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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mysore_scholar_deciphers_Chandragiri_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysore_scholar_deciphers_Chandragiri_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysore_scholar_deciphers_Chandragiri_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halmidi_village_finally_on_the_road_to_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halmidi_village_finally_on_the_road_to_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halmidi_village_finally_on_the_road_to_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5th_Century_copper_coin_found_at_Banavasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5th_Century_copper_coin_found_at_Banavasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>5th Century copper coin found at Banavasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5th_Century_copper_coin_found_at_Banavasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannada_Dialect_Dictionaries_And_Dictionaries_In_Subregional_Languages_Of_Karnataka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada_Dialect_Dictionaries_And_Dictionaries_In_Subregional_Languages_Of_Karnataka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kannada Dialect Dictionaries And Dictionaries In Subregional Languages Of Karnataka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada_Dialect_Dictionaries_And_Dictionaries_In_Subregional_Languages_Of_Karnataka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Grammar_of_the_Kannada_Language:_Comprising_the_Three_Dialects_of_the_Language_(ancient,_Medieval_and_Modern)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Grammar_of_the_Kannada_Language:_Comprising_the_Three_Dialects_of_the_Language_(ancient,_Medieval_and_Modern)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>A Grammar of the Kannada Language: Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language (ancient, Medieval and Modern)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Grammar_of_the_Kannada_Language:_Comprising_the_Three_Dialects_of_the_Language_(ancient,_Medieval_and_Modern)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_Kannada_Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Kannada_Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>History of the Kannada Literature</span> </div> 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especially the <a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:Templates/Themes" title="Wikiquote:Templates/Themes">standard format of theme articles</a>, to determine <a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:How_to_edit_a_page" title="Wikiquote:How to edit a page">how to edit</a> this article to conform to a <a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiquote:Manual of Style">higher standard</a> of article quality. You should also check this article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kannada_language" title="Talk:Kannada language">talk page</a> to see if the person who added this message left an explanation there. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/220px-6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/330px-6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg/440px-6th_century_Kannada_inscription_in_cave_temple_number_3_at_Badami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Old-Kannada inscription dated AD 578 - The rock stone inscription of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami" class="extiw" title="w:Badami">Badami</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kannada" class="extiw" title="w:Old Kannada">archaic Kannada</a> letters is ascribed to the 7th century. The three liner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripadi" class="extiw" title="w:Tripadi">Tripadi</a> (which by itself is as old as the <a href="/wiki/Gayatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a> <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>) type of literature was later popularized by the poet <a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a> in his '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachanas" class="extiw" title="w:Vachanas">Vachanas</a>' - Dr. (Mrs) Jyotsna Kamat</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" class="extiw" title="w:Kannada">Kannada language</a></b> (ಕನ್ನಡ kanna<b>ḍa</b>, IPA: [ˈkʌnːəɖɑː]) or <b>Kanarese</b> /kænəˈriːz/, is a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> predominantly in the state of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. Kannada, whose native speakers are called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadigas" class="extiw" title="w:Kannadigas">Kannadigas</a> (Kannaḍigaru) (Kannadiga-male) ಕನ್ನಡತಿ (Kannadati-female) and number roughly 40 million, is one of the 40 most spoken languages in the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>. It is one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="extiw" title="w:Scheduled languages of India">scheduled languages of India</a> and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>Kannada has been declared as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language" class="extiw" title="w:Official language">Official Language</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Karnataka">State</a> and is being used in all correspondences at all levels of Administration in the State in accordance with the provisions of Karnataka Official Language Act, 1963 (Karnataka Act 26 of 1963). - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" class="extiw" title="w:National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Kannada has been declared as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language" class="extiw" title="w:Official language">Official Language</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Karnataka">State</a> and is being used in all correspondences at all levels of Administration in the State in accordance with the provisions of Karnataka Official Language Act, 1963 (Karnataka Act 26 of 1963). <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" class="extiw" title="w:National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a> in: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpal.kar.nic.in/26%20of%201963%20(E).pdf">The Karnataka Official Language Act, 1963</a></i>, Government of Karnataka.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Representations were received from a wide spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and civil opinion from both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="w:Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> for declaration of Kannada and Telugu languages as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Languages" class="extiw" title="w:Classical Languages">Classical Languages</a>. These representations were referred to a Committee of Linguistic Experts and the Committee has recently recommended that both Telugu and Kannada languages should be classified as Classical Languages. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" class="extiw" title="w:National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a> in: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=44340">Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages</a></i>, Press Information Bureau.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It has now been decided by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> that on the occasion of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Rajyotsava" class="extiw" title="w:Karnataka Rajyotsava">Rajyotsava day</a> in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh formation day in Andhra Pradesh which fall on Ist November to declare Kannada and Telugu as Classical Languages. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" class="extiw" title="w:National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a> in: "Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages".</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Karnataka">Karnataka</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_diversity" class="extiw" title="w:Linguistic diversity">linguistic diversity</a> means that many list other <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a> as their first and Kannada as a second language. This adds 11.5 million to the ranks of Kannada speakers and another 1.4 million use it as a third language. In total, Kannada had 50.8 million speakers in 2001 compared to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" class="extiw" title="w:Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>'s 50.3 million. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India" class="extiw" title="w:The Times of India">The Times of India</a> in: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms?referral=PM">Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language</a></i>, The Times of India, 14 March 2010.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The oldest well-preserved <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" class="extiw" title="w:Palm-leaf manuscript">palm leaf manuscript</a> is that of Dhavala, preserved in Jain Bhandar, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudbidri" class="extiw" title="w:Mudbidri">Mudbidri</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> contains 1478 leaves written in ink in old Kannada|old Kannada of about 9th century A.D. <ul><li>Shruba Mukherjee in:<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061022233151/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug212005/sundayherald101012005820.asp">Preserving voices from the past</a></i>, Sunday Herald, August 21, 2005</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Kannada is the major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languages" class="extiw" title="w:Dravidian languages">Dravidian language</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India" class="extiw" title="w:South India">southern India</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster" class="extiw" title="w:Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> in: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kannada">Kannada</a></i>, Merriam-Webster Incorporated.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysore_scholar_deciphers_Chandragiri_inscription">Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halmidi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Halmidi2.jpg/220px-Halmidi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Halmidi2.jpg/330px-Halmidi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Halmidi2.jpg/440px-Halmidi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Halmidi inscription of 450 AD - Although there is a disagreement among epigraphists about the <a href="/wiki/Antiquity" title="Antiquity">antiquity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" class="extiw" title="w:Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a> is considered as the oldest known Kannada language inscription. This undated inscription was discovered in 1936 by M.H. Krishna, Director of Archaeology in the princely State of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi" class="extiw" title="w:Halmidi">Halmidi</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan,_Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Hassan, Karnataka">Hassan taluk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><small> The Hindu in: [<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1341687.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1341687.ece</a> Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription]</i>, The Hindu, 20 September 2008</small> </p> <ul><li>The long-drawn movement by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_people" class="extiw" title="w:Kannada people">Kannadigas</a> to secure <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_language" class="extiw" title="w:Classical language">classical language</a> status to Kannada language got a shot in the arm with a <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>-based scholar discovering an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscription (page does not exist)">inscription</a>, which is said to be at least 50 years older than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" class="extiw" title="w:Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a> — the earliest known record in Kannada characters and is dated 450 A.D.</li></ul> <ul><li>Nishadhi is the oldest known Kannada language <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscription (page does not exist)">inscription</a> dating to 400 A.D.</li></ul> <ul><li>Although this undated inscription has a mention in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphia_Carnatica" class="extiw" title="w:Epigraphia Carnatica">Epigraphia Karnataka</a>, epigraphists, who decoded <i>Gunabhushitana Nishadi Shasana</i> have said that “the <a href="/wiki/Purport" class="mw-redirect" title="Purport">purport</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscription (page does not exist)">inscription</a> is not clear.</li></ul> <ul><li>Although there is a disagreement among epigraphists about the <a href="/wiki/Antiquity" title="Antiquity">antiquity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" class="extiw" title="w:Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a> is considered as the oldest known Kannada language inscription. This undated inscription was discovered in 1936 by M.H. Krishna, Director of Archaeology in the princely State of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi" class="extiw" title="w:Halmidi">Halmidi</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan,_Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Hassan, Karnataka">Hassan taluk</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>After in-depth study I figured out <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit" class="extiw" title="w:Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kannada" class="extiw" title="w:Old Kannada">Purvada Halegannada</a> words. I was aware of the fact that there are no Prakrit words in Halmidi inscription. The four-lined inscription has six words, besides Prakrit words. I also discovered that the inscription is in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_inscriptions" class="extiw" title="w:Kannada inscriptions">Shatavahana Brahmi and Aadi Ganga script</a>. With great difficulty I restructured the text of inscription and reached the conclusion that the inscription in question is much older than Halmidi inscription. <ul><li>Dr. Manjunath</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There was no doubt that Gunabhushitana Nishadi Shasana was a Kannada inscription, which was in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLd_Kannada" class="extiw" title="w:OLd Kannada">Purvada Halegannada script</a>. The inscription in all probability was older by 50 to 100 years than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" class="extiw" title="w:Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a>. “In case the complete text is made available to me, I am interested in studying it". <ul><li>M. Chidanandamurthy</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halmidi_village_finally_on_the_road_to_recognition">Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halmidi_oldKannada_inscription_mounted.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Halmidi_oldKannada_inscription_mounted.JPG/220px-Halmidi_oldKannada_inscription_mounted.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Halmidi_oldKannada_inscription_mounted.JPG/330px-Halmidi_oldKannada_inscription_mounted.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Halmidi_oldKannada_inscription_mounted.JPG/440px-Halmidi_oldKannada_inscription_mounted.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>As the inscription cannot be read easily, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replica (page does not exist)">replica</a> [has been] readied in the Memorial Hall to give all information contained in it.</figcaption></figure> <p><small>Muralidhara Khajane in: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm">Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition</a>,</i> The Hindu, 3 November 2003</small> </p> <ul><li>The word Isila found in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" class="extiw" title="w:Edicts of Ashoka">Ashokan inscription</a> (called the Brahmagiri edict from Karnataka) meaning to shoot an arrow is a Kannada word, indicating that Kannada was a spoken language in the third century BC.</li></ul> <ul><li>Kannada is considered the oldest language next to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prakrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prakrit (page does not exist)">Prakrit</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil (page does not exist)">Tamil</a>. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguists" class="extiw" title="w:Linguists">linguists</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" class="extiw" title="w:Tamil language">Tamil</a> and Kannada branched off simultaneously from the Dravidian language of <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South India (page does not exist)">South India</a> before the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Era (page does not exist)">Christian Era</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>The names of a few places referred to by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (A.D. 150) in his geographical treatise are undoubtedly the ancient forms of present day names of places in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. <ul><li>M.V. Seetharamiah</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" class="extiw" title="w:Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a>" has put an end to many controversies surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of Kannada. The 16-line inscription, which is on rectangular sandstone with a height of 2.5 ft. and a width of 1 ft., has a <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> Chakra on its top. The earliest Kannada inscription found at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi" class="extiw" title="w:Halmidi">Halmidi</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BelurBelur" class="extiw" title="w:BelurBelur">w:BelurBelur</a> taluk of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_district" class="extiw" title="w:Hassan district">Hassan district</a> is dated 450 A.D., and it is the earliest known record in Kannada characters.</li></ul> <ul><li>The language is known as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kannada" class="extiw" title="w:Old Kannada">Poorvada Halegannada</a>" (primitive Kannada), with distinctive characteristics resembling those of Tamil. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha;midi" class="extiw" title="w:Ha;midi">Halmidi</a> is a small village in the north of Hassan district with a population of 1,200, and was known as `Palmidi' and `Hanumidi'. However, the people of the village recently decided to retain the name Halmidi The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscription (page does not exist)">inscription</a> has become a subject of study for those who conduct research on the Kannada script, <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>, and Dravidian linguistics.</li></ul> <ul><li>Every word of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscription (page does not exist)">inscription</a> has inspired <a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">linguists</a> and set off debates on etymology. Although Halmidi has made a significant contribution to the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> of Kannada, the village has been neglected... the Hassan district unit of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" class="extiw" title="w:Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a> has taken steps to make it an important centre for students of <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>As the inscription cannot be read easily, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replica (page does not exist)">replica</a> [has been] readied in the Memorial Hall to give all information contained in it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5th_Century_copper_coin_found_at_Banavasi">5th Century copper coin found at Banavasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 5th Century copper coin found at Banavasi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kadamba_king_Sri_Dosharashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coin_of_Kadamba_king_Sri_Dosharashi.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Kadamba_king_Sri_Dosharashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coin_of_Kadamba_king_Sri_Dosharashi.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Kadamba_king_Sri_Dosharashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coin_of_Kadamba_king_Sri_Dosharashi.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Kadamba_king_Sri_Dosharashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin" class="extiw" title="w:Coin">Coin</a> has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscription (page does not exist)">inscription</a> in archaic Kannada script found at Banavasi, capital of the Kadambas is said to be the first such coin found in the State. One side has a five-letter inscription and the other the symbol of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain" class="extiw" title="w:Ujjain">Ujjain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu" class="extiw" title="w:The Hindu">The Hindu</a> in: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3174526.ece">5th Century copper coin found at Banavasi</a></i>, The Hindu.</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin" class="extiw" title="w:Coin">Coin</a> has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscription (page does not exist)">inscription</a> in archaic Kannada script found at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banavasi" class="extiw" title="w:Banavasi">Banavasi</a>, capital of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" class="extiw" title="w:Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a> is said to be the first such coin found in the State. One side has a five-letter inscription and the other the symbol of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain" class="extiw" title="w:Ujjain">Ujjain</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Though punch-marked and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" class="extiw" title="w:Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a> coins had been discovered in Karnataka, this is the first coin with an inscription in archaic Kannada.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery">discovery</a> of the 5th century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_coins" class="extiw" title="w:Copper coins">copper coin</a> proves beyond doubt that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banavasi" class="extiw" title="w:Banavasi">Banavasi</a> had a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint" class="extiw" title="w:Mint">mint</a>, and the tradition of minting coins with names or titles in Kannada was in vogue as early as the 5th century.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kannada_Dialect_Dictionaries_And_Dictionaries_In_Subregional_Languages_Of_Karnataka">Kannada Dialect Dictionaries And Dictionaries In Subregional Languages Of Karnataka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kannada Dialect Dictionaries And Dictionaries In Subregional Languages Of Karnataka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small>L. Manjulakshi and Shripad Bhat in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html">Kannada Dialect Dictionaries And Dictionaries In Subregional Languages Of Karnataka</a>, languageinindia.com</small> </p> <ul><li>Kannada has a long <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictionary (page does not exist)">dictionary</a>-making, beginning from the dictionary written by Rannakanda of the 10th century till the dictionary produced by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Parishat" class="extiw" title="w:Sahitya Parishat">Sahitya Parishat</a> in the 20th century.</li></ul> <ul><li>Kannada is rich in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialects (page does not exist)">dialects</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havyaka_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Havyaka dialect">Havyaka</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanketi_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Sanketi dialect">Sanketi</a>, apart from many regional varieties.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Kittel" class="extiw" title="w:Ferdinand Kittel">Rev. F. Kittel</a>, a great scholar in many <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a> including <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, studied Kannada and took up the task of compiling a Kannada-English dictionary. He started the compilation in a thorough and systematic manner on the lines of the dictionaries of the Western countries, especially English dictionary.</li></ul> <ul><li>The dictionary compiled by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Kittel" class="extiw" title="w:Ferdinand Kittel">Rev. F. Kittel</a> contained 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Words" title="Words">words</a>. On the literary side, it is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treasure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treasure (page does not exist)">treasure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>. Thus, Rev. F. Kittel may be called the father of Kannada dictionary. If he had not taken up and accomplished such a stupendous task in the 19th century, the present Kannada-English dictionary compiled by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" class="extiw" title="w:Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a> would have taken another century to come into existence.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanara" class="extiw" title="w:Kanara">coastal belt of Karnataka</a> has about half-a-dozen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialects (page does not exist)">dialects</a> of Kannada like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havyaka_dialect" class="extiw" title="w:Havyaka dialect">Havyaka</a> , Kota, Gauda, Halakki, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Grammar_of_the_Kannada_Language:_Comprising_the_Three_Dialects_of_the_Language_(ancient,_Medieval_and_Modern)"><span id="A_Grammar_of_the_Kannada_Language:_Comprising_the_Three_Dialects_of_the_Language_.28ancient.2C_Medieval_and_Modern.29"></span>A Grammar of the Kannada Language: Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language (ancient, Medieval and Modern)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: A Grammar of the Kannada Language: Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language (ancient, Medieval and Modern)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg/220px-Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg/330px-Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg/440px-Stanza_from_Kavirajamarga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The term Kannada, the Canarese of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers">writers</a>, is formed from Karnadu, the black cultivated country, referring to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_soil" class="extiw" title="w:Black soil">black soil</a>, commonly called cotton soil, which characterizes the plateau of the Southern Dekkan. In the Sanskrit language the term appears as Karanata and KarnKannada is the appellation of the Canarese country and its language.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_(9th_century)_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg/220px-Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg/330px-Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg/440px-Old_Kannada_inscription_from_the_Rashtrakuta_period_%289th_century%29_at_the_Durga_Devi_temple_in_Virupaksha_temple_complex_at_Hampi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Temple inscriptions: - The earliest written documents of the Kannada language are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscriptions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscriptions (page does not exist)">inscriptions</a> on walls and pillars of temples, on detached stone-tablets and monumental stones, and on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_copper_plate_inscriptions" class="extiw" title="w:Indian copper plate inscriptions">copper-plates</a> of the Canarese country. The inscriptions are often dated; if they have no date, the form of the letters used and historical references to dated inscriptions serve to ascertain their age.</figcaption></figure> <p><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Kittel" class="extiw" title="w:Ferdinand Kittel">Ferdinand Kittel</a> in: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rnNxtHfKxZAC&pg=PA3">A Grammar of the Kannada Language: Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language (ancient, Medieval and Modern)</a></i>, Asian Educational Services, 01 January 1993 </small> </p> <ul><li>The term Kannada, the Canarese of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers">writers</a>, is formed from Karnadu, the black cultivated country, referring to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_soil" class="extiw" title="w:Black soil">black soil</a>, commonly called cotton soil, which characterizes the plateau of the Southern Dekkan. In the Sanskrit language the term appears as Karanata and KarnKannada is the appellation of the Canarese country and its language. <ul><li>In: p. 1.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Kannada is spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, the Southern <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Mahratta</a> country, in some of the western districts of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" class="extiw" title="w:Nizam of Hyderabad">Nijam</a>'s territory and partly in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Canara" class="extiw" title="w:North Canara">north Canara</a> on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast" class="extiw" title="w:West Coast">western coast</a>. <ul><li>In: p. 1.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The earliest written documents of the Kannada language are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscriptions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscriptions (page does not exist)">inscriptions</a> on walls and pillars of temples, on detached stone-tablets and monumental stones, and on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_copper_plate_inscriptions" class="extiw" title="w:Indian copper plate inscriptions">copper-plates</a> of the Canarese country. The inscriptions are often dated; if they have no date, the form of the letters used and historical references to dated inscriptions serve to ascertain their age. <ul><li>In: p. 1.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>As regards the forms of the Old and Modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:Kannada alphabet">Kannada alphabets</a>, they are varieties of the so-called Cave-character, an alphabet which was used for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscriptions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscriptions (page does not exist)">inscriptions</a> in the cave hermitages of <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and rests on the Southern Ashoka character. This character was about 250 BC employed in the edicts of Buddhist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka" class="extiw" title="w:Ashoka">King Ashoka</a>. Different forms of the letters used for the Kannada inscriptions appear at different periods, the earliest form differing in the greatest degree from those of the modern Kannada alphabet. At the time of the composition of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basava_purana" class="extiw" title="w:Basava purana">Basavapurana</a> 1369 A. D. the old alphabet had become already out of use, as the author of that work mentions the letters of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kannada" class="extiw" title="w:Old Kannada">Old Kannada</a> as belonging to the past. <ul><li>In: p. 2.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Kannada language in the old <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscriptions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscriptions (page does not exist)">inscriptions</a> of which specimens exist that belong to about 600 AD, is not the same as that of the present day; it is what is called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kannada" class="extiw" title="w:Old Kannada">Old Canarese</a>. The Old Canarese is also the language of the early Kannada authors or the literary style. It may be said to have continued in use to the middle of the 13th century, when by degrees the language of the inscriptions and literary compositions begins to evince a tendency to become Modern Canarese or the popular and colloquial dialect of the present time. <ul><li>In: p. 2.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The grammatical treatises on Kannada were constructed on the Samskrita plan. Their Jaina authors took <a href="/wiki/Panini" class="mw-redirect" title="Panini">Panini</a> d others as their guides. The earliest grammarian, whose works have come down to us, is N'agavarma who appears to belong to the first half of the 12th century. <ul><li>In: p. 3.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The ancient Kannada <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarians" class="extiw" title="w:Grammarians">grammarians</a> held the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" class="extiw" title="w:Grammar">grammar</a> in high <a href="/wiki/Esteem" class="mw-redirect" title="Esteem">esteem</a>, as may be learned from the following words of the author of the Sabdaamnidarpana: " Through grammar (correct) words originate, through the words of that grammar meaning the beholding of <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> the desired final <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatitude&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatitude (page does not exist)">beatitude</a>. <ul><li>In: p. 3.t</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_Kannada_Literature">History of the Kannada Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History of the Kannada Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kannada_inscription_dated_981_CE_in_Vindyagiri_hill_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Old_Kannada_inscription_dated_981_CE_in_Vindyagiri_hill_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg/220px-Old_Kannada_inscription_dated_981_CE_in_Vindyagiri_hill_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Old_Kannada_inscription_dated_981_CE_in_Vindyagiri_hill_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg/330px-Old_Kannada_inscription_dated_981_CE_in_Vindyagiri_hill_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Old_Kannada_inscription_dated_981_CE_in_Vindyagiri_hill_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg/440px-Old_Kannada_inscription_dated_981_CE_in_Vindyagiri_hill_at_Shravanabelagola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Old_Kannada inscription in_Vindyagiri_hill at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravanabelagola" class="extiw" title="w:Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><small>Dr. (Mrs) Jyotsna Kamat in:<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm">History of the Kannada Literature – I</a></i>, and <i>[http:*//www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history2.htm History of the Kannada Literature – II]</i>, Kamat's Potpourri</small> </p> <ul><li>Perhaps being the oldest <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit" class="extiw" title="w:Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" class="extiw" title="w:Tamil language">Tamil</a>, Kannada country and language have a rich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heritage (page does not exist)">heritage</a>. 'Kavirajamarga' of king Nripatunga (9th century A.D.) is believed to be the earliest literary work in Kannada. It is a treatise on poetics or a guide to <a href="/wiki/Poets" title="Poets">poets</a> indicating that Kannada was a fully developed literary language....from epigraphical evidence it can be surmised that the spoken Kannada language evolved much earlier than the Halmidi inscription (c. 450 A.D. ). Belonging to the Prto-Dravidian group it has close affinity with the Tamil language, prevalent now in the neighboring Tamil Nadu. But the language of the Halmidi inscription is highly Sanskritized.</li></ul> <ul><li>By the 10th century Kannada had its greatest ancient <a href="/wiki/Poets" title="Poets">poets</a> like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" class="extiw" title="w:Adikavi Pampa">Pampa</a> (born 902 A.D.), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranna" class="extiw" title="w:Ranna">Ranna</a> (born 949 A.D.) and special prose work like <i>Waddaradhane</i> (c. 930 A.D.) indicating that classical Kannada literature had fully evolved at least one or two centuries earlier, back to 'Kavirajamarga'. But since none of the earlier works have survived, we have to stick to the established norm that written Kannada came into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vogue (page does not exist)">vogue</a> by the 5th century A.D.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundits" class="extiw" title="w:Pundits">pundits</a> have divided the development of Kannada language into three phases; The Old Kannada Phase, The Middle Kannada Phase, and The Modern Kannada Phase.</li></ul> <ul><li>Most of the works in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and secular sciences mentioned in reference books like Kavirajamarga are still not to be traced. But works of later centuries mention now extinct works on various topics. Thus, Chudamani (a 96,000 verse-measures), a commentary on logic (Tatwarthamahashastra) by Tambulacharya belonged to the 7th century.</li></ul> <ul><li>The rock stone inscription of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badami" class="extiw" title="w:Badami">Badami</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kannada" class="extiw" title="w:Old Kannada">archaic Kannada</a> letters is ascribed to the 7th century. The three liner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripadi" class="extiw" title="w:Tripadi">Tripadi</a> (which by itself is as old as the <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a>) type of literature was later popularized by the poet <a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a> in his '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachanas" class="extiw" title="w:Vachanas">Vachanas</a>'.</li></ul> <ul><li>'Desi' and 'Marga' styles of native Kannada and then others influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> had become demarcated clearly by then, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" class="extiw" title="w:Adikavi Pampa">Pampa</a> prided over assimilating both styles in his two great epics <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipurana" class="extiw" title="w:Adipurana">Adipurana</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikramarjuna_Vijaya" class="extiw" title="w:Vikramarjuna Vijaya">Vikramarjuna Vijaya</a> or simply known as Pampa Bharata.</li></ul> <ul><li>'Vaddaradhane' is the earliest <a href="/wiki/Prose" class="mw-redirect" title="Prose">prose</a> work in Kannada. Some ascribe it to the 9th century. But from the linguistic form and the depiction of the existing <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, most scholars agree to its belonging to the early 10th century.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> is suited to narrate stories and presents a well developed word form, idiom, structure, and texture indicating that Kannada was a full-fledged language for <a href="/wiki/Prose" class="mw-redirect" title="Prose">prose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> by the 10th century.</li></ul> <ul><li>Apart from written works, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscription" class="extiw" title="w:Inscription">inscriptions</a> of the period illustrate many variations of meters and structural variety. The hero-stone of Manalera's dog Kali (943 A.D.), the details of the pologame of Rashtrakuta, on king Indra IV. The heroic fight of Nolambaraditya provide moving descriptions attesting the fact that well known <a href="/wiki/Poets" title="Poets">poets</a> were asked to compose <a href="/wiki/Epitaphs" title="Epitaphs">epitaphs</a> befitting the occasion. These inscriptions are a <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> of information for <a href="/wiki/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical">historical</a> data, <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> and study of Kannada language and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> of early times.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Place_Of_Kannada_And_Tamil_In_Indias_National_Culture">The Place Of Kannada And Tamil In Indias National Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Place Of Kannada And Tamil In Indias National Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small>K. Appadurai in: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070415154722/http://www.intamm.com/journalism/ta-jour3.htm">The Place Of Kannada And Tamil In India's National Culture</a></i>, archive.org</small> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" class="extiw" title="w:List of ancient Greek theatres">Greek dramatists</a> of the 4th century B.C., particularly <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, appear to have been familiar with the Kannada country and the Kannada language, and had actually used Kannada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrases (page does not exist)">phrases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressions">expressions</a> in the dialogues of their characters. This shows a far more intimate contact of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_culture_of_Karnataka" class="extiw" title="w:Art and culture of Karnataka">Kannada Indian culture</a> than with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_India" class="extiw" title="w:Culture of India">Indian Culture</a> elsewhere.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Kannada-Tamil literature, especially Kannada literature, is the key to the successive development of the <a href="/wiki/Literary" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary">literary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual">spiritual</a> <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. For we find, on the basis of Kannada literature mainly, that the course of India's religious, literary, cultural and national evolution can conveniently be divided into successive slabs of: (a) Pre-Buddhistic, (b) <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhistic</a>, (c) <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a>, (d) Saivite, (e) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavite" class="extiw" title="w:Vaishnavite">Vaishnavite</a>, (f) Late <a href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and lastly (g) the Modern periods. This succession is clearly shown in the history of Kannada literature, though the first two slabs, the Pre-Buddhistic and the Buddhistic are lost to us in Kannada and are available only in Tamil and in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article about: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Kannada language">Kannada language</a></b></i></div> </div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&oldid=3333224">https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Kannada_language&oldid=3333224</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theme_cleanup" title="Category:Theme cleanup">Theme cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dravidian_languages" title="Category:Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India" title="Category:India">India</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 July 2023, at 04:50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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