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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation_and_public_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation_and_public_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recreation and public lands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation_and_public_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_loess_landscapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_loess_landscapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other loess landscapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_loess_landscapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loess_Hills&params=41.8013_N_95.995_W_region:US_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°48′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°59′42″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.8013°N 95.995°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.8013; -95.995</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hills of the United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Loess Hills wine region, see <a href="/wiki/Loess_Hills_District_AVA" title="Loess Hills District AVA">Loess Hills District AVA</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #abdb75; line-height: 140%;">Loess Hills</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loess_hills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Loess_hills.jpg/250px-Loess_hills.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Loess_hills.jpg/375px-Loess_hills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Loess_hills.jpg/500px-Loess_hills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1322" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Loess Hills east of <a href="/wiki/Mondamin,_Iowa" title="Mondamin, Iowa">Mondamin, Iowa</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_f32eadece01eac94ffd792730e06dfd9c90852cf"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Loess_Hills&revid=1248009977&groups=_f32eadece01eac94ffd792730e06dfd9c90852cf" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Loess_Hills&revid=1248009977&groups=_f32eadece01eac94ffd792730e06dfd9c90852cf 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="label"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Western <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Loess_Hills&params=41.8013_N_95.995_W_region:US_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°48′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">95°59′42″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.8013°N 95.995°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.8013; -95.995</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1986</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squaw-loess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Squaw-loess.jpg/330px-Squaw-loess.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Squaw-loess.jpg/495px-Squaw-loess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Squaw-loess.jpg/660px-Squaw-loess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snow_geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow geese">Snow geese</a> flying in front of the Loess Hills at <a href="/wiki/Loess_Bluffs_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Loess Bluffs National Wildlife Refuge">Loess Bluffs National Wildlife Refuge</a> in the Missouri River bottoms near Mound City, Missouri</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Loess Hills</b> are a formation of wind-deposited <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess soil</a> in the westernmost parts of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and the easternmost parts of <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loess_Hills&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Loess (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) Hills are generally located between 1 and 15 miles (2 and 24 km) east of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> channel. The Loess Hills rise 200 feet (60 m) above the flat plains forming a narrow band running north–south 200 miles (320 km) along the Missouri River.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hills are the first rise in land beyond the <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a>, forming something of a "front range" for Iowa, and parts of Missouri and Nebraska adjacent to the Missouri River. The Loess land formations of Iowa extend north into South Dakota and is a feature of three state Parks in South Eastern South Dakota. Union Grove State Park, Newton Hills State Park and Blood Run State Park. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LoessHills800x450.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LoessHills800x450.jpg/290px-LoessHills800x450.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LoessHills800x450.jpg/435px-LoessHills800x450.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LoessHills800x450.jpg/580px-LoessHills800x450.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>A view of the thin ridges that form the "spine" of the Loess Hills</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last Ice Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> advanced into the middle of North America, grinding underlying rock into dust-like "<a href="/wiki/Rock_flour" title="Rock flour">glacial flour</a>." As temperatures warmed, the glaciers retreated and vast amounts of meltwater and sediment flooded the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River_Valley" title="Missouri River Valley">Missouri River Valley</a>. The sediment was deposited on the flood plain, creating huge <a href="/wiki/Mud_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud flat">mud flats</a>. When meltwaters receded, these mud flats were exposed. As they dried, the fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> was picked up by strong <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing westerly winds</a>. Huge dust clouds were moved and redeposited over broad areas. The heavier, coarser silt was deposited close to the Missouri River flood plain, forming vast <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dune</a> fields. The dune fields were eventually stabilized by grass. Due to the erosive nature of loess soil and its ability to stand in vertical columns when dry, the stabilized dunes were eroded into the corrugated, sharply dissected bluffs we see today. </p><p>The dominant features of this landscape are "peak and saddle" topography, "razor ridges" (narrow ridges, often less than 10 feet (3 m) wide, which fall off at near ninety-degree angles on either side for 60 feet (18 m) or more), and "cat-step" terraces (caused by the constant slumping and vertical shearing of the loess soil). The soil has a characteristic yellow hue and is generally broken down into several units based on the period of deposition (Loveland, Pisgah, Peoria). Loess is known locally as "sugar clay" because it can be extremely hard when dry, but when wet, loses all cohesion. The Loess Hills of Iowa are remarkable for the depth of the drift layer, often more than 90 feet (27 m) deep. The only comparable deposits of loess to such an extent are located in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loess_Hills&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_the_Loess_Hills.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_the_Loess_Hills.gif/220px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_the_Loess_Hills.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_the_Loess_Hills.gif/330px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_the_Loess_Hills.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_the_Loess_Hills.gif/440px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_the_Loess_Hills.gif 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>The Loess Hills region in Missouri</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the hills stretch from the <a href="/wiki/Blood_Run_Site" title="Blood Run Site">Blood Run Site</a> in South Dakota in the north to <a href="/wiki/Mound_City,_Missouri" title="Mound City, Missouri">Mound City, Missouri</a> in the south. Loess topography can be found at various points in extreme eastern portions of Nebraska and Kansas along the Missouri River valley, particularly near the Nebraska cities of <a href="/wiki/Brownville,_Nebraska" title="Brownville, Nebraska">Brownville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rulo,_Nebraska" title="Rulo, Nebraska">Rulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plattsmouth,_Nebraska" title="Plattsmouth, Nebraska">Plattsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Calhoun,_Nebraska" title="Fort Calhoun, Nebraska">Fort Calhoun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponca,_Nebraska" title="Ponca, Nebraska">Ponca</a>, and the Iowa cities of Hamburg and Sidney. Southeastern South Dakota has three state parks that feature the loess formations: Union Grove State Park, Newton Hills State Park and Blood Run State Park, all of which are south of Sioux Falls. The Big Sioux River separates the South Dakota Loess Hills from the Iowa Loess Hills; in South Dakota, the Loess Hills follow the eastern edge of Brule Creek. The hills are usually no more than 200 feet (61 m) above the Missouri River bottoms. However, in some areas, such as Murray Hill in Harrison County, Iowa, the Loess Hills can rise over 350 feet (110 m) above the adjacent Missouri River floodplain.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loess_Hills&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Loess Hills have abundant oak-hickory hardwood forests and some of the last remaining stands of <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">prairie grass</a> in the region. The invasion of prairie and oak savanna areas by woodland species such as red cedar (not native to the Hills) is threatening the stability of the fragile soils, as well as diminishing the native ecosystems found there. The areas of native prairie comprise <a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">big bluestem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schizachyrium_scoparium" title="Schizachyrium scoparium">little bluestem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghastrum_nutans" title="Sorghastrum nutans">Indian grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouteloua_curtipendula" title="Bouteloua curtipendula">sideoats grama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forbs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">yucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulsatilla" title="Pulsatilla">pasque flower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amorpha" title="Amorpha">lead plant</a> (false indigo). Many of the prairie species found in the Loess Hills are outside of their normal range of distribution, with plants like spiny-leafed yucca and prickly pear cactus being more common further west, in the <a href="/wiki/Sandhills_(Nebraska)" title="Sandhills (Nebraska)">Sandhills</a> of central Nebraska. In 1984, a previously undiscovered fern, the Prairie Moonwort, was discovered in the Hills and is thought to be endemic to the Hills. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowers_Loess_Hills_600x373.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flowers_Loess_Hills_600x373.jpg/220px-Flowers_Loess_Hills_600x373.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flowers_Loess_Hills_600x373.jpg/330px-Flowers_Loess_Hills_600x373.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flowers_Loess_Hills_600x373.jpg/440px-Flowers_Loess_Hills_600x373.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Wildflowers in the Loess Hills</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larkspur_Loess_Hills_596x373.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Larkspur_Loess_Hills_596x373.jpg/220px-Larkspur_Loess_Hills_596x373.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Larkspur_Loess_Hills_596x373.jpg/330px-Larkspur_Loess_Hills_596x373.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Larkspur_Loess_Hills_596x373.jpg/440px-Larkspur_Loess_Hills_596x373.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Larkspur in Loess Hills</figcaption></figure> <p>Common fauna of the modern Loess Hills include <a href="/wiki/White-tail_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="White-tail deer">white-tail deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ringneck_pheasant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringneck pheasant">ringneck pheasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobwhite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobwhite">bobwhite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a>, some of which were introduced or encouraged by Euro-American settlers. Woodland species are also on the rise in the Loess Hills as the suppression of fire has led to an increase in habitat for forest-dwelling species. Fauna more typical of the pre-settlement Loess Hills, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_rattlesnake" title="Prairie rattlesnake">prairie rattlesnake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_skink" title="Great Plains skink">great plains skink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_pocket_mouse" title="Plains pocket mouse">plains pocket mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornate_box_turtle" title="Ornate box turtle">ornate box turtle</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_spadefoot_toads" class="mw-redirect" title="American spadefoot toads">spadefoot toad</a>, are becoming rare and even endangered due to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> as a result of increased development and suppression of fire in prairie remnants and oak savannas. Species such as bobcat have been rebounding, and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain lion">mountain lions</a> have been recorded in Southwest Iowa in the last decade. Historically, fauna also included <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">prairie chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a>; these were extirpated by the late nineteenth century. </p><p>The Missouri River valley had historically been a major migration corridor for birds, however, the channelization of the river and destruction of <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> has led to a marked decline. The corridor still boasts one of the best areas to view raptor migrations on the continent. As air masses move off the Great Plains, they sink into the Missouri River valley. The prevailing winds across the floodplain then hit the sharp rise of the Loess Hills, creating thermal updrafts that raptors use to make their way to and from breeding grounds. Raptors can often be viewed forming "kettles", where many birds will create a funnel-like formation as they utilize the same thermal. Typical species found during the months from September to December include <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharp-shinned_hawk" title="Sharp-shinned hawk">sharp-shinned hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferruginous_hawk" title="Ferruginous hawk">ferruginous hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swainson%27s_hawk" title="Swainson's hawk">Swainson's hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_hawk" title="Cooper's hawk">Cooper's hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_harrier" title="Northern harrier">northern harrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_kestrel" title="American kestrel">American kestrel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a>. In all, 20 species of raptor have been identified in a single season since the <a href="/wiki/Hitchcock_Nature_Center" title="Hitchcock Nature Center">Hitchcock Nature Center</a> HawkWatch started, with a record count of 16,000 birds in one season in 2005. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broken_Kettle_Grasslands_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broken Kettle Grasslands Preserve (page does not exist)">Broken Kettle Grasslands Preserve</a> in the northern Loess Hills is home to Iowa's only population of nesting <a href="/wiki/Black-billed_magpie" title="Black-billed magpie">black-billed magpies</a> and home to the last remaining known population of prairie rattlesnake in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation_and_public_lands">Recreation and public lands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loess_Hills&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recreation and public lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Up-bridge-coal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Up-bridge-coal.jpg/330px-Up-bridge-coal.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Up-bridge-coal.jpg/495px-Up-bridge-coal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Up-bridge-coal.jpg/660px-Up-bridge-coal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific</a> coal train crossing the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Missouri_River_Bridge" title="Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge">Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge</a> in Omaha with the Loess Hills in the background.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iowa_loesshills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iowa_loesshills.jpg/280px-Iowa_loesshills.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iowa_loesshills.jpg/420px-Iowa_loesshills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iowa_loesshills.jpg/560px-Iowa_loesshills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Loess Hills forming the valley wall of the Missouri River Valley in <a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs, Iowa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Loess Hills Scenic Byway affords many scenic views from <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Iowa" title="Westfield, Iowa">Westfield, Iowa</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg,_Iowa" title="Hamburg, Iowa">Hamburg</a>. While much of the landscape is held in private ownership, thousands of acres of public land exist in state and county parks, wildlife areas and preserves. <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> also owns several preserve areas in the Hills which are open to the public, including Broken Kettle Grasslands Preserve—the largest contiguous tract of native prairie left in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iowa_state_forests" title="List of Iowa state forests">Loess Hills State Forest</a> is located in west-central Iowa in <a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Iowa" title="Harrison County, Iowa">Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monona_County,_Iowa" title="Monona County, Iowa">Monona</a> counties. It comprises four units totaling 10,600 acres (43 km<sup>2</sup>), and offers hiking, backpacking, picnicking, and fishing opportunities. Preparation Canyon State Park, located near <a href="/wiki/Pisgah,_Iowa" title="Pisgah, Iowa">Pisgah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monona_County,_Iowa" title="Monona County, Iowa">Monona County</a>, is a less developed park in the middle of the Loess Hills State Forest. It has 344 acres (1.4 km<sup>2</sup>) including what was once the Mormon village of <a href="/wiki/Preparation,_Iowa" title="Preparation, Iowa">Preparation</a>. Backpacking trails lead to hike-in campsites. Two major state parks anchor the north and south end of the range—Waubonsie in the south and Stone in the north, both offer camping and a variety of other amenities. <a href="/wiki/Hitchcock_Nature_Center" title="Hitchcock Nature Center">Hitchcock Nature Center</a> is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Pottawattamie_County,_Iowa" title="Pottawattamie County, Iowa">Pottawattamie County</a> Conservation Board and features a lodge with raptor viewing platform and observation tower, from which one has striking views of the Hills, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> valley, and the skyline of downtown <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>. Hike-in camping is also available at this location. Two <a href="/wiki/National_Natural_Landmark" title="National Natural Landmark">National Natural Landmarks</a> are located in the Loess Hills. The Little Sioux/Smith Lake Site contains 2,980 acres (12 km<sup>2</sup>) and is perhaps the best example of the unique topography produced by large deposits of loess soil. The 7,440-acre (30 km<sup>2</sup>) Turin Site of the Loess Hills National Natural Landmark is located just outside Turin and also contains the Turin Man prehistoric archeological site.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loess_Hills&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council-bluffs1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Council-bluffs1.jpg/220px-Council-bluffs1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Council-bluffs1.jpg/330px-Council-bluffs1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Council-bluffs1.jpg/440px-Council-bluffs1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln Memorial where Abraham Lincoln is said to have selected Council Bluffs as the eastern terminus of the transcontinental railroad.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Loess Hills have a rich archaeological heritage. The hills around <a href="/wiki/Glenwood,_Iowa" title="Glenwood, Iowa">Glenwood</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mills_County,_Iowa" title="Mills County, Iowa">Mills County</a>, were inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Glenwood_culture" title="Glenwood culture">Glenwood culture</a>, an eastern extension of the Nebraska Phase of the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a>. The Glenwood Culture lived in the area from roughly 900 A.D. to 1300 A.D. and built hundreds of earth lodges in the region, farming the rich valley bottoms and cultivating native plants from the surrounding hills. An earth lodge replica has been reconstructed in Glenwood Lake Park, and the Mills County Museum, also located at the park, houses an excellent collection of artifacts collected by renowned amateur archeologist Paul Rowe. </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs, Iowa</a> (originally "Kanesville") derives its name from the hills based on the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark</a> first formal "council", or meeting, with <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in 1804, although the meeting with the <a href="/wiki/Otoe_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe tribe">Oto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouri</a> tribe actually took place on the Nebraska side of the Missouri River at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Floyd_(explorer)" title="Charles Floyd (explorer)">Sgt. Charles Floyd</a>, the only fatality of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, is buried on a bluff in the Loess Hills in what is now <a href="/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa" title="Sioux City, Iowa">Sioux City, Iowa</a>. </p><p>In 1853, <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormon</a> <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Elder (Latter Day Saints)">elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Thompson" title="Charles B. Thompson">Charles B. Thompson</a> split off from the main <a href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">wagon train</a> to <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. He initially led 50 to 60 Mormon families to <a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Kanesville</a>. Thompson and a few other men then chose an area called Monona ("peaceful valley"), where they founded the town of <a href="/wiki/Preparation,_Iowa" title="Preparation, Iowa">Preparation</a>, named for "School of Preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Life Beyond</a>." Realizing the valley's wealth as a <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a> region, Thompson used his <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> to report a message "from a spirit" directing the Mormon people to turn over all deeds and possessions to Thompson, who changed his name to "Father Ephraim". In 1856, the people asked for the return of their property; Thompson refused and they decided to <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynch</a> him. Thompson escaped the mob by hiding in an attic in <a href="/wiki/Onawa,_Iowa" title="Onawa, Iowa">Onawa</a>. He then fled Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 12, 1859, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> ascended the hills at Cemetery Hill at Fairview Cemetery in Council Bluffs while being briefed on possible locations for the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_loess_landscapes">Other loess landscapes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loess_Hills&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other loess landscapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loess soil also forms the <a href="/wiki/Arikaree_Breaks" title="Arikaree Breaks">Arikaree Breaks</a> in northwest Kansas, and the Mississippi-Yazoo "Bluff Hills" near <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>. A large region of <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> to the south and east of the <a href="/wiki/Sandhills_(Nebraska)" title="Sandhills (Nebraska)">Sandhills</a> is covered with loess. Deep loess deposits are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> River valley in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crowley%27s_Ridge" title="Crowley's Ridge">Crowley's Ridge</a> in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and northeastern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> is made up of loess soil. The word <i>loess</i> is derived from the German for "loose or crumbly." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loess_Hills&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Hills_District_AVA" title="Loess Hills District AVA">Loess Hills District AVA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loess_Hills&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/">"Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa"</a>, USGS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=26285">"Murray Hill - Peakbagger.com"</a>. <i>www.peakbagger.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peakbagger.com&rft.atitle=Murray+Hill+-+Peakbagger.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D26285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoess+Hills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom2020" class="citation news cs1">Tom (October 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kiwaradio.com/local-news/plymouth-county-bison-roundup/">"Plymouth County Bison Roundup"</a>. <i>KIWA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KIWA&rft.atitle=Plymouth+County+Bison+Roundup&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.au=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkiwaradio.com%2Flocal-news%2Fplymouth-county-bison-roundup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoess+Hills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorvell2022" class="citation web cs1">Norvell, Kim (June 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2022/06/09/iowa-prairie-restoration-efforts-underway-restore-land-once-covered-most-loess-hills/7473755001/">"Prairie restoration taking root in Iowa: Conservation groups eye new solutions"</a>. <i>The Des Moines Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Des+Moines+Register&rft.atitle=Prairie+restoration+taking+root+in+Iowa%3A+Conservation+groups+eye+new+solutions&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft.aulast=Norvell&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desmoinesregister.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2022%2F06%2F09%2Fiowa-prairie-restoration-efforts-underway-restore-land-once-covered-most-loess-hills%2F7473755001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoess+Hills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/site.cfm?Site=LOHI-IA">"Loess Hills"</a>. <i>nps.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=Loess+Hills&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.nps.gov%2Fnnl%2Fsite.cfm%3FSite%3DLOHI-IA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoess+Hills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iowadnr.gov/Destinations/StateParksRecAreas/IowasStateParks/ParkDetails.aspx?ParkID=610160&idAdminBoundary=236">"Preparation Canyon State Park"</a>. <i>iowadnr.gov</i>. Iowa Department of Natural Resources.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iowadnr.gov&rft.atitle=Preparation+Canyon+State+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iowadnr.gov%2FDestinations%2FStateParksRecAreas%2FIowasStateParks%2FParkDetails.aspx%3FParkID%3D610160%26idAdminBoundary%3D236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoess+Hills" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loess_Hills&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Loess_Hills" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Loess Hills">Loess Hills</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206025231/http://www.byways.org/browse/byways/2187/">Loess Hills Scenic Byway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626123416/http://www.nfinity.com/~exile/loesspg.htm">Loess Hills Western Iowa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/info/loess/">Geology USGS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016055448/http://www.reflectiveimages.com/LoessHillsGallery.htm">Fragile Giants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iowadnr.gov/Destinations/StateForests/LoessHillsStateForest.aspx">Loess Hills State Forest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005185655/http://www.reflectiveimages.com/charles.htm">Sen. 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Iowa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iowa" title="Template:Iowa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iowa" title="Template talk:Iowa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iowa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iowa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Iowa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iowa" title="Outline of Iowa">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Iowa" title="Archaeology of Iowa">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iowa_area_codes" title="List of Iowa area codes">Area codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Iowa" title="Attorney General of Iowa">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Auditor" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa State Auditor">Auditor of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Capitol" title="Iowa State Capitol">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iowa" title="Climate change in Iowa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Iowa" title="Code of Iowa">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa%27s_congressional_districts" title="Iowa's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iowa" title="Crime in Iowa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Iowa" title="United States congressional delegations from Iowa">Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa" title="List of United States representatives from Iowa">Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States senators from Iowa">Senators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa" title="Elections in Iowa">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Caucuses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Iowa" title="Environment of Iowa">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iowa" title="Flag of Iowa">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Iowa" title="List of governors of Iowa">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Iowa" title="Gun laws in Iowa">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa">Historic Places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Iowa-related_articles" title="Index of Iowa-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_General_Assembly" title="Iowa General Assembly">Legislature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_House_of_Representatives" title="Iowa House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Senate" title="Iowa Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iowa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Iowa" title="List of museums in Iowa">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Iowa" title="List of people from Iowa">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Iowa" title="Native American tribes in Iowa">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Iowa" title="Political party strength in Iowa">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Iowa" title="Libertarian Party of Iowa">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Republican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Iowa" title="Seal of Iowa">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Agriculture_of_Iowa" title="Secretary of Agriculture of Iowa">Secretary of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Iowa" title="Secretary of State of Iowa">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iowa_state_parks" title="List of Iowa state parks">State Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Supreme_Court" title="Iowa Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iowa_state_symbols" title="List of Iowa state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Iowa" title="Treasurer of Iowa">Treasurer of State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iowa" title="Geography of Iowa">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coteau_des_Prairies" title="Coteau des Prairies">Coteau des Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_metropolitan_area" title="Des Moines metropolitan area">Des Moines metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Dissected Till Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftless_Area" title="Driftless Area">Driftless Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_River_Road" title="Great River Road">Great River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_War" title="Honey War">Honey Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Great_Lakes" title="Iowa Great Lakes">Iowa Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Loess Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Council_Bluffs_metropolitan_area" title="Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area">Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxland" title="Siouxland">Siouxland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Iowa_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest Iowa cities by population">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames,_Iowa" title="Ames, Iowa">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankeny,_Iowa" title="Ankeny, Iowa">Ankeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Falls,_Iowa" title="Cedar Falls, Iowa">Cedar Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa" title="Cedar Rapids, Iowa">Cedar Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Iowa" title="Clinton, Iowa">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dodge,_Iowa" title="Fort Dodge, Iowa">Fort Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa" title="Iowa City, Iowa">Iowa City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Iowa" title="Marion, Iowa">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalltown,_Iowa" title="Marshalltown, Iowa">Marshalltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_City,_Iowa" title="Mason City, Iowa">Mason City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa" title="Muscatine, Iowa">Muscatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottumwa,_Iowa" title="Ottumwa, Iowa">Ottumwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa" title="Sioux City, Iowa">Sioux City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbandale,_Iowa" title="Urbandale, Iowa">Urbandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa" title="Waterloo, Iowa">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="West Des Moines, Iowa">West Des Moines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Iowa" title="List of counties in Iowa">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adair_County,_Iowa" title="Adair County, Iowa">Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Iowa" title="Adams County, Iowa">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamakee_County,_Iowa" title="Allamakee County, Iowa">Allamakee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appanoose_County,_Iowa" title="Appanoose County, Iowa">Appanoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audubon_County,_Iowa" title="Audubon County, Iowa">Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Iowa" title="Benton County, Iowa">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_County,_Iowa" title="Black Hawk County, Iowa">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Iowa" title="Boone County, Iowa">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_County,_Iowa" title="Bremer County, Iowa">Bremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Iowa" title="Buchanan County, Iowa">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_County,_Iowa" title="Buena Vista County, Iowa">Buena Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Iowa" title="Butler County, Iowa">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Iowa" title="Calhoun County, Iowa">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Iowa" title="Carroll County, Iowa">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Iowa" title="Cass County, Iowa">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_County,_Iowa" title="Cedar County, Iowa">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Gordo_County,_Iowa" title="Cerro Gordo County, Iowa">Cerro Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Iowa" title="Cherokee County, Iowa">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_County,_Iowa" title="Chickasaw County, Iowa">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_County,_Iowa" title="Clarke County, Iowa">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Iowa" title="Clay County, Iowa">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_County,_Iowa" title="Clayton County, Iowa">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Iowa" title="Clinton County, Iowa">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Iowa" title="Crawford County, Iowa">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Iowa" title="Dallas County, Iowa">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_County,_Iowa" title="Davis County, Iowa">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur_County,_Iowa" title="Decatur County, Iowa">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Iowa" title="Delaware County, Iowa">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_County,_Iowa" title="Des Moines County, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_County,_Iowa" title="Dickinson County, Iowa">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque_County,_Iowa" title="Dubuque County, Iowa">Dubuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_County,_Iowa" title="Emmet County, Iowa">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Iowa" title="Fayette County, Iowa">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County,_Iowa" title="Floyd County, Iowa">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Iowa" title="Franklin County, Iowa">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_County,_Iowa" title="Fremont County, Iowa">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Iowa" title="Greene County, Iowa">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Iowa" title="Grundy County, Iowa">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_County,_Iowa" title="Guthrie County, Iowa">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Iowa" title="Hamilton County, Iowa">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Iowa" title="Hancock County, Iowa">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Iowa" title="Hardin County, Iowa">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Iowa" title="Harrison County, Iowa">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Iowa" title="Henry County, Iowa">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Iowa" title="Howard County, Iowa">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_Iowa" title="Humboldt County, Iowa">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_County,_Iowa" title="Ida County, Iowa">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_County,_Iowa" title="Iowa County, Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Iowa" title="Jackson County, Iowa">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Iowa" title="Jasper County, Iowa">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Iowa" title="Jefferson County, Iowa">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Iowa" title="Johnson County, Iowa">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Iowa" title="Jones County, Iowa">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_County,_Iowa" title="Keokuk County, Iowa">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kossuth_County,_Iowa" title="Kossuth County, Iowa">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Iowa" title="Lee County, Iowa">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_County,_Iowa" title="Linn County, Iowa">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_County,_Iowa" title="Louisa County, Iowa">Louisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_County,_Iowa" title="Lucas County, Iowa">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon_County,_Iowa" title="Lyon County, Iowa">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Iowa" title="Madison County, Iowa">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaska_County,_Iowa" title="Mahaska County, Iowa">Mahaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Iowa" title="Marion County, Iowa">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Iowa" title="Marshall County, Iowa">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_County,_Iowa" title="Mills County, Iowa">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Iowa" title="Mitchell County, Iowa">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monona_County,_Iowa" title="Monona County, Iowa">Monona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Iowa" title="Monroe County, Iowa">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Iowa" title="Montgomery County, Iowa">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscatine_County,_Iowa" title="Muscatine County, Iowa">Muscatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_County,_Iowa" title="O'Brien County, Iowa">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola_County,_Iowa" title="Osceola County, Iowa">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_County,_Iowa" title="Page County, Iowa">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_County,_Iowa" title="Palo Alto County, Iowa">Palo Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Iowa" title="Plymouth County, Iowa">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_Iowa" title="Pocahontas County, Iowa">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Iowa" title="Polk County, Iowa">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawattamie_County,_Iowa" title="Pottawattamie County, Iowa">Pottawattamie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poweshiek_County,_Iowa" title="Poweshiek County, Iowa">Poweshiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringgold_County,_Iowa" title="Ringgold County, Iowa">Ringgold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_County,_Iowa" title="Sac County, Iowa">Sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Iowa" title="Scott County, Iowa">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Iowa" title="Shelby County, Iowa">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_County,_Iowa" title="Sioux County, Iowa">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_County,_Iowa" title="Story County, Iowa">Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_County,_Iowa" title="Tama County, Iowa">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_County,_Iowa" title="Taylor County, Iowa">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Iowa" title="Union County, Iowa">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Iowa" title="Van Buren County, Iowa">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_County,_Iowa" title="Wapello County, Iowa">Wapello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Iowa" title="Warren County, Iowa">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Iowa" title="Washington County, Iowa">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Iowa" title="Wayne County, Iowa">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_County,_Iowa" title="Webster County, Iowa">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Iowa" title="Winnebago County, Iowa">Winnebago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winneshiek_County,_Iowa" title="Winneshiek County, Iowa">Winneshiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury_County,_Iowa" title="Woodbury County, Iowa">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worth_County,_Iowa" title="Worth County, Iowa">Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_County,_Iowa" title="Wright County, Iowa">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iowa" title="Portal:Iowa">Iowa portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Missouri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Missouri" title="Template:Missouri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Missouri" title="Template talk:Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Missouri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Missouri" title="Outline of Missouri">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Missouri-related_articles" title="Index of Missouri-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Missouri" title="Climate change in Missouri">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Missouri" title="Geography of Missouri">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Missouri" title="Government of Missouri">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Missouri" title="United States congressional delegations from Missouri">Delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_fought_in_Missouri" title="List of battles fought in Missouri">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri in the Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Missouri" title="List of people from Missouri">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Missouri_state_symbols" title="List of Missouri state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Missouri" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Missouri">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri#Transportation" title="Missouri">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Missouri" title="Abortion in Missouri">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Missouri">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Missouri" title="Crime in Missouri">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Missouri">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Missouri">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Missouri" title="Education in Missouri">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Missouri" title="Gun laws in Missouri">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Missouri">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Missouri" title="Political party strength in Missouri">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Missouri" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boonslick" title="Boonslick">Boonslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Bootheel" title="Missouri Bootheel">Bootheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_State_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Four State Area">Four State Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_War" title="Honey War">Honey Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Missouri_Lead_District" title="Southeast Missouri Lead District">Lead Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Hills" title="Lincoln Hills">Lincoln Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Dixie_(Missouri)" title="Little Dixie (Missouri)">Little Dixie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Loess Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Missouri" title="Mid-Missouri">Mid-Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi Embayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Rhineland" title="Missouri Rhineland">Missouri Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Northern Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ozarks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ozarks">The Ozarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_Purchase" title="Platte Purchase">Platte Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express_Region" title="Pony Express Region">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francois_Mountains" title="St. Francois Mountains">St. Francois Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)" title="Columbia metropolitan area (Missouri)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson City, Missouri metropolitan area">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Joplin, Missouri metropolitan area">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield, Missouri metropolitan area">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" title="St. Joseph, Missouri metropolitan area">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Missouri" title="List of cities in Missouri">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Summit,_Missouri" title="Lee's Summit, Missouri">Lee's Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Missouri" title="O'Fallon, Missouri">O'Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri" title="St. Charles, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri" title="St. Joseph, Missouri">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Missouri" title="Blue Springs, Missouri">Blue Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peters,_Missouri" title="St. Peters, Missouri">St. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri" title="Joplin, Missouri">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florissant,_Missouri" title="Florissant, Missouri">Florissant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Missouri" title="Chesterfield, Missouri">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentzville,_Missouri" title="Wentzville, Missouri">Wentzville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwood,_Missouri" title="Wildwood, Missouri">Wildwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_City,_Missouri" title="University City, Missouri">University City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri" title="Liberty, Missouri">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballwin,_Missouri" title="Ballwin, Missouri">Ballwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood,_Missouri" title="Kirkwood, Missouri">Kirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytown,_Missouri" title="Raytown, Missouri">Raytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Heights,_Missouri" title="Maryland Heights, Missouri">Maryland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Missouri" title="Gladstone, Missouri">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belton,_Missouri" title="Belton, Missouri">Belton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandview,_Missouri" title="Grandview, Missouri">Grandview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixa,_Missouri" title="Nixa, Missouri">Nixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymore,_Missouri" title="Raymore, Missouri">Raymore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Missouri" title="List of counties in Missouri">Counties and <br /> independent city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adair_County,_Missouri" title="Adair County, Missouri">Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_County,_Missouri" title="Andrew County, Missouri">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchison_County,_Missouri" title="Atchison County, Missouri">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrain_County,_Missouri" title="Audrain County, Missouri">Audrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_County,_Missouri" title="Barry County, Missouri">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_County,_Missouri" title="Barton County, Missouri">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_County,_Missouri" title="Bates County, Missouri">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Missouri" title="Benton County, Missouri">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollinger_County,_Missouri" title="Bollinger County, Missouri">Bollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Boone County, Missouri">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Missouri" title="Buchanan County, Missouri">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Missouri" title="Butler County, Missouri">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Missouri" title="Caldwell County, Missouri">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaway_County,_Missouri" title="Callaway County, Missouri">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_County,_Missouri" title="Camden County, Missouri">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau_County,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau County, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Missouri" title="Carroll County, Missouri">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_County,_Missouri" title="Carter County, Missouri">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Missouri" title="Cass County, Missouri">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_County,_Missouri" title="Cedar County, Missouri">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_County,_Missouri" title="Chariton County, Missouri">Chariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_County,_Missouri" title="Christian County, Missouri">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Missouri" title="Clark County, Missouri">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Missouri" title="Clay County, Missouri">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Missouri" title="Clinton County, Missouri">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_County,_Missouri" title="Cole County, Missouri">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_County,_Missouri" title="Cooper County, Missouri">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Missouri" title="Crawford County, Missouri">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dade_County,_Missouri" title="Dade County, Missouri">Dade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Missouri" title="Dallas County, Missouri">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daviess_County,_Missouri" title="Daviess County, Missouri">Daviess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Missouri" title="DeKalb County, Missouri">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent_County,_Missouri" title="Dent County, Missouri">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Missouri" title="Douglas County, Missouri">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunklin_County,_Missouri" title="Dunklin County, Missouri">Dunklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Missouri" title="Franklin County, Missouri">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasconade_County,_Missouri" title="Gasconade County, Missouri">Gasconade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry_County,_Missouri" title="Gentry County, Missouri">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Missouri" title="Greene County, Missouri">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Missouri" title="Grundy County, Missouri">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Missouri" title="Harrison County, Missouri">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Missouri" title="Henry County, Missouri">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_County,_Missouri" title="Hickory County, Missouri">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_County,_Missouri" title="Holt County, Missouri">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Missouri" title="Howard County, Missouri">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_County,_Missouri" title="Howell County, Missouri">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_County,_Missouri" title="Iron County, Missouri">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Missouri" title="Jasper County, Missouri">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Missouri" title="Jefferson County, Missouri">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Missouri" title="Johnson County, Missouri">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Missouri" title="Knox County, Missouri">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laclede_County,_Missouri" title="Laclede County, Missouri">Laclede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Missouri" title="Lafayette County, Missouri">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Missouri" title="Lawrence County, Missouri">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Missouri" title="Lewis County, Missouri">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Missouri" title="Lincoln County, Missouri">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_County,_Missouri" title="Linn County, Missouri">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_Missouri" title="Livingston County, Missouri">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Missouri" title="Macon County, Missouri">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Missouri" title="Madison County, Missouri">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maries_County,_Missouri" title="Maries County, Missouri">Maries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Missouri" title="Marion County, Missouri">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_County,_Missouri" title="McDonald County, Missouri">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Missouri" title="Mercer County, Missouri">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_County,_Missouri" title="Miller County, Missouri">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_County,_Missouri" title="Mississippi County, Missouri">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniteau_County,_Missouri" title="Moniteau County, Missouri">Moniteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Missouri" title="Monroe County, Missouri">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Missouri" title="Montgomery County, Missouri">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Missouri" title="Morgan County, Missouri">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_County,_Missouri" title="New Madrid County, Missouri">New Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Missouri" title="Newton County, Missouri">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodaway_County,_Missouri" title="Nodaway County, Missouri">Nodaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_County,_Missouri" title="Oregon County, Missouri">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Missouri" title="Osage County, Missouri">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark_County,_Missouri" title="Ozark County, Missouri">Ozark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemiscot_County,_Missouri" title="Pemiscot County, Missouri">Pemiscot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Missouri" title="Perry County, Missouri">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettis_County,_Missouri" title="Pettis County, Missouri">Pettis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_County,_Missouri" title="Phelps County, Missouri">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Missouri" title="Pike County, Missouri">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_County,_Missouri" title="Platte County, Missouri">Platte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Missouri" title="Polk County, Missouri">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Missouri" title="Pulaski County, Missouri">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Missouri" title="Putnam County, Missouri">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralls_County,_Missouri" title="Ralls County, Missouri">Ralls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Missouri" title="Randolph County, Missouri">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_County,_Missouri" title="Ray County, Missouri">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_County,_Missouri" title="Reynolds County, Missouri">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley_County,_Missouri" title="Ripley County, Missouri">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_County,_Missouri" title="St. Charles County, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Missouri" title="St. Clair County, Missouri">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francois_County,_Missouri" title="St. Francois County, Missouri">St. Francois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis (City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis (County)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve_County,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Missouri" title="Saline County, Missouri">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_Missouri" title="Schuyler County, Missouri">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_County,_Missouri" title="Scotland County, Missouri">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Missouri" title="Scott County, Missouri">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_County,_Missouri" title="Shannon County, Missouri">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Missouri" title="Shelby County, Missouri">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_County,_Missouri" title="Stoddard County, Missouri">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_County,_Missouri" title="Stone County, Missouri">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Missouri" title="Sullivan County, Missouri">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taney_County,_Missouri" title="Taney County, Missouri">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_County,_Missouri" title="Texas County, Missouri">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_County,_Missouri" title="Vernon County, Missouri">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Missouri" title="Warren County, Missouri">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Missouri" title="Washington County, Missouri">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Missouri" title="Wayne County, Missouri">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_County,_Missouri" title="Webster County, Missouri">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worth_County,_Missouri" title="Worth County, Missouri">Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_County,_Missouri" title="Wright County, Missouri">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/32px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/48px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/64px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Missouri" title="Portal:Missouri">Missouri portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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