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years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1873–1885:_Ancestry_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1885–1894:_Moscow_Conservatory_and_first_compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1885–1894:_Moscow_Conservatory_and_first_compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1885–1894: Moscow Conservatory and first compositions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1885–1894:_Moscow_Conservatory_and_first_compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1894–1900:_Symphony_No._1,_depression,_and_conducting_debut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1894–1900:_Symphony_No._1,_depression,_and_conducting_debut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1894–1900: Symphony No. 1, depression, and conducting debut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1894–1900:_Symphony_No._1,_depression,_and_conducting_debut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900–1906:_Recovery,_emergence,_and_conducting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1906:_Recovery,_emergence,_and_conducting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1900–1906: Recovery, emergence, and conducting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1906:_Recovery,_emergence,_and_conducting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1906–1917:_Move_to_Dresden_and_first_US_tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1906–1917:_Move_to_Dresden_and_first_US_tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1906–1917: Move to Dresden and first US tour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1906–1917:_Move_to_Dresden_and_first_US_tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917–1925:_Leaving_Russia,_emigration_to_the_US,_and_concert_pianist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917–1925:_Leaving_Russia,_emigration_to_the_US,_and_concert_pianist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1917–1925: Leaving Russia, emigration to the US, and concert pianist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917–1925:_Leaving_Russia,_emigration_to_the_US,_and_concert_pianist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1926–1942:_Touring,_final_compositions,_and_Villa_Senar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1926–1942:_Touring,_final_compositions,_and_Villa_Senar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1926–1942: Touring, final compositions, and Villa Senar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1926–1942:_Touring,_final_compositions,_and_Villa_Senar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1942–1943:_Illness,_move_to_California,_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1942–1943:_Illness,_move_to_California,_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1942–1943: Illness, move to California, and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1942–1943:_Illness,_move_to_California,_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositional_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositional_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Compositional style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositional_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Reputation and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pianist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pianist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pianist </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pianist-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pianist subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pianist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Technique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hand_size_and_medical_speculations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_size_and_medical_speculations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hand size and medical speculations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_size_and_medical_speculations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conductor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conductor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Conductor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conductor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sergei Rachmaninoff</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sergei Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="سيرجي رخمانينوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيرجي رخمانينوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A7%D5%B5_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սերկէյ Ռախմանինով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սերկէյ Ռախմանինով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Raxmaninov" title="Sergey Raxmaninov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sergey Raxmaninov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Сяргей Васільевіч Рахманінаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сяргей Васільевіч Рахманінаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Сяргей Рахманінаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сяргей Рахманінаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachmaninoff" title="Rachmaninoff – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергей Рахманинов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сергей Рахманинов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rahmanjinov" title="Sergej Rahmanjinov – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sergej Rahmanjinov" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serguei_Rakhm%C3%A0ninov" title="Serguei Rakhmàninov – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Serguei Rakhmàninov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rachmaninov" title="Sergej Rachmaninov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sergej Rachmaninov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sergei Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rakhmaninov" title="Sergej Rakhmaninov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sergej Rakhmaninov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Wassiljewitsch_Rachmaninow" title="Sergei Wassiljewitsch Rachmaninow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sergei Wassiljewitsch Rachmaninow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rahmaninov" title="Sergei Rahmaninov – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sergei Rahmaninov" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%B9_%CE%A1%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%86" title="Σεργκέι Ραχμάνινοφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεργκέι Ραχμάνινοφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergu%C3%A9i_Rajm%C3%A1ninov" title="Serguéi Rajmáninov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serguéi Rajmáninov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Ra%C4%A5maninov" title="Sergej Raĥmaninov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sergej Raĥmaninov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rakhmaninov" title="Sergei Rakhmaninov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sergei Rakhmaninov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%81" title="سرگئی راخمانینف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرگئی راخمانینف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Rachmaninov" title="Sergueï Rachmaninov – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sergueï Rachmaninov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sergei Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergu%C3%A9i_Rakhm%C3%A1ninov" title="Serguéi Rakhmáninov – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Serguéi Rakhmáninov" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4_%EB%9D%BC%ED%9D%90%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EB%85%B8%ED%94%84" title="세르게이 라흐마니노프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세르게이 라흐마니노프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սերգեյ Ռախմանինով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերգեյ Ռախմանինով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rahmanjinov" title="Sergej Rahmanjinov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sergej Rahmanjinov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Vasilyevich_Rahmaninov" title="Sergei Vasilyevich Rahmaninov – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sergei Vasilyevich Rahmaninov" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sergei Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rakhman%C3%ADnov" title="Sergej Rakhmanínov – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sergej Rakhmanínov" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Vasil%27evi%C4%8D_Rachmaninov" title="Sergej Vasil'evič Rachmaninov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sergej Vasil'evič Rachmaninov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91" title="סרגיי רחמנינוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרגיי רחמנינוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Rachmaninov" title="Sergueï Rachmaninov – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sergueï Rachmaninov" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="სერგეი რახმანინოვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სერგეი რახმანინოვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергей Васильевич Рахманинов – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сергей Васильевич Рахманинов" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sergei Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергей Рахманинов – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сергей Рахманинов" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergius_Rachmaninov" title="Sergius Rachmaninov – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sergius Rachmaninov" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergejs_Rahma%C5%86inovs" title="Sergejs Rahmaņinovs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sergejs Rahmaņinovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Wassiljewitsch_Rachmaninow" title="Sergei Wassiljewitsch Rachmaninow – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sergei Wassiljewitsch Rachmaninow" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergejus_Rachmaninovas" title="Sergejus Rachmaninovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sergejus Rachmaninovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Rachmaninov" title="Sergey Rachmaninov – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sergey Rachmaninov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергеј Рахманинов – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сергеј Рахманинов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="სერგეი რახმანინოვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სერგეი რახმანინოვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="سيرجى رخمانينوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيرجى رخمانينوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергей Рахманинов – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сергей Рахманинов" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rachmaninov" title="Sergej Rachmaninov – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sergej Rachmaninov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8E%E3%83%95" title="セルゲイ・ラフマニノフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルゲイ・ラフマニノフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rakhmaninov" title="Sergej Rakhmaninov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sergej Rakhmaninov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rakhmaninov" title="Sergej Rakhmaninov – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sergej Rakhmaninov" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rakhmaninov" title="Sergei Rakhmaninov – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sergei Rakhmaninov" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Raxmaninov" title="Sergey Raxmaninov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sergey Raxmaninov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siergiej_Rachmaninow" title="Siergiej Rachmaninow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siergiej Rachmaninow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sergei Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serghei_Rahmaninov" title="Serghei Rahmaninov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serghei Rahmaninov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Рахманинов, Сергей Васильевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рахманинов, Сергей Васильевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sergei Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sergei Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Vasilievi%C4%8D_Rachmaninov" title="Sergej Vasilievič Rachmaninov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sergej Vasilievič Rachmaninov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Vasiljevi%C4%8D_Rahmaninov" title="Sergej Vasiljevič Rahmaninov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sergej Vasiljevič Rahmaninov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергеј Рахмањинов – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сергеј Рахмањинов" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rahmanjinov" title="Sergej Rahmanjinov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sergej Rahmanjinov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rahmaninov" title="Sergei Rahmaninov – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sergei Rahmaninov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Rachmaninov" title="Sergej Rachmaninov – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sergej Rachmaninov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sergei Rachmaninoff" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергей Рахманинов – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сергей Рахманинов" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="เซียร์เกย์ รัคมานีนอฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซียร์เกย์ รัคมานีนอฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергей Рахманинов – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сергей Рахманинов" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Rahmaninov" title="Sergey Rahmaninov – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sergey Rahmaninov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Рахманінов Сергій Васильович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рахманінов Сергій Васильович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian composer, pianist and conductor (1873–1943)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rachmaninoff" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rachmaninoff_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rachmaninoff (disambiguation)">Rachmaninoff (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sergei Rachmaninoff</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei_Rachmaninoff_cph.3a40575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph of Sergei Rachmaninoff in 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_cph.3a40575.jpg/220px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff_cph.3a40575.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_cph.3a40575.jpg/330px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff_cph.3a40575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_cph.3a40575.jpg/440px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff_cph.3a40575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1492" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Rachmaninoff in 1921</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 March] 1873 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Semyonovo, <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Russa" title="Staraya Russa">Staraya Russa</a>, Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 March 1943(1943-03-28) (aged 69) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a>, California, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="List of compositions by Sergei Rachmaninoff">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_signature_1899_(transparent).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rachmaninoff_signature_1899_%28transparent%29.png/150px-Rachmaninoff_signature_1899_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rachmaninoff_signature_1899_%28transparent%29.png/225px-Rachmaninoff_signature_1899_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rachmaninoff_signature_1899_%28transparent%29.png/300px-Rachmaninoff_signature_1899_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="302" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> (1 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 March] 1873 – 28 March 1943) was a Russian <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuoso</a> <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>. Rachmaninoff is widely considered one of the finest pianists of his day and, as a composer, one of the last great representatives of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romanticism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russian classical music</a>. Early influences of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, and other Russian composers gave way to a thoroughly personal idiom notable for its song-like <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music#Expression" title="Music">expressiveness</a>, dense <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a> textures, and rich <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestral</a> colours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage707mode2up_707]-6">[4]</a> The piano is featured prominently in Rachmaninoff's compositional output and he used his skills as a performer to fully explore the expressive and technical possibilities of the instrument. Born into a musical family, Rachmaninoff began learning the piano at the age of four. He studied piano and composition at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a>, from which he graduated in 1892, having already written several compositions. In 1897, following the disastrous premiere of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Symphony No. 1</a>, Rachmaninoff entered a four-year depression and composed little, until supportive therapy allowed him to complete his well-received <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 2</a> in 1901. Rachmaninoff went on to become conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a> from 1904–1906, and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany, in 1906. He later embarked upon his first tour of the United States as a pianist in 1909. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, Rachmaninoff and his family left Russia permanently, settling in New York in 1918. Following this, he spent most of his time touring as a pianist through the US and Europe, from 1932 onwards spending his summers at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Senar" title="Villa Senar">his villa</a> in Switzerland. During this time, Rachmaninoff's primary occupation was performing, and his compositional output decreased significantly, completing just six works after leaving Russia. By 1942, his declining health led him to move to <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a>, California, where he died from <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> in 1943. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1873–1885:_Ancestry_and_early_years">1873–1885: Ancestry and early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1873–1885: Ancestry and early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rach10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rach10.jpg/170px-Rach10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rach10.jpg/255px-Rach10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rach10.jpg/340px-Rach10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff at age 10 in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> Rachmaninoff was born on 1 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 March] 1873 into a family of <a href="/wiki/Russian_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian aristocracy">Russian aristocracy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> The family tradition claims descent from a legendary Vasily, nicknamed "Rachman", a supposed grandson of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen III of Moldavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage5mode2up_5]-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnbegaunUspenskiĭ1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrussiansurnamespagen107mode2up_108]-9">[6]</a> Rachmaninoff's family had strong musical and military leanings. His paternal grandfather, Arkady Alexandrovich, was a musician who had taken lessons from <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> composer <a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">John Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage5mode2up_5]-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA35_35]-10">[7]</a> His father, Vasily Arkadievich Rachmaninoff (1841–1916), was a retired army officer and amateur pianist who married Lyubov Petrovna Butakova (1853–1929), the daughter of a wealthy army general who gave him five estates as part of her <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>. The couple had three sons: Vladimir, Sergei and Arkady and three daughters; Yelena, Sofia and Barbara; Sergei being their third child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA3_3]-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage6mode2up_6]-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage5mode2up_5]-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[11]</a> Rachmaninoff was born in the family estate in the village of Semyonovo, near <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Russa" title="Staraya Russa">Staraya Russa</a>, Novgorod Governorate. His birth was registered in the Semyonovo church book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage6mode2up_6]-12">[9]</a> After Sergei turned four, the family moved to another house in Oneg estate, about 110 miles (180 km) north of Semyonovo, and the Semyonovo estate was sold in 1879 by Rachmaninoff's father. Young Sergei Rachmaninoff was raised in Oneg estate from age four until aged nine, and he mistakenly cited it as his birthplace in his adult life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA2_2]-15">[12]</a> Rachmaninoff began piano and music lessons organized by his mother at age four.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA2_2]-15">[12]</a> She noticed his ability to reproduce passages from memory without a wrong note. Upon hearing news of the boy's gift, Arkady suggested she hire Anna Ornatskaya, a teacher and recent graduate of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory" title="Saint Petersburg Conservatory">Saint Petersburg Conservatory</a>, to live with the family and give the young Sergei formal piano lessons. Rachmaninoff dedicated his famous romance for voice and piano "Spring Waters" from 12 Romances, Op. 14, to Ornatskaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA3_3]-11">[8]</a> Rachmaninoff's father, who wanted him to be trained by the <a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Page Corps</a> and then join the military, had to sell the five estates one by one to pay his debts due to his financial incompetence and therefore could not afford an expensive military career for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage7mode2up_7–8]-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA3_3–4]-17">[14]</a> His older brother Vladimir was sent to an ordinary military college.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[11]</a> The last estate in Oneg was auctioned off in 1882,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage5mode2up_5]-13">[10]</a> and the family moved to a small flat in Saint Petersburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen43mode2up_29]-18">[15]</a> In 1883, Ornatskaya arranged for Rachmaninoff, now 10, to study music at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory under her former teacher, Gustav Cross. Later that year, his sister Sofia died at the age of 13 of <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, and his father left the family for Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage9mode2up_9]-19">[16]</a> His maternal grandmother Sofia Litvikova Butakova, a widow of General Butakov, stepped in to help raise the children, took care of household expenses<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[11]</a> and with particular focus on their religious life, regularly taking Rachmaninoff to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> services where he first encountered <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> chants and church bells, two features he would incorporate in his compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen49mode2up_33–34]-20">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASilotiRachmaninoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ASilotiRachmaninoff.jpg/220px-ASilotiRachmaninoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ASilotiRachmaninoff.jpg/330px-ASilotiRachmaninoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ASilotiRachmaninoff.jpg/440px-ASilotiRachmaninoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Siloti and Rachmaninoff</figcaption></figure> In 1885, Rachmaninoff suffered a further loss when his sister Yelena died at age 18 of <a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernicious anaemia">pernicious anaemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage7mode2up_7]-21">[18]</a> She was an important musical influence on Rachmaninoff and had introduced him to the works of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA11_11]-22">[19]</a> As a respite, his grandmother took him to a farm retreat by the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage11mode2up_11]-23">[20]</a> At the Conservatory, however, he had adopted a relaxed attitude, played truant, failed his general education classes and purposely altered his report cards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage5mode2up_5]-24">[21]</a> Rachmaninoff performed at events held at the Moscow Conservatory during this time, including those attended by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantin</a> and other notable figures. However, upon his failing his spring exams, Ornatskaya notified his mother that his admission to further education might be revoked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage11mode2up_11]-23">[20]</a> His mother then consulted with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Siloti" title="Alexander Siloti">Alexander Siloti</a>, her nephew and an accomplished pianist and student of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>. He recommended transferring Rachmaninoff to the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a> to receive lessons from his former teacher, the more strict <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Zverev" title="Nikolai Zverev">Nikolai Zverev</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage46mode2up_46]-25">[22]</a> which lasted until 1888.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA6_6–7]-26">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1885–1894:_Moscow_Conservatory_and_first_compositions">1885–1894: Moscow Conservatory and first compositions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1885–1894: Moscow Conservatory and first compositions">edit</a>]</div> In the autumn of 1885, Rachmaninoff moved in with Zverev, as was customary at the time, and stayed for almost four years, during which he befriended fellow pupil <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage15mode2up_15]-27">[24]</a> While living in Zverev’s home, Rachmaninoff shared a bedroom with three other students and took turns practicing the piano for three hours every day.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> After two years of tuition, the fifteen year old Rachmaninoff was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a> scholarship,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage14mode2up_14]-29">[26]</a> and graduated from the lower division of the Conservatory to become a pupil of Siloti in advanced piano, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergei Taneyev</a> in counterpoint, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Anton Arensky</a> in free composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage27mode2up_27]-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780198662129page1025mode2up_1025]-31">[28]</a> In 1889, a rift formed between Rachmaninoff and Zverev, now his adviser, after Zverev turned down the composer's request for assistance in renting a piano and greater privacy to compose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage33mode2up_33]-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage25mode2up_25]-33">[30]</a> Zverev, who believed composition was a waste for talented pianists, refused to speak to Rachmaninoff for some time and organised for him to live with his uncle and aunt Satin and their family in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage35mode2up_35]-34">[31]</a> Rachmaninoff then found his first romance in Vera, the youngest daughter of the neighbouring Skalon family, but her mother objected and forbade Rachmaninoff to write to her, leaving him to correspond with her older sister Natalia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage27mode2up_27]-35">[32]</a> It is from these letters that many of Rachmaninoff's <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">earliest compositions</a> can be traced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage46mode2up_46]-25">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivanovka_yard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ivanovka_yard.jpg/260px-Ivanovka_yard.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ivanovka_yard.jpg/390px-Ivanovka_yard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ivanovka_yard.jpg/520px-Ivanovka_yard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Ivanovka was the ideal location for Rachmaninoff to compose.</figcaption></figure> Rachmaninoff spent his summer break in 1890 with the Satins at <a href="/wiki/Ivanovka_estate" title="Ivanovka estate">Ivanovka</a>, their private country estate near <a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, to which the composer would return many times until 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage26mode2up_26]-36">[33]</a> The peaceful and bucolic surroundings became a source of inspiration for the composer who completed many compositions while at the estate, including his <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Op.</a> 1, <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 1</a>, which he completed in July 1891, and dedicated to Siloti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA48_48]-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA8_8]-38">[35]</a> Also that year, Rachmaninoff completed the one-movement <a href="/wiki/Youth_Symphony_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Youth Symphony (Rachmaninoff)">Youth Symphony</a> and the symphonic poem <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prince Rostislav (Rachmaninoff)">Prince Rostislav</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage33mode2up_33–35]-39">[36]</a> Siloti left the Moscow Conservatory after the academic year ended in 1891 and Rachmaninoff asked to take his final piano exams a year early to avoid being assigned a different teacher. Despite little faith from Siloti and Conservatory director <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Safonov" title="Vasily Safonov">Vasily Safonov</a> as he had just three weeks' preparation, Rachmaninoff received assistance from a recent graduate who was familiar with the tests, and passed each one with honours in July 1891. Three days later, he passed his annual theory and composition exams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage30mode2up_30]-40">[37]</a> His progress was unexpectedly halted in the latter half of 1891 when he contracted a severe case of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> during his summer break at Ivanovka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage41mode2up_41]-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen91mode2up_75]-42">[39]</a> During his final year at the Conservatory, Rachmaninoff performed his first independent concert, where he premiered his <a href="/wiki/Trio_%C3%A9l%C3%A9giaque_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Trio élégiaque No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Trio élégiaque No. 1</a> in January 1892, followed by a performance of the first movement of his Piano Concerto No. 1 two months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage11mode2up_11&ndash;12]-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage34mode2up_34]-44">[41]</a> His request to take his final theory and composition exams a year early was also granted, for which he wrote <a href="/wiki/Aleko_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Aleko (Rachmaninoff)">Aleko</a>, a one-act opera based on the narrative poem The Gypsies by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, in seventeen days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage74mode2up_75]-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA8_8]-38">[35]</a> It premiered in May 1892 at the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a>; Tchaikovsky attended and praised Rachmaninoff for his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage83mode2up_83–85]-46">[43]</a> Rachmaninoff believed it was "sure to fail", but the production was so successful the theatre agreed to produce it starring singer <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a>, who would go on to become a lifelong friend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage84mode2up_84–85]-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage46mode2up_46]-25">[22]</a> Aleko earned Rachmaninoff the highest mark at the Conservatory and a Great Gold Medal, a distinction only previously awarded to Taneyev and <a href="/wiki/Arseny_Koreshchenko" title="Arseny Koreshchenko">Arseny Koreshchenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage46mode2up_46]-25">[22]</a> Zverev, a member of the exam committee, gave the composer his gold watch, thus ending years of estrangement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA3_3]-48">[45]</a> On 29 May 1892, the Conservatory issued Rachmaninoff a diploma which allowed him to officially style himself as a "Free Artist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage43mode2up_43]-49">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rachmaninov.jpg/220px-Rachmaninov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rachmaninov.jpg/330px-Rachmaninov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rachmaninov.jpg/440px-Rachmaninov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Sergei Rachmaninoff circa 1900</figcaption></figure> Upon graduating, Rachmaninoff continued to compose and signed a 500-<a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">ruble</a> publishing contract with Gutheil, under which Aleko, Two Pieces (Op. 2) and Six Songs (Op. 4) were among the first published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA3_3]-48">[45]</a> The composer had previously earned 15 rubles a month in giving piano lessons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage82mode2up_82]-50">[47]</a> He spent the summer of 1892 on the estate of Ivan Konavalov, a rich landowner in the <a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast" title="Kostroma Oblast">Kostroma Oblast</a>, and moved back with the Satins in the <a href="/wiki/Arbat_District" title="Arbat District">Arbat District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage47mode2up_47]-51">[48]</a> Delays in getting paid by Gutheil saw Rachmaninoff seeking other sources of income which led to an engagement at the Moscow Electrical Exhibition in September 1892, his public debut as a pianist, where he premiered his landmark <a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_C-sharp_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in C-sharp minor (Rachmaninoff)">Prelude in C-sharp minor</a> from his five-part piano composition piece <a href="/wiki/Morceaux_de_fantaisie" title="Morceaux de fantaisie">Morceaux de fantaisie</a> (Op. 3). He was paid 50 rubles for his appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage86mode2up_86]-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA3_3]-48">[45]</a> It was well received and became one of his most popular and enduring pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA69_69]-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage37mode2up_37]-54">[51]</a> In 1893, he completed his tone poem <a href="/wiki/The_Rock_(Rachmaninoff)" title="The Rock (Rachmaninoff)">The Rock</a>, which he dedicated to Rimsky-Korsakov.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage406mode2up_406]-55">[52]</a> In 1893, Rachmaninoff spent a productive summer with friends at an estate in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast" title="Kharkiv Oblast">Kharkiv Oblast</a> where he composed several pieces, including <a href="/wiki/Suite_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Suite No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Fantaisie-Tableaux</a> (aka Suite No. 1, Op. 5) and <a href="/wiki/Morceaux_de_salon,_Op._10_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Morceaux de salon, Op. 10 (Rachmaninoff)">Morceaux de salon</a> (Op. 10).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA30_30]-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrelfallNorris198245-57">[54]</a> In September, he published Six Songs (Op. 8), a group of songs set to translations by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Pleshcheyev" title="Aleksey Pleshcheyev">Aleksey Pleshcheyev</a> of Ukrainian and German poems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage61mode2up_61]-58">[55]</a> Rachmaninoff returned to Moscow, where Tchaikovsky agreed to conduct The Rock for an upcoming European tour. During his subsequent trip to <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> to conduct performances of Aleko, he learned of <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Death of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky's death</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage62mode2up_62]-59">[56]</a> The news left Rachmaninoff stunned; later that day, he started work on his <a href="/wiki/Trio_%C3%A9l%C3%A9giaque_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Trio élégiaque No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Trio élégiaque No. 2</a> for piano, violin and cello as a tribute, which he completed within a month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage91mode2up_91]-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage63mode2up_63]-61">[58]</a> The music's aura of gloom reveals the depth and sincerity of Rachmaninoff's grief for his idol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage709mode2up_709]-62">[59]</a> The piece debuted at the first concert devoted to Rachmaninoff's compositions on 31 January 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage63mode2up_63]-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1894–1900:_Symphony_No._1,_depression,_and_conducting_debut">1894–1900: Symphony No. 1, depression, and conducting debut</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1894–1900: Symphony No. 1, depression, and conducting debut">edit</a>]</div> Rachmaninoff entered a decline following Tchaikovsky's death. He lacked the inspiration to compose, and the management of the Grand Theatre had lost interest in showcasing Aleko and dropped it from the program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage92mode2up_92]-63">[60]</a> To earn more money, Rachmaninoff returned to giving piano lessons—which he hated<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage93mode2up_93]-64">[61]</a>—and in late 1895, agreed to a three-month tour across Russia with a program shared by Italian violinist <a href="/wiki/Teresina_Tua" title="Teresina Tua">Teresina Tua</a>. The tour was not enjoyable for the composer and he quit before it ended, thus sacrificing his performance fees. In a more desperate plea for money, Rachmaninoff pawned his gold watch given to him by Zverev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage66mode2up_67]-65">[62]</a> In September 1895, before the tour started, Rachmaninoff completed his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Symphony No. 1</a> (Op. 13), a work conceived in January and based on chants he had heard in Russian Orthodox church services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage66mode2up_67]-65">[62]</a> Rachmaninoff had worked so hard on it that he could not return to composition until he heard the piece performed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage69mode2up_69]-66">[63]</a> This lasted until October 1896, when "a rather large sum of money" that did not belong to Rachmaninoff and was in his possession, was stolen during a train journey and he had to work to recoup the losses. Among the pieces composed were Six Choruses (Op. 15) and <a href="/wiki/Six_moments_musicaux_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Six moments musicaux (Rachmaninoff)">Six moments musicaux</a> (Op. 16), his final completed composition for several months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage70mode2up_70]-67">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_and_Skalon_sisters_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rachmaninoff_and_Skalon_sisters_crop.jpg/220px-Rachmaninoff_and_Skalon_sisters_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rachmaninoff_and_Skalon_sisters_crop.jpg/330px-Rachmaninoff_and_Skalon_sisters_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Rachmaninoff_and_Skalon_sisters_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff in 1897, the year his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Symphony No. 1</a> premiered</figcaption></figure> Rachmaninoff's fortunes took a turn following the premiere of his Symphony No. 1 on 28 March 1897 in one of a long-running series of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Symphony_Concerts" title="Russian Symphony Concerts">Russian Symphony Concerts</a> devoted to Russian music. The piece was brutally panned by critic and nationalist composer <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">César Cui</a>, who likened it to a depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">seven plagues of Egypt</a>, suggesting it would be admired by the "inmates" of a music conservatory in Hell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage48mode2up_48]-68">[65]</a> The deficiencies of the performance, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a>, were not commented on by other critics,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage709mode2up_709]-62">[59]</a> but according to a memoir from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ossovsky" title="Alexander Ossovsky">Alexander Ossovsky</a>, a close friend of Rachmaninoff, Glazunov made poor use of rehearsal time, and the concert's program itself, which contained two other premières, was also a factor. Other witnesses, including Rachmaninoff's wife, suggested that Glazunov, an alcoholic, may have been drunk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage77mode2up_77]-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage23mode2up_23]-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiggott1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninovorche0000piggpage24mode2up_24]-71">[68]</a> Following the reaction to his first symphony, Rachmaninoff wrote in May 1897 that "I'm not at all affected" by its lack of success or critical reaction, but felt "deeply distressed and heavily depressed by the fact that my Symphony ... did not please me at all after its first rehearsal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage73mode2up_73]-72">[69]</a> He thought its performance was poor, particularly Glazunov's contribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage23mode2up_23]-70">[67]</a> The piece was not performed for the rest of Rachmaninoff's life, but he revised it into a four-hand piano arrangement in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage74mode2up_74]-73">[70]</a> Rachmaninoff fell into a depression that lasted for three years, during which he had <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">writer's block</a> and composed almost nothing. He described this time as "Like the man who had suffered a stroke and for a long time had lost the use of his head and hands".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage74mode2up_74]-73">[70]</a> He made a living by giving piano lessons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage76mode2up_76]-74">[71]</a> A stroke of good fortune came from <a href="/wiki/Savva_Mamontov" title="Savva Mamontov">Savva Mamontov</a>, a Russian industrialist and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Private_Russian_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Private Russian Opera">Moscow Private Russian Opera</a>, who offered Rachmaninoff the post of assistant conductor for the 1897–98 season. The cash-strapped composer accepted, conducting <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(opera)" title="Samson and Delilah (opera)">Samson and Delilah</a> by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> as his first opera on 12 October 1897.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage77mode2up_77]-75">[72]</a> By the end of February 1899, Rachmaninoff attempted composition and completed two short piano pieces, Morceau de Fantaisie and Fughetta in F major. Two months later, he travelled to London for the first time to perform and conduct, earning positive reviews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage84mode2up_84],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage87mode2up_87]-76">[73]</a> In late 1899, however, his depression worsened following an unproductive summer; he composed one song, "Fate", which later became one of his Twelve Songs (Op. 21), and left compositions for a proposed return visit to London unfulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage88mode2up_88]-77">[74]</a> In an attempt to revive his desire to compose, his aunt arranged for the writer <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, whom Rachmaninoff greatly admired, to have the composer visit his home and receive words of encouragement. The visit was unsuccessful, doing nothing to help him compose with the fluency he had before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage88mode2up_88–89]-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen129mode2up_111]-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1906:_Recovery,_emergence,_and_conducting">1900–1906: Recovery, emergence, and conducting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1900–1906: Recovery, emergence, and conducting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rachmaninoff_1900.jpg/220px-Rachmaninoff_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rachmaninoff_1900.jpg/330px-Rachmaninoff_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rachmaninoff_1900.jpg/440px-Rachmaninoff_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff in the early 1900s</figcaption></figure> By 1900, Rachmaninoff had become so self-critical that, despite numerous attempts, composing had become near impossible. His aunt then suggested professional help, having received successful treatment from a family friend, physician and amateur musician <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Dahl" title="Nikolai Dahl">Nikolai Dahl</a>, to which Rachmaninoff agreed without resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage89mode2up_89],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage90mode2up_90]-80">[77]</a> Between January and April 1900, Rachmaninoff underwent hypnotherapy and supportive therapy sessions with Dahl on a daily basis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA124_124]-81">[78]</a> specifically structured to improve his sleep patterns, mood, and appetite and reignite his desire to compose. That summer, Rachmaninoff felt that "new musical ideas began to stir" and successfully resumed composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage90mode2up_90]-82">[79]</a> His first fully completed work, the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 2</a>, was finished in April 1901; it is dedicated to Dahl. After the second and third movement premiered in December 1900 with Rachmaninoff as the soloist, the entire piece was first performed in 1901 and was enthusiastically received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage90mode2up_90],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage95mode2up_95]-83">[80]</a> The piece earned the composer a <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka#Legacy" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka Award</a>, the first of five awarded to him throughout his life, and a 500-ruble prize in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen271mode2up_242]-84">[81]</a> Amid his professional career success, Rachmaninoff married Natalia Satina on 12 May 1902 after a three-year engagement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage103mode2up_103]-85">[82]</a> Because they were first cousins, the marriage was forbidden under a <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> imposed by the Russian Orthodox Church; in addition, Rachmaninoff was not a regular church attendee and avoided confession, two things a priest would have had to confirm that he did in signing a marriage certificate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage97mode2up_97]-86">[83]</a> To circumvent the church's opposition, the couple used their military background and organised a small ceremony in a chapel in a Moscow suburb army barracks with Siloti and the cellist <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Brandukov" title="Anatoliy Brandukov">Anatoliy Brandukov</a> as best men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA94_94]-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage115mode2up_115]-88">[85]</a> They received the smaller of two houses at the Ivanovka estate as a present and went on a three-month honeymoon across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage103mode2up_103]-85">[82]</a> Upon their return, they settled in Moscow, where Rachmaninoff resumed work as a music teacher at St. Catherine's Women's College and the Elizabeth Institute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage110mode2up_110]-89">[86]</a> By February 1903 he had completed his largest piano composition of his career at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Chopin_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Variations on a Theme of Chopin (Rachmaninoff)">Variations on a Theme of Chopin</a> (Op. 22).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage110mode2up_110]-89">[86]</a> On 14 May 1903, the couple's first daughter, Irina Sergeyevna Rachmaninova, was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage101mode2up_101]-90">[87]</a> During their summer break at Ivanovka, the family was struck with illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage113mode2up_113]-91">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolshoi_Theatre_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bolshoi_Theatre_1905.jpg/220px-Bolshoi_Theatre_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bolshoi_Theatre_1905.jpg/330px-Bolshoi_Theatre_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bolshoi_Theatre_1905.jpg/440px-Bolshoi_Theatre_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a> in 1905, during Rachmaninoff's time as conductor</figcaption></figure> In 1904, in a career change, Rachmaninoff agreed to become the conductor at the Bolshoi Theatre for two seasons. He earned a mixed reputation during his time at the post, enforcing strict discipline and demanding high standards of performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage113mode2up_113–114]-92">[89]</a> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, he pioneered the modern arrangement of the orchestra players in the pit and the modern custom of standing while conducting. He also worked with each soloist on their part, even accompanying them on the piano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage90mode2up_90]-93">[90]</a> The theatre staged the premiere of his operas <a href="/wiki/The_Miserly_Knight" title="The Miserly Knight">The Miserly Knight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Rachmaninoff)">Francesca da Rimini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage102mode2up_102]-94">[91]</a> In the course of his second season as conductor, Rachmaninoff lost interest in his post. The social and political unrest surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">1905 Revolution</a> was beginning to affect the performers and theatre staff, who staged protests and demands for improved wages and conditions. Rachmaninoff remained largely uninterested in the politics surrounding him and the revolutionary spirit had made working conditions increasingly difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage92mode2up_92–93],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage96mode2up_96]-95">[92]</a> In February 1906, after conducting 50 performances in the first season and 39 in the second, Rachmaninoff handed in his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage114mode2up_114]-96">[93]</a> He then took his family on an extended tour around Italy with the hope of completing new works, but illness struck his wife and daughter, and they returned to Ivanovka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage127mode2up_127]-97">[94]</a> Money soon became an issue following Rachmaninoff's resignation from his posts at St. Catherine's and Elizabeth schools, leaving him only the option of composing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage92mode2up_92–93],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage96mode2up_96],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage107mode2up_107]_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage92mode2up_92–93],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage96mode2up_96],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage107mode2up_107]-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1906–1917:_Move_to_Dresden_and_first_US_tour">1906–1917: Move to Dresden and first US tour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1906–1917: Move to Dresden and first US tour">edit</a>]</div> Increasingly unhappy with the political turmoil in Russia and in need of seclusion from his lively social life to be able to compose, Rachmaninoff with his family left Moscow for <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany, in November 1906.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage128mode2up_128–129]-99">[96]</a> The city had become a favourite of both Rachmaninoff and Natalia, and they stayed there until 1909, only returning to Russia for their summer breaks at Ivanovka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage108mode2up_108]-100">[97]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, during the summer of 1907, he saw a black and white reproduction of <a href="/wiki/The_Isle_of_the_Dead_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Isle of the Dead (painting)">The Isle of the Dead</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a>, which served as the inspiration for his <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_the_Dead_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Isle of the Dead (Rachmaninoff)">orchestral work of the same name</a>, Op. 29.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage156mode2up_156]-101">[98]</a> Despite occasional periods of depression, apathy, and little faith in any of his work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage112mode2up_112],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage114mode2up_114]-102">[99]</a> Rachmaninoff started on his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Symphony No. 2</a> (Op. 27) in 1906, twelve years after the disastrous premiere of his first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage115mode2up_115]-103">[100]</a> While writing it, Rachmaninoff and the family returned to Russia, but the composer detoured to Paris to take part in <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a>'s season of Russian concerts in May 1907. His performance as the soloist in his Piano Concerto No. 2 with an encore of his Prelude in C-sharp minor was a triumphant success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage118mode2up_118–119]-104">[101]</a> Rachmaninoff regained his sense of self-worth following the enthusiastic reaction to the premiere of his Symphony No. 2 in early 1908, which earned him his second Glinka Award and 1,000 roubles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage148mode2up_148–149]-105">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg/220px-Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg/330px-Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg/440px-Rachmaninoff_proofing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff proofing his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 3</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ivanovka_estate" title="Ivanovka estate">Ivanovka estate</a>, 1910</figcaption></figure> While in Dresden, Rachmaninoff agreed to perform and conduct in the United States as part of the 1909–10 concert season with conductor <a href="/wiki/Max_Fiedler" title="Max Fiedler">Max Fiedler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage135mode2up_135],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage142mode2up_142]-106">[103]</a> He spent time during breaks at Ivanovka finishing a new piece specially for the visit, his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 3</a>, Op. 30, which he dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hofmann" title="Josef Hofmann">Josef Hofmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage138mode2up_138]-107">[104]</a> The tour saw the composer make 26 performances, 19 as pianist and 7 as conductor, which marked his first recitals without another performer in the program. His first appearance was at <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a> for a recital on 4 November 1909. The second performance of Piano Concerto No. 3 by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Symphony_Orchestra" title="New York Symphony Orchestra">New York Symphony Orchestra</a> was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> in New York City with the composer as soloist, an experience he personally treasured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage140mode2up_140–141]-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage160mode2up_160]-109">[106]</a> Though the tour increased the composer's popularity in America, he declined subsequent offers due to the length of time away from Russia and his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage162mode2up_162]-110">[107]</a> Upon his return home in February 1910, Rachmaninoff became vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Musical_Society" title="Russian Musical Society">Imperial Russian Musical Society</a> (IRMS), whose president was a member of the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage143mode2up_143]-111">[108]</a> Later in 1910, Rachmaninoff completed his choral work <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Rachmaninoff)">Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a>, Op. 31, but it was banned from performance as it did not follow the format of a typical <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> church service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage146mode2up_146]-112">[109]</a> For two seasons between 1911 and 1913, Rachmaninoff was appointed permanent conductor of the Philharmonic Society of Moscow; he helped raise its profile and increase audience numbers and receipts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen189mode2up_166]-113">[110]</a> In 1912, Rachmaninoff left the IRMS when he learned that a musician in an administrative post was dismissed for being Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage179mode2up_179]-114">[111]</a> Soon after his resignation, an exhausted Rachmaninoff sought time for composition and took his family on holiday to Switzerland. They left after one month for Rome for a visit that became a particularly tranquil and influential period for the composer, who lived alone in a small apartment on <a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna" title="Piazza di Spagna">Piazza di Spagna</a> while his family stayed at a boardinghouse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage172mode2up_172]-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage149mode2up_149–150]-116">[113]</a> While there he received an anonymous letter that contained a Russian translation of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s poem <a href="/wiki/The_Bells_(poem)" title="The Bells (poem)">The Bells</a> by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Balmont" title="Konstantin Balmont">Konstantin Balmont</a>, which affected him greatly, and he began work on his <a href="/wiki/The_Bells_(symphony)" title="The Bells (symphony)">choral symphony</a> of the same title, Op. 35, based on it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage172mode2up_172–173]-117">[114]</a> By 1912, Rachmninoff's second daughter Tatiana was born, and his contemporaneous period of composition ended abruptly when both Rachmaninoff's daughters contracted serious cases of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> and were treated in Berlin due to their father's greater trust in German doctors. After six weeks, the Rachmaninoffs returned to their Moscow flat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage174mode2up_174–175]-118">[115]</a> The composer conducted The Bells at its premiere in Saint Petersburg in late 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage152mode2up_152–153]-119">[116]</a> In January 1914, Rachmaninoff began a concert tour of England which was enthusiastically received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage152mode2up_152–153]-119">[116]</a> He was too afraid to travel alone following the death of <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Pugno" title="Raoul Pugno">Raoul Pugno</a> of an unexpected <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> in his hotel room which left the composer wary of a similar fate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage174mode2up_174–175]-118">[115]</a> Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> later that year, his position of Inspector of Music at Nobility High School for Girls put him in the group of government servants which prevented him from joining the army, yet the composer made regular charitable donations for the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage154mode2up_154]-120">[117]</a> In 1915, Rachmaninoff completed his second major choral work, <a href="/wiki/All-Night_Vigil_(Rachmaninoff)" title="All-Night Vigil (Rachmaninoff)">All-Night Vigil</a> (Op. 37).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage103mode2up_103]-121">[118]</a> It was received so warmly at its Moscow premiere in aid of war relief that four subsequent performances were quickly scheduled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage104mode2up_104]-122">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>'s death in April 1915 was a tragedy for Rachmaninoff, who went on a piano recital tour devoted to his friend's compositions to raise funds for Scriabin's financially stricken widow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage111mode2up_111]-123">[120]</a> It marked his first public performances of works other than his own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage178mode2up_178]-124">[121]</a> During a vacation in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> that summer, Rachmaninoff learned of Taneyev's death, a loss which affected him greatly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage113mode2up_113]-125">[122]</a> By year's end he had finished his 14 Romances, Op. 34, whose final section, <a href="/wiki/Vocalise_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Vocalise (Rachmaninoff)">Vocalise</a>, became one of his most popular pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage147mode2up_147]-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1917–1925:_Leaving_Russia,_emigration_to_the_US,_and_concert_pianist">1917–1925: Leaving Russia, emigration to the US, and concert pianist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1917–1925: Leaving Russia, emigration to the US, and concert pianist">edit</a>]</div> On the day the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February 1917 Revolution</a> began in Saint Petersburg, Rachmaninoff performed a piano recital in Moscow in aid of wounded Russian soldiers who had fought in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage117mode2up_117]-127">[124]</a> He returned to Ivanovka two months later, finding it in chaos after a group of <a href="/wiki/Social_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Revolutionary Party">Social Revolutionary Party</a> members seized it as their own communal property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA257_257]-128">[125]</a> Despite having invested most of his earnings on the estate, Rachmaninoff left the property after three weeks, vowing never to return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage51mode2up_51]-129">[126]</a> It was soon confiscated by the communist authorities and became derelict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage118mode2up_118]-130">[127]</a> In June 1917, Rachmaninoff asked Siloti to produce visas for him and his family so they could leave Russia, but Siloti was unable to help. After a break with his family in the more peaceful <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, Rachmaninoff's concert performance in <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> on 5 September 1917 was to be his last in Russia. Upon returning to Moscow, the political tension surrounding the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> found the composer keeping his family safe indoors and being involved in a collective at his apartment building where he attended committee meetings and kept guard at night. He completed revisions to his Piano Concerto No. 1 among gunshots and rallies outside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage52mode2up_52]-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage162mode2up_162]-132">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_and_Struve.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rachmaninoff_and_Struve.JPG/240px-Rachmaninoff_and_Struve.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rachmaninoff_and_Struve.JPG/360px-Rachmaninoff_and_Struve.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rachmaninoff_and_Struve.JPG/480px-Rachmaninoff_and_Struve.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff and Struve, 1918</figcaption></figure> Amidst such turmoil, Rachmaninoff received an unexpected offer to perform ten piano recitals across <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, which he immediately accepted, using it as an excuse to obtain permits so he and his family could leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage119mode2up_119]-133">[130]</a> On 22 December 1917, they left Saint Petersburg by train to the Finnish border, from where they travelled through Finland on an open sled and train to <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. Carrying what they could pack into their small suitcases, Rachmaninoff brought some sketches of compositions and scores to the first act of his unfinished opera <a href="/wiki/Monna_Vanna" title="Monna Vanna">Monna Vanna</a> and Rimsky-Korsakov's opera <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Cockerel" title="The Golden Cockerel">The Golden Cockerel</a>. They arrived in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, on 24 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage210mode2up_210]-134">[131]</a> In January 1918, they relocated to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark, and, with the help of friend and composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Struve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Struve (page does not exist)">Nikolai Struve</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Струве, Николай Густавович">ru</a>] (1875–1920), settled on the ground floor of a house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage53mode2up_53]-135">[132]</a> In debt and in need of money, the 44-year-old Rachmaninoff chose performing as his main source of income, as a career solely in composition was too restrictive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200488-136">[133]</a> His piano repertoire was small, which prompted the start of regular practice of his technique and learning new pieces to play. Rachmaninoff toured between February and October 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage120mode2up_120]-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage54mode2up_54]-138">[135]</a> During the Scandinavian tour, Rachmaninoff received three offers from the US: to become the conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra">Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra</a> for two years, to conduct 110 concerts in 30 weeks for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and to give 25 piano recitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage54mode2up_54]-138">[135]</a> He was worried about such a commitment in an unfamiliar country and had few good memories from his debut tour in 1909, so he declined all three. Not long after his decision, Rachmaninoff considered the United States financially advantageous as he could not support his family through composition alone. Unable to afford the travel fees, he was sent an advance loan for the journey by Russian banker and fellow emigre Alexander Kamenka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage54mode2up_54]-138">[135]</a> Money was also received from friends and admirers; pianist <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman" title="Ignaz Friedman">Ignaz Friedman</a> contributed $2,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200488-136">[133]</a> On 1 November 1918, the Rachmaninoffs boarded the <a href="/wiki/SS_Bergensfjord" title="SS Bergensfjord">SS Bergensfjord</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway, bound for New York City, arriving eleven days later. News of the composer's arrival spread, causing a crowd of musicians, artists, and fans to gather outside <a href="/wiki/The_Sherry-Netherland" title="The Sherry-Netherland">The Sherry-Netherland</a> hotel, where he was staying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage54mode2up_54]-138">[135]</a> Rachmaninoff quickly dealt with business, hiring pianist <a href="/wiki/Dagmar_de_Corval_Rybner" title="Dagmar de Corval Rybner">Dagmar de Corval Rybner</a> as his secretary, interpreter, and aide in dealing with American life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage55mode2up_55]-139">[136]</a> He reunited with <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hofmann" title="Josef Hofmann">Josef Hofmann</a>, who informed several concert managers that the composer was available and suggested he choose Charles Ellis as his booking agent. Ellis organised 36 performances for Rachmaninoff for the upcoming 1918–1919 concert season; the first, a piano recital, took place on 8 December at <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>. Rachmaninoff, still in recovery from a case of the <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">Spanish flu</a>, included his arrangement of "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>" in the program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage113mode2up_220]-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990292–293-141">[138]</a> Before the tour he had received offers from numerous piano manufacturers to tour with their instruments; he chose <a href="/wiki/Steinway_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinway and Sons">Steinway</a>, the only one that did not offer him money. Steinway's association with Rachmaninoff continued for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage56mode2up_56]-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage122mode2up_122]-143">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei_Rachmaninoff,_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sergei_Rachmaninoff%2C_California.jpg/220px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff%2C_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sergei_Rachmaninoff%2C_California.jpg/330px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff%2C_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sergei_Rachmaninoff%2C_California.jpg/440px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff%2C_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff in front of a giant <a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Redwood tree</a> in California, 1919</figcaption></figure> After the first tour ended in April 1919, Rachmaninoff took his family on a break to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. He recuperated and prepared for the upcoming season, a cycle that he would adopt for most of his remaining life. As a touring performer Rachmaninoff became financially secure without much difficulty, and the family lived an upper middle class life with servants, a chef, and chauffeur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200489–90-144">[141]</a> They recreated the atmosphere of Ivanovka in their New York City apartment by entertaining Russian guests, employing Russians, and continuing to observe Russian customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage711mode2up_711]-145">[142]</a> Despite the ability to speak some English, Rachmaninoff had his correspondence translated into Russian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200489-146">[143]</a> He enjoyed some personal luxuries, including quality tailored suits and the latest models of cars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200489–90-144">[141]</a> In 1920, Rachmaninoff signed a recording contract with the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> which earned him some much needed income and began his longtime association with <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage56mode2up_56]-142">[139]</a> During a family holiday in <a href="/wiki/Goshen,_New_York" title="Goshen, New York">Goshen, New York</a>, that summer he learned of Struve's accidental death, prompting Rachmaninoff to strengthen the ties he had with those still in Russia by arranging with his bank to send regular money and food parcels to his family, friends, students, and those in need.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage233mode2up_233–234]-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage57mode2up_57]-148">[145]</a> Early 1921 saw Rachmaninoff apply for documentation to visit Russia, the only time he would do so after leaving the country, but progress ceased when he underwent surgery for pain in his right temple. The operation failed to relieve his symptoms and relief only came after having dental work years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage233mode2up_233–234]-147">[144]</a> After leaving hospital, he purchased an apartment on 33 Riverside Drive on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a> of Manhattan, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage233mode2up_233–234]-147">[144]</a> Rachmaninoff's first visit to Europe since emigrating occurred in May 1922, with concerts in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004126-149">[146]</a> This was followed by the Rachmaninoffs and the Satins reuniting in Dresden, after which the composer prepared for a hectic 1922–1923 concert season of 71 performances in five months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage130mode2up_130]-150">[147]</a> For a while, he rented a railway carriage that was fitted with a piano and belongings to save time with suitcases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage58mode2up_58]-151">[148]</a> In 1924, Rachmaninoff declined an invitation to become conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200488-136">[133]</a> In the following year, after the death of the husband of his daughter Irina who was with child at that time (later the grand-daughter would be named Sophie Volkonsky), Rachmaninoff founded TAIR (Tatiana and Irina), a Paris publishing company named after his daughters that specialised in works by himself and other Russian composers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA5_5–6]-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1926–1942:_Touring,_final_compositions,_and_Villa_Senar">1926–1942: Touring, final compositions, and Villa Senar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1926–1942: Touring, final compositions, and Villa Senar">edit</a>]</div> Rachmaninoff's life as a touring performer, and the demanding schedules that came with it, caused his compositional output to slow significantly. In the 24 years between his arrival in the US and his death, he completed just six new pieces, revised some of his earlier works, and wrote piano transcriptions for his live repertoire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004102-153">[150]</a> He admitted that by leaving Russia, "I left behind my desire to compose: losing my country, I lost myself also".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA26_26]-154">[151]</a> In 1926, having concentrated on touring for the past eight years, he took a year off and completed the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._4_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 4 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 4</a>, which he had started in 1917, and <a href="/wiki/Three_Russian_Songs,_Op._41_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Three Russian Songs, Op. 41 (Rachmaninoff)">Three Russian Songs</a>, which he dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004103,_126-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA6_6]-156">[153]</a> Rachmaninoff sought the company of fellow Russian musicians and befriended pianist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaskin1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailshorowitz00glenpage106mode_107]-157">[154]</a> The men remained supportive of each other's work, each making a point of attending concerts given by the other,<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> and Horowitz remained a champion of Rachmaninoff's works and in particular his Piano Concerto No. 3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaskin1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailshorowitz00glenpage185mode2up_185]-159">[156]</a> In 1930, in a rare occurrence, Rachmaninoff allowed Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a> to orchestrate pieces from his <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes-Tableaux,_Op._33" title="Études-Tableaux, Op. 33">Études-Tableaux, Op. 33</a> (1911) and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes-Tableaux,_Op._39" title="Études-Tableaux, Op. 39">Études-Tableaux, Op. 39</a> (1917), giving Respighi the inspirations behind the compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage262mode2up_262]-160">[157]</a> By December 1931, his daughter was engaged to marry Boris Conus, with a second grandchild Alexander Conus born later to the couple.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> In 1931, Rachmaninoff and several others signed an article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> that criticised the cultural policies of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage271mode2up_271]-162">[159]</a> The composer's music suffered a boycott in the Soviet Union as a result from the backlash in the Soviet press, lasting until 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004126-149">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weggis-Hertenstein-Villa_Senar-04ASD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Weggis-Hertenstein-Villa_Senar-04ASD.jpg/220px-Weggis-Hertenstein-Villa_Senar-04ASD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Weggis-Hertenstein-Villa_Senar-04ASD.jpg/330px-Weggis-Hertenstein-Villa_Senar-04ASD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Weggis-Hertenstein-Villa_Senar-04ASD.jpg/440px-Weggis-Hertenstein-Villa_Senar-04ASD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Villa Senar, now open to the public, where Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and Symphony No. 3 was composed</figcaption></figure> From 1929 to 1931, Rachmaninoff spent his summers in France at <a href="/wiki/Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines" title="Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines">Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet" title="Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a>, meeting with fellow Russian émigrés and his daughters. By 1930, his desire to compose had returned and he sought a new location to write new pieces. He bought a plot of land near <a href="/wiki/Hertenstein,_Lucerne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertenstein, Lucerne">Hertenstein</a> on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lucerne" title="Lake Lucerne">Lake Lucerne</a>, Switzerland, and oversaw the construction of his home which he named <a href="/wiki/Villa_Senar" title="Villa Senar">Villa Senar</a> after the first two letters of his and his wife's name, adding the "r" from the family name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004126-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage208mode2up_208]-163">[160]</a> Rachmaninoff spent his summers at Villa Senar until 1939, often with his daughters and grandchildren, with whom he would drive his motorboat on Lake Lucerne, one of his favourite activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage208mode2up_208]-163">[160]</a> In the comfort of his own home, Rachmaninoff completed <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_on_a_Theme_of_Paganini" title="Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini">Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini</a> in 1934 and the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Symphony No. 3</a> in 1936. In October 1932, Rachmaninoff began a demanding concert season that consisted of 50 performances. The tour marked the fortieth anniversary of his debut as a pianist, for which several of his Russian friends now living in America sent him a scroll and wreath in celebration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage67mode2up_67]-164">[161]</a> The frail economic situation in the US resulted in the composer performing to smaller audiences, and he lost money in his investments and shares. The European leg of this tour in 1933 saw Rachmaninoff celebrate his sixtieth birthday among fellow musicians and friends, after which he retreated to Villa Senar for the summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage67mode2up_67]-164">[161]</a> In May 1934, Rachmaninoff underwent a minor operation and two years later, he retreated to <a href="/wiki/Aix-les-Bains" title="Aix-les-Bains">Aix-les-Bains</a> in France to improve his arthritis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage69mode2up_69]-165">[162]</a> During a visit to Villa Senar in 1937, Rachmaninoff entered talks with choreographer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Michel Fokine</a> about a ballet based on <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a> that was to feature his rhapsody. It premiered in London in 1939 with the composer's daughters in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage70mode2up_70]-166">[163]</a> In 1938, Rachmaninoff performed his Piano Concerto No. 2 at a charity jubilee concert at London's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Henry Wood</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Proms" title="BBC Proms">Promenade concerts</a> and an admirer of Rachmaninoff's who wanted him to be the show's only soloist. Rachmaninoff agreed, so long the performance was not broadcast on the radio due to his aversion to the medium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage71mode2up_71]-167">[164]</a> The 1939–40 concert season saw Rachmaninoff perform fewer concerts than usual, totalling 43 appearances that were mostly in the US. The tour continued with dates across England, after which Rachmaninoff visited his daughter Tatyana in Paris followed by a return to Villa Senar. He was unable to perform for a while after slipping on the floor at the villa and injuring himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage348mode2up_348–349]-168">[165]</a> He recovered enough to perform at the Lucerne International Music Festival on 11 August 1939. It was to be his final concert in Europe. With <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> imminent, he returned to Paris two days later, where he, his wife, and two daughters were together for the last time before the composer left Europe on 23 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage72mode2up_72]-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage322mode2up_322]-170">[167]</a> With financial help from Rachmaninoff, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</a> was able to pay the <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> and settle in Switzerland. Rachmaninoff would support the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s war effort against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> from mid-1941 onwards, donating receipts from many of his concerts for the benefit of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage225mode2up_225]-171">[168]</a> Upon his return to the US, Rachmaninoff performed with the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> in New York City with conductor <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a> on 26 November and 3 December 1939, as part of the orchestra's special series of concerts dedicated to the composer in celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of his US debut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]-172">[169]</a> The final concert on 10 December saw Rachmaninoff conduct his Symphony No. 3 and The Bells, marking his first conducting performance since 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage323mode2up_323]-173">[170]</a> The concert season left Rachmaninoff tired, and he spent the summer resting from minor surgery at Orchard's Point, an estate near <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_New_York" title="Huntington, New York">Huntington, New York</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage323mode2up_323],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage330mode2up_330]-174">[171]</a> During this period Rachmaninoff completed his final composition, the <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Dances_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphonic Dances (Rachmaninoff)">Symphonic Dances</a>, Op. 45, which was premiered by Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra in January 1941, with Rachmaninoff in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]-172">[169]</a> In December 1939, Rachmaninoff began an extensive recording period which lasted until February 1942 and included his Piano Concerto Nos. 1 and 3 and Symphony No. 3 at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(Philadelphia)" title="Academy of Music (Philadelphia)">Philadelphia Academy of Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage323mode2up_323]-173">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942–1943:_Illness,_move_to_California,_and_death">1942–1943: Illness, move to California, and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1942–1943: Illness, move to California, and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei_Rachmaninoff_house._610_Elm_Drive_Beverly_Hills,_California_20220617_154140_3_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_house._610_Elm_Drive_Beverly_Hills%2C_California_20220617_154140_3_%281%29.jpg/220px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff_house._610_Elm_Drive_Beverly_Hills%2C_California_20220617_154140_3_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_house._610_Elm_Drive_Beverly_Hills%2C_California_20220617_154140_3_%281%29.jpg/330px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff_house._610_Elm_Drive_Beverly_Hills%2C_California_20220617_154140_3_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_house._610_Elm_Drive_Beverly_Hills%2C_California_20220617_154140_3_%281%29.jpg/440px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff_house._610_Elm_Drive_Beverly_Hills%2C_California_20220617_154140_3_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5944" /></a><figcaption>Sergei Rachmaninoff house at 610 North Elm Drive in Beverly Hills, California</figcaption></figure> In early 1942, Rachmaninoff was advised by his doctor to relocate to a warmer climate to improve his health after suffering from <a href="/wiki/Sclerosis_(medicine)" title="Sclerosis (medicine)">sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumbago" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbago">lumbago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">neuralgia</a>, high blood pressure, and headaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi2hxJrlSE0ACpgPA129_129]-175">[172]</a> After completing his final studio recording sessions during this time in February,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage340mode2up_340]-176">[173]</a> a move to Long Island fell through after the composer and his wife expressed a greater interest in California, and initially settled in a leased home on Tower Road in <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills</a> in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi2hxJrlSE0ACpgPA129_129]-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]-172">[169]</a> In June they purchased a home at 610 North Elm Drive in Beverly Hills, living close to Horowitz who would often visit and perform piano duets with Rachmaninoff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage343mode2up_343]-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage72mode2up_72]-169">[166]</a> Later in 1942, Rachmaninoff invited <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> to dinner, the two sharing their worries of a war-torn Russia and their children in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004111–112-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage197mode2up_197]-179">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SR_statue_Knoxville_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SR_statue_Knoxville_front.jpg/220px-SR_statue_Knoxville_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SR_statue_Knoxville_front.jpg/330px-SR_statue_Knoxville_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/SR_statue_Knoxville_front.jpg/440px-SR_statue_Knoxville_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="3776" /></a><figcaption>Statue commemorating Rachmaninoff's last concert, in <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a></figcaption></figure> Shortly after a performance at the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl" title="Hollywood Bowl">Hollywood Bowl</a> in July 1942, Rachmaninoff was suffering from lumbago and fatigue. He informed his doctor, Alexander Golitsyn, that the upcoming 1942–43 concert season would be his last, in order to dedicate his time to composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage344mode2up_344]-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]-172">[169]</a> The tour began on 12 October 1942 and the composer received many positive reviews from critics despite his deteriorating health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]-172">[169]</a> Rachmaninoff and his wife Natalia were among the 220 people who became <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalised</a> American citizens at a ceremony held in New York City on 1 February 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA6_6]-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannata199924-181">[178]</a> Later that month he complained of persistent cough and back pain; a doctor diagnosed him with pleurisy and advised that a warmer climate would aid in his recovery. Rachmaninoff opted to continue with touring, but felt so ill during his travels to <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> that the remaining dates were cancelled and he returned to California by train, where an ambulance took him to hospital. It was then that Rachmaninoff was diagnosed with an aggressive form of <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>. His wife took Rachmaninoff home where he reunited with his daughter Irina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage230mode2up_230–231]-182">[179]</a> His last appearances as a concerto soloist, playing Beethoven's First Piano Concerto and his Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, were on 11 and 12 February with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a> under the baton of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lange_(conductor)" title="Hans Lange (conductor)">Hans Lange</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage199mode2up_199]-183">[180]</a> and on 17 February, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>, he gave his last recital as a pianist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage75mode2up_75]-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage713mode2up_713]-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990354-186">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Sergei_Rachmaninoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grave_of_Sergei_Rachmaninoff.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Sergei_Rachmaninoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grave_of_Sergei_Rachmaninoff.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Sergei_Rachmaninoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grave_of_Sergei_Rachmaninoff.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Sergei_Rachmaninoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff's grave at <a href="/wiki/Kensico_Cemetery" title="Kensico Cemetery">Kensico Cemetery</a> in May 2006</figcaption></figure> Rachmaninoff's health rapidly declined in the last week of March 1943. He lost his appetite, had constant pain in his arms and sides, and found it increasingly difficult to breathe. On 26 March, the composer lost consciousness and he died two days later at his home in Beverly Hills, at age 69.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage230mode2up_230–232]-187">[184]</a> A message from several Moscow composers with greetings had arrived too late for Rachmaninoff to read it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage230mode2up_230–232]-187">[184]</a> His funeral took place at the Holy Virgin Mary Russian Orthodox Church on Micheltorena Street in <a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Los_Angeles" title="Silver Lake, Los Angeles">Silver Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi2hxJrlSE0ACpgPA130_130]-188">[185]</a> In his will, Rachmaninoff wished to be buried at <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a> in Moscow, where Scriabin, Taneyev, and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a> were buried, but his American citizenship made that impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004113-189">[186]</a> Instead, he was interred at <a href="/wiki/Kensico_Cemetery" title="Kensico Cemetery">Kensico Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valhalla,_New_York" title="Valhalla, New York">Valhalla, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage76mode2up_76]-190">[187]</a> After Rachmaninoff's death, poet <a href="/wiki/Marietta_Shaginyan" title="Marietta Shaginyan">Marietta Shaginyan</a> published fifteen letters they exchanged from their first contact in February 1912 and their final meeting in July 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage176mode2up_176]-191">[188]</a> The nature of their relationship bordered on romantic, but was primarily intellectual and emotional. Shaginyan and the poetry she shared with Rachmaninoff have been cited as the inspiration for his Six Songs, Op. 38.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1984-192">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a>]</div> A major influence on Rachmaninoff as a composer was <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>. This influence can be seen throughout Rachmaninoff's early compositions, such as in his <a href="/wiki/Youth_Symphony_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Youth Symphony (Rachmaninoff)">Youth Symphony</a>, which is reminiscent of Tchaikovsky's late symphonies, sections of his symphonic poem <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prince Rostislav (Rachmaninoff)">Prince Rostislav</a>, which emulates <a href="/wiki/The_Tempest_(Tchaikovsky)" title="The Tempest (Tchaikovsky)">The Tempest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)">Romeo and Juliet</a>, and his youthful <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Three Nocturnes</a>, the third of which contains a chordal section very similar to the opening of Tchaikovsky's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)">First Piano Concerto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris1983603-193">[190]</a> His first opera, Aleko shows the influence of Tchaikovsky in both its harmonies, and in its allusions and references to <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin" title="Eugene Onegin">Eugene Onegin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrey2022104,_113–116-194">[191]</a> Tchaikovsky was also particularly influential on Rachmaninoff's melodic writing, though musicologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(writer)" title="Stephen Walsh (writer)">Stephen Walsh</a> describes Rachmaninoff's melodies as lacking the range or length of Tchaikovsky's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197315-195">[192]</a> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Anton Arensky</a>, who taught Rachmaninoff for five years while he was at the Moscow Conservatory, can be seen in the composer's early compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn19909-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris1983603-193">[190]</a> This influence can be seen, for example, in his symphonic poem Prince Rostislav, dedicated to Arensky, and a number of compositions from his student years may have been written as exercises for his teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris1983603-193">[190]</a> According to biographer Barrie Martyn, the "obviously Russian character" and "Tchaikovskian lyricism" of Arensky's music were elements which were also part of Rachmaninoff's compositional style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn199010-197">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergei Taneyev</a>, Rachmaninoff's teacher in counterpoint at the Moscow Conservatory, was also an influence on his early compositions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris1983603-193">[190]</a> and Rachmaninoff would bring his compositions to Taneyev to gain his approval all the way up to 1915, the year in which Taneyev died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn199011-198">[195]</a> In his later style, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a> can be seen in the increasingly chromatic harmonies and thinner orchestration in Rachmaninoff's compositions from his Third Piano Concerto onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn199031-199">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="List of compositions by Sergei Rachmaninoff">List of compositions by Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piano_Concerto_3_Cadenza.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Piano_Concerto_3_Cadenza.png/350px-Piano_Concerto_3_Cadenza.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Piano_Concerto_3_Cadenza.png/525px-Piano_Concerto_3_Cadenza.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Piano_Concerto_3_Cadenza.png/700px-Piano_Concerto_3_Cadenza.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>The cadenza of the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 3</a> is famous for its grand chords.</figcaption></figure> Rachmaninoff wrote five works for piano and orchestra: four concertos—<a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">No. 1 in F-sharp minor</a>, Op. 1 (1891, revised 1917), <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">No. 2 in C minor</a>, Op. 18 (1900–01), <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">No. 3 in D minor</a>, Op. 30 (1909), and <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._4_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 4 (Rachmaninoff)">No. 4 in G minor</a>, Op. 40 (1926, revised 1928 and 1941)—and the <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_on_a_Theme_of_Paganini" title="Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini">Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini</a>. Of the concertos, the Second and Third are the most popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connell1941380-200">[197]</a> Rachmaninoff also composed a number of works for orchestra alone. The three symphonies: <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">No. 1 in D minor</a>, Op. 13 (1895), <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">No. 2 in E minor</a>, Op. 27 (1907), and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">No. 3 in A minor</a>, Op. 44 (1935–36). Widely spaced chronologically, the symphonies represent three distinct phases in his compositional development. The Second has been the most popular of the three since its first performance. Among Rachmaninoff's other orchestral works are his <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Dances_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphonic Dances (Rachmaninoff)">Symphonic Dances</a> (Op. 45), his last major composition, and his four <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poems</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prince Rostislav (Rachmaninoff)">Prince Rostislav</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rock_(Rachmaninoff)" title="The Rock (Rachmaninoff)">The Rock</a> (Op. 7), <a href="/wiki/Caprice_boh%C3%A9mien" title="Caprice bohémien">Caprice bohémien</a> (Op. 12), and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_the_Dead_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Isle of the Dead (Rachmaninoff)">The Isle of the Dead</a> (Op. 29). As Rachmaninoff was a skilled pianist, a large portion of his compositional output consists of works for solo piano. They include <a href="/wiki/Preludes_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Preludes (Rachmaninoff)">24 Preludes traversing all 24 major and minor keys</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_C-sharp_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in C-sharp minor (Rachmaninoff)">Prelude in C-sharp minor</a> (Op. 3, No. 2) from <a href="/wiki/Morceaux_de_fantaisie" title="Morceaux de fantaisie">Morceaux de fantaisie</a> (Op. 3); <a href="/wiki/Preludes,_Op._23_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Preludes, Op. 23 (Rachmaninoff)">ten preludes in Op. 23</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Preludes,_Op._32_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Preludes, Op. 32 (Rachmaninoff)">thirteen in Op. 32</a>. Especially difficult are the two sets of Études-Tableaux, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes-Tableaux,_Op._33" title="Études-Tableaux, Op. 33">Op. 33</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes-Tableaux,_Op._39" title="Études-Tableaux, Op. 39">39</a>, which are very demanding study pictures. Stylistically, Op. 33 hearkens back to the preludes, while Op. 39 shows the influences of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a>. There are also the <a href="/wiki/Six_moments_musicaux_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Six moments musicaux (Rachmaninoff)">Six moments musicaux</a> (Op. 16), the <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Chopin_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Variations on a Theme of Chopin (Rachmaninoff)">Variations on a Theme of Chopin</a> (Op. 22), and the <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Corelli" title="Variations on a Theme of Corelli">Variations on a Theme of Corelli</a> (Op. 42). He wrote two <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonata" title="Piano sonata">piano sonatas</a>, both of which are large scale and virtuosic in their technical demands. Rachmaninoff also composed works for two pianos, four hands, including two Suites (the first subtitled Fantasie-Tableaux), a version of the Symphonic Dances (Op. 45), and an arrangement of the C-sharp minor Prelude, as well as a Russian Rhapsody, and he arranged his First Symphony (below) for piano four hands. Both these works were published posthumously. Rachmaninoff wrote two major <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> choral works—the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Rachmaninoff)">Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/All-Night_Vigil_(Rachmaninoff)" title="All-Night Vigil (Rachmaninoff)">All-Night Vigil</a> (also known as the Vespers). It was the fifth movement of All-Night Vigil that Rachmaninoff requested to have sung at his funeral. Other choral works include a <a href="/wiki/Choral_symphony" title="Choral symphony">choral symphony</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bells_(symphony)" title="The Bells (symphony)">The Bells</a>; the cantata <a href="/wiki/Spring_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Spring (Rachmaninoff)">Spring</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Three_Russian_Songs,_Op._41_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Three Russian Songs, Op. 41 (Rachmaninoff)">Three Russian Songs</a>; and an early Concerto for Choir (a cappella). He completed three one-act operas: <a href="/wiki/Aleko_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Aleko (Rachmaninoff)">Aleko</a> (1892), <a href="/wiki/The_Miserly_Knight" title="The Miserly Knight">The Miserly Knight</a> (1903), and <a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Rachmaninoff)">Francesca da Rimini</a> (1904). He started three others, notably <a href="/wiki/Monna_Vanna" title="Monna Vanna">Monna Vanna</a>, based on the work by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a>; copyright in this had been extended to the composer <a href="/wiki/Henry_F%C3%A9vrier" title="Henry Février">Février</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaes2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofrussian0000maespage195mode2up_195]-201">[198]</a> and, though the restriction did not pertain to Russia, Rachmaninoff dropped the project after completing Act I in piano vocal score in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-202">[d]</a> Aleko is regularly performed and has been recorded complete at least eight times, and filmed. The Miserly Knight adheres to Pushkin's "little tragedy". Francesca da Rimini was described by the composer as a "symphonic opera" because of its long interludes.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> Rachmaninoff, similarly to many Russian composers of his time, wrote relatively little chamber music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage122mode2up_122]-204">[200]</a> His output in the genre includes two piano trios, both of which are named Trio Elégiaque (the <a href="/wiki/Trio_%C3%A9l%C3%A9giaque_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Trio élégiaque No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">second</a> of which is a memorial tribute to Tchaikovsky), a <a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Cello Sonata (Rachmaninoff)">Cello Sonata</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Morceaux_de_salon,_Op._6_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Morceaux de salon, Op. 6 (Rachmaninoff)">Morceaux de salon</a> for violin and piano. Rachmaninoff composed a total of 83 songs (románsy in Russian) for voice and piano, all of which were written before he left Russia permanently in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage138mode2up_138]-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPR12_xii],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPR14_xiv]-206">[202]</a> Most of his songs were set to texts by Russian romantic writers and poets,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage138mode2up_138]-205">[201]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Fet" title="Afanasy Fet">Afanasy Fet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Aleksey Tolstoy</a>, among others. His most popular song is the wordless <a href="/wiki/Vocalise_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Vocalise (Rachmaninoff)">Vocalise</a>, which he later arranged for orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage184mode2up_184]-207">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compositional_style">Compositional style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compositional style">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei_Rachmaninoff_-_Etudes-Tableaux,_Op._39,_No._5.ogg" title="File:Sergei Rachmaninoff - Etudes-Tableaux, Op. 39, No. 5.ogg">Étude-Tableau in E-flat minor</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="272" data-mwtitle="Sergei_Rachmaninoff_-_Etudes-Tableaux,_Op._39,_No._5.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/9/9d/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_-_Etudes-Tableaux%2C_Op._39%2C_No._5.ogg/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_-_Etudes-Tableaux%2C_Op._39%2C_No._5.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_-_Etudes-Tableaux%2C_Op._39%2C_No._5.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Karine Gilanyan performing <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes-Tableaux,_Op._39" title="Études-Tableaux, Op. 39">Étude-Tableau in E-flat minor</a>, Op. 39, No. 5</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_-_Vocalise_transcribed_for_Violin_and_Piano.ogg" title="File:Rachmaninoff - Vocalise transcribed for Violin and Piano.ogg">"Vocalise" transcribed for violin and piano</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="267" data-mwtitle="Rachmaninoff_-_Vocalise_transcribed_for_Violin_and_Piano.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Rachmaninoff_-_Vocalise_transcribed_for_Violin_and_Piano.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Rachmaninoff_-_Vocalise_transcribed_for_Violin_and_Piano.ogg/Rachmaninoff_-_Vocalise_transcribed_for_Violin_and_Piano.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">"<a href="/wiki/Vocalise_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Vocalise (Rachmaninoff)">Vocalise</a>" performed by Roxana Pavel (violin) and Monica Pavel (piano)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F.ogg" title="File:Рахманінов-елегія.ogg">Élégie in E-flat minor</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="347" data-mwtitle="Рахманінов-елегія.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F.ogg/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Élégie in E-flat minor (from the set <a href="/wiki/Morceaux_de_fantaisie" title="Morceaux de fantaisie">Morceaux de fantaisie</a>) performed by Oksana Yevsyukova (piano)</div></div></div></div> </div> Rachmaninoff's style was initially influenced by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>. By the mid-1890s, however, his compositions began showing a more individual tone. His First Symphony has many original features. Its brutal gestures and uncompromising power of expression were unprecedented in Russian music at the time. Its flexible <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythms</a>, sweeping lyricism, and stringent economy of thematic material were all features he kept and refined in subsequent works. Following the poor reception of the symphony and three years of inactivity, Rachmaninoff's individual style developed significantly. He started leaning towards broadly lyrical, often passionate melodies. His orchestration became subtler and more varied, with textures carefully contrasted. Overall, his writing became more concise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage714mode2up_714–715]-208">[204]</a> Especially important is Rachmaninoff's use of unusually widely spaced chords for bell-like sounds: this occurs in many pieces, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_symphony" title="Choral symphony">choral symphony</a> The Bells, the Second Piano Concerto, the E-flat major Étude-Tableaux (Op. 33, No. 7), and the B minor Prelude (Op. 32, No. 10). "It is not enough to say that the church bells of Novgorod, St Petersburg and Moscow influenced Rachmaninov and feature prominently in his music. This much is self-evident. What is extraordinary is the variety of bell sounds and breadth of structural and other functions they fulfill."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarruthers200649-209">[205]</a> He was also fond of Russian Orthodox chants. He used them most perceptibly in his Vespers, but many of his melodies found their origins in these chants. The opening melody of the First Symphony is derived from chants. (The opening melody of the Third Piano Concerto, on the other hand, is not derived from chants; when asked, Rachmaninoff said that "it had [written] itself".)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage158mode2up_158]-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYasser1969325-211">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei_Rachmaninoff_LOC_31755.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_LOC_31755.jpg/220px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff_LOC_31755.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_LOC_31755.jpg/330px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff_LOC_31755.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_LOC_31755.jpg/440px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff_LOC_31755.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="4134" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff with a piano score</figcaption></figure> Rachmaninoff's frequently used motifs include the <a href="/wiki/Dies_irae" title="Dies irae">Dies irae</a>, often just the fragments of the first phrase. Rachmaninoff had great command of <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugal</a> writing, thanks to his studies with Taneyev. The above-mentioned occurrence of the Dies irae in the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Second Symphony</a> (1907) is but a small example of this. Very characteristic of his writing is <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic</a> counterpoint. This talent was paired with a confidence in writing in both large- and small-scale forms. The <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Third Piano Concerto</a> especially shows a structural ingenuity, while each of the preludes grows from a tiny melodic or rhythmic fragment into a taut, powerfully evocative miniature, crystallizing a particular mood or sentiment while employing a complexity of texture, rhythmic flexibility and a pungent chromatic harmony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage715mode2up_715]-212">[208]</a> His compositional style had already begun changing before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> deprived him of his homeland. The <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> writing in The Bells was composed in 1913 but not published until 1920. This may have been due to Rachmaninoff's main publisher, Gutheil, having died in 1914 and Gutheil's catalog being acquired by <a href="/wiki/Serge_Koussevitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Serge Koussevitsky">Serge Koussevitsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage191mode2up_191]-213">[209]</a> It became as advanced as in any of the works Rachmaninoff would write in Russia, partly because the melodic material has a harmonic aspect which arises from its <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ornamentation_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamentation (music)">ornamentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage190mode2up_190–191]-214">[210]</a> Further changes are apparent in the revised <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">First Piano Concerto</a>, which he finished just before leaving Russia, as well as in the Op. 38 songs and Op. 39 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes-Tableaux,_Op._39" title="Études-Tableaux, Op. 39">Études-Tableaux</a>. In both these sets Rachmaninoff was less concerned with pure melody than with coloring. His near-<a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionist</a> style perfectly matched the texts by <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">symbolist</a> poets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage716mode2up_716]-215">[211]</a> The Op. 39 Études-Tableaux are among the most demanding pieces he wrote for any medium, both technically and in the sense that the player must see beyond any technical challenges to a considerable array of emotions, then unify all these aspects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage207mode2up_207]-216">[212]</a> The composer's friend Vladimir Wilshaw noticed this compositional change continuing in the early 1930s, with a difference between the sometimes very extroverted Op. 39 Études-Tableaux (the composer had broken a string on the piano at one performance) and the <a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Corelli" title="Variations on a Theme of Corelli">Variations on a Theme of Corelli</a> (Op. 42, 1931). The variations show an even greater textural clarity than in the Op. 38 songs, combined with a more abrasive use of chromatic harmony and a new rhythmic incisiveness. This would be characteristic of all his later works—the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._4_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 4 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 4</a> (Op. 40, 1926) is composed in a more emotionally introverted style, with a greater clarity of texture. Nevertheless, some of his most beautiful (nostalgic and melancholy) melodies occur in the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Third Symphony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_on_a_Theme_of_Paganini" title="Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini">Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Dances_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphonic Dances (Rachmaninoff)">Symphonic Dances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage716mode2up_716]-215">[211]</a> Music theorist and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Yasser" title="Joseph Yasser">Joseph Yasser</a>, as early as 1951, uncovered progressive tendencies in Rachmaninoff's compositions. He uncovered Rachmaninoff's use of an intra-tonal <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> that stands in notable contrast to the inter-tonal chromaticism of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> and strikingly contrasts the extra-tonal chromaticism of the more radical twentieth century composers like <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>. Yasser postulated that a variable, subtle, but unmistakable characteristic use of this intra-tonal chromaticism permeated Rachmaninoff's music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYasser1951-217">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_and_legacy">Reputation and legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reputation and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowgorod,_pomnik_Rachmaninow_z_gol%C4%99biami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nowgorod%2C_pomnik_Rachmaninow_z_gol%C4%99biami.jpg/220px-Nowgorod%2C_pomnik_Rachmaninow_z_gol%C4%99biami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nowgorod%2C_pomnik_Rachmaninow_z_gol%C4%99biami.jpg/330px-Nowgorod%2C_pomnik_Rachmaninow_z_gol%C4%99biami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nowgorod%2C_pomnik_Rachmaninow_z_gol%C4%99biami.jpg/440px-Nowgorod%2C_pomnik_Rachmaninow_z_gol%C4%99biami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Upper part of Rachmaninoff's statue by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandr_Rukavishnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandr Rukavishnikov (page does not exist)">Alexandr Rukavishnikov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%98%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Рукавишников, Александр Иулианович">ru</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RR5216-0007R_%D0%A1.%D0%92.%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RR5216-0007R_%D0%A1.%D0%92.%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.png/170px-RR5216-0007R_%D0%A1.%D0%92.%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RR5216-0007R_%D0%A1.%D0%92.%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.png/255px-RR5216-0007R_%D0%A1.%D0%92.%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RR5216-0007R_%D0%A1.%D0%92.%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.png/340px-RR5216-0007R_%D0%A1.%D0%92.%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Russian Federation commemorative Rachmaninoff coin</figcaption></figure> Rachmaninoff's reputation as a composer generated a variety of opinions before his music gained steady recognition around the world. The 1954 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> notoriously dismissed Rachmaninoff's music as "monotonous in texture ... consist[ing] mainly of artificial and gushing tunes" and predicted that his popular success was "not likely to last".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailslivesofgreatcomp00scho_1page520mode2up_520]-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA16_16]-219">[215]</a> To this, <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Harold C. Schonberg</a>, in his Lives of the Great Composers, responded: "It is one of the most outrageously snobbish and even stupid statements ever to be found in a work that is supposed to be an objective reference."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailslivesofgreatcomp00scho_1page520mode2up_520]-218">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_Rachmaninoff" title="Conservatoire Rachmaninoff">Conservatoire Rachmaninoff</a> in Paris, as well as streets in <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a> (which is close to his birthplace) and <a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, are named after the composer. In 1986, the Moscow Conservatory dedicated a concert hall on its premises to Rachmaninoff, designating the 252-seat auditorium Rachmaninoff Hall, and in 1999 the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Sergei_Rachmaninov" title="Monument to Sergei Rachmaninov">"Monument to Sergei Rachmaninoff"</a> was installed in Moscow. A separate monument to Rachmaninoff was unveiled in Veliky Novgorod, near his birthplace, on 14 June 2009. The 2015 musical <a href="/wiki/Preludes_(musical)" title="Preludes (musical)">Preludes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Malloy" title="Dave Malloy">Dave Malloy</a> depicts Rachmaninoff's struggle with depression and writer's block. A statue marked "Rachmaninoff: The Last Concert", designed and sculpted by Victor Bokarev, stands at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair_Park" title="World's Fair Park">World's Fair Park</a> in Knoxville, Tennessee, as a tribute to the composer. In Alexandria, Virginia in 2019, a Rachmaninoff concert performed by the Alexandria Symphony Orchestra played to wide acclaim. Attendees were treated to a talk prior to the performance by Rachmaninoff's great-granddaughter, Natalie Wanamaker Javier, who joined Rachmaninoff scholar Francis Crociata and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> music specialist Kate Rivers on a panel of discussants about the composer and his contributions.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pianist">Pianist</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pianist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei_Rachmaninoff_performs_Rachmaninoff%27s_Prelude_in_C_sharp_minor,_Op._3.ogg" title="File:Sergei Rachmaninoff performs Rachmaninoff's Prelude in C sharp minor, Op. 3.ogg">Prelude in C♯ minor, Op. 3, No. 2</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="228" data-mwtitle="Sergei_Rachmaninoff_performs_Rachmaninoff's_Prelude_in_C_sharp_minor,_Op._3.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_performs_Rachmaninoff%27s_Prelude_in_C_sharp_minor%2C_Op._3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_performs_Rachmaninoff%27s_Prelude_in_C_sharp_minor%2C_Op._3.ogg/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_performs_Rachmaninoff%27s_Prelude_in_C_sharp_minor%2C_Op._3.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Playing his famous <a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_C-sharp_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in C-sharp minor (Rachmaninoff)">Prelude in C♯ minor</a>. Composed when he was 19, the piece established his fame in America. Recorded in 1919.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg" title="File:Second Hungarian Rhapsody.ogg">Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="250" data-mwtitle="Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg/Second_Hungarian_Rhapsody.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Playing the first 4 minutes of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Rhapsody_No._2" title="Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2">Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2</a>. Recorded in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Edison_Records" title="Edison Records">Edison Records</a>.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_-_Chopin_Waltz_E_flat_major_-_Steinway_grand_piano.ogg" title="File:Rachmaninoff - Chopin Waltz E flat major - Steinway grand piano.ogg">Waltz in E-flat major, Op. 18</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="279" data-mwtitle="Rachmaninoff_-_Chopin_Waltz_E_flat_major_-_Steinway_grand_piano.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Rachmaninoff_-_Chopin_Waltz_E_flat_major_-_Steinway_grand_piano.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Rachmaninoff_-_Chopin_Waltz_E_flat_major_-_Steinway_grand_piano.ogg/Rachmaninoff_-_Chopin_Waltz_E_flat_major_-_Steinway_grand_piano.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Performing <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Waltzes_(Chopin)" title="Waltzes (Chopin)">Waltz in E-flat major, Op. 18</a>. Recorded on 21 January 1921.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Rachmaninoff ranked among the finest pianists of his time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailslivesofgreatcomp00scho_1page522mode2up_522]-221">[217]</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Godowsky" title="Leopold Godowsky">Leopold Godowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman" title="Ignaz Friedman">Ignaz Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moriz_Rosenthal" title="Moriz Rosenthal">Moriz Rosenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Lh%C3%A9vinne" title="Josef Lhévinne">Josef Lhévinne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hofmann" title="Josef Hofmann">Josef Hofmann</a>, and he was famed for possessing a clean and virtuosic technique. His playing was marked by precision, rhythmic drive, notable use of staccato and the ability to maintain clarity when playing works with complex textures. Rachmaninoff applied these qualities in music by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Chopin)">B-flat minor Piano Sonata</a>. Rachmaninoff's repertoire, excepting his own works, consisted mainly of standard 19th century virtuoso works plus music by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage714mode2up_714]-222">[218]</a> The two pieces Rachmaninoff singled out for praise from <a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Anton Rubinstein's</a> concerts became cornerstones for his own recital programs. The compositions were Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._23_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 23 (Beethoven)">Appassionata</a> and Chopin's Funeral March Sonata. He may have based his interpretation of the Chopin sonata on that of Rubinstein. Rachmaninoff biographer Barrie Martyn points out similarities between written accounts of Rubinstein's interpretation and Rachmaninoff's audio recording of the work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990368,_403–406-223">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technique">Technique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Technique">edit</a>]</div> Rachmaninoff possessed large hands,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDąbrowskiStankiewicz-JóźwickaKowalczykWróblewski20213-224">[220]</a> with which he could easily maneuver through the most complex chordal configurations. His left hand technique was unusually powerful. His playing was marked by definition—where other pianists' playing became blurry-sounding from overuse of the pedal or deficiencies in finger technique, Rachmaninoff's textures were always crystal clear. Only Josef Hofmann and Josef Lhévinne shared this kind of clarity with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsvirtuosiclassica0000schopage317mode2up_317]-225">[221]</a> All three men had Anton Rubinstein as a model for this kind of playing—Hofmann as a student of Rubinstein's,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchonberg1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgreatpianists000schopage384mode2up_384]-226">[222]</a> Rachmaninoff from hearing his famous series of historical recitals in Moscow while studying with Zverev,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen65mode2up_49–52]-227">[223]</a> and Lhévinne from hearing and playing with him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tone">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_at_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rachmaninoff_at_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg/220px-Rachmaninoff_at_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rachmaninoff_at_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg/330px-Rachmaninoff_at_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rachmaninoff_at_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg/440px-Rachmaninoff_at_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff seated at a Steinway grand piano</figcaption></figure> Of Rachmaninoff's tone, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a> wrote: <blockquote>I was always under the spell of his glorious and inimitable tone which could make me forget my uneasiness about his too rapidly fleeting fingers and his exaggerated <a href="/wiki/Tempo_rubato" title="Tempo rubato">rubatos</a>. There was always the irresistible sensuous charm, not unlike <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a>'s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmymanyyears0000rubipage468mode2up_468]-228">[224]</a></blockquote> Coupled to this tone was a vocal quality not unlike that attributed to Chopin's playing. With Rachmaninoff's extensive operatic experience, he was a great admirer of fine singing. As his records demonstrate, he possessed a tremendous ability to make a musical line sing, no matter how long the notes or how complex the supporting texture, with most of his interpretations taking on a narrative quality. With the stories he told at the keyboard came multiple voices—a <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> dialogue, not the least in terms of dynamics. His 1940 recording of his transcription of the song "Daisies" captures this quality extremely well. On the recording, separate musical strands enter as if from various human voices in eloquent conversation. This ability came from an exceptional independence of fingers and hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage270mode2up_270]-229">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interpretations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff_playing_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rachmaninoff_playing_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg/220px-Rachmaninoff_playing_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rachmaninoff_playing_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg/330px-Rachmaninoff_playing_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rachmaninoff_playing_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg/440px-Rachmaninoff_playing_Steinway_grand_piano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Rachmaninoff playing his <a href="/wiki/Steinway" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinway">Steinway</a> grand piano at his home (1936 or before)</figcaption></figure> Regardless of the music, Rachmaninoff always planned his performances carefully. He based his interpretations on the theory that each piece of music has a "culminating point". Regardless of where that point was or at which dynamic within that piece, the performer had to know how to approach it with absolute calculation and precision; otherwise, the whole construction of the piece could crumble and the piece could become disjointed. This was a practice he learned from Russian bass <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a>, a staunch friend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage714mode2up_714]-222">[218]</a> Paradoxically, Rachmaninoff often sounded like he was improvising, though he actually was not. While his interpretations were mosaics of tiny details, when those mosaics came together in performance, they might, according to the tempo of the piece being played, fly past at great speed, giving the impression of instant thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage268mode2up_268]-230">[226]</a> One advantage Rachmaninoff had in this building process over most of his contemporaries was in approaching the pieces he played from the perspective of a composer rather than that of an interpreter. He believed "interpretation demands something of the creative instinct. If you are a composer, you have an affinity with other composers. You can make contact with their imaginations, knowing something of their problems and their ideals. You can give their works color. That is the most important thing for me in my interpretations, color. So you make music live. Without color it is dead."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayne1936-231">[227]</a> Nevertheless, Rachmaninoff also possessed a far better sense of structure than many of his contemporaries, such as Hofmann, or the majority of pianists from the previous generation, judging from their respective recordings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage270mode2up_270]-229">[225]</a> A recording which showcases Rachmaninoff's approach is the <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a> Second Polonaise, recorded in 1925. <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a>, who had been influenced by the composer and Liszt specialist <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, had himself recorded the same piece a few years earlier. Rachmaninoff's performance is far more taut and concentrated than Grainger's. The Russian's drive and monumental conception bear a considerable difference to the Australian's more delicate perceptions. Grainger's textures are elaborate. Rachmaninoff shows the filigree as essential to the work's structure, not simply decorative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage251mode2up_251]-232">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_size_and_medical_speculations">Hand size and medical speculations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hand size and medical speculations">edit</a>]</div> Along with his musical gifts, Rachmaninoff possessed physical gifts that placed him in good stead as a pianist, including large hands with a gigantic finger stretch. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Smith_(pianist)" title="Cyril Smith (pianist)">Cyril Smith</a> noted that Rachmaninoff could play a <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)#Compound_intervals" title="Interval (music)">twelfth</a> with the left hand playing C, Eb, G, C and G, and his right hand could play the notes C (index), E (thumb), G, C, and E.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage77mode2up_77]-233">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1986[httpswwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1351877pdfbmjcred00266-0038pdfpage1_1624]-234">[230]</a> His hand size, in addition to his considerable height, slender frame, long limbs, narrow head, prominent ears, and thin nose has led to the suggestion that he may have had <a href="/wiki/Marfan_syndrome" title="Marfan syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a>, a hereditary disorder of the <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>. This syndrome would have accounted for several minor ailments he suffered all his life, including back pain, arthritis, eye strain, and bruising of the fingertips.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1986[httpswwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1351877pdfbmjcred00266-0038pdfpage2_1625–1626]-235">[231]</a> An article in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, however, pointed out that Rachmaninoff did not show many of the typical signs of Marfan syndrome, and instead suggested that he may have had <a href="/wiki/Acromegaly" title="Acromegaly">acromegaly</a>, which, the article speculated, would possibly have accounted for stiffness Rachmaninoff experienced in his hands, and for the repeated periods of depression he experienced throughout his life, and could have possibly even been connected to his melanoma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandranAronson2006-236">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings">Recordings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Recordings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_recordings" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff recordings">Sergei Rachmaninoff recordings</a></div> Upon arriving in America, Rachmaninoff's poor financial situation prompted him in 1919 to record a selection of piano pieces for <a href="/wiki/Edison_Records" title="Edison Records">Edison Records</a> on their "<a href="/wiki/Diamond_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Disc">Diamond Disc</a>" records, in a limited contract for ten released sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990439-237">[233]</a> Rachmaninoff felt his performances varied in quality and requested final approval prior to a commercial release. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a> agreed, but still issued multiple takes, an unusual practice which was standard at Edison Records. Rachmaninoff and Edison Records were pleased with the released discs and wished to record more, but Edison refused, saying the ten sides were sufficient. This, in addition to technical issues in the recordings and Edison's lack of musical taste, led to Rachmaninoff's annoyance with the company, and as soon as his contract ended he left Edison Records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990439–440-238">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachmaninoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rachmaninoff.jpg/180px-Rachmaninoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rachmaninoff.jpg/270px-Rachmaninoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Rachmaninoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor</a> advertisement from March 1921 featuring Rachmaninoff</figcaption></figure> In 1920, Rachmaninoff signed a contract with the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> (later <a href="/wiki/RCA_Red_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Red Seal">RCA Victor</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990440-239">[235]</a> Unlike Edison, the company was pleased to comply with his requests, and proudly advertised Rachmaninoff as one of their prominent recording artists. He continued to record for Victor until 1942, when the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a> imposed a <a href="/wiki/1942%E2%80%9344_musicians%27_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1942–44 musicians' strike">recording ban</a> on their members in a strike over <a href="/wiki/Royalty_payment" title="Royalty payment">royalty payments</a>. Rachmaninoff died in March 1943, over a year and a half before RCA Victor settled with the union and resumed commercial recording activity. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CHOPINSonataInB-flatMinor-NEWTRANSFER/01.I.Grave.mp3">Rachmaninoff performing</a> Chopin's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Chopin)">Piano Sonata No. 2</a></td></tr></tbody></table> When Rachmaninoff recorded his works, he would seek perfection, often re-recording them until he was satisfied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkholder2007844-240">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage231mode2up_231–232]-241">[237]</a> Particularly renowned are his renditions of Schumann's <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_(Schumann)" title="Carnaval (Schumann)">Carnaval</a> and Chopin's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Chopin)">Piano Sonata No. 2</a>, along with many shorter pieces. He recorded all four of his piano concertos with the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a>; the first, third, and fourth concertos were recorded with <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a> in 1939–41, and two versions of the second concerto with <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> in 1924 and 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage421mode2up_421–422]-242">[238]</a> He also made a recording of the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, soon after its first performance (1934) with the Philadelphians under Stokowski, in addition to three recordings he made as conductor with the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a>, playing his own <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Third Symphony</a>, his symphonic poem <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_the_Dead_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Isle of the Dead (Rachmaninoff)">Isle of the Dead</a>, and his orchestration of <a href="/wiki/Vocalise_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Vocalise (Rachmaninoff)">Vocalise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage421mode2up_421–422]-242">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[e]</a> Rachmaninoff also recorded a number of piano rolls on the <a href="/wiki/Reproducing_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproducing piano">reproducing piano</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Piano_Company" title="American Piano Company">American Piano Company (Ampico)</a>, producing a total of 35 piano rolls from 1919 to 1929, 12 of which were of his own compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990499-244">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage223mode2up_223]-245">[240]</a> He began recording rolls for Ampico in March 1919, upon the suggestion of his friend <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a>, and continued doing so, on and off, until around February 1929, though his last roll, of Chopin's <a href="/wiki/Scherzo_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Scherzo No. 2 (Chopin)">Scherzo No. 2</a>, was not published until October 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990498–499,_505-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObenchain198729-247">[242]</a> Of the works he produced piano rolls for, 29 he also made gramophone recordings of, and these provide evidence for Rachmaninoff's consistency of interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990499-244">[239]</a> In addition, there also survives an unpublished piano roll of the second movement of his Second Piano Concerto, and may be indicative of Rachmaninoff having made other rolls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990499-244">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conductor">Conductor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conductor">edit</a>]</div> Apart from several performances, including two of his opera Aleko in 1893, Rachmaninoff first began conducting in 1897, and performed as a conductor every year until 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990509–10,_519-248">[243]</a> After leaving Russia permanently in 1917, Rachmaninoff prioritised performing as a pianist to conducting, giving only seven more recitals as a conductor until the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990522-249">[244]</a> Rachmaninoff was noted for his restraint in conducting, and for the "simple and unpolished" manner in which he gestured to the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990516&ndash;517-250">[245]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goldenweiser_(composer)" title="Alexander Goldenweiser (composer)">Alexander Goldenweiser</a>, his performances as a conductor were much stricter and less rhythmically free than his performances on the piano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990518–519-251">[246]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Nikolai Medtner</a>'s estimation, he was "the greatest Russian conductor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990523-252">[247]</a> In addition to his own works, Rachmaninoff conducted repertoire primarily from fellow Russian composers, such as <a href="/wiki/Borodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Borodin">Borodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lyadov" title="Anatoly Lyadov">Lyadov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussorgsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>, as well as other composers such as <a href="/wiki/Grieg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grieg">Grieg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liszt" class="mw-redirect" title="Liszt">Liszt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990526–531-253">[248]</a> Outside of Russia, Rachmaninoff conducted almost exclusively his own works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990519-254">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Vasilievich and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Rachmaninoff. Sergei Rachmaninoff was the spelling he used while living in the United States from 1918 until his death. The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> standardised this usage.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-1">[1]</a> His name is also commonly spelled Rachmaninov or Rakhmaninov. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ræxˈmænɪnɒf/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">rakh-MAN-in-off</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/rɑːxˈmɑːnɪnɔːf, -nɒf/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">rahkh-MAH-nin-awf, -⁠off</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Сергей Васильевич Рахманинов, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Sergey Vasilyevich Rakhmaninov, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[sʲɪrˈɡʲej vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ rɐxˈmanʲɪnəf]</a>; Сергѣй Васильевичъ Рахманиновъ in Russian pre-revolutionary script. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> While the Library of Congress lists Rachmaninoff's birthdate as 1 April,<a href="#cite_note-LOC-1">[1]</a> his birthdate is listed as 2 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 21 March] 1873 on his <a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Sergei_Rachmaninoff.jpg" title="File:Grave of Sergei Rachmaninoff.jpg">grave</a>, and he himself celebrated his birthdate on 2 April. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> This act was later orchestrated by Igor Buketoff in 1984, and performed in the U.S. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> The entire collection of Rachmaninoff's recordings were reissued in 1992 by RCA Victor in a 10-CD set entitled "Sergei Rachmaninoff – The Complete Recordings" (RCA Victor Gold Seal 09026-61265-2). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LOC-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50054908.html">"Name Authority File for Rachmaninoff, Sergei, 1873–1943"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress. 21 November 1980. Retrieved 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Name+Authority+File+for+Rachmaninoff%2C+Sergei%2C+1873%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1980-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.loc.gov%2Fauthorities%2Fnames%2Fn50054908.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/rachmaninoff">"Rachmaninoff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Rachmaninoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Frachmaninoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/rachmaninoff">"Rachmaninoff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage707mode2up_707]-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage707mode2up_707]_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001b">Norris 2001b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0020unse/page/707/mode/2up">707</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage5mode2up_5]-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage5mode2up_5]_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage5mode2up_5]_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/5/mode/2up">5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnbegaunUspenskiĭ1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrussiansurnamespagen107mode2up_108]-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnbegaunUspenskiĭ1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrussiansurnamespagen107mode2up_108]_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnbegaunUspenskiĭ1989">Unbegaun & Uspenskiĭ 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiansurnames/page/n107/mode/2up">108</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA35_35]-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA35_35]_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA3_3]-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA3_3]_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA3_3]_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSylvester2014">Sylvester 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage6mode2up_6]-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage6mode2up_6]_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage6mode2up_6]_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/6/mode/2up">6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage5mode2up_5]-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage5mode2up_5]_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage5mode2up_5]_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/5/mode/2up">5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisemann1934" class="citation book cs1">Risemann, Oskar von (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179919/page/n51/mode/2up">Rachmaninoff´s Recollections Told To Oskar Von Risemann</a>. Translated by Rutherford, Dolly. Macmillan Company, New York. pp. 32, 33, 38, 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-83695-232-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-83695-232-2"><bdi>978-0-83695-232-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff%C2%B4s+Recollections+Told+To+Oskar+Von+Risemann&rft.pages=32%2C+33%2C+38%2C+43&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company%2C+New+York&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=978-0-83695-232-2&rft.aulast=Risemann&rft.aufirst=Oskar+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.179919%2Fpage%2Fn51%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA2_2]-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA2_2]_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA2_2]_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSylvester2014">Sylvester 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage7mode2up_7–8]-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage7mode2up_7–8]_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/7/mode/2up">7–8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA3_3–4]-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA3_3–4]_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSylvester2014">Sylvester 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3–4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen43mode2up_29]-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen43mode2up_29]_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiesemann1934">Riesemann 1934</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179919/page/n43/mode/2up">29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage9mode2up_9]-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage9mode2up_9]_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/9/mode/2up">9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen49mode2up_33–34]-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen49mode2up_33–34]_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiesemann1934">Riesemann 1934</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179919/page/n49/mode/2up">33–34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage7mode2up_7]-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage7mode2up_7]_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/7/mode/2up">7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA11_11]-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA11_11]_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage11mode2up_11]-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage11mode2up_11]_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage11mode2up_11]_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/11/mode/2up">11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage5mode2up_5]-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage5mode2up_5]_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/5/mode/2up">5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage46mode2up_46]-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage46mode2up_46]_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage46mode2up_46]_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage46mode2up_46]_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage46mode2up_46]_25-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/46/mode/2up">46</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA6_6–7]-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA6_6–7]_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSylvester2014">Sylvester 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">6–7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage15mode2up_15]-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage15mode2up_15]_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/15/mode/2up">15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Davide Polovineo, Review Article "Rachmaninoff.The Beginning.How are Genius Taught?" (Apr 21, 2008 Moscow Time), in Journal of the Istituto Europeo di Musica 1 (2011), pp.12 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage14mode2up_14]-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage14mode2up_14]_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/14/mode/2up">14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage27mode2up_27]-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage27mode2up_27]_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/27/mode/2up">27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780198662129page1025mode2up_1025]-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780198662129page1025mode2up_1025]_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2002">Norris 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198662129/page/1025/mode/2up">1025</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage33mode2up_33]-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage33mode2up_33]_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/33/mode/2up">33</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage25mode2up_25]-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage25mode2up_25]_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/25/mode/2up">25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage35mode2up_35]-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage35mode2up_35]_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/35/mode/2up">35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage27mode2up_27]-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage27mode2up_27]_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/27/mode/2up">27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage26mode2up_26]-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage26mode2up_26]_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/26/mode/2up">26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA48_48]-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA48_48]_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">48</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA8_8]-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA8_8]_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA8_8]_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSylvester2014">Sylvester 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage33mode2up_33–35]-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage33mode2up_33–35]_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/33/mode/2up">33–35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage30mode2up_30]-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage30mode2up_30]_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/30/mode/2up">30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage41mode2up_41]-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage41mode2up_41]_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/41/mode/2up">41</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen91mode2up_75]-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen91mode2up_75]_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiesemann1934">Riesemann 1934</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179919/page/n91/mode/2up">75</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage11mode2up_11&ndash;12]-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage11mode2up_11&ndash;12]_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/11/mode/2up">11–12</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage34mode2up_34]-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage34mode2up_34]_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/34/mode/2up">34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage74mode2up_75]-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage74mode2up_75]_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/74/mode/2up">75</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage83mode2up_83–85]-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage83mode2up_83–85]_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/83/mode/2up">83–85</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage84mode2up_84–85]-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage84mode2up_84–85]_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/84/mode/2up">84–85</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA3_3]-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA3_3]_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA3_3]_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA3_3]_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCunningham2001">Cunningham 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2YrwE8GaLEC&pg=PA3">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage43mode2up_43]-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage43mode2up_43]_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/43/mode/2up">43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage82mode2up_82]-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage82mode2up_82]_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/82/mode/2up">82</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage47mode2up_47]-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage47mode2up_47]_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/47/mode/2up">47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage86mode2up_86]-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage86mode2up_86]_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/86/mode/2up">86</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA69_69]-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA69_69]_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">69</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage37mode2up_37]-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage37mode2up_37]_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/37/mode/2up">37</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage406mode2up_406]-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage406mode2up_406]_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/406/mode/2up">406</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA30_30]-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA30_30]_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSylvester2014">Sylvester 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrelfallNorris198245-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrelfallNorris198245_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThrelfallNorris1982">Threlfall & Norris 1982</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage61mode2up_61]-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage61mode2up_61]_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/61/mode/2up">61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage62mode2up_62]-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage62mode2up_62]_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/62/mode/2up">62</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage91mode2up_91]-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage91mode2up_91]_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/91/mode/2up">91</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage63mode2up_63]-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage63mode2up_63]_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage63mode2up_63]_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/63/mode/2up">63</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage709mode2up_709]-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage709mode2up_709]_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage709mode2up_709]_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001b">Norris 2001b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0020unse/page/709/mode/2up">709</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage92mode2up_92]-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage92mode2up_92]_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/92/mode/2up">92</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage93mode2up_93]-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage93mode2up_93]_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/93/mode/2up">93</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage66mode2up_67]-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage66mode2up_67]_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage66mode2up_67]_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/66/mode/2up">67</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage69mode2up_69]-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage69mode2up_69]_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/69/mode/2up">69</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage70mode2up_70]-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage70mode2up_70]_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/70/mode/2up">70</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage48mode2up_48]-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage48mode2up_48]_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/48/mode/2up">48</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage77mode2up_77]-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage77mode2up_77]_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/77/mode/2up">77</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage23mode2up_23]-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage23mode2up_23]_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage23mode2up_23]_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/23/mode/2up">23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiggott1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninovorche0000piggpage24mode2up_24]-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiggott1974[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninovorche0000piggpage24mode2up_24]_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiggott1974">Piggott 1974</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninovorche0000pigg/page/24/mode/2up">24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage73mode2up_73]-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage73mode2up_73]_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/73/mode/2up">73</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage74mode2up_74]-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage74mode2up_74]_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage74mode2up_74]_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/74/mode/2up">74</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage76mode2up_76]-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage76mode2up_76]_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/76/mode/2up">76</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage77mode2up_77]-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage77mode2up_77]_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/77/mode/2up">77</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage84mode2up_84],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage87mode2up_87]-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage84mode2up_84],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage87mode2up_87]_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/84/mode/2up">84</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/87/mode/2up">87</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage88mode2up_88]-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage88mode2up_88]_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/88/mode/2up">88</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage88mode2up_88–89]-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage88mode2up_88–89]_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/88/mode/2up">88–89</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen129mode2up_111]-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen129mode2up_111]_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiesemann1934">Riesemann 1934</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179919/page/n129/mode/2up?">111</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage89mode2up_89],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage90mode2up_90]-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage89mode2up_89],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage90mode2up_90]_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/89/mode/2up">89</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/90/mode/2up">90</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA124_124]-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA124_124]_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124">124</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage90mode2up_90]-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage90mode2up_90]_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/90/mode/2up">90</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage90mode2up_90],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage95mode2up_95]-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage90mode2up_90],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage95mode2up_95]_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/90/mode/2up">90</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/95/mode/2up">95</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen271mode2up_242]-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen271mode2up_242]_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiesemann1934">Riesemann 1934</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179919/page/n271/mode/2up">242</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage103mode2up_103]-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage103mode2up_103]_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage103mode2up_103]_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/103/mode/2up">103</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage97mode2up_97]-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage97mode2up_97]_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/97/mode/2up">97</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA94_94]-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA94_94]_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSylvester2014">Sylvester 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">94</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage115mode2up_115]-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage115mode2up_115]_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/115/mode/2up">115</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage110mode2up_110]-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage110mode2up_110]_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage110mode2up_110]_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/110/mode/2up">110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage101mode2up_101]-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage101mode2up_101]_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/101/mode/2up">101</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage113mode2up_113]-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage113mode2up_113]_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/113/mode/2up">113</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage113mode2up_113–114]-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage113mode2up_113–114]_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/113/mode/2up">113–114</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage90mode2up_90]-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage90mode2up_90]_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/90/mode/2up">90</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage102mode2up_102]-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage102mode2up_102]_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/102/mode/2up">102</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage92mode2up_92–93],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage96mode2up_96]-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage92mode2up_92–93],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage96mode2up_96]_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/92/mode/2up">92–93</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/96/mode/2up">96</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage114mode2up_114]-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage114mode2up_114]_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/114/mode/2up">114</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage127mode2up_127]-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage127mode2up_127]_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/127/mode/2up">127</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage92mode2up_92–93],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage96mode2up_96],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage107mode2up_107]-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage92mode2up_92–93],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage96mode2up_96],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage107mode2up_107]_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/92/mode/2up">92–93</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/96/mode/2up">96</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/107/mode/2up">107</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage128mode2up_128–129]-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage128mode2up_128–129]_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/128/mode/2up">128–129</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage108mode2up_108]-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage108mode2up_108]_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/108/mode/2up">108</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage156mode2up_156]-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage156mode2up_156]_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/156/mode/2up">156</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage112mode2up_112],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage114mode2up_114]-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage112mode2up_112],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage114mode2up_114]_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/112/mode/2up">112</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/114/mode/2up">114</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage115mode2up_115]-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage115mode2up_115]_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/115/mode/2up">115</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage118mode2up_118–119]-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage118mode2up_118–119]_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/118/mode/2up">118–119</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage148mode2up_148–149]-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage148mode2up_148–149]_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/148/mode/2up">148–149</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage135mode2up_135],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage142mode2up_142]-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage135mode2up_135],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage142mode2up_142]_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/135/mode/2up">135</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/142/mode/2up">142</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage138mode2up_138]-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage138mode2up_138]_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/138/mode/2up">138</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage140mode2up_140–141]-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage140mode2up_140–141]_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/140/mode/2up">140–141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage160mode2up_160]-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage160mode2up_160]_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/160/mode/2up">160</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage162mode2up_162]-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage162mode2up_162]_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/162/mode/2up">162</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage143mode2up_143]-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage143mode2up_143]_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/143/mode/2up">143</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage146mode2up_146]-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage146mode2up_146]_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/146/mode/2up">146</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen189mode2up_166]-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiesemann1934[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015179919pagen189mode2up_166]_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiesemann1934">Riesemann 1934</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179919/page/n189/mode/2up">166</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage179mode2up_179]-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage179mode2up_179]_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/179/mode/2up">179</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage172mode2up_172]-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage172mode2up_172]_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/172/mode/2up">172</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage149mode2up_149–150]-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage149mode2up_149–150]_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/149/mode/2up">149–150</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage172mode2up_172–173]-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage172mode2up_172–173]_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/172/mode/2up">172–173</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage174mode2up_174–175]-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage174mode2up_174–175]_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage174mode2up_174–175]_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/174/mode/2up">174–175</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage152mode2up_152–153]-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage152mode2up_152–153]_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage152mode2up_152–153]_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/152/mode/2up">152–153</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage154mode2up_154]-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage154mode2up_154]_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/154/mode/2up">154</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage103mode2up_103]-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage103mode2up_103]_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/103/mode/2up">103</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage104mode2up_104]-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage104mode2up_104]_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/104/mode/2up">104</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage111mode2up_111]-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage111mode2up_111]_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/111/mode/2up">111</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage178mode2up_178]-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage178mode2up_178]_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/178/mode/2up">178</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage113mode2up_113]-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage113mode2up_113]_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/113/mode/2up">113</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage147mode2up_147]-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage147mode2up_147]_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/147/mode/2up">147</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage117mode2up_117]-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage117mode2up_117]_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/117/mode/2up">117</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA257_257]-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESylvester2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt3rDAgAAQBAJpgPA257_257]_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSylvester2014">Sylvester 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA257">257</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage51mode2up_51]-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage51mode2up_51]_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/51/mode/2up">51</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage118mode2up_118]-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage118mode2up_118]_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/118/mode/2up">118</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage52mode2up_52]-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage52mode2up_52]_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/52/mode/2up">52</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage162mode2up_162]-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyle1939[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoffbiog00lylepage162mode2up_162]_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyle1939">Lyle 1939</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle/page/162/mode/2up">162</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage119mode2up_119]-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage119mode2up_119]_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/119/mode/2up">119</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage210mode2up_210]-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage210mode2up_210]_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/210/mode/2up">210</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage53mode2up_53]-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage53mode2up_53]_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/53/mode/2up">53</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200488-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200488_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200488_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200488_136-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWehrmeyer2004">Wehrmeyer 2004</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage120mode2up_120]-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage120mode2up_120]_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/120/mode/2up">120</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage54mode2up_54]-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage54mode2up_54]_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage54mode2up_54]_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage54mode2up_54]_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage54mode2up_54]_138-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/54/mode/2up">54</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage55mode2up_55]-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage55mode2up_55]_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/55/mode/2up">55</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage113mode2up_220]-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage113mode2up_220]_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/113/mode/2up">220</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990292–293-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990292–293_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, pp. 292–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage56mode2up_56]-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage56mode2up_56]_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage56mode2up_56]_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/56/mode/2up">56</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage122mode2up_122]-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage122mode2up_122]_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/122/mode/2up">122</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200489–90-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200489–90_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200489–90_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWehrmeyer2004">Wehrmeyer 2004</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage711mode2up_711]-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage711mode2up_711]_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001b">Norris 2001b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0020unse/page/711/mode/2up">711</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200489-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer200489_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWehrmeyer2004">Wehrmeyer 2004</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage233mode2up_233–234]-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage233mode2up_233–234]_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage233mode2up_233–234]_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage233mode2up_233–234]_147-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/233/mode/2up">233–234</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage57mode2up_57]-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage57mode2up_57]_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/57/mode/2up">57</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004126-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004126_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004126_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004126_149-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWehrmeyer2004">Wehrmeyer 2004</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage130mode2up_130]-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage130mode2up_130]_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/130/mode/2up">130</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage58mode2up_58]-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage58mode2up_58]_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/58/mode/2up">58</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA5_5–6]-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA5_5–6]_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCunningham2001">Cunningham 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2YrwE8GaLEC&pg=PA5">5–6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004102-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004102_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWehrmeyer2004">Wehrmeyer 2004</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA26_26]-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_zkrDwAAQBAJpgPA26_26]_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004103,_126-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004103,_126_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWehrmeyer2004">Wehrmeyer 2004</a>, p. 103, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA6_6]-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA6_6]_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk2YrwE8GaLECpgPA6_6]_156-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCunningham2001">Cunningham 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2YrwE8GaLEC&pg=PA6">6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaskin1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailshorowitz00glenpage106mode_107]-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaskin1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailshorowitz00glenpage106mode_107]_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlaskin1983">Plaskin 1983</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horowitz00glen/page/106/mode">107</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E-8ZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_SIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4797%2C1289387">"About Wizard Horowitz, Who Will Return Soon"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], <a href="/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Milwaukee Journal">The Milwaukee Journal</a>, 18 April 1943, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaskin1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailshorowitz00glenpage185mode2up_185]-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaskin1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailshorowitz00glenpage185mode2up_185]_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlaskin1983">Plaskin 1983</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horowitz00glen/page/185/mode/2up">185</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage262mode2up_262]-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage262mode2up_262]_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/262/mode/2up">262</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Rachmaninoff. 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Page 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage271mode2up_271]-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage271mode2up_271]_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/271/mode/2up">271</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage208mode2up_208]-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage208mode2up_208]_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage208mode2up_208]_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/208/mode/2up">208</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage67mode2up_67]-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage67mode2up_67]_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage67mode2up_67]_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/67/mode/2up">67</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage69mode2up_69]-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage69mode2up_69]_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/69/mode/2up">69</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage70mode2up_70]-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage70mode2up_70]_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/70/mode/2up">70</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage71mode2up_71]-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage71mode2up_71]_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/71/mode/2up">71</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage348mode2up_348–349]-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage348mode2up_348–349]_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/348/mode/2up">348–349</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage72mode2up_72]-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage72mode2up_72]_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage72mode2up_72]_169-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/72/mode/2up">72</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage322mode2up_322]-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage322mode2up_322]_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/322/mode/2up">322</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage225mode2up_225]-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage225mode2up_225]_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/225/mode/2up">225</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]_172-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]_172-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage73mode2up_73]_172-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/73/mode/2up">73</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage323mode2up_323]-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage323mode2up_323]_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage323mode2up_323]_173-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/323/mode/2up">323</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage323mode2up_323],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage330mode2up_330]-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage323mode2up_323],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage330mode2up_330]_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/323/mode/2up">323</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/330/mode/2up">330</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi2hxJrlSE0ACpgPA129_129]-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi2hxJrlSE0ACpgPA129_129]_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi2hxJrlSE0ACpgPA129_129]_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2hxJrlSE0AC&pg=PA129">129</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage340mode2up_340]-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage340mode2up_340]_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/340/mode/2up">340</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage343mode2up_343]-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage343mode2up_343]_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/343/mode/2up">343</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004111–112-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004111–112_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWehrmeyer2004">Wehrmeyer 2004</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage197mode2up_197]-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage197mode2up_197]_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/197/mode/2up">197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage344mode2up_344]-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage344mode2up_344]_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/344/mode/2up">344</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECannata199924-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannata199924_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCannata1999">Cannata 1999</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage230mode2up_230–231]-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage230mode2up_230–231]_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/230/mode/2up">230–231</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage199mode2up_199]-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff0000scotpage199mode2up_199]_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2011">Scott 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot/page/199/mode/2up">199</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage75mode2up_75]-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage75mode2up_75]_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/75/mode/2up">75</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage713mode2up_713]-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001b[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewgrovedictiona0020unsepage713mode2up_713]_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001b">Norris 2001b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0020unse/page/713/mode/2up">713</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990354-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990354_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage230mode2up_230–232]-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage230mode2up_230–232]_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeroff1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00seropage230mode2up_230–232]_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeroff1950">Seroff 1950</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero/page/230/mode/2up">230–232</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi2hxJrlSE0ACpgPA130_130]-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi2hxJrlSE0ACpgPA130_130]_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2hxJrlSE0AC&pg=PA130">130</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004113-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWehrmeyer2004113_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWehrmeyer2004">Wehrmeyer 2004</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage76mode2up_76]-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris2001a[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninoff00norrpage76mode2up_76]_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2001a">Norris 2001a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr/page/76/mode/2up">76</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage176mode2up_176]-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertenssonLeyda1956[httpsarchiveorgdetailssergeirachmanino0000bertpage176mode2up_176]_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956">Bertensson & Leyda 1956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert/page/176/mode/2up">176</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson1984-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson1984_192-0">^</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsrachmaninofflife0000harrpage223mode2up_223]_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2006">Harrison 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr/page/223/mode/2up">223</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990498–499,_505-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990498–499,_505_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, pp. 498–499, 505. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObenchain198729-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObenchain198729_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObenchain1987">Obenchain 1987</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990509–10,_519-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990509–10,_519_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, pp. 509–10, 519. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990522-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990522_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. 522. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990516&ndash;517-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990516&ndash;517_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. 516–517. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990518–519-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990518–519_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, pp. 518–519. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990523-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990523_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. 523. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990526–531-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990526–531_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, pp. 526–531. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990519-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyn1990519_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartyn1990">Martyn 1990</a>, p. 519. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertenssonLeyda1956" class="citation book cs1">Bertensson, Sergei; Leyda, Jay (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sergeirachmanino0000bert">Sergei Rachmaninoff – A Lifetime in Music</a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-814-70044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-814-70044-0"><bdi>978-0-814-70044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sergei+Rachmaninoff+%E2%80%93+A+Lifetime+in+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-814-70044-0&rft.aulast=Bertensson&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft.au=Leyda%2C+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsergeirachmanino0000bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannata1999" class="citation book cs1">Cannata, David Butler (1999). Rachmaninoff and The Symphony. Innsbruck: Studien Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-706-51240-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-706-51240-4"><bdi>978-3-706-51240-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff+and+The+Symphony&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pub=Studien+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-706-51240-4&rft.aulast=Cannata&rft.aufirst=David+Butler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2001" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Robert E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2YrwE8GaLEC">Sergei Rachmaninoff: A Bio-bibliography</a>. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30907-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30907-6"><bdi>978-0-313-30907-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sergei+Rachmaninoff%3A+A+Bio-bibliography&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30907-6&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk2YrwE8GaLEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey2022" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Emily (2022). "Tchaikovsky's Echoes, Chaliapin's Sobs: Aleko, Rachmaninoff, and the Contemporary". In Bullock, Philip Ross (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2dsEAAAQBAJ">Rachmaninoff and His World</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 101–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-82374-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-82374-4"><bdi>978-0-226-82374-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tchaikovsky%27s+Echoes%2C+Chaliapin%27s+Sobs%3A+Aleko%2C+Rachmaninoff%2C+and+the+Contemporary&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff+and+His+World&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=101-138&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-226-82374-4&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO2dsEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2006" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Max (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninofflife0000harr">Rachmaninoff: Life, Works, Recordings</a>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-826-49312-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-826-49312-5"><bdi>978-0-826-49312-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff%3A+Life%2C+Works%2C+Recordings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-826-49312-5&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frachmaninofflife0000harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyle1939" class="citation book cs1">Lyle, Watson (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoffbiog00lyle">Rachmaninoff: A Biography</a>. London: William Reeves Bookseller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-13003-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-13003-9"><bdi>978-0-404-13003-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Reeves+Bookseller&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=978-0-404-13003-9&rft.aulast=Lyle&rft.aufirst=Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frachmaninoffbiog00lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaes2002" class="citation book cs1">Maes, Francis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrussian0000maes">A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21815-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21815-4"><bdi>978-0-520-21815-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Music%3A+From+Kamarinskaya+to+Babi+Yar&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21815-4&rft.aulast=Maes&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofrussian0000maes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartyn1990" class="citation book cs1">Martyn, Barrie (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zkrDwAAQBAJ">Rachmaninoff: Composer, Pianist, Conductor</a>. Aldershot: Scolar Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-859-67809-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-859-67809-4"><bdi>978-0-859-67809-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff%3A+Composer%2C+Pianist%2C+Conductor&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Scolar+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-859-67809-4&rft.aulast=Martyn&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_zkrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2001a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Norris" title="Geoffrey Norris">Norris, Geoffrey</a> (2001a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00norr">Rachmaninoff</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-16488-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-16488-3"><bdi>978-0-198-16488-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-198-16488-3&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frachmaninoff00norr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2001b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Norris" title="Geoffrey Norris">Norris, Geoffrey</a> (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0020unse/page/707/mode/2up">"Rachmaninoff, Serge"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. London: MacMillan. pp. 707–718. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rachmaninoff%2C+Serge&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=707-718&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewgrovedictiona0020unse%2Fpage%2F707%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Norris" title="Geoffrey Norris">Norris, Geoffrey</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198662129/page/1025/mode/2up">"Rakhmaninov, Sergey"</a>. In Latham, Alison (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1025–1026. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-66212-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-66212-9"><bdi>978-0-198-66212-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59376677">59376677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rakhmaninov%2C+Sergey&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1025-1026&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59376677&rft.isbn=978-0-198-66212-9&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780198662129%2Fpage%2F1025%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1941" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Charles (1941) [1935]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHo6AAAAIAAJ">The Victor Book of the Symphony</a> (Revised ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victor+Book+of+the+Symphony&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHo6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObenchain1987" class="citation book cs1">Obenchain, Elaine (1987). The complete catalog of Ampico reproducing piano rolls. New York: Vestal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911572-62-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-911572-62-7"><bdi>0-911572-62-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/314284925">314284925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+catalog+of+Ampico+reproducing+piano+rolls&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vestal+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F314284925&rft.isbn=0-911572-62-7&rft.aulast=Obenchain&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiggott1974" class="citation book cs1">Piggott, Patrick (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninovorche0000pigg">Rachmaninov Orchestral Music</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95308-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95308-3"><bdi>978-0-295-95308-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninov+Orchestral+Music&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-295-95308-3&rft.aulast=Piggott&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frachmaninovorche0000pigg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaskin1983" class="citation book cs1">Plaskin, Glenn (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horowitz00glen">Horowitz: A Biography</a>. New York: William Morrow and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01616-6"><bdi>978-0-688-01616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horowitz%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-688-01616-6&rft.aulast=Plaskin&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhorowitz00glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiesemann1934" class="citation book cs1">Riesemann, Oskar von (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.179919">Rachmaninoff's Recollections, Told to Oskar von Riesemann</a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-83695-232-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-83695-232-2"><bdi>978-0-83695-232-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff%27s+Recollections%2C+Told+to+Oskar+von+Riesemann&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=978-0-83695-232-2&rft.aulast=Riesemann&rft.aufirst=Oskar+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.179919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Harlow (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2hxJrlSE0AC">Russians in Hollywood, Hollywood's Russians: Biography of an Image</a>. Lebanon: University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-555-53686-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-555-53686-2"><bdi>978-1-555-53686-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russians+in+Hollywood%2C+Hollywood%27s+Russians%3A+Biography+of+an+Image&rft.place=Lebanon&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-555-53686-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Harlow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2hxJrlSE0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Rubinstein, Arthur</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mymanyyears0000rubi/mode/2up">My Many Years</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-42253-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-42253-8"><bdi>0-394-42253-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Many+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-394-42253-8&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmymanyyears0000rubi%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonberg1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpianists000scho">The Great Pianists</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03857-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03857-6"><bdi>978-0-393-03857-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Pianists&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03857-6&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpianists000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonberg1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/virtuosiclassica0000scho">The Virtuosi: Classical Music's Great Performers From Paganini to Pavarotti</a>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-75532-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-75532-8"><bdi>978-0-394-75532-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtuosi%3A+Classical+Music%27s+Great+Performers+From+Paganini+to+Pavarotti&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-394-75532-8&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvirtuosiclassica0000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonberg1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofgreatcomp00scho_1">The Lives of the Great Composers</a> (3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10972-5"><bdi>978-0-349-10972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Great+Composers&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-349-10972-5&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofgreatcomp00scho_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2011" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff0000scot">Rachmaninoff</a>. Cheltenham: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7242-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7242-3"><bdi>978-0-7524-7242-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-7242-3&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frachmaninoff0000scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeroff1950" class="citation book cs1">Seroff, Victor Ilyitch (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rachmaninoff00sero">Rachmaninoff: A Biography</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-836-98034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-836-98034-9"><bdi>978-0-836-98034-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-836-98034-9&rft.aulast=Seroff&rft.aufirst=Victor+Ilyitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frachmaninoff00sero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvester2014" class="citation book cs1">Sylvester, Richard D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3rDAgAAQBAJ">Rachmaninoff's Complete Songs: A Companion with Texts and Translations</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2530-1259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2530-1259-3"><bdi>978-0-2530-1259-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rachmaninoff%27s+Complete+Songs%3A+A+Companion+with+Texts+and+Translations&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-2530-1259-3&rft.aulast=Sylvester&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3rDAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrelfallNorris1982" class="citation book cs1">Threlfall, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Norris" title="Geoffrey Norris">Norris, Geoffrey</a> (1982). A Catalogue of the Compositions of Rachmaninoff. London: Scolar Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-859-67617-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-859-67617-5"><bdi>978-0-859-67617-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+the+Compositions+of+Rachmaninoff&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Scolar+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-859-67617-5&rft.aulast=Threlfall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Norris%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnbegaunUspenskiĭ1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Unbegaun" title="Boris Unbegaun">Unbegaun, Boris Ottokar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Boris_Uspenskij" title="Boris Uspenskij">Uspenskiĭ, Boris Andreevich</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiansurnames">Русские фамилии</a> (in Russian). Moscow: Progress Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-01-001045-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-01-001045-4"><bdi>978-5-01-001045-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21065596">21065596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+Publisher&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21065596&rft.isbn=978-5-01-001045-4&rft.aulast=Unbegaun&rft.aufirst=Boris+Ottokar&rft.au=Uspenski%C4%AD%2C+Boris+Andreevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiansurnames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehrmeyer2004" class="citation book cs1">Wehrmeyer, Andreas (2004). Rakhmaninov. London: Haus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-50-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-50-5"><bdi>978-1-904341-50-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rakhmaninov&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904341-50-5&rft.aulast=Wehrmeyer&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals">Journals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkholder2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Peter_Burkholder" title="J. Peter Burkholder">Burkholder, J. Peter</a> (2007). "Review of The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Music". <a href="/wiki/Notes_(journal)" title="Notes (journal)">Notes</a>. 63 (4): 844–848. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnot.2007.0058">10.1353/not.2007.0058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4380">0027-4380</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4487887">4487887</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162372816">162372816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Cambridge+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Music&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=844-848&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0027-4380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162372816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4487887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnot.2007.0058&rft.aulast=Burkholder&rft.aufirst=J.+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarruthers2006" class="citation journal cs1">Carruthers, Glen (2006). "The (re)appraisal of Rachmaninov's music: contradictions and fallacies". <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a>. 147 (1896): 44–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25434403">10.2307/25434403</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25434403">25434403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=The+%28re%29appraisal+of+Rachmaninov%27s+music%3A+contradictions+and+fallacies&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1896&rft.pages=44-50&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25434403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25434403%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carruthers&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDąbrowskiStankiewicz-JóźwickaKowalczykWróblewski2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dąbrowski, K P; Stankiewicz-Jóźwicka, H; Kowalczyk, A; Wróblewski, J; Ciszek, B (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5603%2FFM.a2020.0066">"Morphology of sesamoid bones in keyboard musicians"</a>. 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(1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1351877">"Rachmaninov and Marfan's syndrome"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">British Medical Journal</a>. 293 (6562): 1624–1626. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.293.6562.1624">10.1136/bmj.293.6562.1624</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1351877">1351877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3101945">3101945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Rachmaninov+and+Marfan%27s+syndrome&rft.volume=293&rft.issue=6562&rft.pages=1624-1626&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1351877%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3101945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.293.6562.1624&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=D.+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1351877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Maddocks" title="Fiona Maddocks">Maddocks, Fiona</a> (2023). Goodbye Russia: Rachmaninoff in Exile. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-37113-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-37113-6"><bdi>978-0-571-37113-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodbye+Russia%3A+Rachmaninoff+in+Exile&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-571-37113-6&rft.aulast=Maddocks&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Rachmaninoff&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style 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Recordings <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rachmaninoffdiary.com/">Sergei Rachmaninoff's Performance Diary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027141256/http://geocities.com/Vienna/Strasse/6145/rachperf.htm">Complete list of Rachmaninoff's performances as a conductor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 27 October 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102117">Sergei Rachmaninoff recordings</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Discography_of_American_Historical_Recordings" title="Discography of American Historical Recordings">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a>.</li></ul> Music scores <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3352">Works by Sergei Rachmaninoff</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28Rachmaninoff+OR+Rakhmaninov+OR+Rachmaninov%29">Works by or about Sergei Rachmaninoff</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rachmaninov.altervista.org/spartiti.html">Free scores</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Rachmaninoff,_Sergei" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Rachmaninoff, Sergei">Free scores by Sergei Rachmaninoff</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Sergei Rachmaninoff">Free scores by Sergei Rachmaninoff</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li></ul> Other <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu015003">Sergei Rachmaninoff archive, 1872-1992</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/rachmaninov">"Discovering Rachmaninov"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Rachmaninov&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Frachmaninov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergei+Rachmaninoff" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Template talk:Sergei Rachmaninoff"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sergei Rachmaninoff"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sergei_Rachmaninoff" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="List of compositions by Sergei Rachmaninoff">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleko_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Aleko (Rachmaninoff)">Aleko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Miserly_Knight" title="The Miserly Knight">The Miserly Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Rachmaninoff)">Francesca da Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Salammbô (Rachmaninoff)">Salammbô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monna_Vanna" title="Monna Vanna">Monna Vanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 1 in F♯ minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._4_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 4 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 4 in G minor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symphonies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Symphonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Symphony_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Youth Symphony (Rachmaninoff)">Youth Symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Symphony No. 1 in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Symphony No. 2 in E minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bells_(symphony)" title="The Bells (symphony)">The Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Symphony No. 3 in A minor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scherzo_in_D_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Scherzo in D minor (Rachmaninoff)">Scherzo in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Suite in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rostislav_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prince Rostislav (Rachmaninoff)">Prince Rostislav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rock_(Rachmaninoff)" title="The Rock (Rachmaninoff)">The Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprice_boh%C3%A9mien" title="Caprice bohémien">Caprice bohémien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_the_Dead_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Isle of the Dead (Rachmaninoff)">Isle of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_on_a_Theme_of_Paganini" title="Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini">Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Dances_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphonic Dances (Rachmaninoff)">Symphonic Dances</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Night_Vigil_(Rachmaninoff)" title="All-Night Vigil (Rachmaninoff)">All-Night Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Rachmaninoff)">Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Spring (Rachmaninoff)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bells_(symphony)" title="The Bells (symphony)">The Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Russian_Songs,_Op._41_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Three Russian Songs, Op. 41 (Rachmaninoff)">Three Russian Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocalise_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Vocalise (Rachmaninoff)">Vocalise</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morceaux_de_salon,_Op._6_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Morceaux de salon, Op. 6 (Rachmaninoff)">Morceaux de salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trio_%C3%A9l%C3%A9giaque_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Trio élégiaque No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Trio élégiaque No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trio_%C3%A9l%C3%A9giaque_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Trio élégiaque No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Trio élégiaque No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Cello Sonata (Rachmaninoff)">Cello Sonata in G minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Suite No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Suite No. 1 for two pianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Suite No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Suite No. 2 for two pianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Rhapsody_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Russian Rhapsody (Rachmaninoff)">Russian Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_Italienne" title="Polka Italienne">Polka Italienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solo piano</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morceaux_de_fantaisie" title="Morceaux de fantaisie">Morceaux de fantaisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morceaux_de_salon,_Op._10_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Morceaux de salon, Op. 10 (Rachmaninoff)">Morceaux de salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_moments_musicaux_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Six moments musicaux (Rachmaninoff)">Six moments musicaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Chopin_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Variations on a Theme of Chopin (Rachmaninoff)">Variations on a Theme of Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._1_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Sonata No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Sonata No. 1 in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes-Tableaux,_Op._33" title="Études-Tableaux, Op. 33">Études-Tableaux, Op. 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Sonata No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Sonata No. 2 in B♭ minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes-Tableaux,_Op._39" title="Études-Tableaux, Op. 39">Études-Tableaux, Op. 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Corelli" title="Variations on a Theme of Corelli">Variations on a Theme of Corelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_de_W.R." title="Polka de W.R.">Polka de W.R.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Étude in F♯ major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Lento in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Four Pieces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Three Nocturnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Piece (Canon) in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Four Improvisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Morceau de Fantaisie in G minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Fughetta in F major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Three Pieces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Miscellaneous</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Preludes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;">Preludes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_C-sharp_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in C-sharp minor (Rachmaninoff)">Prelude in C♯ minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preludes,_Op._23_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Preludes, Op. 23 (Rachmaninoff)">Preludes, Op. 23</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_F-sharp_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in F-sharp minor (Rachmaninoff)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_B-flat_major_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in B-flat major (Rachmaninoff)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_D_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in D minor (Rachmaninoff)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_D_major_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in D major (Rachmaninoff)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_G_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in G minor (Rachmaninoff)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_E-flat_major_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in E-flat major (Rachmaninoff)">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_C_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in C minor (Rachmaninoff)">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_A-flat_major_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in A-flat major (Rachmaninoff)">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_E-flat_minor_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in E-flat minor (Rachmaninoff)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_in_G-flat_major_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Prelude in G-flat major (Rachmaninoff)">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preludes,_Op._32_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Preludes, Op. 32 (Rachmaninoff)">Preludes, Op. 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_solo_piano_compositions_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Miscellaneous solo piano compositions (Rachmaninoff)">Prelude in F major</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_Rachmaninoff" title="Conservatoire Rachmaninoff">Conservatoire Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachmaninoff_(crater)" title="Rachmaninoff (crater)">Rachmaninoff (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff_recordings" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff recordings">Sergei Rachmaninoff recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_written_in_all_major_and/or_minor_keys" class="mw-redirect" title="Music written in all major and/or minor keys">Music written in all major and/or minor keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovka_estate" title="Ivanovka estate">Ivanovka estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Senar" title="Villa Senar">Villa Senar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romanticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Category:Sergei Rachmaninoff">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gramophone_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Gramophone Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this 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title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham_selected_discography" title="Thomas Beecham selected discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm" title="Karl Böhm">Karl Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult" title="Adrian Boult">Adrian Boult</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Boult_discography" title="Adrian Boult discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergiu_Celibidache" title="Sergiu Celibidache">Sergiu Celibidache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Colin Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel" title="Gustavo Dudamel">Gustavo Dudamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_Gardiner" title="John Eliot Gardiner">John Eliot Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Giulini" title="Carlo Maria Giulini">Carlo Maria Giulini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haitink_discography" title="Bernard Haitink discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt" title="Nikolaus Harnoncourt">Nikolaus Harnoncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood" title="Christopher Hogwood">Christopher Hogwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber" title="Carlos Kleiber">Carlos Kleiber</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Kleiber_discography" title="Carlos Kleiber discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk" title="Rafael Kubelík">Rafael Kubelík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Charles Mackerras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Marriner" title="Neville Marriner">Neville Marriner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Mravinsky" title="Yevgeny Mravinsky">Yevgeny Mravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Muti" title="Riccardo Muti">Riccardo Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pappano" title="Antonio Pappano">Antonio Pappano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Pinnock" title="Trevor Pinnock">Trevor Pinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle_discography" title="Simon Rattle discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" title="Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti" title="Georg Solti">Georg Solti</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Solti_discography" title="Georg Solti discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Szell" title="George Szell">George Szell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas" title="Michael Tilson Thomas">Michael Tilson Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a> <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini_discography" title="Arturo Toscanini discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allen_(baritone)" title="Thomas Allen (baritone)">Thomas Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Janet Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_DiDonato" title="Joyce DiDonato">Joyce DiDonato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ferrier" title="Kathleen Ferrier">Kathleen Ferrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Fischer-Dieskau" title="Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau">Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu" title="Angela Gheorghiu">Angela Gheorghiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson" title="Thomas Hampson">Thomas Hampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hotter" title="Hans Hotter">Hans Hotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky" title="Dmitri Hvorostovsky">Dmitri Hvorostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundula_Janowitz" title="Gundula Janowitz">Gundula Janowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keenlyside" title="Simon Keenlyside">Simon Keenlyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Kirkby" title="Emma Kirkby">Emma Kirkby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sofie_von_Otter" title="Anne Sofie von Otter">Anne Sofie von Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wunderlich" title="Fritz Wunderlich">Fritz Wunderlich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboardists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Argerich" title="Martha Argerich">Martha Argerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Arrau" title="Claudio Arrau">Claudio Arrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ashkenazy" title="Vladimir Ashkenazy">Vladimir Ashkenazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brendel" title="Alfred Brendel">Alfred Brendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Gilels" title="Emil Gilels">Emil Gilels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gulda" title="Friedrich Gulda">Friedrich Gulda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin" title="Marc-André Hamelin">Marc-André Hamelin</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc-Andr%C3%A9_Hamelin_discography" title="Marc-André Hamelin discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Hewitt" title="Angela Hewitt">Angela Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Horowitz" title="Vladimir Horowitz">Vladimir Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hough" title="Stephen Hough">Stephen Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kempff" title="Wilhelm Kempff">Wilhelm Kempff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Kissin" title="Evgeny Kissin">Evgeny Kissin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leonhardt" title="Gustav Leonhardt">Gustav Leonhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lang_Lang" title="Lang Lang">Lang Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinu_Lipatti" title="Dinu Lipatti">Dinu Lipatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Lupu" title="Radu Lupu">Radu Lupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Benedetti_Michelangeli" title="Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli">Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Perahia" title="Murray Perahia">Murray Perahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter" title="Sviatoslav Richter">Sviatoslav Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff" title="András Schiff">András Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Schnabel" title="Artur Schnabel">Artur Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sokolov" title="Grigory Sokolov">Grigory Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida" title="Mitsuko Uchida">Mitsuko Uchida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String/brass/ woodwind players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9" title="Maurice André">Maurice André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Brain" title="Dennis Brain">Dennis Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bream" title="Julian Bream">Julian Bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung_Wha_Chung" title="Kyung Wha Chung">Kyung Wha Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_du_Pr%C3%A9" title="Jacqueline du Pré">Jacqueline du Pré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Galway" title="James Galway">James Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Holliger" title="Heinz Holliger">Heinz Holliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Isserlis" title="Steven Isserlis">Steven Isserlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Fritz Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Kremer" title="Gidon Kremer">Gidon Kremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Mayer" title="Albrecht Mayer">Albrecht Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Milstein" title="Nathan Milstein">Nathan Milstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Sophie_Mutter" title="Anne-Sophie Mutter">Anne-Sophie Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Oistrakh" title="David Oistrakh">David Oistrakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud" title="Emmanuel Pahud">Emmanuel Pahud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rampal" title="Jean-Pierre Rampal">Jean-Pierre Rampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia" title="Andrés Segovia">Andrés Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(guitarist)" title="John Williams (guitarist)">John Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg_Quartett" title="Alban Berg Quartett">Alban Berg Quartett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet" title="Amadeus Quartet">Amadeus Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux_Arts_Trio" title="Beaux Arts Trio">Beaux Arts Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers" title="The King's Singers">The King's Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tallis_Scholars" title="The Tallis Scholars">The Tallis Scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Producers/engineers/ record label executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Coutaz" title="Bernard Coutaz">Bernard Coutaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Culshaw" title="John Culshaw">John Culshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Robert_Fine" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Robert Fine">C. Robert Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaisberg" title="Fred Gaisberg">Fred Gaisberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Heymann" title="Klaus Heymann">Klaus Heymann</a></li> <li>Alain Lanceron</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lewis_(Decca)" title="Edward Lewis (Decca)">Edward Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mohr" title="Richard Mohr">Richard Mohr</a></li> <li>Ted Perry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilkinson" title="Kenneth Wilkinson">Kenneth Wilkinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 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width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131861#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121354017">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60326614">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18126/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4B9K8VKg4d3CYYbGvHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118641832">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50054908">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138987658">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138987658">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00694356">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV218545">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210516&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX839280">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/155058">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069960399">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90345699">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036674&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=217441">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000021538">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200404027">Korea</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M8071">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtq46z1gm0xr9">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662087405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266825605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000193507">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513077606706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14015566">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04094323?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/44b16e44-da77-4580-b851-0d765904573e">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102117">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/sergei-rachmaninoff/11428">Grammy Awards</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/952982">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118641832.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118641832">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028906624">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cr5s8t">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/32447">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Rachmaninoff, Sergei\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1922 Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name explanation\"] = 1,\n [\"Gramophone Hall of Fame\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"IMSLP\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox classical composer\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-rus\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Music\"] = 1,\n [\"Musicbrainz artist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 19,\n [\"OldStyleDate\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Romantic music\"] = 1,\n [\"Romanticism\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sergei Rachmaninoff\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 293,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snf\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","26.2"],["?","260","15.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","180","10.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","8.3"],["dataWrapper 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