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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Missouri_Bootheel&params=36_15_N_89_51_W_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">89°51′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.250°N 89.850°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.250; -89.850</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bootheel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bootheel (disambiguation)">Bootheel</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox 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.ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Missouri Bootheel</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_Bootheel_locator_v1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Missouri_Bootheel_locator_v1.svg/250px-Missouri_Bootheel_locator_v1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Missouri_Bootheel_locator_v1.svg/375px-Missouri_Bootheel_locator_v1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Missouri_Bootheel_locator_v1.svg/500px-Missouri_Bootheel_locator_v1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="354" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of the bootheel region centered on <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Missouri_Bootheel&params=36_15_N_89_51_W_scale:1000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">89°51′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.250°N 89.850°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.250; -89.850</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2010census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">1,708.45 sq mi (4,424.9 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2019)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">62,012</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">36.3/sq mi (14.0/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_Bootheel_topo_map_v1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Missouri_Bootheel_topo_map_v1.png/330px-Missouri_Bootheel_topo_map_v1.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Missouri_Bootheel_topo_map_v1.png/495px-Missouri_Bootheel_topo_map_v1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Missouri_Bootheel_topo_map_v1.png/660px-Missouri_Bootheel_topo_map_v1.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a> of the bootheel and surrounding areas of Missouri and neighboring states.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Missouri Bootheel</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Salient_(geography)" title="Salient (geography)">salient</a> (protrusion) located in the southeasternmost part of the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, extending south of 36°30′ north <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, so called because its shape in relation to the rest of the state resembles the heel of a boot. Strictly speaking, it is composed of some or all of the counties of <a href="/wiki/Dunklin_County,_Missouri" title="Dunklin County, Missouri">Dunklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_County,_Missouri" title="New Madrid County, Missouri">New Madrid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pemiscot_County,_Missouri" title="Pemiscot County, Missouri">Pemiscot</a>. However, the term is locally used to refer to the entire southeastern lowlands of Missouri located within the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Embayment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Embayment">Mississippi Embayment</a>, which includes parts of <a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Missouri" title="Butler County, Missouri">Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_County,_Missouri" title="Mississippi County, Missouri">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ripley_County,_Missouri" title="Ripley County, Missouri">Ripley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Missouri" title="Scott County, Missouri">Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoddard_County,_Missouri" title="Stoddard County, Missouri">Stoddard</a> and extreme southern portions of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau_County,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau County, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bollinger_County,_Missouri" title="Bollinger County, Missouri">Bollinger</a> counties. The largest city in the region is <a href="/wiki/Kennett,_Missouri" title="Kennett, Missouri">Kennett</a>. </p><p>Until the 1920s, the district was a wheat-growing area of family farms. Following the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a>, which ruined the cotton crop in Arkansas, planters moved in. They bought up the land for conversion to cotton commodity crops, bringing along thousands of <a href="/wiki/Sharecropper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecropper">sharecroppers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inside_the_Fifty_States_Today_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inside_the_Fifty_States_Today-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After mechanization of agriculture and other changes in the 1930s, many black families left the area to go north in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>. These counties have predominantly white populations in the 21st century, although some have a significant number of black residents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Bootheel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Missouri was admitted to the Union as part of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>, its original border was proposed as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="36°30′ parallel north">36°30′ parallel north</a> that formed the border between <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. That would have excluded the Bootheel. <a href="/wiki/John_Hardeman_Walker" title="John Hardeman Walker">John Hardeman Walker</a>, a pioneer planter in what is now <a href="/wiki/Pemiscot_County,_Missouri" title="Pemiscot County, Missouri">Pemiscot County</a>, argued that the area had more in common with the Mississippi River towns of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a> in Missouri than with its proposed incorporation in the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas Territory</a>. The border was dropped about 50 miles to the <a href="/wiki/36th_parallel_north" title="36th parallel north">36th parallel north</a>. It follows that parallel west about 30 miles until intersecting the <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_River" title="St. Francis River">St. Francis River</a>, then follows that river north to about the 36°30′ parallel just west of <a href="/wiki/Campbell,_Missouri" title="Campbell, Missouri">Campbell, Missouri</a>. </p><p>According to an apocryphal story in various versions, the Bootheel was added to the state because of the request of John Hardeman Walker to remain in the state "as he had heard it was so sickly in Arkansas", "...full of bears and panthers and copperhead snakes, so it ain't safe for civilized people to stay there over night even." Another legend has the adaptation made by a lovestruck surveyor to spare the feelings of a widow living 50 miles south of the Missouri border, but unaware of it. At one time, the area was known locally as "Lapland, because it's the place where Missouri laps over into Arkansas".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, a number of battles took place in this area, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Island_No._10" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Island No. 10">Battle of Island No. 10</a>. </p><p>Until the early 20th century, the district was largely covered by <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> and swamps, but otherwise was a wheat-growing area of family farms. Lumbering was important in the 1890s until the most valuable trees were taken. </p><p>In 1905, the Little River Drainage District built an elaborate network of ditches, canals, and levees to drain the swamps, as people believed, not understanding about the important function of wetlands in modifying river flooding, that the highest use was for agriculture. </p><p>From 1880 to 1930, the population in the area more than tripled as many workers were brought in. Cotton became the chief commodity crop.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a> ruined the cotton crop in Arkansas, and planters moved into the Bootheel, bought up the new lands or leased them from insurance companies that had invested in the area, and recruited thousands of black sharecroppers as workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Inside_the_Fifty_States_Today_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inside_the_Fifty_States_Today-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1910s, the Bootheel experienced a surge in racial violence as white tenant farmers attacked black workers who were imported by landowners from the South. This competition between white laborers and black laborers resulted in a period of extreme racial violence which took the form of lynchings in <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri" title="New Madrid, Missouri">New Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_Missouri" title="Charleston, Missouri">Charleston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caruthersville,_Missouri" title="Caruthersville, Missouri">Caruthersville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minstrel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minstrel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the other cotton-growing areas of the South, where blacks had been <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchised around the turn of the century</a>, they were allowed to vote in Missouri and played a political role in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the main, political power was held by white power brokers, especially Democrat <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._V._Conran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. V. Conran (page does not exist)">J. V. Conran</a> from the 1930s to 1960s. He worked closely with blacks in the region. An ally of Senator and President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, Conran packed the ballot boxes but did bring efficiency and government services, and helped improve economic and social conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a> said that the Bootheel was a "paradox of rich land and poor people." In 1935, three-fourths of all farms were operated by tenants, most of them black.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radicals in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tenant_Farmers_Union" title="Southern Tenant Farmers Union">Southern Tenant Farmers Union</a> organized protests by hundreds of sharecroppers in early 1939, alleging that landlords had evicted masses of tenants because they did not want to share federal AAA checks with them. The <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a>, a <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> agency, responded by providing low-cost rental housing for 500 cropper families. It awarded $500,000 (equivalent to $9 million in 2023) in grants to 11,000 families in 1939. The protest fizzled out as <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> elements battled for control.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Bootheel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Available samples from the Bootheel and most of the southeastern Missouri counties demonstrate late <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> (more than 1.8 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> (1.8 mya to present) geology, much younger than neighboring highlands. The lowest point in the state is in southwestern Dunklin County along the <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_River" title="St. Francis River">St. Francis River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Arbyrd,_Missouri" title="Arbyrd, Missouri">Arbyrd</a>, at 230 feet above sea level. The bootheel area is notable for being the epicenter of the <a href="/wiki/1811%E2%80%9312_New_Madrid_earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes">1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes</a>, some of the largest earthquakes ever felt in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swamp_reclamation_and_flooding">Swamp reclamation and flooding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Bootheel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Swamp reclamation and flooding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_floodplain_in_Pemiscot_Township.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mississippi_River_floodplain_in_Pemiscot_Township.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_floodplain_in_Pemiscot_Township.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mississippi_River_floodplain_in_Pemiscot_Township.jpg/330px-Mississippi_River_floodplain_in_Pemiscot_Township.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mississippi_River_floodplain_in_Pemiscot_Township.jpg/440px-Mississippi_River_floodplain_in_Pemiscot_Township.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>A typical Bootheel scene: the Mississippi floodplain in southern Pemiscot County</figcaption></figure> <p>As glaciers receded towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a> and turned ice into liquid, the Mississippi River grew longer and wider. Over time, the silt deposits of the Mississippi created some of the most fertile soil in the world, ideal for agriculture. The areas around the Mississippi are composed of thick <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> that is around 100 metres (330 ft) thick. The Bootheel lies in the flood plain between the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_River" title="St. Francis River">St. Francis rivers</a>, so the land is very flat. Since clearing and drainage of wetlands in the early 20th century, it has been predominantly developed for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> purposes. Prior to the 20th century, it was mostly unsettled <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swampy</a> forestland. </p><p>Between 1893 and 1989, developers cut about 85% of the native forests in the region; most clearing was done in the early decades of the 20th century. The entire landscape was transformed into farmland by extensive logging, draining of the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_engineering#Channelization" title="River engineering">channelization</a>, and the construction of <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a> structures. High <a href="/wiki/Levees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levees">levees</a> along both river courses, an extensive system of drainage ditches and diversion channels, and controlled lakes, pumping stations and cutoffs protect the area from flooding. The soils are predominantly a rich and deep glacial <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a>, alluvial <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, and a sandy <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a>, well-suited for agricultural use. </p><p>But the levees have changed the nature of the rivers, and cumulatively have aggravated flooding problems. They also prevent regular silt deposits, as they have increased the speed of the rivers. The reduction in wetlands has reduced important habitats for many species of migratory birds and a variety of fish and animals. </p><p>Flooding is a major concern along the Mississippi River. With such a large river basin and the vast discharge of water, the river makes the towns along its banks highly susceptible to frequent flooding. The <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> reported that from 1980 to 2002, nine floods in the United States had total losses exceeding one billion dollars. In terms of monetary loss and effects on society, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993" title="Great Flood of 1993">Great Flood of 1993</a> was the worst.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Madrid_fault_zone">New Madrid fault zone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Bootheel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Madrid fault zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earthquakes have long been frequent in the area. The <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="New Madrid Seismic Zone">New Madrid Fault Zone</a> is named for the city of <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri" title="New Madrid, Missouri">New Madrid</a> in the Bootheel. This <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault zone</a> is entirely hidden beneath the deep alluvial deposits of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi embayment</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, it is not visible anywhere. This fault zone was responsible for an extremely powerful series of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> that rocked the area in 1811 and 1812, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/1811%E2%80%9312_New_Madrid_earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes">New Madrid earthquake</a>. It was reported to have been so powerful as to ring church bells along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a>. <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">Subsidence</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Lake" title="Reelfoot Lake">Reelfoot Lake</a> on the other side of the Mississippi River in <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a>. An eyewitness of the earthquakes of 1811 and 1812 noted: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Great fissures opened the earth, geysers show mud and rocks hundreds of feet in the air, new hills and ridges heaved up out of the ground, and the river itself ran red with brimstone and sulfur. Whole islands in the river disappeared, the forests went under, the tall oaks snapped like twigs, and violent winds tossed bundles of fallen timbers. Deafening thunder rang to the heavens. Animals went crazy; thousands of birds hovered and screamed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The states of Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana felt the brunt of this quake, ruining lives and leaving residents in fear of aftershocks and possible larger quakes. The New Madrid Seismic Zone is still active and frequently produces small earthquakes. Scientists have estimated that a strong earthquake is inevitable and is overdue. Residents of the area are aware of the risk, but critics say they are not well prepared for a disaster. William Atkinson, author of <i>The Next New Madrid Earthquake</i>, writes:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The area is well overdue for a moderately powerful tremor- which will cause major damage and undoubtedly some casualties...With each passing year, the inevitable earthquake is becoming more powerful, while the state of readiness in the Mississippi Valley remains woefully inadequate.</p></blockquote> <p>Given the population in the area, even a moderately sized earthquake would be disastrous.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_economy">Culture and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Bootheel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bootheel is on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a> culture that produced the <a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta blues</a>. Its relatively large <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black</a> population makes it distinct from the rest of <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> Missouri. The area has a unique rural black culture reflected in its music, churches and other traditions. The black population ranges from about 26% in <a href="/wiki/Pemiscot_County,_Missouri" title="Pemiscot County, Missouri">Pemiscot County</a>, to 15% in New Madrid County, and about 9% in Dunklin County. </p><p>The Bootheel once had a reputation for lawlessness. Remote settlements along the river banks, miles from paved roads, provided an ideal environment (and market) for <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegging</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Culturally, the Bootheel is considered more <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> than <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a>. It was settled largely by people from the South, both black and white. It is considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid-South</a>, a region centered on the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis metropolitan area</a>; it is also included in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a>. Definitions of the Mid-South vary but in general include west <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, north <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, northeast <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and the Missouri Bootheel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locations of the region's television stations had reflected this until the early 21st century prior to smaller, but closer cities obtaining local stations and before the digital transition in 2009: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KFVS-TV" title="KFVS-TV">CBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/KBSI-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="KBSI-TV">Fox</a> affiliates (<a href="/wiki/KFVS-TV" title="KFVS-TV">KFVS-TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/KBSI_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="KBSI (TV)">KBSI</a>, respectively) are located in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a> (the prior affiliate was <a href="/wiki/WREG-TV" title="WREG-TV">WREG-TV</a> in Memphis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSIL-TV" title="WSIL-TV">ABC</a> affiliates include <a href="/wiki/WSIL-TV" title="WSIL-TV">WSIL-TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Illinois" title="Harrisburg, Illinois">Harrisburg, Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KAIT" title="KAIT">KAIT</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jonesboro,_Arkansas" title="Jonesboro, Arkansas">Jonesboro, Arkansas</a> (the prior affiliate was <a href="/wiki/WATN-TV" title="WATN-TV">WATN</a> in Memphis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPSD-TV" title="WPSD-TV">NBC</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WPSD-TV" title="WPSD-TV">WPSD-TV</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky" title="Paducah, Kentucky">Paducah, Kentucky</a>; digital subchannel <a href="/wiki/KAIT-DT2" class="mw-redirect" title="KAIT-DT2">KAIT-DT2</a> from Jonesboro is a secondary affiliate (the prior affiliate was <a href="/wiki/WMC-TV" title="WMC-TV">WMC-TV</a> in Memphis)</li></ul> <p>Economically, the agricultural area is one of the more <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">impoverished</a> parts of Missouri. It does not enjoy the benefits of tourism as do areas of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Ozark_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark Mountains">Ozark Mountains</a>. There is some manufacturing, but the area is primarily agricultural. Because of its alluvial past, the area's rich soil is ideal for growing <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Truck_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck farming">truck crops</a> are grown, most notably various types of <a href="/wiki/Melons" class="mw-redirect" title="Melons">melons</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a>. A limited amount of livestock is raised. In contrast to much of the rest of Missouri, there are few <a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">fences</a>. </p><p>No large cities are located in the Bootheel. Sizable towns include <a href="/wiki/Kennett,_Missouri" title="Kennett, Missouri">Kennett</a>, the birthplace of singers <a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Crow" title="Sheryl Crow">Sheryl Crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Nail" title="David Nail">David Nail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trent_Tomlinson" title="Trent Tomlinson">Trent Tomlinson</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Sikeston,_Missouri" title="Sikeston, Missouri">Sikeston</a>, the birthplace of professional athletes <a href="/wiki/James_Wilder_Sr." title="James Wilder Sr.">James Wilder Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Barnes_(linebacker)" title="Brandon Barnes (linebacker)">Brandon Barnes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blake_DeWitt" title="Blake DeWitt">Blake DeWitt</a>. Sikeston's city limits fall within both <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Missouri" title="Scott County, Missouri">Scott County</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_County" class="mw-redirect" title="New Madrid County">New Madrid County</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Girardeau">Cape Girardeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri" title="Poplar Bluff, Missouri">Poplar Bluff</a> are often considered to be part of the Bootheel due to the influence the two cities have had on the development of the region, but neither is located within its geographic boundaries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hornersville,_Missouri" title="Hornersville, Missouri">Hornersville</a>, a small town in southern Dunklin County, was home to <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Ray_(shoe_mascot)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Ray (shoe mascot) (page does not exist)">William H. "Major" Ray</a>, a one-time 19th-century circus "<a href="/wiki/Midget" title="Midget">midget</a>". He later became known as the representative of the <a href="/wiki/Buster_Brown" title="Buster Brown">Buster Brown</a> shoe <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>. He and his wife, Jennie, are buried in a cemetery in Hornersville.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caruthersville,_Missouri" title="Caruthersville, Missouri">Caruthersville</a> is the county seat of Pemiscot County. </p><p>The small towns of <a href="/wiki/Senath" class="mw-redirect" title="Senath">Senath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbyrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbyrd">Arbyrd</a> are also located in Dunklin County. They are home to a locally celebrated <a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">ghost light</a>, sometimes called the "Senath Light" or "Arbyrd light". It occurs between these two towns and closer to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Missouri" title="Hollywood, Missouri">Hollywood</a> near the Lulu Church and Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Missouri Bootheel is the home of two members of the musical group the Kentucky Headhunters, Doug and Ricky Phelps. They received their education at Southland C-9, the consolidated schools of Arbyrd and <a href="/wiki/Cardwell,_Missouri" title="Cardwell, Missouri">Cardwell, Missouri</a>. They performed at the Cotton Pickin Festival in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Arbyrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbyrd">Arbyrd</a>; a place where they spent much time while growing up. They both performed as <a href="/wiki/Brother_Phelps" title="Brother Phelps">Brother Phelps</a>, and then Doug came back and performed with <a href="/wiki/The_Kentucky_Headhunters" title="The Kentucky Headhunters">The Kentucky Headhunters</a>. This festival is a major attraction and draws a huge crowd for a town of only about 550 people. Other prominent acts at <a href="/wiki/Arbyrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbyrd">Arbyrd</a> include <a href="/wiki/T._Graham_Brown" title="T. Graham Brown">T. Graham Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bellamy_Brothers" title="The Bellamy Brothers">The Bellamy Brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in the northern part of Dunklin County lies the town of Malden, the home of country/rockabilly singer <a href="/wiki/Narvel_Felts" title="Narvel Felts">Narvel Felts</a>. Felts' music has played worldwide, as he continues to tour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Bootheel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="2">Democrat </th> <th colspan="2">Republican </th> <th colspan="2">Third Party </th></tr> <tr> <th># </th> <th>% </th> <th># </th> <th>% </th> <th># </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>5,508 </td> <td>23.53% </td> <td>17,702 </td> <td>75.64% </td> <td>194 </td> <td>0.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>6,240 </td> <td>26.04% </td> <td>17,260 </td> <td>72.03% </td> <td>462 </td> <td>1.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>9,121 </td> <td>37.63% </td> <td>14,732 </td> <td>60.79% </td> <td>383 </td> <td>1.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>10,939 </td> <td>40.66% </td> <td>15,591 </td> <td>57.95% </td> <td>373 </td> <td>1.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>11,998 </td> <td>45.46% </td> <td>14,272 </td> <td>54.08% </td> <td>120 </td> <td>0.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>11,930 </td> <td>50.02% </td> <td>11,592 </td> <td>48.60% </td> <td>329 </td> <td>1.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>13,250 </td> <td>56.58% </td> <td>8,003 </td> <td>34.17% </td> <td>2,167 </td> <td>9.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>15,084 </td> <td>56.84% </td> <td>8,616 </td> <td>32.47% </td> <td>2,836 </td> <td>10.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td>12,381 </td> <td>51.82% </td> <td>11,479 </td> <td>48.05% </td> <td>32 </td> <td>0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>12,036 </td> <td>45.97% </td> <td>14,148 </td> <td>54.03% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>14,431 </td> <td>52.35% </td> <td>12,813 </td> <td>46.48% </td> <td>325 </td> <td>1.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>17,107 </td> <td>66.27% </td> <td>8,653 </td> <td>33.52% </td> <td>55 </td> <td>0.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td>8,293 </td> <td>35.06% </td> <td>15,358 </td> <td>64.94% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td>11,939 </td> <td>40.27% </td> <td>8,874 </td> <td>29.93% </td> <td>8,837 </td> <td>29.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td>20,965 </td> <td>70.66% </td> <td>8,706 </td> <td>29.34% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>21,253 </td> <td>58.02% </td> <td>15,377 </td> <td>41.98% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>25,181 </td> <td>66.89% </td> <td>12,464 </td> <td>33.11% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td>26,932 </td> <td>66.84% </td> <td>13,327 </td> <td>33.07% </td> <td>37 </td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td>30,173 </td> <td>81.54% </td> <td>6,797 </td> <td>18.37% </td> <td>35 </td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td>23,437 </td> <td>64.71% </td> <td>12,715 </td> <td>35.11% </td> <td>65 </td> <td>0.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>30,114 </td> <td>62.65% </td> <td>17,845 </td> <td>37.13% </td> <td>107 </td> <td>0.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td>26,195 </td> <td>66.72% </td> <td>12,970 </td> <td>33.03% </td> <td>97 </td> <td>0.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932 </td> <td>24,887 </td> <td>70.66% </td> <td>10,160 </td> <td>28.85% </td> <td>173 </td> <td>0.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1928 </td> <td>14,291 </td> <td>49.38% </td> <td>14,608 </td> <td>50.48% </td> <td>42 </td> <td>0.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1924 </td> <td>14,140 </td> <td>52.49% </td> <td>12,265 </td> <td>45.53% </td> <td>532 </td> <td>1.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 </td> <td>12,737 </td> <td>49.15% </td> <td>12,643 </td> <td>48.79% </td> <td>534 </td> <td>2.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1916 </td> <td>8,885 </td> <td>57.20% </td> <td>6,039 </td> <td>38.88% </td> <td>609 </td> <td>3.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912 </td> <td>6,285 </td> <td>48.60% </td> <td>3,567 </td> <td>27.58% </td> <td>3,079 </td> <td>23.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 </td> <td>6,283 </td> <td>56.11% </td> <td>4,464 </td> <td>39.87% </td> <td>450 </td> <td>4.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904 </td> <td>4,861 </td> <td>58.31% </td> <td>3,306 </td> <td>39.65% </td> <td>170 </td> <td>2.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900 </td> <td>5,460 </td> <td>67.04% </td> <td>2,599 </td> <td>31.91% </td> <td>85 </td> <td>1.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1896 </td> <td>5,874 </td> <td>76.47% </td> <td>1,796 </td> <td>23.38% </td> <td>11 </td> <td>0.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1892 </td> <td>4,082 </td> <td>74.38% </td> <td>1,153 </td> <td>21.01% </td> <td>253 </td> <td>4.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1888 </td> <td>3,551 </td> <td>73.66% </td> <td>1,269 </td> <td>26.32% </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1884 </td> <td>3,296 </td> <td>77.39% </td> <td>963 </td> <td>22.61% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880 </td> <td>3,165 </td> <td>84.33% </td> <td>588 </td> <td>15.67% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1876 </td> <td>2,935 </td> <td>88.40% </td> <td>384 </td> <td>11.57% </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872 </td> <td>2,079 </td> <td>85.07% </td> <td>365 </td> <td>14.93% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1868 </td> <td>489 </td> <td>97.41% </td> <td>13 </td> <td>2.59% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1864 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8.33% </td> <td>99 </td> <td>91.67% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860 </td> <td>385 </td> <td>30.08% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>895 </td> <td>69.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1856 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>49.36% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>513 </td> <td>50.64% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1852 </td> <td>66 </td> <td>30.56% </td> <td>150 </td> <td>69.44% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848 </td> <td>210 </td> <td>36.52% </td> <td>365 </td> <td>63.48% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1844 </td> <td>208 </td> <td>41.11% </td> <td>298 </td> <td>58.89% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1840 </td> <td>194 </td> <td>34.83% </td> <td>363 </td> <td>65.17% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1836 </td> <td colspan="2"><i>No returns</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>No returns</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>No returns</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1832 </td> <td colspan="2"><i>No returns</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>No returns</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>No returns</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1828 </td> <td>58 </td> <td>63.74% </td> <td>33 </td> <td>36.26% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Bootheel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2010census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010census_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf">"United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. September 2012. pp. V–2, 1 & 41 (Tables 1 & 18)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Summary%3A+2010%2C+Population+and+Housing+Unit+Counts%2C+2010+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pages=V-2%2C+1+%26+41+%28Tables+1+%26+18%29&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2010%2Fcph-2-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2019-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2019_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-state-total.html">"Population, Population Change, and Estimated Components of Population Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 (NST-EST2019-alldata)"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126071436/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-state-total.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Population%2C+Population+Change%2C+and+Estimated+Components+of+Population+Change%3A+April+1%2C+2010+to+July+1%2C+2019+%28NST-EST2019-alldata%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2010s-state-total.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inside_the_Fifty_States_Today-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inside_the_Fifty_States_Today_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inside_the_Fifty_States_Today_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirceHagstrom1983" class="citation book cs1">Peirce, Neal R.; Hagstrom, Jerry (1983). <i>The Book of America: Inside the Fifty States Today</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">Norton</a>. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01639-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01639-0"><bdi>0-393-01639-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+America%3A+Inside+the+Fifty+States+Today&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-393-01639-0&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Neal+R.&rft.au=Hagstrom%2C+Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandolph1957" class="citation book cs1">Randolph, Vance (1957). <i>The Talking Turtle and Other Ozark Folk Tales</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 36–38, 191–192. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499781">499781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Talking+Turtle+and+Other+Ozark+Folk+Tales&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36-38%2C+191-192&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499781&rft.aulast=Randolph&rft.aufirst=Vance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepenoff1995" class="citation journal cs1">Stepenoff, Bonnie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.shsmo.org/digital/collection/mhr/id/47737/rec/4">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Last Tree Cut Down': The End of the Bootheel Frontier, 1880-1940"</a>. <i>Missouri Historical Review</i>. <b>90</b> (1): 61–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=%27The+Last+Tree+Cut+Down%27%3A+The+End+of+the+Bootheel+Frontier%2C+1880-1940&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-78&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Stepenoff&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.shsmo.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fmhr%2Fid%2F47737%2Frec%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelen1986" class="citation book cs1">Thelen, David (1986). <i>Paths of Resistance: Tradition and Dignity in Industrializing Missouri</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 92–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503667-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503667-0"><bdi>0-19-503667-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Resistance%3A+Tradition+and+Dignity+in+Industrializing+Missouri&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=92-102&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-503667-0&rft.aulast=Thelen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minstrel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minstrel_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103322/http://www.thiscruelwar.com/black-minstrel-lynched-in-new-madrid/">"A Black Minstrel Lynched in New Madrid, Missouri (1902)"</a>. <i>This Cruel War blog</i>. February 16, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thiscruelwar.com/black-minstrel-lynched-in-new-madrid/">the original</a> on June 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Cruel+War+blog&rft.atitle=A+Black+Minstrel+Lynched+in+New+Madrid%2C+Missouri+%281902%29&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thiscruelwar.com%2Fblack-minstrel-lynched-in-new-madrid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cousin-collector.com/projects/index.php/saline-county/history/1754-lynching-in-missouri">"Lynching in Missouri"</a>. Saline County, Missouri/MOGenWeb Project, 1996-2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lynching+in+Missouri&rft.pub=Saline+County%2C+Missouri%2FMOGenWeb+Project%2C+1996-2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcousin-collector.com%2Fprojects%2Findex.php%2Fsaline-county%2Fhistory%2F1754-lynching-in-missouri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarvis2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sarvis, Will (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.shsmo.org/digital/collection/mhr/id/52179">"Black Electoral Power in the Missouri Bootheel, 1920s-1960s"</a>. <i>Missouri Historical Review</i>. <b>95</b> (2): 182–202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Black+Electoral+Power+in+the+Missouri+Bootheel%2C+1920s-1960s&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-202&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sarvis&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.shsmo.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fmhr%2Fid%2F52179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarvis2012" class="citation book cs1">Sarvis, Will (2012). <i>J.V. Conran and Rural Political Power: Boss Mythology in the Missouri Bootheel</i>. Lanham: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6985-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-6985-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.V.+Conran+and+Rural+Political+Power%3A+Boss+Mythology+in+the+Missouri+Bootheel&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-6985-8&rft.aulast=Sarvis&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Southeast Missouri: A Laboratory for the Cotton South</i>. Washington: Farm Security Administration. December 30, 1940. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39634483">39634483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Missouri%3A+A+Laboratory+for+the+Cotton+South&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Farm+Security+Administration&rft.date=1940-12-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39634483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor1969" class="citation journal cs1">Cantor, Louis (1969). "A Prologue to the Protest Movement: The Missouri Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration of 1939". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a></i>. <b>55</b> (4): 804–822. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1900154">10.2307/1900154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900154">1900154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=A+Prologue+to+the+Protest+Movement%3A+The+Missouri+Sharecropper+Roadside+Demonstration+of+1939&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=804-822&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1900154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1900154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrne2002" class="citation cs2">Orne, Anthony R. (2002), <i>The Physical Geography of North America</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511107-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511107-9"><bdi>0-19-511107-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Geography+of+North+America&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-511107-9&rft.aulast=Orne&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallWood1992" class="citation cs2">Hall, B. C.; Wood, C. T. (1992), <i>Big Muddy: Down the Mississippi Through America's Heartland</i>, New York: Penguin Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-27010-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-27010-3"><bdi>0-452-27010-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Muddy%3A+Down+the+Mississippi+Through+America%27s+Heartland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-452-27010-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=B.+C.&rft.au=Wood%2C+C.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1989" class="citation cs2">Atkinson, William (1989), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nextnewmadridear0000atki"><i>The Next New Madrid Earthquake: A Survival Guide for the Midwest</i></a></span>, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1319-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1319-7"><bdi>0-8093-1319-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Next+New+Madrid+Earthquake%3A+A+Survival+Guide+for+the+Midwest&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+IL&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8093-1319-7&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnextnewmadridear0000atki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srh.noaa.gov/meg/?n=background">History of the National Weather Service: Memphis, Tennessee</a>, National Weather Service</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/2140">"Buster Brown's Grave, Hornersville, Missouri"</a>. <i>RoadsideAmerica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RoadsideAmerica.com&rft.atitle=Buster+Brown%27s+Grave%2C+Hornersville%2C+Missouri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadsideamerica.com%2Fstory%2F2140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090908035550/http://www.ghosts.org/ghostlights/ghostlights.html">"Ghostlights"</a>. <i>Ghosts.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghosts.org/ghostlights/ghostlights.html">the original</a> on September 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ghosts.org&rft.atitle=Ghostlights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghosts.org%2Fghostlights%2Fghostlights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYalanda_Young2006" class="citation web cs1">Yalanda Young (October 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061031195121/https://www.kait8.com/Global/story.asp?S=5611718">"Ghost Hunters Investigate the Senath Lights"</a>. <i>Kait8.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kait8.com/Global/story.asp?S=5611718">the original</a> on October 31, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kait8.com&rft.atitle=Ghost+Hunters+Investigate+the+Senath+Lights&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft.au=Yalanda+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kait8.com%2FGlobal%2Fstory.asp%3FS%3D5611718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dddnews.com/story/1564331.html">"Local News: Cotton Pickin' Concert, Sept. 12"</a></span>. <i>DDDnews.com</i>. Delta Dunklin Democrat. August 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DDDnews.com&rft.atitle=Local+News%3A+Cotton+Pickin%27+Concert%2C+Sept.+12&rft.date=2009-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dddnews.com%2Fstory%2F1564331.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanna_Coronado2008" class="citation web cs1">Deanna Coronado (September 11, 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dddnews.com/story/1460433.html">"Arbyrd prepares for Cotton Pickin' Festival 2008"</a></span>. <i>DDDnews.com</i>. Delta Dunklin Democrat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DDDnews.com&rft.atitle=Arbyrd+prepares+for+Cotton+Pickin%27+Festival+2008&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.au=Deanna+Coronado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dddnews.com%2Fstory%2F1460433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Dougherty1991" class="citation web cs1">Steve Dougherty (June 17, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/archive/kentucky-headhunters-vol-35-no-23/">"Kentucky Headhunters"</a>. <i>PEOPLE.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PEOPLE.com&rft.atitle=Kentucky+Headhunters&rft.date=1991-06-17&rft.au=Steve+Dougherty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Farchive%2Fkentucky-headhunters-vol-35-no-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMissouri+Bootheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Bootheel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/history/bootheel.asp">How Did ... Missouri Come To Include the "Bootheel"?</a>, from Missouri's Office of the Secretary of State</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010410/http://www.missourieconomy.org/researchandplanning/regional/bootheel/index.stm">Bootheel map and statistics</a>, from Missouri's Department of Economic Development</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bootheelhealthystart.org/">Missouri Bootheel Regional Consortium</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Missouri" title="Template:Missouri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Missouri" title="Template talk:Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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Missouri">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Missouri" title="Geography of Missouri">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Missouri" title="Government of Missouri">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Missouri" title="United States congressional delegations from Missouri">Delegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_fought_in_Missouri" title="List of battles fought in Missouri">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri in the Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Missouri" title="List of people from Missouri">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Missouri_state_symbols" title="List of Missouri state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Missouri" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Missouri">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri#Transportation" title="Missouri">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Missouri" title="Abortion in Missouri">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Missouri">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Missouri" title="Crime in Missouri">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Missouri">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Missouri">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Missouri" title="Education in Missouri">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Missouri" title="Gun laws in Missouri">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Missouri">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Missouri" title="Political party strength in Missouri">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Missouri" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boonslick" title="Boonslick">Boonslick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bootheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_State_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Four State Area">Four State Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_War" title="Honey War">Honey Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Missouri_Lead_District" title="Southeast Missouri Lead District">Lead Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Hills" title="Lincoln Hills">Lincoln Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Dixie_(Missouri)" title="Little Dixie (Missouri)">Little Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Hills" title="Loess Hills">Loess Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Missouri" title="Mid-Missouri">Mid-Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi Embayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Rhineland" title="Missouri Rhineland">Missouri Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Northern Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ozarks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ozarks">The Ozarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_Purchase" title="Platte Purchase">Platte Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express_Region" title="Pony Express Region">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francois_Mountains" title="St. Francois Mountains">St. Francois Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_metropolitan_area_(Missouri)" title="Columbia metropolitan area (Missouri)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson City, Missouri metropolitan area">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Joplin, Missouri metropolitan area">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield, Missouri metropolitan area">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri_metropolitan_area" title="St. Joseph, Missouri metropolitan area">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Missouri" title="List of cities in Missouri">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee%27s_Summit,_Missouri" title="Lee's Summit, Missouri">Lee's Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Fallon,_Missouri" title="O'Fallon, Missouri">O'Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri" title="St. Charles, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri" title="St. Joseph, Missouri">St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Missouri" title="Blue Springs, Missouri">Blue Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peters,_Missouri" title="St. Peters, Missouri">St. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri" title="Joplin, Missouri">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florissant,_Missouri" title="Florissant, Missouri">Florissant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Missouri" title="Chesterfield, Missouri">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentzville,_Missouri" title="Wentzville, Missouri">Wentzville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildwood,_Missouri" title="Wildwood, Missouri">Wildwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_City,_Missouri" title="University City, Missouri">University City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri" title="Liberty, Missouri">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballwin,_Missouri" title="Ballwin, Missouri">Ballwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood,_Missouri" title="Kirkwood, Missouri">Kirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytown,_Missouri" title="Raytown, Missouri">Raytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Heights,_Missouri" title="Maryland Heights, Missouri">Maryland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Missouri" title="Gladstone, Missouri">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belton,_Missouri" title="Belton, Missouri">Belton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandview,_Missouri" title="Grandview, Missouri">Grandview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixa,_Missouri" title="Nixa, Missouri">Nixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymore,_Missouri" title="Raymore, Missouri">Raymore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Missouri" title="List of counties in Missouri">Counties and <br /> independent city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adair_County,_Missouri" title="Adair County, Missouri">Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_County,_Missouri" title="Andrew County, Missouri">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchison_County,_Missouri" title="Atchison County, Missouri">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrain_County,_Missouri" title="Audrain County, Missouri">Audrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_County,_Missouri" title="Barry County, Missouri">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_County,_Missouri" title="Barton County, Missouri">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_County,_Missouri" title="Bates County, Missouri">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Missouri" title="Benton County, Missouri">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollinger_County,_Missouri" title="Bollinger County, Missouri">Bollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Missouri" title="Boone County, Missouri">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Missouri" title="Buchanan County, Missouri">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Missouri" title="Butler County, Missouri">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Missouri" title="Caldwell County, Missouri">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaway_County,_Missouri" title="Callaway County, Missouri">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_County,_Missouri" title="Camden County, Missouri">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau_County,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau County, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Missouri" title="Carroll County, Missouri">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_County,_Missouri" title="Carter County, Missouri">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Missouri" title="Cass County, Missouri">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_County,_Missouri" title="Cedar County, Missouri">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_County,_Missouri" title="Chariton County, Missouri">Chariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_County,_Missouri" title="Christian County, Missouri">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Missouri" title="Clark County, Missouri">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Missouri" title="Clay County, Missouri">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Missouri" title="Clinton County, Missouri">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cole_County,_Missouri" title="Cole County, Missouri">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_County,_Missouri" title="Cooper County, Missouri">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Missouri" title="Crawford County, Missouri">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dade_County,_Missouri" title="Dade County, Missouri">Dade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County,_Missouri" title="Dallas County, Missouri">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daviess_County,_Missouri" title="Daviess County, Missouri">Daviess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Missouri" title="DeKalb County, Missouri">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent_County,_Missouri" title="Dent County, Missouri">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Missouri" title="Douglas County, Missouri">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunklin_County,_Missouri" title="Dunklin County, Missouri">Dunklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Missouri" title="Franklin County, Missouri">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasconade_County,_Missouri" title="Gasconade County, Missouri">Gasconade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry_County,_Missouri" title="Gentry County, Missouri">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Missouri" title="Greene County, Missouri">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Missouri" title="Grundy County, Missouri">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Missouri" title="Harrison County, Missouri">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Missouri" title="Henry County, Missouri">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_County,_Missouri" title="Hickory County, Missouri">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_County,_Missouri" title="Holt County, Missouri">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Missouri" title="Howard County, Missouri">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_County,_Missouri" title="Howell County, Missouri">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_County,_Missouri" title="Iron County, Missouri">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_County,_Missouri" title="Jasper County, Missouri">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Missouri" title="Jefferson County, Missouri">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Missouri" title="Johnson County, Missouri">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Missouri" title="Knox County, Missouri">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laclede_County,_Missouri" title="Laclede County, Missouri">Laclede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Missouri" title="Lafayette County, Missouri">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Missouri" title="Lawrence County, Missouri">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Missouri" title="Lewis County, Missouri">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Missouri" title="Lincoln County, Missouri">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_County,_Missouri" title="Linn County, Missouri">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_Missouri" title="Livingston County, Missouri">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Missouri" title="Macon County, Missouri">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Missouri" title="Madison County, Missouri">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maries_County,_Missouri" title="Maries County, Missouri">Maries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Missouri" title="Marion County, Missouri">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_County,_Missouri" title="McDonald County, Missouri">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Missouri" title="Mercer County, Missouri">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_County,_Missouri" title="Miller County, Missouri">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_County,_Missouri" title="Mississippi County, Missouri">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniteau_County,_Missouri" title="Moniteau County, Missouri">Moniteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Missouri" title="Monroe County, Missouri">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Missouri" title="Montgomery County, Missouri">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Missouri" title="Morgan County, Missouri">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_County,_Missouri" title="New Madrid County, Missouri">New Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Missouri" title="Newton County, Missouri">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodaway_County,_Missouri" title="Nodaway County, Missouri">Nodaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_County,_Missouri" title="Oregon County, Missouri">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Missouri" title="Osage County, Missouri">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark_County,_Missouri" title="Ozark County, Missouri">Ozark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemiscot_County,_Missouri" title="Pemiscot County, Missouri">Pemiscot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Missouri" title="Perry County, Missouri">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettis_County,_Missouri" title="Pettis County, Missouri">Pettis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_County,_Missouri" title="Phelps County, Missouri">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Missouri" title="Pike County, Missouri">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_County,_Missouri" title="Platte County, Missouri">Platte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Missouri" title="Polk County, Missouri">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Missouri" title="Pulaski County, Missouri">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Missouri" title="Putnam County, Missouri">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralls_County,_Missouri" title="Ralls County, Missouri">Ralls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Missouri" title="Randolph County, Missouri">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_County,_Missouri" title="Ray County, Missouri">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_County,_Missouri" title="Reynolds County, Missouri">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley_County,_Missouri" title="Ripley County, Missouri">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_County,_Missouri" title="St. Charles County, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Missouri" title="St. Clair County, Missouri">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francois_County,_Missouri" title="St. Francois County, Missouri">St. Francois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis (City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis (County)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve_County,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Missouri" title="Saline County, Missouri">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_Missouri" title="Schuyler County, Missouri">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_County,_Missouri" title="Scotland County, Missouri">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Missouri" title="Scott County, Missouri">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_County,_Missouri" title="Shannon County, Missouri">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Missouri" title="Shelby County, Missouri">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_County,_Missouri" title="Stoddard County, Missouri">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_County,_Missouri" title="Stone County, Missouri">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Missouri" title="Sullivan County, Missouri">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taney_County,_Missouri" title="Taney County, Missouri">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_County,_Missouri" title="Texas County, Missouri">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_County,_Missouri" title="Vernon County, Missouri">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Missouri" title="Warren County, Missouri">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Missouri" title="Washington County, Missouri">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Missouri" title="Wayne County, Missouri">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_County,_Missouri" title="Webster County, Missouri">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worth_County,_Missouri" title="Worth County, Missouri">Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_County,_Missouri" title="Wright County, Missouri">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/32px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/48px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/64px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Missouri" title="Portal:Missouri">Missouri portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_panhandles_and_bootheels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_panhandles" title="Template:American panhandles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_panhandles" title="Template talk:American panhandles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_panhandles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American panhandles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_panhandles_and_bootheels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States <a href="/wiki/Salient_(geography)" title="Salient (geography)">panhandles and bootheels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Panhandles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_panhandle" title="Connecticut panhandle">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_panhandle" title="Florida panhandle">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_panhandle" title="Idaho panhandle">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Maryland" title="Western Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_panhandle" title="Nebraska panhandle">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_panhandle" title="Oklahoma panhandle">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_panhandle" title="Texas panhandle">Texas</a></li> <li>West Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_panhandle_of_West_Virginia" title="Northern panhandle of West Virginia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_panhandle_of_West_Virginia" title="Eastern panhandle of West Virginia">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bootheels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_bootheel" title="New Mexico bootheel">New Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Triangle" title="Erie Triangle">Erie Triangle</a> (Pennsylvania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle" title="Northwest Angle">Northwest Angle</a> (Minnesota)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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