Benares.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+manners+and+customs+of+the+Hindoos+of+northern+India%2C+or%2C+more+strictly+speaking%2C+of+the+north+west+provinces+of+India.&rft.pub=Medical+Hall+Press%2C+Benares&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Dass&rft.aufirst=Baboo+Ishuree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdomesticmanners00dassgoog%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2023" class="citation cs2">Truschke, Audrey (2023), "Hindu: A History", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 65 (2): 246–271, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417522000524">10.1017/S0010417522000524</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256174694">256174694</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Hindu%3A+A+History&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=246-271&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417522000524&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256174694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in 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href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in 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1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunso_S._Afọlayan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitesh_Sharma2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimFinke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGyanshruti,_Srividyananda2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatcher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawleyNarayanan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman_Siemens,_Vasti_Roodt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermann_KulkeDietmar_Rothermund2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJawad_SyedEdwina_PioTahir_Kamran2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKate_Brittlebank1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_BoyleJuliet_Sheen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiyokazu_Okita2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnott1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnut_A._Jacobsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinda_Kay_DavidsonDavid_Martin_Gitlitz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd_Ridgeon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_E._Marty1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihir_Bose2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoriz_Winternitz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray_J._Leaf2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell,_Joseph_T.1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_A._Marshall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Fraser,_M._Hammond2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore,_CA1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajat_Kanta_Ray2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachau1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaa2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSridharan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurinder_M._Bhardwaj1983\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTakacsCline2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanweer_Fazal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTapan_RaychaudhuriIrfan_Habib1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTattwananda1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruschke2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUK_Government2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictoria_Schofield2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler_Thackston1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilfred_Cantwell_Smith1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZavos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Stietencron2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 53,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 3,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA-hns\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 49,\n [\"Increase\"] = 13,\n [\"Infobox religious group\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 40,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 22,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","16.2"],["dataWrapper 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