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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_to_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Immigration to the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_to_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_wave_(1870–1915)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_wave_(1870–1915)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>First wave (1870–1915)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_wave_(1870–1915)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_wave_(1916–1922)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_wave_(1916–1922)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Second wave (1916–1922)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_wave_(1916–1922)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_era_(1922–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_era_(1922–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Soviet era (1922–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_era_(1922–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_era_(1991–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_era_(1991–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Post-Soviet era (1991–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_era_(1991–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian Americans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_rusa_en_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Inmigración rusa en los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inmigración rusa en los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمریکایی‌های روس‌تبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمریکایی‌های روس‌تبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Am%C3%A9ricains" title="Russo-Américains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Russo-Américains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EA%B3%84_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8" title="러시아계 미국인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아계 미국인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia_Amerika" title="Rusia Amerika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rusia Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-americani" title="Russo-americani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Russo-americani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%B3%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="ロシア系アメリカ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア系アメリカ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerykanie_pochodzenia_rosyjskiego" title="Amerykanie pochodzenia rosyjskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amerykanie pochodzenia rosyjskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Русские американцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русские американцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russian Americans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Руси у Сједињеним Америчким Државама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руси у Сједињеним Америчким Државама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanven%C3%A4l%C3%A4iset" title="Amerikanvenäläiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amerikanvenäläiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryssar_i_USA" title="Ryssar i USA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryssar i USA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_M%E1%BB%B9_g%E1%BB%91c_Nga" title="Người Mỹ gốc Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Mỹ gốc Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="俄裔美国人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄裔美国人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1140588#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Russian Americans</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Русские американцы</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_Russian_Ancestry_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Americans_with_Russian_Ancestry_by_state.svg/220px-Americans_with_Russian_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Americans_with_Russian_Ancestry_by_state.svg/330px-Americans_with_Russian_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Americans_with_Russian_Ancestry_by_state.svg/440px-Americans_with_Russian_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>2,432,733 self-reported</b><sup id="cite_ref-ACS_Ancestry_2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS_Ancestry_2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;"><b>0.741% of the U.S. population</b> (2019)</span> <br /><b>391,641 Russian-born</b><sup id="cite_ref-ACS_Foreign-born_2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS_Foreign-born_2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Greater Cleveland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago metropolitan area</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette Valley</a>)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas Valley</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>)<br />Minority: <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Old-Rite_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church">Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian Greek Catholic Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian Jews</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Creoles">Alaskan Creoles</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg/220px-Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg/330px-Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg/440px-Russian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Russian Americans</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">русские американцы</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">russkiye amerikantsy</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈruskʲɪje<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐmʲɪrʲɪˈkant͡sɨ]</a></span>) are <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> of full or partial <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> ancestry. The term can apply to recent <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian immigrants</a> to the United States, as well as to those who settled in the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian possessions</a> in northwestern America. Russian Americans comprise the largest Eastern European and <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> population in the US, the second-largest Slavic population generally, the nineteenth-largest ancestry group overall, and the eleventh-largest from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-19th century, waves of Russian immigrants fleeing religious persecution settled in the US, including <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Christians">Spiritual Christians</a>. From 1880 to 1917, within the wave of European immigration to the US that occurred during that period, a large number of Russians immigrated primarily for economic opportunities. These groups mainly settled in coastal cities, including <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> (New York City) on the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">East Coast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, and various cities in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a> cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of 1917–1922, many <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a> also arrived, especially in New York, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. Emigration from Russia subsequently became very restricted during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> era (1917–1991). However, after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, immigration to the United States increased considerably. </p><p>In several major US cities, many <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> who trace their heritage back to Russia and other Americans of East Slavic origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn Americans</a>, sometimes identify as Russian Americans. Additionally, certain non-Slavic groups from the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet space</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a>, have a longstanding historical association with the Russian American community. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Russian Americans in New York City">Russian Americans in New York City</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brighton_Beach_avenue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Brighton_Beach_avenue.JPG/350px-Brighton_Beach_avenue.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Brighton_Beach_avenue.JPG/525px-Brighton_Beach_avenue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Brighton_Beach_avenue.JPG/700px-Brighton_Beach_avenue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>"Little Russia" in <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Beach, Brooklyn">Brighton Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> is home to the largest Russian American population.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Institute of Modern Russia in 2011, the Russian American population is estimated to be 3.13 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Rediscovering_Russian_America_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rediscovering_Russian_America-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Community Survey of the US census shows the total number of people in the US age 5 and over speaking Russian at home to be slightly over 900,000, as of 2020. </p><p>Many Russian Americans do not speak <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been born in the United States and brought up in English-speaking homes. In 2007, however, Russian was the primary spoken language of 851,174 Americans at home, according to the US census.<sup id="cite_ref-Rediscovering_Russian_America_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rediscovering_Russian_America-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, 750,000 Russian Americans were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City metropolitan area">New York City metropolitan area</a> has historically been the leading metropolitan gateway for Russian immigrants <a href="/wiki/Legal_immigrant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal immigrant">legally admitted</a> into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCRussians_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCRussians-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Beach, Brooklyn">Brighton Beach, Brooklyn</a> continues to be the most important demographic and cultural center for the Russian American experience. However, as Russian Americans have climbed in <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> from Russia and other former Soviet-bloc states has moved toward more affluent parts of the New York metropolitan area, notably <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. Within Bergen County, the increasing size of the Russian immigrant presence in its hub of <a href="/wiki/Fair_Lawn,_New_Jersey#Ethnic_diversity" title="Fair Lawn, New Jersey">Fair Lawn</a> prompted a 2014 <a href="/wiki/April_Fool%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="April Fool's">April Fool's</a> satire titled, "<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a> Moves Against Fair Lawn".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Carpatho-Rusyns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> who emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century identify as Russian Americans. More recent émigrés would often refer to this group as the <i>starozhili</i> 'old residents'. This group became the pillar of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Russian Orthodox Church in America</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, most of this group has become assimilated into the local society, with ethnic traditions continuing to survive primarily around the church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian-born_population">Russian-born population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Russian-born population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian-born population in the US since 2010:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACS_Foreign-born_2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS_Foreign-born_2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:80px;">Year </th> <th scope="col" style="width:160px;">Number </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2010 </td> <td>383,166 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2011 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>399,216 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2012 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>399,128 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2013 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>390,934 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2014 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>390,977 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2015 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>386,529 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2016 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>397,236 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2017 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>403,670 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2018 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>391,094 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>2019 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>391,641 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_status">Social status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Median household income">median household income</a> in 2017 for Americans of Russian descent is estimated by the US census as $80,554.<sup id="cite_ref-American_FactFinder_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_FactFinder-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Socioeconomic indicators Slavic peoples: 2017<sup id="cite_ref-American_FactFinder_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_FactFinder-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>Household Income </th> <th>College degrees (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian American">Russian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$80,554 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$73,452 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech American">Czech</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$71,663 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$79,135 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak American">Slovak</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$73,093 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian American">Ukrainian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$75,674 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">52.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>White non-Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$65,845 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.8 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc;"> <td>Total US population </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$60,336 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_America_(1733–1867)"><span id="Russian_America_.281733.E2.80.931867.29"></span>Russian America (1733–1867)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian America (1733–1867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian colonization of the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_chapel_at_Fort_Ross_(2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_chapel_at_Fort_Ross_%282016%29.jpg/255px-Russian_chapel_at_Fort_Ross_%282016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_chapel_at_Fort_Ross_%282016%29.jpg/383px-Russian_chapel_at_Fort_Ross_%282016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Russian_chapel_at_Fort_Ross_%282016%29.jpg/510px-Russian_chapel_at_Fort_Ross_%282016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5339" data-file-height="3559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ross">Fort Ross</a>, est. in 1812 in present-day <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma County">Sonoma County</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The territory that today is the US state of Alaska was settled by Russians and controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>; Russian settlers include ethnic Russians but also Russified Ukrainians, Russified Romanians (from Bessarabia), and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Indigenous Siberians</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> including <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itelmens" title="Itelmens">Itelmens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Anton_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Georg Anton Schäffer">Georg Anton Schäffer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a> built three forts in <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a>. The southernmost such post of the Russian-American Company was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fort Ross</a>, established in 1812 by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kuskov" title="Ivan Kuskov">Ivan Kuskov</a>, some 50 miles (80 km) north of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, as an <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">agricultural supply</a> base for Russian America. It was part of the Russian-America Company, and consisted of four outposts, including Bodega Bay, the Russian River, and the Farallon Islands. There was never an established agreement made with the government of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> which produced great tension between the two countries. Spain claimed the land but had never established a colony there. The well-armed Russian fort prevented Spain from removing the Russians living there. Without the Russians' hospitality, the Spanish colony would have been abandoned because their supplies had been lost when Spanish supply ships sank in a large storm off the South American coast. After the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Mexico">independence of Mexico</a>, tensions were reduced and trade was established with the new government of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican California">Mexican California</a>. </p><p>Russian America was not a profitable colony because of high transportation costs and the declining animal population. After it was <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">purchased by the United States</a> in 1867, most Russian settlers went back to Russia, but some resettled in southern Alaska and California. Included in these were the first miners and merchants of the <a href="/wiki/California_gold_rush" title="California gold rush">California gold rush</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All descendants of Russian settlers from Russian Empire, including mixed-race with partial <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Native</a> blood, totally assimilated to the American society. Most Russians in Alaska today are descendants of Russian settlers who came just before, during, and/or after Soviet era; two thirds of the population of town of Alaska named <a href="/wiki/Nikolaevsk,_Alaska" title="Nikolaevsk, Alaska">Nikolaevsk</a> are descendants of recent Russian settlers who came in the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_to_the_US">Immigration to the US</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Immigration to the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_wave_(1870–1915)"><span id="First_wave_.281870.E2.80.931915.29"></span>First wave (1870–1915)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First wave (1870–1915)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Theodosius_Orthodox_Church_(24734920940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/St._Theodosius_Orthodox_Church_%2824734920940%29.jpg/220px-St._Theodosius_Orthodox_Church_%2824734920940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/St._Theodosius_Orthodox_Church_%2824734920940%29.jpg/330px-St._Theodosius_Orthodox_Church_%2824734920940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/St._Theodosius_Orthodox_Church_%2824734920940%29.jpg/440px-St._Theodosius_Orthodox_Church_%2824734920940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Theodosius_Russian_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral">St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, est. in 1896.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first massive wave of immigration from all areas of Europe to the United States took place in the late 19th century. Although some immigration took place earlier – the most notable example being <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turchaninov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Turchaninov">Ivan Turchaninov</a>, who immigrated in 1856 and became a United States Army <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> during the Civil War– millions traveled to the new world in the last decade of the 19th century, some for political reasons, some for economic reasons, and some for a combination of both. Between 1820 and 1870 only 7,550 Russians immigrated to the United States, but starting with 1881, immigration rate exceeded 10,000 a year: 593,700 in 1891–1900, 1.6 million in 1901–1910, 868,000 in 1911–1914, and 43,000 in 1915–1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Sects_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sects-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most prominent Russian groups that immigrated in this period were groups from Imperial Russia seeking freedom from religious persecution. These included <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a>, escaping the 1881–1882 <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a>, who moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and other coastal cities; the Spiritual Christians, treated as <a href="/wiki/Heretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretics">heretics</a> at home, who settled largely in the Western United States in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, San Francisco,<sup id="cite_ref-Sects_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sects-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-harv_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harv-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two large groups of <a href="/wiki/Shtundist" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtundist">Shtundists</a> who moved to <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dakotas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakotas">Dakotas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sects_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sects-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mostly between 1874 and 1880 German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, who left the Russian Empire and settled mainly in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> (Mennonites), the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> (Hutterites). Finally in 1908–1910, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>, persecuted as schismatics, arrived and settled in small groups in California, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette Valley</a> region),<sup id="cite_ref-harv_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harv-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Sects_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sects-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigrants of this wave include <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a>, legend of American songwriting and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tchelistcheff" title="André Tchelistcheff">André Tchelistcheff</a>, influential Californian winemaker. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_immigrant_home,_N.Y._(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Russian_immigrant_home%2C_N.Y._%28LOC%29.jpg/170px-Russian_immigrant_home%2C_N.Y._%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Russian_immigrant_home%2C_N.Y._%28LOC%29.jpg/255px-Russian_immigrant_home%2C_N.Y._%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Russian_immigrant_home%2C_N.Y._%28LOC%29.jpg/340px-Russian_immigrant_home%2C_N.Y._%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Russian immigrant home, New York City, 1910s.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> dealt a heavy blow to Russia. Between 1914 and 1918, starvation and poverty increased in all parts of Russian society, and soon many Russians questioned the War's purpose and the government's competency. The war intensified <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a> sentiment. Jews were accused of disloyalty and expelled from areas in and near war zones. Furthermore, much of the fighting between Russia, and Austria and Germany took place in Western Russia in the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>. World War I uprooted half a million Russian Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Gitelman,_Zvi_1988_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitelman,_Zvi_1988-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the upheavals of World War I, immigration dwindled between 1914 and 1917. But after the war, hundreds of thousands of Jews began leaving Europe and Russia again for the US, modern-day Israel and other countries where they hoped to start a new life.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_wave_(1916–1922)"><span id="Second_wave_.281916.E2.80.931922.29"></span>Second wave (1916–1922)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second wave (1916–1922)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a></div> <p>A large wave of Russians immigrated in the short time period of 1917–1922, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. This group is known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a>. The US was the third largest destination for those immigrants, after France and Serbia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This wave is often referred to as the first wave, when discussing Soviet era immigration. The head of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>, was one of those immigrants. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RussianSpeakingBankersChicago1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/RussianSpeakingBankersChicago1916.jpg/220px-RussianSpeakingBankersChicago1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/RussianSpeakingBankersChicago1916.jpg/330px-RussianSpeakingBankersChicago1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/RussianSpeakingBankersChicago1916.jpg/440px-RussianSpeakingBankersChicago1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Russian-speaking bankers in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, 1910s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the immigrants were of the higher classes of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, they contributed significantly to American science and culture. Inventors <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a>, often referred to as "father of television", <a href="/wiki/Alexander_M._Poniatoff" title="Alexander M. Poniatoff">Alexander M. Poniatoff</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lodygin" title="Alexander Lodygin">Alexander Lodygin</a>, arrived with this wave. The US military benefited greatly with the arrival of such inventors as <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky" title="Igor Sikorsky">Igor Sikorsky</a> (who invented the practical <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Yourkevitch" title="Vladimir Yourkevitch">Vladimir Yourkevitch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Procofieff_de_Seversky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Procofieff de Seversky">Alexander Procofieff de Seversky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> are by many considered to be among the greatest composers ever to live in the United States of America. The novelist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, the violinist <a href="/wiki/Jasha_Heifetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jasha Heifetz">Jasha Heifetz</a>, and the actor <a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> also left Russia in this period. </p><p>As with first and second wave, if the White émigré left Russia to any country, they were still considered first or second wave, even if they ended up moving to another country, including the US at a later time. There was no 'strict' year boundaries, but a guideline to have a better understanding of the time period. Thus, 1917-1922 is a guideline. There are Russians who are considered second wave even if they arrived after 1922 up to 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_era_(1922–1991)"><span id="Soviet_era_.281922.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Soviet era (1922–1991)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soviet era (1922–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Pash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Boris_Pash.jpg/170px-Boris_Pash.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Boris_Pash.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a> (born Pashkovsky) commanded the <a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a> during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet era</a>, emigration was prohibited, and limited to very few defectors and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">dissidents</a> who immigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> countries for political reasons. Immigration to the US from Russia was also severely restricted via the <a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins formula</a> introduced by the US Congress in 1921. The chaos and depression that plagued Europe following the conclusion of World War II drove many native Europeans to immigrate to the United States. After the war, there were about 7 million displaced persons ranging from various countries throughout continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these 7 million, 2 million were Russian citizens that were sent back to the USSR to be imprisoned, exiled, or even executed having been accused of going against their government and country.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly 20,000 Russian citizens immigrated to the United States immediately following the conclusion of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the war, tensions between the United States and the then Soviet Union began to rise to lead to the USSR placing an immigration ban on its citizens in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immigration ban effectively prevented any citizen or person under the USSR from immigrating to the United States. This came after a large percentage of Russian immigrants left for the United States specifically leaving the USSR embarrassed at the high percentage of Russian citizens emigrating. After the immigration ban was placed into effect, any Russian citizen that attempted to or planned to leave Russia was stripped of citizenship, barred from having any contact with any remaining relatives in the USSR, and would even make it illegal for that individual's name to be spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fled the <a href="/wiki/Communist_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist regime">Communist regime</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a> in 1925 or <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> in 1926, or were deported by it, such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a> in 1972, or <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> in 1974, some were communists themselves, and left in fear of prosecution, such as <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> operative <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Orlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov">Alexander Orlov</a> who escaped the purge in 1938<sup id="cite_ref-Trahair2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trahair2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, who left in 1967. Some were diplomats and military personnel who defected to sell their knowledge, such as the pilots <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Belenko" title="Viktor Belenko">Viktor Belenko</a> in 1976 and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Zuyev_(pilot)" title="Aleksandr Zuyev (pilot)">Aleksandr Zuyev</a> in 1989. </p><p>Following the international condemnation of the Soviet reaction to <a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a> in 1970, the Soviet Union temporarily loosened emigration restrictions for Jewish emigrants, which allowed nearly 250,000 people leave the country,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> escaping covert antisemitism. Some went to Israel, especially at the beginning, but most chose the US as their destination, where they received the status of <a href="/wiki/Political_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Political refugees">political refugees</a>. This lasted for about a decade, until very early 1980s. Emigrants included the family of <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a>, which moved to the US in 1979, citing the impossibility of an advanced scientific career for a Jew.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the 1970s, relations between the USSR and the United States began to improve and the USSR relaxed its emigration ban, permitting a few thousand citizens to emigrate to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, just as had happened 20 years prior, the USSR saw hundreds of thousands of its citizens emigrate to the United States during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union then created the "diploma tax" which charged any person that had studied in Russia and was trying to emigrate a hefty fine. This was mainly done to deter Soviet Jews who tended to be scientists and other valued intellects from emigrating to Israel or the West.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the USSR suppressing its citizens from fleeing the USSR, the United States passed the <a href="/wiki/Jackson-Vanik_amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson-Vanik amendment">Jackson-Vanik amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">Trade Act of 1974</a>. The amendment stipulated that the United States would review the record of human rights before permitting any special trade agreements with countries with non-market economies.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the USSR was pressured into allowing those citizens that wanted to flee the USSR for the United States to do so, with a cap on the number of citizens allowed to leave per year.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jackson-Vanik amendment made it possible for the religious minorities of the USSR such as Roman-Catholics, Evangelical Christians, and Jews to emigrate to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It effectively kept emigration from the USSR to the United States open and as a result, from 1980 to 2008 some 1 million people emigrated from the former Soviet Union to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1970s witnessed 51,000 Soviet Jews emigrate to the United States, a majority after the Trade Agreement of 1974 was passed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the Soviet Jews that emigrated to the United States went to Cleveland.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, chain migration began to unfold as more Soviet Jews emigrated after the 1970s, concentrating in the eastern suburbs of Cleveland.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Soviet Jews that had arrived were educated and held college degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new immigrants would go onto work in important industrial businesses in the city such as BP America and General Electric Co. Other Russian and later post-Soviet immigrants found work in the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Institute_of_Music" title="Cleveland Institute of Music">Cleveland Institute of Music</a> as professional musicians and singers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slow <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_stagnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev stagnation">Brezhnev stagnation</a> of the 1970s and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s following <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">political reforms</a> since the mid-1980s prompted an increase of economic immigration to the United States, where artists and athletes defected or legally emigrated to the US to further their careers: ballet stars <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a> in 1974 and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Godunov" title="Alexander Godunov">Alexander Godunov</a> in 1979, composer <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Shostakovich" title="Maxim Shostakovich">Maxim Shostakovich</a> in 1981, hockey star <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mogilny" title="Alexander Mogilny">Alexander Mogilny</a> in 1989 and the entire <a href="/wiki/Russian_Five" title="Russian Five">Russian Five</a> later, gymnast <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Artemov" title="Vladimir Artemov">Vladimir Artemov</a> in 1990, glam metal band <a href="/wiki/Gorky_Park_(band)" title="Gorky Park (band)">Gorky Park</a> in 1987, and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Soviet_era_(1991–present)"><span id="Post-Soviet_era_.281991.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Post-Soviet era (1991–present)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet era (1991–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Russian speakers in the US </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Speakers </th></tr> <tr> <td>1910<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_foreignborn"><a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">57,926 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_foreignborn"><a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">392,049 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_foreignborn"><a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">315,721 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_foreignborn"><a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">356,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_foreignborn"><a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">276,834 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_foreignborn"><a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">149,277 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">173,226 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">241,798 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">706,242 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right">905,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_foreignborn"><b><a href="#ref_foreignborn">^a</a></b> Foreign-born population only<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, a mass Jewish emigration restarted in 1987. The numbers grew very sharply, leading to the United States forbidding entry to those emigrating from the USSR on Israeli visa, starting October 1, 1989. Israel withheld sending visa invitations from the beginning of 1989 claiming technical difficulties. After that the bulk of Jewish emigration went to Israel, nearing a million people in the following decade. However, the conditions for Soviet refugees belonging to several religious minorities - including Jews, Baptists, Pentecostalists, and Greek Catholics - were eased by the <a href="/wiki/Lautenberg_Amendment_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lautenberg Amendment (1990)">Lautenberg Amendment</a> passed in 1989 and renewed annually. Those who could claim family reunion could apply for the direct US visa, and were still receiving the <a href="/wiki/Political_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Political refugee">political refugee</a> status in the early 1990s. 50,716 citizens of ex-USSR were granted political refugee status by the United States in 1990, 38,661 in 1991, 61,298 in 1992, 48,627 in 1993, 43,470 in 1994, 35,716 in 1995<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the trend steadily dropping to as low as 1,394 refugees accepted in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time in history, Russians became a notable part of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigration to the United States</a>. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 and the subsequent transition to free market economy came <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> and a series of political and economic crises of the 1990s, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">financial crash of 1998</a>. By mid-1993 between 39% and 49% of Russians were living in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, a sharp increase compared to 1.5% of the late Soviet era.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This instability and bleak outcome prompted a large new wave of both political and economic emigration from Russia, and one of the major targets became the United States, which was experiencing an unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">stock market boom</a> in 1995–2001. </p><p>A notable part of the 1991—2001 immigration wave consisted of scientists and engineers who, faced with extremely poor job market at home<sup id="cite_ref-inga_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inga-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coupled with the government unwilling to index fixed salaries according to inflation or even to make salary payments on time, left to pursue their careers abroad. This coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">surge</a> of hi-tech industry in the United States, creating a strong <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> effect. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, there were 20,000 Russian scientists working in the United States in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Russian software engineers were responsible for 30% of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> products in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-inga_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inga-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skilled professionals often command a significantly higher wage in the US than in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Russian migrants with university educations is higher than that of US natives and other foreign born groups.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_(51903882696).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/-StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg/220px--StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/-StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg/330px--StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/-StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg/440px--StopPutinNow_Rally_NYC_%2851903882696%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4275" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>Protest against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> outside the Russian Consulate in New York City on February 24, 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>51% of lawful Russian migrants obtain permanent residence from immediate family member of US citizens, 20% obtain it from the Diversity Lottery, 18% obtain it through employment, 6% are family sponsored, and 5% are refugee and asylum seekers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union was a sports empire, and many prominent Russian sportspeople found great acclaim and rewards for their skills in the United States. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Anna_Kournikova" title="Anna Kournikova">Anna Kournikova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sharapova" title="Maria Sharapova">Maria Sharapova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ovechkin" title="Alexander Ovechkin">Alexander Ovechkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Volchkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Volchkov">Alexandre Volchkov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko" title="Andrei Kirilenko">Andrei Kirilenko</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nastia_Liukin" title="Nastia Liukin">Nastia Liukin</a> was born in Moscow, but came to America with her parents as a young child, and developed as a champion gymnast in the US. </p><p>On 27 September 2022, White House press secretary <a href="/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Karine Jean-Pierre</a> encouraged Russian men fleeing their home country to avoid being drafted to apply for asylum in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2023, the Biden administration resumed deportations of <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russians who had fled Russia</a> due to <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">mobilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">political persecution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the persecution of Russian citizens who disagree with the policies of Russian leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has increased significantly. For example, in early 2024, ballet dancer <a href="/wiki/Ksenia_Karelina" title="Ksenia Karelina">Ksenia Karelina</a>, a dual American-Russian citizen and resident of Los Angeles, was arrested while visiting family in Russia and charged with treason for sending $51.80 to <a href="/wiki/Razom" title="Razom">Razom</a>, a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>-based nonprofit organization that sends humanitarian assistance to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She initially faced life in prison, but pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 12 years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2024, Russian-American journalist <a href="/wiki/Alsu_Kurmasheva" title="Alsu Kurmasheva">Alsu Kurmasheva</a> was sentenced to 6.5 years in prison for <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">spreading "false information"</a> about Russia's military operations in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_communities">Notable communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Russian Americans in New York City">Russian Americans in New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian1346.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Russian1346.gif/310px-Russian1346.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Russian1346.gif/465px-Russian1346.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Russian1346.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Distribution</a> of Russian Americans according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 census</a>, red indicates higher concentrations</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Communities with high percentages of people of Russian ancestry</b><br /> The top US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Russian ancestry are:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_River,_Alaska" title="Fox River, Alaska">Fox River, Alaska</a> 80.9%<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleneva,_Alaska" title="Aleneva, Alaska">Aleneva, Alaska</a> 72.5%<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaevsk,_Alaska" title="Nikolaevsk, Alaska">Nikolaevsk, Alaska</a> 67.5%<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikesville,_Maryland" title="Pikesville, Maryland">Pikesville, Maryland</a> 19.30%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslyn_Estates,_New_York" title="Roslyn Estates, New York">Roslyn Estates, New York</a> 18.60%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Harbor,_New_York" title="Hewlett Harbor, New York">Hewlett Harbor, New York</a> 18.40%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hills,_New_York" title="East Hills, New York">East Hills, New York</a> 18.00%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishek,_North_Dakota" title="Wishek, North Dakota">Wishek, North Dakota</a> 17.40%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka,_South_Dakota" title="Eureka, South Dakota">Eureka, South Dakota</a> 17.30%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachwood,_Ohio" title="Beachwood, Ohio">Beachwood, Ohio</a> 16.80%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Wynne,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Wynne, Pennsylvania">Penn Wynne, Pennsylvania</a> 16.70%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington,_New_York" title="Kensington, New York">Kensington, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayfield,_Pennsylvania" title="Mayfield, Pennsylvania">Mayfield, Pennsylvania</a> 16.20%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon,_North_Dakota" title="Napoleon, North Dakota">Napoleon, North Dakota</a> 15.80%</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldbelieverchurch_in_Oregon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Oldbelieverchurch_in_Oregon.jpg/170px-Oldbelieverchurch_in_Oregon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Oldbelieverchurch_in_Oregon.jpg/255px-Oldbelieverchurch_in_Oregon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Oldbelieverchurch_in_Oregon.jpg/340px-Oldbelieverchurch_in_Oregon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> Church in <a href="/wiki/Gervais,_Oregon" title="Gervais, Oregon">Gervais, Oregon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>US communities with the most residents born in Russia</b><br /> Top US communities with the most residents born in Russia are:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Millville,_Delaware" title="Millville, Delaware">Millville, Delaware</a> 8.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Windham,_Maine" title="South Windham, Maine">South Windham, Maine</a> 7.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gull_Lake,_Michigan" title="South Gull Lake, Michigan">South Gull Lake, Michigan</a> 7.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loveland_Park,_Ohio" title="Loveland Park, Ohio">Loveland Park, Ohio</a> 6.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramuggus,_Connecticut" title="Terramuggus, Connecticut">Terramuggus, Connecticut</a> 4.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harwich_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Harwich Port, Massachusetts">Harwich Port, Massachusetts</a> 4.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_Prairie,_Washington" title="Brush Prairie, Washington">Brush Prairie, Washington</a> 4.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feasterville,_Pennsylvania" title="Feasterville, Pennsylvania">Feasterville, Pennsylvania</a> 4.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville,_Washington" title="Colville, Washington">Colville, Washington</a> 4.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield,_Ohio" title="Mayfield, Ohio">Mayfield, Ohio</a> 4.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenada,_Texas" title="Serenada, Texas">Serenada, Texas</a> 4.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchards,_Washington" title="Orchards, Washington">Orchards, Washington</a> 3.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Washington" title="Leavenworth, Washington">Leavenworth, Washington</a> 3.4%</li></ol> <p>Apart from such settlements as <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Beach, Brooklyn">Brighton Beach, Brooklyn</a>, concentrations of Russian Americans can be found in <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County, New Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>; <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a>; <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russians_in_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russians in Baltimore">Baltimore</a>; <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx">The Bronx</a>; other parts of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>; <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach</a>; <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>; <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>; <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle" title="Research Triangle">Raleigh and Research Triangle Region</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Americans" title="List of Russian Americans">List of Russian Americans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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href="/wiki/Russian_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Russian Americans in New York City">Russian Americans in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a> (formerly North American Russian Metropolia)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ACS_Ancestry_2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACS_Ancestry_2019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006">"Table B04006 - PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+B04006+-+PEOPLE+REPORTING+ANCESTRY+-+2019+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Ftid%3DACSDT1Y2019.B04006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS_Foreign-born_2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACS_Foreign-born_2019_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACS_Foreign-born_2019_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B05006">"Table B05006 - PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES - 2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+B05006+-+PLACE+OF+BIRTH+FOR+THE+FOREIGN-BORN+POPULATION+IN+THE+UNITED+STATES+-+2019+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Ftid%3DACSDT5Y2019.B05006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/largest-ethnic-groups-and-nationalities-in-the-united-states.html">"Largest Ethnic Groups and Nationalities in US"</a>. <i>World Atlas</i>. July 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas&rft.atitle=Largest+Ethnic+Groups+and+Nationalities+in+US&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Flargest-ethnic-groups-and-nationalities-in-the-united-states.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rediscovering_Russian_America-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rediscovering_Russian_America_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rediscovering_Russian_America_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imrussia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133:rediscovering-russian-america&catid=56:society-a-trends&Itemid=99&lang=en">"Rediscovering Russian America"</a>. Institute of Modern Russia. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Russian+America&rft.pub=Institute+of+Modern+Russia&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imrussia.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26amp%3Bview%3Darticle%26amp%3Bid%3D133%3Arediscovering-russian-america%26amp%3Bcatid%3D56%3Asociety-a-trends%26amp%3BItemid%3D99%26amp%3Blang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classybro.com/2014/07/20-funny-experiences-growing-russian-america/">"Growing Up Russian"</a>. Aleksandr Strezev, Principia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growing+Up+Russian&rft.pub=Aleksandr+Strezev%2C+Principia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classybro.com%2F2014%2F07%2F20-funny-experiences-growing-russian-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~gstudies/russia/russcurriculum.htm">"Immigration: Russia. Curriculum for Grade 6–12 Teachers"</a>. Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration%3A+Russia.+Curriculum+for+Grade+6%E2%80%9312+Teachers&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Arts+and+Sciences%2C+Harvard+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~gstudies%2Frussia%2Frusscurriculum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCRussians-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCRussians_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls">"Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2013"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persons+Obtaining+Lawful+Permanent+Resident+Status+by+Leading+Core+Based+Statistical+Areas+%28CBSAs%29+of+Residence+and+Region+and+Country+of+Birth%3A+Fiscal+Year+2013&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fimmigration-statistics%2Fyearbook%2F2013%2FLPR%2Fimmsuptable2d.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Rooney2014" class="citation web cs1">Matt Rooney (April 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savejersey.com/2014/04/putin-russia-invasion-new-jersey-christie/">"Putin Moves Against Fair Lawn"</a>. Save Jersey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2016</span>. <q>In a move certain to carry dire geopolitical consequences for the world, the Russian Federation has moved troops into the 32,000-person borough of Fair Lawn, New Jersey, only days after annexing Crimea and strengthening its troop positions along the Ukrainian border.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin+Moves+Against+Fair+Lawn&rft.pub=Save+Jersey&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.au=Matt+Rooney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavejersey.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fputin-russia-invasion-new-jersey-christie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214060704/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B05006&prodType=table">"American FactFinder - Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B05006&prodType=table">the original</a> on February 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_15_1YR_B05006%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_FactFinder-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_FactFinder_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_FactFinder_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFData_Access_and_Dissemination_Systems_(DADS)" class="citation web cs1">Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"U.S. Census website"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiscal+Year+1999+Statistical+Yearbook&rft.pub=Department+of+Homeland+Security%2C+Office+of+Immigration+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fxlibrary%2Fassets%2Fstatistics%2Fyearbook%2F1999%2FRA99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/Refugee_Asylee_5.pdf">"Refugees and Asylees: 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refugees+and+Asylees%3A+2005&rft.pub=Department+of+Homeland+Security+Office+of+Immigration+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fxlibrary%2Fassets%2Fstatistics%2Fpublications%2FRefugee_Asylee_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Branko Milanovic, <i>Income, Inequality, and Poverty During the Transformation from Planned to Market Economy</i> (Washington DC: The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, 1998), pp.186–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inga-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inga_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inga_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2055571.stm">"Russian brain drain tops half a million"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. June 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Russian+brain+drain+tops+half+a+million&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2055571.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecolife.ru/jornal/econ/2003-4-1.shtml"><bdi lang="ru">"Утечка мозгов" – болезнь не только российская</bdi></a>. <i>Экология И Жизнь</i> (in Russian). 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%98+%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C&rft.atitle=%22%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%22+%E2%80%93+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecolife.ru%2Fjornal%2Fecon%2F2003-4-1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2055571.stm">"Russian brain drain tops half a million"</a>. June 20, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+brain+drain+tops+half+a+million&rft.date=2002-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2055571.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2000/demo/foreign-born/stp-159.html">"Census 2000 Foreign-Born Profiles"</a>. <i>www.census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census.gov&rft.atitle=Census+2000+Foreign-Born+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2000%2Fdemo%2Fforeign-born%2Fstp-159.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016/table10">"Table 10. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status By Broad Class Of Admission And Region And Country Of Birth: Fiscal Year 2016"</a>. <i>Department of Homeland Security</i>. May 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft.atitle=Table+10.+Persons+Obtaining+Lawful+Permanent+Resident+Status+By+Broad+Class+Of+Admission+And+Region+And+Country+Of+Birth%3A+Fiscal+Year+2016&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fimmigration-statistics%2Fyearbook%2F2016%2Ftable10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-08-17/russian-conscripts-asylum-biden-putin">"The White House told Russians to flee here instead of fighting Ukraine. Then the U.S. tried to deport them"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. August 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+White+House+told+Russians+to+flee+here+instead+of+fighting+Ukraine.+Then+the+U.S.+tried+to+deport+them&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2023-08-17%2Frussian-conscripts-asylum-biden-putin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/18/biden-administration-russia-deportations">"Biden administration quietly resumes deportations to Russia"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. March 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Biden+administration+quietly+resumes+deportations+to+Russia&rft.date=2023-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2023%2Fmar%2F18%2Fbiden-administration-russia-deportations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2024" class="citation web cs1">Stapleton, Ivana Kottasová, AnneClaire (August 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/07/europe/ksenia-karelina-russian-american-treason-guilt-intl/index.html">"Russian-American woman admits guilt in treason case, Russian state media reports"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Russian-American+woman+admits+guilt+in+treason+case%2C+Russian+state+media+reports&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Ivana+Kottasov%C3%A1%2C+AnneClaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F08%2F07%2Feurope%2Fksenia-karelina-russian-american-treason-guilt-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp9rygl5k4jo">"Ksenia Karelina: US-Russian woman jailed in Russia for 12 years for treason"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Ksenia+Karelina%3A+US-Russian+woman+jailed+in+Russia+for+12+years+for+treason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcp9rygl5k4jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/22/russian-court-jails-journalist-alsu-kurmasheva-secret-trial">"Russian-American journalist jailed by Moscow for six-and-a-half years"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. July 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russian-American+journalist+jailed+by+Moscow+for+six-and-a-half+years&rft.date=2024-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjul%2F22%2Frussian-court-jails-journalist-alsu-kurmasheva-secret-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Russian.html">"Ancestry Map of Russian Communities"</a>. Epodunk.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancestry+Map+of+Russian+Communities&rft.pub=Epodunk.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epodunk.com%2Fancestry%2FRussian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml#">http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml#</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.census.gov">[1]</a> American fact finder, Fox River, Alaska, Census 2000-Selected Social Characteristics (Household and Family Type, Disability, Citizenship, Ancestry, Language, ...)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml#">http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml#</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.census.gov">[2]</a> American fact finder, Aleneva, Alaska, Census 2000-Selected Social Characteristics (Household and Family Type, Disability, Citizenship, Ancestry, Language, ...)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml#">http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml#</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.census.gov">[3]</a> American fact finder, Nikolaevsk, Alaska, Census 2000-Selected Social Characteristics (Household and Family Type, Disability, Citizenship, Ancestry, Language, ...)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-data.com/top2/h64.html">"Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Russia (population 500+)"</a>. <i>City-Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City-Data&rft.atitle=Top+101+cities+with+the+most+residents+born+in+Russia+%28population+500%2B%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-data.com%2Ftop2%2Fh64.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenstone,_Scott2016" class="citation web cs1">Greenstone, Scott (June 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opb.org/radio/programs/think-out-loud/article/oregon-soviet-diaspora-refugee-community/">"Oregon's Soviet Diaspora: 25 Years Later, The Refugee Community Wants To Be Known"</a>. <i>Oregon Public Broadcasting</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Public+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Oregon%27s+Soviet+Diaspora%3A+25+Years+Later%2C+The+Refugee+Community+Wants+To+Be+Known&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.au=Greenstone%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opb.org%2Fradio%2Fprograms%2Fthink-out-loud%2Farticle%2Foregon-soviet-diaspora-refugee-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eubank, Nancy. <i>The Russians in America</i> (Lerner Publications, 1979).</li> <li>Hardwick, Susan Wiley. <i>Russian Refuge: Religion, Migration, and Settlement on the North American Pacific Rim</i> (U of Chicago Press, 1993).</li> <li>Jacobs, Dan N., and Ellen Frankel Paul, eds. <i>Studies of the Third Wave: Recent Migration of Soviet Jews to the United States</i> (Westview Press, 1981).</li> <li>Magocsi, Paul Robert. "Russian Americans." <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America</i>, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 31–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300152/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=98ab03da">online</a></li> <li>Magocsi, Paul Robert. <i>The Russian Americans</i> (Chelsea House, 1989).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russians_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Russians in the United States">Russians in the United States</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flps.newberry.org/#filters/group/russian?page=1">"Russian"</a>. <i>Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey</i>. Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> of Illinois. 1942 – via <a href="/wiki/Newberry_Library" title="Newberry Library">Newberry Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Foreign+Language+Press+Survey&rft.atitle=Russian&rft.date=1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflps.newberry.org%2F%23filters%2Fgroup%2Frussian%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Americans" class="Z3988"></span> (English translations of selected newspaper articles, 1855–1938).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Americans">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States#Turkmen_Americans" title="Central Asians in the United States">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the United States in blue, and the nations where Asian Americans originate from in shades of orange"><img alt="Map showing the United States in blue, and the nations where Asian Americans originate from in shades of orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg/95px-WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg/143px-WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg/190px-WikiProject_Asian_Americans_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okinawans_in_Hawaii" title="Okinawans in Hawaii">Okinawans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">in Hawaii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Korean immigration to Hawaii">in Hawaii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_American_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Asian American immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_arts_and_entertainment" title="Asian Americans in arts and entertainment">Arts and Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_broadcast_journalism" title="Asian Americans in broadcast journalism">Broadcast journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Asian_Americans" title="Demographics of Asian Americans">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_government_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in government and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_science_and_technology" title="Asian Americans in science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_sports" title="Asian Americans in sports">Sports</a></li> <li>Stereotypes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_East_and_Southeast_Asians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States">East and Southeast Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_South_Asians" title="Stereotypes of South Asians">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_California" title="Asian Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="Asian Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_San_Francisco_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Asian Americans in San Francisco (disambiguation)">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Asian immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Houston" title="Asian Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian-Americans_in_Maryland" title="Asian-Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Nevada" title="Asian Americans in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Puerto_Rican" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Puerto Rican">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Washington_(state)" title="Asian Americans in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Virginia" title="Asian Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavic_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Slavic Americans</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_Americans" title="Bosniak Americans">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Americans" title="Slovene Americans">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Americans" title="Kashubian Americans">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Silesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Silesian">Silesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_Americans" title="Sorbian Americans">Sorbians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Americans" title="Template:European Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Americans" title="Template talk:European Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_South_Dakotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech South Dakotan">Czech South Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Texan">Czech Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">German Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">German Mennonites from Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Ohioans" title="Hungarian Ohioans">Hungarian Ohioans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Americans" title="Kashubian Americans">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Americans (page does not exist)">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texan_Silesian" title="Texan Silesian">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_Americans" title="Sorbian Americans">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Americans" title="Cossack Americans">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Americans" title="Kalmyk Americans">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Americans" title="Faroese Americans">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Findians" title="Findians">Findian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Americans" title="Greenlandic Americans">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Dakotan" title="Norwegian Dakotan">Norwegian Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Minnesotan" title="Norwegian Minnesotan">Norwegian Minnesotan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Americans" title="Sámi Americans">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovan Americans (page does not exist)">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Americans" title="Slovene Americans">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Alaska">Alaskan Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans_in_Michigan" title="Dutch Americans in Michigan">Dutch Michigander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Americans" title="Frisian Americans">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Americans" title="Irish Traveller Americans">Irish Traveller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Americans">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan Americans (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Americans (page does not exist)">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Europeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles and Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li>Cajun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li>Cajun</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="White Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> <ul><li>Arkansas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Slavic_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Slavic_Americans" title="Template:East Slavic Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Slavic_Americans" title="Template talk:East Slavic Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Slavic_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Slavic Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Slavic_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Slavic Americans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russian_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_diaspora" title="Template:Russian diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_diaspora" title="Template talk:Russian diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russian_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><br />or the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Belarus" title="Russians in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_minority_in_Poland" title="Russian minority in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine" title="Russians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Russians in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Estonia" title="Russians in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Lithuania" title="Russians in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Russians in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Tajikistan" title="Russians in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Turkmenistan" title="Russians in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russians in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Armenia" title="Russians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Russians in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Georgia" title="Russians in Georgia">Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Finland" title="Russians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Moldova" title="Russians in Moldova">Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Argentines" title="Russian Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Brazilians" title="Russian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Chileans" title="Russian Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Guatemalan" title="Russian Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mexicans" title="Russian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Uruguayans" title="Russian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Russians in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Hong_Kong" title="Russians in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Russians" title="Shanghai Russians">Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Taiwan" title="Russians in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Japan" title="Russians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Korea" title="Russians in Korea">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian settlement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Afghanistan" title="Russians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_India" title="Russians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Nepal" title="Russians in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Pakistan" title="Russians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Turkey" title="Russians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Iran" title="Russians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Israel" title="Russians in Israel">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian Jews</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Lebanon" title="Russians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Russians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Austria" title="Russians in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Belgium" title="Russians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Bulgaria" title="Russians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_of_Croatia" title="Russians of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cypriots" title="Russian Cypriots">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_France" title="Russians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Greece" title="Russians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Norway" title="Russians in Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard#Russian" title="Languages of Svalbard">Svalbard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Serbia" title="Russians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Spain" title="Russians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Sweden" title="Russians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Русские в Швейцарии">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Russians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Australians" title="Russian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_New_Zealanders" title="Russian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Related topics: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russians_in_post-Soviet_states" title="Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states">Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140588#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140588#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140588#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1101969/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Russian Americans"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115955">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Américains d'origine russe"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15829453h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Américains d'origine russe"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15829453h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548533705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10663890">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&oldid=1255114973">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Americans&oldid=1255114973</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Russian_descent" title="Category:American people of Russian descent">American people of Russian descent</a></li><li><a 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