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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37953905%2FARTICLES_RELIGION_AND_STATE_ARE_TWIN_BROTHERS_CLASSICAL_MUSLIM_POLITICAL_THEORY%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37953905%2FARTICLES_RELIGION_AND_STATE_ARE_TWIN_BROTHERS_CLASSICAL_MUSLIM_POLITICAL_THEORY%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":57968258,"identifier":"Attachment_57968258","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":37953905,"created_at":"2018-12-10T23:23:23.874-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-17T05:21:07.068-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"The current reluctance for democratic transition in Muslim societies is mostly attributed to Islamic political theories that do not allow a separation between religion and politics. Extremist views often reject democracy because it is perceived to be 'anti-religion'. This paper examines the thread of classical Islamic political theory that considers religion and state to be inseparable 'twin brothers'. Exploring the origins of this thread in Sassanid and tenthcentury Islamic thought, analysis of the doctrine reveals that Muslim political thought more generally has traditionally been more pragmatic on political issues (siyasah), with Muslim jurists continuously marking boundaries between religion and culture in their fatawa, particularly concerning bid'ah (innovation) and tashabbuh bi'l kuffar (imitation of the infidels). Indeed, all definitions of religion that make it inseparable from the state are seen to be a modern phenomenon, in which religion is defined in terms of the ideology of political power, with secularism perceived as its rival. Analysing diverse interpretations of the doctrine from the Abbasid period to the twenty-first century, the paper finds that, like twin brothers, religion and politics are separate in Islam albeit united in their origin. This perspective becomes more meaningful in modern times if we recognise the role of social consensus (ijma'), besides the political and the religious spheres.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"57968258"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"ARTICLES RELIGION AND STATE ARE TWIN BROTHERS: CLASSICAL MUSLIM POLITICAL THEORY","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [523040]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div 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data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="87715045" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87715045/Religion_and_State_Are_Twin_Brothers_Classical_Muslim_Political_Theory">Religion and State Are Twin Brothers : Classical Muslim Political Theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="523040" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadKhalidMasud">Muhammad Khalid Masud</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="67736063" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67736063/Religionization_of_Politics_versus_Secularization_of_Politics_An_Islamic_Alternative">Religionization of Politics versus Secularization of Politics: An Islamic Alternative</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="108835031" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AsgharEftekhari">Asghar Eftekhari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The relation between religion and politics is a question of extended background having received a variety of responses. 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Thus, understanding and practice of politics in a religious society is essent...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Religionization of Politics versus Secularization of Politics: An Islamic Alternative","attachmentId":78453065,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67736063/Religionization_of_Politics_versus_Secularization_of_Politics_An_Islamic_Alternative","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67736063/Religionization_of_Politics_versus_Secularization_of_Politics_An_Islamic_Alternative"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="913836" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/913836/Muslim_Contestations_over_Religion_and_the_State_in_the_Middle_East">Muslim Contestations over Religion and the State in the Middle East</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="735437" href="https://lse.academia.edu/RezaPankhurst">Reza Pankhurst</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Political Theology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">With the future of the Middle East uncertain and unstable, claims to holding the authentic Islamic understanding of the role of religion in politics remain competed over in a political struggle for support, with sides believing that whoever can articulate the authenticity of their vision of government would become more able to influence public opinion. While one train of thought posits Islamic governance as an authentic and correct form of polity for the region which would bring about accountable, elected government, the other claims that Islam is fundamentally silent on the issue of the “state,” and that notions of an “Islamic state” or caliphate are in fact dictatorial and antithetical to orthodox Islam, though Islamic values can inform the individual in their role as a citizen within a democratic state. This article will briefly examine the genealogy of these two competing claims from a Sunni Muslim perspective after examining the dominant approaches to analysing political Islamic groups, while also questioning whether it is fundamentally necessary to insert democratic ideals into such a discussion.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Muslim Contestations over Religion and the State in the Middle East","attachmentId":5546997,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/913836/Muslim_Contestations_over_Religion_and_the_State_in_the_Middle_East","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/913836/Muslim_Contestations_over_Religion_and_the_State_in_the_Middle_East"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="3608981" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3608981/Review_Asma_Afsaruddin_ed_Islam_the_State_and_the_Political_Authority_2011_">Review: Asma Afsaruddin (ed) ‘Islam, the State, and the Political Authority’ (2011)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="315431" href="https://jkhighereducation.academia.edu/TauseefAhmadParray">Tauseef Ahmad Parray</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Encompassing Crescent (EC) Monthly magazine (online), New York, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The book under review, Islam, the State, and the Political Authority (edited by Asma Afsaruddin), is a collection of 12 essays and an “Introduction” (by the editor). Divided into two parts, Part I, “Medieval Section” (chapters 1-6) and Part II, “Modern section” (chapters 7-12), highlight, collectively, the “temporality” of the discussions concerning specific aspects of the Islamic political tradition(s). It offers rich scholarly studies that challenge the view concerning the assumed monolithic ‘Islamic State’ and a single model of political authority, “theocratic caliphate”, by investigating both Sunni and Shi‘i political literature, and by combining both medieval and modern theories and theorists. The book is broad in scope and diverse in themes, and thus is a welcome addition to the existing scholarship on the relationship between Islam and political authority, and will prove very useful and helpful for those interested in the Islamic political thought (in general) and for those knowing the various complexities and trends Islam and politics (in particular).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review: Asma Afsaruddin (ed) ‘Islam, the State, and the Political Authority’ (2011)","attachmentId":35495309,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3608981/Review_Asma_Afsaruddin_ed_Islam_the_State_and_the_Political_Authority_2011_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3608981/Review_Asma_Afsaruddin_ed_Islam_the_State_and_the_Political_Authority_2011_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="24565842" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24565842/_Political_Islam_Theory_Annual_Review_of_Political_Science_vol_18_June_2015_pp_103_23">"Political Islam: Theory," Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 18 (June 2015), pp. 103–23.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="194929" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/24565842/_Political_Islam_Theory_Annual_Review_of_Political_Science_vol_18_June_2015_pp_103_23"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="43123335" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43123335/Some_Remarks_on_the_Correlation_between_Islam_and_Governance_1_ACTA_ASIATICA_VARSOVIENSIA_Some_Remarks_on_the_Correlation_between_Islam_and_Governance_in_the_Modern_Sunni_and_Shiit_Revivalist_Movements">Some Remarks on the Correlation between Islam and Governance 1 ACTA ASIATICA VARSOVIENSIA Some Remarks on the Correlation between Islam and Governance in the Modern Sunni and Shiit Revivalist Movements</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42517482" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlSalmiAbdulrahman">Abdulrahman Al Salmi/Salimi</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Some Remarks on the Correlation between Islam and Governance 1 ACTA ASIATICA VARSOVIENSIA Some Remarks on the Correlation between Islam and Governance in the Modern Sunni and Shiit Revivalist Movements","attachmentId":63381006,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43123335/Some_Remarks_on_the_Correlation_between_Islam_and_Governance_1_ACTA_ASIATICA_VARSOVIENSIA_Some_Remarks_on_the_Correlation_between_Islam_and_Governance_in_the_Modern_Sunni_and_Shiit_Revivalist_Movements","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 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href="https://www.academia.edu/94108947/Ali_Souad_T_A_Religion_Not_a_State_Ali_Abd_al_Raziq_s_Islamic_Justification_of_Political_Secularism_Salt_Lake_City_The_University_of_Utah_Press_2009_163_pp_978_0_87480_951_0_25">Ali, Souad T. A Religion, Not a State: ‘Ali ‘Abd al-Raziq’s Islamic Justification of Political Secularism, Salt Lake City, The University of Utah Press, 2009, 163 pp., 978 0 87480 951 0, $25</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3811974" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/HeatherSharkey">Heather J Sharkey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Religion in Africa, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ali, Souad T. A Religion, Not a State: ‘Ali ‘Abd al-Raziq’s Islamic Justification of Political Secularism, Salt Lake City, The University of Utah Press, 2009, 163 pp., 978 0 87480 951 0, $25","attachmentId":96658836,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94108947/Ali_Souad_T_A_Religion_Not_a_State_Ali_Abd_al_Raziq_s_Islamic_Justification_of_Political_Secularism_Salt_Lake_City_The_University_of_Utah_Press_2009_163_pp_978_0_87480_951_0_25","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94108947/Ali_Souad_T_A_Religion_Not_a_State_Ali_Abd_al_Raziq_s_Islamic_Justification_of_Political_Secularism_Salt_Lake_City_The_University_of_Utah_Press_2009_163_pp_978_0_87480_951_0_25"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="5269629" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5269629/RELIGION_AND_POLITICS_FROM_ISLAMIC_PERSPECTIVE_BY">RELIGION AND POLITICS FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE BY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6236064" href="https://nucdb.academia.edu/AbdulmajeedHassanBello">Abdulmajeed B O L A D E Hassan-Bello</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RELIGION AND POLITICS FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE BY","attachmentId":32446260,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5269629/RELIGION_AND_POLITICS_FROM_ISLAMIC_PERSPECTIVE_BY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5269629/RELIGION_AND_POLITICS_FROM_ISLAMIC_PERSPECTIVE_BY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="44459446" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44459446/An_Assessment_of_Religion_and_Politics_in_the_Islamic_World">An Assessment of Religion and Politics in the Islamic World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="93081437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JournalIjahss">Ijahsss Journal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences Studies, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper investigates the relationship between Islam and politics in Islamic world and assesses how compatible they are. Through secularist theory, the paper establishes that the religion of Islam basically is a source of ethics and morality, and it should not be used as a political force on the citizens of any given state. The paper therefore considers divergent opinions of scholars on what supposed to be the stand of Islamic religion to democracy and how far a Muslim can apply the dictates of Quran to political activities in a state. Based on this, the paper investigates the roles being played by Islam in politics in some Islamic countries of the world and therefore concludes that there is no uniformity in their views on politics and religion of Islam.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Assessment of Religion and Politics in the Islamic World","attachmentId":64884468,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44459446/An_Assessment_of_Religion_and_Politics_in_the_Islamic_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44459446/An_Assessment_of_Religion_and_Politics_in_the_Islamic_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="35251560" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35251560/D%C4%ABn_wa_Dawla_On_Scope_and_Context_of_Political_Authority_in_Islam_UWTSD_2017_">Dīn wa Dawla? On Scope and Context of Political Authority in Islam (UWTSD, 2017)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45184356" href="https://leicester.academia.edu/ThorstenKoch">Thorsten Koch, MA, PgDip</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Did the prophet Muḥammad ibn 'Abd Allāh (570-632 CE) possess political authority to the same extent as he held religious legitimacy, and what are the historical and contemporary implications? This paper examines in how far worldly, social relations (mu'amalāt) have been subject to religious authority in Islam as much as creed ('aqīdah) and rituals ('ibādāt). We look at Islamic sources, Islamic history, and multiple concepts under the headline of secularism, a model which serves Islamists today as a largely negative reference to support their view of Islam as a universal religion ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dīn wa Dawla? 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