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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adenauer_era_(1949–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adenauer_era_(1949–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Adenauer era (1949–1963)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adenauer_era_(1949–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_against_social-liberal_governments_(1969–1982)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_against_social-liberal_governments_(1969–1982)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Opposition against social-liberal governments (1969–1982)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_against_social-liberal_governments_(1969–1982)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kohl_era_(1982–1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kohl_era_(1982–1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kohl era (1982–1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kohl_era_(1982–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merkel_era_(2000–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merkel_era_(2000–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Merkel era (2000–2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merkel_era_(2000–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Merkel_(2018–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Merkel_(2018–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post-Merkel (2018–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Merkel_(2018–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology and platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Party congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Federal committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_executive_board_and_presidium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_executive_board_and_presidium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Federal executive board and presidium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_executive_board_and_presidium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_CDU,_1946–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_CDU,_1946–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Leader of the CDU, 1946–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_CDU,_1946–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_CDU/CSU_Group_in_the_Bundestag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_CDU/CSU_Group_in_the_Bundestag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Leader of the CDU/CSU Group in the Bundestag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_CDU/CSU_Group_in_the_Bundestag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Special organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Konrad Adenauer Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_CSU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_CSU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Relationship with the CSU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_CSU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable members subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_presidents_from_the_CDU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_presidents_from_the_CDU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Federal presidents from the CDU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_presidents_from_the_CDU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_chancellors_from_the_CDU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_chancellors_from_the_CDU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>German chancellors from the CDU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_chancellors_from_the_CDU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice-chancellors_from_the_CDU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice-chancellors_from_the_CDU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vice-chancellors from the CDU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice-chancellors_from_the_CDU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_parliament_(Bundestag)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_parliament_(Bundestag)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Federal parliament (<i>Bundestag</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_parliament_(Bundestag)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_parliaments_(Länder)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_parliaments_(Länder)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>State parliaments (<i>Länder</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_parliaments_(Länder)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christelik-Demokratiese_Unie" title="Christelik-Demokratiese Unie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christelik-Demokratiese Unie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="الاتحاد الديمقراطي المسيحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد الديمقراطي المسيحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristian_Demokrat_%C4%B0ttifaq%C4%B1_(Almaniya)" title="Xristian Demokrat İttifaqı (Almaniya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xristian Demokrat İttifaqı (Almaniya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آلمانین بیرلشمیش دموکرات مسیحی حیزبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمانین بیرلشمیش دموکرات مسیحی حیزبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98" title="জার্মানির খ্রিস্টীয় গণতন্ত্রী সংঘ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানির খ্রিস্টীয় গণতন্ত্রী সংঘ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok_Ki-tok-k%C3%A0u_B%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA_Li%C3%A2n-b%C3%AAng" title="Tek-kok Ki-tok-kàu Bîn-chú Liân-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok Ki-tok-kàu Bîn-chú Liân-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Хрысціянска-дэмакратычны саюз Германіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянска-дэмакратычны саюз Германіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Хрысьціянска-дэмакратычны саюз Нямеччыны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрысьціянска-дэмакратычны саюз Нямеччыны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Християндемократически съюз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Християндемократически съюз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU" title="CDU – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="CDU" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87ansko-demokratska_unija" title="Kršćansko-demokratska unija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kršćansko-demokratska unija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Dem%C3%B2crata_Cristiana_d%27Alemanya" title="Unió Demòcrata Cristiana d'Alemanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió Demòcrata Cristiana d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5anskodemokratick%C3%A1_unie" title="Křesťanskodemokratická unie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanskodemokratická unie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU" title="CDU – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="CDU" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%9Bes%C4%87ija%C5%84sko-demokratiska_unija_Nimskeje" title="Kśesćijańsko-demokratiska unija Nimskeje – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kśesćijańsko-demokratiska unija Nimskeje" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa_Kristlik-Demokraatlik_Liit" title="Saksamaa Kristlik-Demokraatlik Liit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa Kristlik-Demokraatlik Liit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Χριστιανοδημοκρατική Ένωση (Γερμανία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανοδημοκρατική Ένωση (Γερμανία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Dem%C3%B3crata_Cristiana_de_Alemania" title="Unión Demócrata Cristiana de Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión Demócrata Cristiana de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristandemokrata_Unio_de_Germanio" title="Kristandemokrata Unio de Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristandemokrata Unio de Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniako_Batasun_Kristau-Demokrata" title="Alemaniako Batasun Kristau-Demokrata – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniako Batasun Kristau-Demokrata" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اتحادیه دموکرات مسیحی آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحادیه دموکرات مسیحی آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_chr%C3%A9tienne-d%C3%A9mocrate_d%27Allemagne" title="Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnaneys_Deynlagh_Creestee_yn_Ghermaan" title="Unnaneys Deynlagh Creestee yn Ghermaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Unnaneys Deynlagh Creestee yn Ghermaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Dem%C3%B3crata_Cristi%C3%A1_de_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Unión Demócrata Cristiá de Alemaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Unión Demócrata Cristiá de Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9" title="독일 기독교민주연합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 기독교민주연합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Քրիստոնեական-դեմոկրատական միություն (Գերմանիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոնեական-դեմոկրատական միություն (Գերմանիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C4%87ansko-demokratiska_unija_N%C4%9Bmskeje" title="Křesćansko-demokratiska unija Němskeje – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Křesćansko-demokratiska unija Němskeje" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87ansko-demokratska_unija_(Njema%C4%8Dka)" title="Kršćansko-demokratska unija (Njemačka) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršćansko-demokratska unija (Njemačka)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persatuan_Demokrat_Kristen_Jerman" title="Persatuan Demokrat Kristen Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persatuan Demokrat Kristen Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristan_Democratic_Union_de_Germania" title="Cristan Democratic Union de Germania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cristan Democratic Union de Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristilegi_dem%C3%B3krataflokkurinn_(%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland)" title="Kristilegi demókrataflokkurinn (Þýskaland) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristilegi demókrataflokkurinn (Þýskaland)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Cristiano-Democratica_di_Germania" title="Unione Cristiano-Democratica di Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione Cristiano-Democratica di Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הנוצרית-דמוקרטית הגרמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הנוצרית-דמוקרטית הגרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიის ქრისტიან-დემოკრატიული კავშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის ქრისტიან-დემოკრატიული კავშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chama_cha_Kikristo_cha_Kidemokrasia_cha_Ujerumani" title="Chama cha Kikristo cha Kidemokrasia cha Ujerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chama cha Kikristo cha Kidemokrasia cha Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Demokrat%C3%AAn_Xiristiyan_a_Almanyay%C3%AA" title="Yekîtiya Demokratên Xiristiyan a Almanyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yekîtiya Demokratên Xiristiyan a Almanyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_democratica_Christiana_Germaniae" title="Unio democratica Christiana Germaniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unio democratica Christiana Germaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cijas_Krist%C4%ABgo_demokr%C4%81tu_apvien%C4%ABba" title="Vācijas Kristīgo demokrātu apvienība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācijas Kristīgo demokrātu apvienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_krik%C5%A1%C4%8Dioni%C5%B3_demokrat%C5%B3_s%C4%85junga" title="Vokietijos krikščionių demokratų sąjunga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos krikščionių demokratų sąjunga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU" title="CDU – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="CDU" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9nydemokrata_Uni%C3%B3" title="Kereszténydemokrata Unió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereszténydemokrata Unió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Демохристијански сојуз на Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Демохристијански сојуз на Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80)" title="ख्रिश्चन डेमोक्रॅटिक युनियन (जर्मनी) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ख्रिश्चन डेमोक्रॅटिक युनियन (जर्मनी)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%89" title="الاتحاد الديموقراطى المسيحى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاتحاد الديموقراطى المسيحى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87" title="آلمان مسیحی دموکرات اتحادیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان مسیحی دموکرات اتحادیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_Demokratik_Kristian_Jerman" title="Kesatuan Demokratik Kristian Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan Demokratik Kristian Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands_(Bondsrepubliek)" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Bondsrepubliek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Bondsrepubliek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="ドイツキリスト教民主同盟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツキリスト教民主同盟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krastelk_Demokraatisk_Unioon_faan_Tjiisklun" title="Krastelk Demokraatisk Unioon faan Tjiisklun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Krastelk Demokraatisk Unioon faan Tjiisklun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union" title="Christlich Demokratische Union – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union" title="Christlich Demokratische Union – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Christlich Demokratische Union" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlich_Demokratsche_Union_vun_D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland" title="Christlich Demokratsche Union vun Düütschland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Christlich Demokratsche Union vun Düütschland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84sko-Demokratyczna_(Niemcy)" title="Unia Chrześcijańsko-Demokratyczna (Niemcy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unia Chrześcijańsko-Demokratyczna (Niemcy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Democrata-Crist%C3%A3" title="União Democrata-Cristã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Democrata-Cristã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_Cre%C8%99tin-Democrat%C4%83_(Germania)" title="Uniunea Creștin-Democrată (Germania) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uniunea Creștin-Democrată (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Христианско-демократический союз Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианско-демократический союз Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christelk_Demokratiske_Union_D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklounds" title="Christelk Demokratiske Union Düütsklounds – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Christelk Demokratiske Union Düütsklounds" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkimi_Demokristian_i_Gjermanis%C3%AB" title="Bashkimi Demokristian i Gjermanisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkimi Demokristian i Gjermanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kres%C5%A5anskodemokratick%C3%A1_%C3%BAnia_Nemecka" title="Kresťanskodemokratická únia Nemecka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kresťanskodemokratická únia Nemecka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%8Dansko_demokratska_unija_Nem%C4%8Dije" title="Krščansko demokratska unija Nemčije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krščansko demokratska unija Nemčije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="یەکێتیی دیموکراتی مەسیحیی ئەڵمانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکێتیی دیموکراتی مەسیحیی ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Хришћанско-демократска унија Немачке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хришћанско-демократска унија Немачке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU" title="CDU – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="CDU" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kristillisdemokraattinen_unioni" title="Saksan kristillisdemokraattinen unioni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan kristillisdemokraattinen unioni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU" title="CDU – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CDU" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristian-demokratik_berlek_(Almani%C3%A4)" title="Xristian-demokratik berlek (Almaniä) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xristian-demokratik berlek (Almaniä)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5)" title="พรรคสหภาพประชาธิปไตยคริสเตียน (เยอรมนี) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคสหภาพประชาธิปไตยคริสเตียน (เยอรมนี)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Иттиҳодияи демократи масеҳии Олмон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иттиҳодияи демократи масеҳии Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya_Hristiyan_Demokrat_Birli%C4%9Fi" title="Almanya Hristiyan Demokrat Birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya Hristiyan Demokrat Birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_(%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Християнсько-демократичний союз (Німеччина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Християнсько-демократичний союз (Німеччина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%86%D9%86_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کرسچن ڈیموکریٹک یونین آف جرمنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرسچن ڈیموکریٹک یونین آف جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_minh_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_Kit%C3%B4_gi%C3%A1o_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Liên minh Dân chủ Kitô giáo Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên minh Dân chủ Kitô giáo Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="德国基督教民主联盟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国基督教民主联盟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="德國基督教民主聯盟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國基督教民主聯盟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewiya_Demokratan%C3%AA_X%C4%B1ristiyanan" title="Yewiya Demokratanê Xıristiyanan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yewiya Demokratanê Xıristiyanan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="德国基督教民主联盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国基督教民主联盟" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #151518; border-bottom:2px solid #151518; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="de">Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CDU_Logo_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/CDU_Logo_2023.svg/200px-CDU_Logo_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/CDU_Logo_2023.svg/300px-CDU_Logo_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/CDU_Logo_2023.svg/400px-CDU_Logo_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">CDU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Christian_Democratic_Union" title="Leader of the Christian Democratic Union">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Linnemann" title="Carsten Linnemann">Carsten Linnemann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">26 June 1945<span class="noprint">; 79 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1945-06-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad-Adenauer-Haus_(Berlin)" class="extiw" title="de:Konrad-Adenauer-Haus (Berlin)">Konrad-Adenauer-Haus</a>, Klingelhöferstraße 8, 10785 <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>Union</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Young_Union" title="Young Union">Young Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2023)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 371,986<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">German</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a><br /><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#51B8C2; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Turquoise (official)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#151518; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Black (customary)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffa600; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Orange</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">153 / 733</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_State_Parliaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition of the German State Parliaments">State Parliaments</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">525 / 1,896</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany">European Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">23 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_president_(Germany)" title="Minister president (Germany)">Heads of State Governments</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">6 / 16</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_CDU_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><img alt="Flag of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_CDU_2023.svg/180px-Flag_of_CDU_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_CDU_2023.svg/270px-Flag_of_CDU_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_CDU_2023.svg/360px-Flag_of_CDU_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdu.de/">www<wbr />.cdu<wbr />.de</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49762#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #151518;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism"><i>Völkisch</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mannheim_stabbing" title="2024 Mannheim stabbing">2024 Mannheim stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Guido_H%C3%BClsmann" title="Jörg Guido Hülsmann">Hülsmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_System_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="The National System of Political Economy">The National System</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1837)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Zehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">von Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ritter_von_Kahr" title="Gustav Ritter von Kahr">Ritter von Kahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon">von Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kohlmann" title="Martin Kohlmann">Kohlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WU)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FKP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DkP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DNVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DVP)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a 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nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> 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title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Christian Democratic Union of Germany</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkʁɪstlɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔuˈni̯oːn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdɔʏtʃlants]</a></span>, <b>CDU</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌtseːdeːˈʔuː]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/04\/De-CDU.ogg\/De-CDU.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-CDU.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/De-CDU.ogg/De-CDU.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-CDU.ogg" title="File:De-CDU.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">conservative</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">political party in Germany</a>. It is the major party of the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">German politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a> has been federal chairman of the CDU since 31 January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDU is the second largest party in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, the German federal legislature, with 152 out of 736 seats, having won 18.9% of votes in the <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021 federal election</a>. It forms the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> faction, also known as the Union, with its Bavarian counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> (CSU). The group's parliamentary leader is also <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a>. </p><p>Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party, the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>, with many former members joining the party, including its first leader <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>. The party also included politicians of other backgrounds, including liberals and conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the party claims to represent "Christian-social, liberal and conservative" elements.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDU is generally <a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">pro-European</a> in outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black is the party's customary and historical electoral colour. Other colours include red for the logo, orange for the flag, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">black-red-gold</a> for the corporate design.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the election defeat in the 2021 federal election, the CDU is in opposition at federal level. It previously led the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">federal government</a> from 1949 to 1969, 1982 to 1998, and 2005 to 2021. Germany's three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU, more specifically: <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> (1982–1998), <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2005–2021), and <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1949–1963). The party also currently leads the governments of six of Germany's sixteen <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a>. </p><p>The CDU is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (EPP). It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 <a href="/wiki/MEPs" class="mw-redirect" title="MEPs">MEPs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a>, is also a member of the CDU. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_period">Founding period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KAS-Wiederaufbau-Bild-4-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KAS-Wiederaufbau-Bild-4-4.jpg/143px-KAS-Wiederaufbau-Bild-4-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KAS-Wiederaufbau-Bild-4-4.jpg/215px-KAS-Wiederaufbau-Bild-4-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KAS-Wiederaufbau-Bild-4-4.jpg/286px-KAS-Wiederaufbau-Bild-4-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5062" data-file-height="7219" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1949 election poster of the CDU reading "We cannot do magic — but we can work/do our job. Help us. Vote for CDU. It's about Germany!"</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KAS-Bolschewistische_Bedrohung-Bild-11-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KAS-Bolschewistische_Bedrohung-Bild-11-3.jpg/141px-KAS-Bolschewistische_Bedrohung-Bild-11-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KAS-Bolschewistische_Bedrohung-Bild-11-3.jpg/212px-KAS-Bolschewistische_Bedrohung-Bild-11-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KAS-Bolschewistische_Bedrohung-Bild-11-3.jpg/282px-KAS-Bolschewistische_Bedrohung-Bild-11-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1128" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1949 election poster of the CDU reading "The Rescue: CDU"</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Immediately following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">foreign occupation of Germany</a>, simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country, each with the intention of planning a <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian-democratic</a> party. Consequently, the CDU was established in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> on 26 June 1945 and in <a href="/wiki/Rheinland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinland">Rheinland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westfalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Westfalen">Westfalen</a> in September of the same year. </p><p>The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, years after World War II up to the 1960s (see <i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i>), the CDU attracted <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Nazi collaborators</a> into its higher ranks (like <a href="/wiki/Hans_Globke" title="Hans Globke">Hans Globke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder" title="Theodor Oberländer">Theodor Oberländer</a> but also future CDU chairman and West German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a>). A prominent member was theologian <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Eugen Gerstenmaier</a>, who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board (1949–1969). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fa7406; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_democracy" title="Category:Christian democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/75px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/113px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/150px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">Cultural mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity of labor">Dignity of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">Human dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">Popularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">State</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">Arizmendiarrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Baader" title="Franz Xaver von Baader">Baader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eivind_Berggrav" title="Eivind Berggrav">Berggrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd" title="Herman Dooyeweerd">Dooyeweerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gebhardt" title="Stanisław Gebhardt">Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Nell-Breuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tischner" title="Józef Tischner">Tischner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beel" title="Louis Beel">Beel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Frei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Letta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Gert_P%C3%B6ttering" title="Hans-Gert Pöttering">Pöttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Söder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">von der Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Windthorst</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish" title="Christian Democratic and Flemish">Christian Democratic and Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Democratic_Rebirth_Party" title="Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Party" title="Christian Social People's Party">Christian Social People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Liechtenstein)" title="Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_democratic_parties" title="List of Christian democratic parties">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America" title="Christian Democrat Organization of America">Christian Democrat Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens_Centre_for_European_Studies" title="Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies">Centre for European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Ideas_Network" title="European Ideas Network">European Ideas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Foundation_(European_People%27s_Party)" title="Robert Schuman Foundation (European People's Party)">Schuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Justice" title="Center for Public Justice">Center for Public Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Catholic Church and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #fa7406; border-bottom:1px solid #fa7406; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional (<a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> alike) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven18_96_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven18_96-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDU experienced considerable success gaining widespread support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first <a href="/wiki/Political_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Political convention">convention</a> on 21 October 1950, at which future West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> was named the first Chairman of the party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adenauer_era_(1949–1963)"><span id="Adenauer_era_.281949.E2.80.931963.29"></span>Adenauer era (1949–1963)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adenauer era (1949–1963)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl019.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl019.JPG/200px-CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl019.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl019.JPG/300px-CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl019.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl019.JPG/400px-CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl019.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2939" /></a><figcaption>The election poster of 1957 reading "No experiments" and featuring then Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (This was the only federal election in which the CDU obtained an absolute majority in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the beginning, it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of the United Kingdom began to lean more toward the CDU and significantly away from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD), especially due to <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> reasons. The latter was more <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> and sought <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> even at the expense of concessions to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR), depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>. The Western powers appreciated the CDU's right-ward slant, its commitment to capitalism, and its value as a pivotal oppositional force to the communists, thereby keeping consistent with US/UK foreign policy. In addition, Adenauer was also trusted by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Gottfried_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Gottfried-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state. Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmaneuvered some of his opponents. He also refused to consider the <a href="/wiki/SPD" class="mw-redirect" title="SPD">SPD</a> as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> position. The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party, as most refugees from the former German territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> river were of that faith, as were the majority of the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Gottfried_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Gottfried-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, the CDU was the dominant political party for the first two decades following the establishment of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1949. The durable alliance that the party had established with the liberal <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) as the leading tandem of several federal governments, and, implicitly, the strong partnership between Chancellor Adenauer and President <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> enabled West Germany to thoroughly rebuild itself in the wake of World War II. Adenauer remained the party's leader until 1963, when former Minister of Economics <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> replaced him.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy, Erhard was forced to resign. Consequently, a <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">grand coalition</a> with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_against_social-liberal_governments_(1969–1982)"><span id="Opposition_against_social-liberal_governments_.281969.E2.80.931982.29"></span>Opposition against social-liberal governments (1969–1982)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opposition against social-liberal governments (1969–1982)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a <a href="/wiki/Social-liberal_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-liberal coalition">social-liberal coalition</a> with the FDP following the <a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969 federal election</a>, forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history. The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>'s "change through rapprochement" policy towards the Eastern bloc <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a>)</i> and protested sharply against the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1970)">treaties of Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Warsaw</a> that renounced claims to the <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former eastern territories of Germany</a> and recognised the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> as Germany's eastern border. The Union parties had close ties with the <i><a href="/wiki/Heimatvertriebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimatvertriebene">Heimatvertriebene</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Expellees" title="Federation of Expellees">associations</a> (Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories) who hoped for a return of or in these territories. Seven Bundestag members, including former vice chancellor <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Erich Mende</a>, defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties, depriving Brandt of his majority, and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU. In April 1972, the CDU saw its chance to return to power, calling a <a href="/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence" title="Constructive vote of no confidence">constructive vote of no confidence</a>. CDU chairman <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> was almost certain to become the new Chancellor. But not all parliamentarians voted as expected (it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>): Brandt won the vote and stayed in office. Thus, the CDU continued its role as <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">opposition</a> for a total of thirteen years. In 1982, the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kohl_era_(1982–1998)"><span id="Kohl_era_.281982.E2.80.931998.29"></span>Kohl era (1982–1998)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kohl era (1982–1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CDU Chairman <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983 federal election</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0518-028,_Staatsvertrag_BRD-DDR,_Helmut_Kohl,_Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0518-028%2C_Staatsvertrag_BRD-DDR%2C_Helmut_Kohl%2C_Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0518-028%2C_Staatsvertrag_BRD-DDR%2C_Helmut_Kohl%2C_Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0518-028%2C_Staatsvertrag_BRD-DDR%2C_Helmut_Kohl%2C_Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0518-028%2C_Staatsvertrag_BRD-DDR%2C_Helmut_Kohl%2C_Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0518-028%2C_Staatsvertrag_BRD-DDR%2C_Helmut_Kohl%2C_Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0518-028%2C_Staatsvertrag_BRD-DDR%2C_Helmut_Kohl%2C_Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>East German CDU leader <a href="/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Lothar de Maizière">Lothar de Maizière</a> (left) with West German CDU leader Helmut Kohl in September 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Die_Wende" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Wende">collapse</a> of the East German government in 1989, Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and <a href="/wiki/German_reunification#United_Kingdom_and_France" title="German reunification">reluctantly</a> by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification. On 3 October 1990, the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the territory of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(East_Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)">East German CDU</a> merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country. Public support for the coalition's work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the <a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990 federal election</a> in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory. Although Kohl was re-elected, the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west. The CDU was nonetheless able to win the <a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994 federal election</a> by a narrow margin thanks to an economic recovery. </p><p>Kohl served as chairman until the party's electoral defeat in 1998, when he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998 federal election</a>, the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote, the lowest result for those parties since 1949; a <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">red–green coalition</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> took power until 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merkel_era_(2000–2018)"><span id="Merkel_era_.282000.E2.80.932018.29"></span>Merkel era (2000–2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Merkel era (2000–2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Merkel_CDU_Parteitag_2014_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Angela_Merkel_CDU_Parteitag_2014_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-25.jpg/220px-Angela_Merkel_CDU_Parteitag_2014_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Angela_Merkel_CDU_Parteitag_2014_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-25.jpg/330px-Angela_Merkel_CDU_Parteitag_2014_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Angela_Merkel_CDU_Parteitag_2014_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-25.jpg/440px-Angela_Merkel_CDU_Parteitag_2014_by_Olaf_Kosinsky-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> was the first female leader of the CDU and the third longest serving of the party overall, after Kohl and Adenauer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party <a href="/wiki/1999_CDU_contributions_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 CDU contributions scandal">financing scandal</a> and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, the first woman and the first person from East Germany to lead the federal party. She remained the leader of the CDU for more than eighteen years. In the <a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002 federal election</a>, Merkel ceded the position of CDU/CSU's joint candidate for the chancellor's office to the leader of the sister party, Bavarian minister-president <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber" title="Edmund Stoiber">Edmund Stoiber</a>. CDU and CSU polled slightly higher (29.5% and 9.0%, respectively), but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government and stayed in opposition. </p><p>In 2005, early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow, winning more than ten state elections, most of which were <a href="/wiki/List_of_landslide_victories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of landslide victories">landslide victories</a>. The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties' demand for the chancellorship. After three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since her first term in office, from 2005 to 2009, there have been discussions if the CDU was still "sufficiently conservative" or if it was "social-democratising".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2009, Merkel answered with the statement "Sometimes I am liberal, sometimes I am conservative, sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the CDU/CSU lost support in the <a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009 federal elections</a>, their "desired partner" the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history, thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition. This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998. CDU candidate <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">2010 presidential election</a> in the third ballot, while opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a> (a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany, who was favoured even by some CDU members) received a number of "faithless" votes from the government camp. </p><p>The decisions to <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany#Political_debate_to_suspend_conscription" title="Conscription in Germany">suspend conscription</a> (late 2010) and to phase out <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany" title="Nuclear power in Germany">nuclear energy</a> (shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima disaster</a> in 2011) broke with long-term principles of the CDU, moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters. At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a "wage floor", after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-Udo_Zolleis-2015_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Udo_Zolleis-2015-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psephologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Psephologist">Psephologist</a> and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term "asymmetric demobilisation" for the CDU's strategy (practised in the 2009, 2013 and 2017 campaigns)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals, e.g. regarding social justice (SPD) and ecology (Greens), thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters. Some of the promises in the CDU's 2013 election platform were seen as "overtaking the SPD on the left".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections, it also raised warnings that the CDU's profile would become "random", the party would lose its "essence"<sup id="cite_ref-Udo_Zolleis-2015_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Udo_Zolleis-2015-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated. </p><p>President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption, triggering an <a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">early presidential election</a>. This time the CDU supported, reluctantly, nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck. The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the <a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013 federal election</a>, when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990, only a few seats short of an absolute majority. This was partly due to the CDU's expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups (class, age or gender), partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After talks with the Greens had failed, the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD. </p><p>Despite their long-cherished slogan of "There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU",<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013. The right-wing populist <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members. It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administration's handling of the <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a> (2009–14) and later the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">2015 refugee crisis</a>, lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even "state failure". Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the Bundestag <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Germany#Bundestag_vote_and_Bundesrat_approval" title="Same-sex marriage in Germany">voted</a> to legalise <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Germany" title="Same-sex marriage in Germany">same-sex marriage</a>. Merkel had allowed the <a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">conscience vote</a> to happen despite her personal objections. While she herself and the majority of the party's representatives voted against the proposal, a number of CDU deputies supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 election</a>, the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare: With 26.8 percent of party list votes, the CDU received its worst result since 1949, losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag (despite an enlargement of the parliament). After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens, they continued their grand coalition with the SPD. In October 2018, Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December and not seek reelection, but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Merkel_(2018–present)"><span id="Post-Merkel_.282018.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Post-Merkel (2018–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Merkel (2018–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 December 2018, <a href="/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer" title="Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer">Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer</a> was <a href="/wiki/2018_Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany_leadership_election" title="2018 Christian Democratic Union of Germany leadership election">elected</a> as federal chairwoman of the CDU. Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkel's ideological successor, though holding more <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> positions, such as opposition to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>. Kramp-Karrenbauer's election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling, and her personal popularity was initially high.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019 European Parliament election</a>, in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29%. Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CSU's <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a> was the <i><a href="/wiki/Spitzenkandidat" title="Spitzenkandidat">Spitzenkandidat</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> in the 2019 European Parliament election. However, the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDU's <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> as their candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a>; she was elected in July 2019, becoming the first woman to hold the office.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020, in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Thuringian_government_crisis" title="2020 Thuringian government crisis">2020 Thuringian government crisis</a>. The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) to prevent the election of a left-wing government, breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right. Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis, which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a>, which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable. While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauer's resignation, she stated the decision had "matured some time ago",<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until <a href="/wiki/2021_Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany_leadership_election" title="2021 Christian Democratic Union of Germany leadership election">the leadership election</a> was held in January 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally scheduled for April 2020, it was delayed multiple times due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Germany">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and was ultimately held online. Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia <a href="/wiki/Armin_Laschet" title="Armin Laschet">Armin Laschet</a> won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes. His main opponent <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a>, was seen as more right-wing, who won 47.2% of vote; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated. Laschet's election was seen as an affirmation of Merkel's leadership and the CDU's centrist orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 October 2021, Armin Laschet, signaled that he would step down after a disastrous <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">general election</a> result, with the CDU suffering its worst ever general election result.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/December_2021_Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany_leadership_election" title="December 2021 Christian Democratic Union of Germany leadership election">new leadership election</a> was called in December and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a>, of the right-wing faction of the CDU, was elected by a large majority of 62,1% of voters, defeating pro-Merkel candidates <a href="/wiki/Norbert_R%C3%B6ttgen" title="Norbert Röttgen">Norbert Röttgen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helge_Braun" title="Helge Braun">Helge Braun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congress of the CDU officially elected Merz as new party Chairman on 22 January 2022, and he assumed office on 31 January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2024, CDU again became proponents of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Germany">nuclear energy</a>, advocating reactivation of closed reactors and construction of new plants.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_platform">Ideology and platform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ideology and platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism"><i>Völkisch</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mannheim_stabbing" title="2024 Mannheim stabbing">2024 Mannheim stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Guido_H%C3%BClsmann" title="Jörg Guido Hülsmann">Hülsmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_System_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="The National System of Political Economy">The National System</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1837)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Zehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">von Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ritter_von_Kahr" title="Gustav Ritter von Kahr">Ritter von Kahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon">von Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kohlmann" title="Martin Kohlmann">Kohlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WU)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FKP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DkP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DNVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DVP)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In her 2005 campaign, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values. Merkel and Bundestag President <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Lammert" title="Norbert Lammert">Norbert Lammert</a> have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the "dominant culture" imply "tolerance and living together".<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Gottfried_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Gottfried-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to party analyst Stephan Eisel, her avoiding the values issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the party's core constituency.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CDU applies the principles of <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> and emphasizes the "Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God". However, CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals. The CDU's policies derive from <a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">political Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> and political <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a>. The party has adopted more <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal economic</a> policies since <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>'s term in office as the Chancellor of Germany (1982–1998). </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">conservative</a> party, the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> in cases of domestic <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">anti-terrorism</a> offensives. In terms of immigrants, the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration. <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Dual citizenship</a> should only be allowed in exceptional cases. </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, the CDU commits itself to <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> and a strong <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">relation with the United States</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the party opposes the entry of Turkey, preferring instead a privileged partnership. In addition to citing various human rights violations, the CDU also believes that Turkey's unwillingness to recognise <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another. </p><p>The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">Grand Coalitions</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a>. The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDU <a href="/wiki/Firewall_against_the_far-right_in_Germany" title="Firewall against the far-right in Germany">officially prohibits any cooperation with the AfD</a>, but does not clearly define what that means. In the <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">eastern federal states</a>, however, there is ongoing tolerance or cooperation of CDU at the local and district level with the right-wing radical AfD.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CDU-head Friedrich Merz polarizes with political approaches to the AfD and called the CDU in 2023 one «Alternative with substance».<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political observers from abroad say that the CDU's boundaries to the far-right are eroding.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Party_congress">Party congress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Party congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDU_Bundesparteitag_2015_by_Olaf_Kosinsky.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CDU_Bundesparteitag_2015_by_Olaf_Kosinsky.JPG/220px-CDU_Bundesparteitag_2015_by_Olaf_Kosinsky.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CDU_Bundesparteitag_2015_by_Olaf_Kosinsky.JPG/330px-CDU_Bundesparteitag_2015_by_Olaf_Kosinsky.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CDU_Bundesparteitag_2015_by_Olaf_Kosinsky.JPG/440px-CDU_Bundesparteitag_2015_by_Olaf_Kosinsky.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>28th party conference in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU. It meets at least every two years, determines the basic lines of CDU policy, approves the <a href="/wiki/Party_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Party program">party program</a> and decides on the <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> of the CDU. </p><p>The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations, the foreign associations and the honorary <a href="/wiki/Chairmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairmen">chairmen</a>. The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions. The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state. The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress, regardless of their number of members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_committee">Federal committee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Federal committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress. For this reason it is often called a <i>small party congress</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_executive_board_and_presidium">Federal executive board and presidium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Federal executive board and presidium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CDU federal executive heads the federal party. It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress. The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business. It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leader_of_the_CDU,_1946–present"><span id="Leader_of_the_CDU.2C_1946.E2.80.93present"></span>Leader of the CDU, 1946–present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Leader of the CDU, 1946–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Leader </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">1 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1946–1966 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">2 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1966–1967 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">3 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1967–1971 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">4 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1971–1973 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">5 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1973–1998 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">6 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1998–2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">7 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2000–2018 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">8 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer" title="Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer">Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2018–2021 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">9 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Armin_Laschet" title="Armin Laschet">Armin Laschet</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2021–2022 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">10 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2022–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leader_of_the_CDU/CSU_Group_in_the_Bundestag"><span id="Leader_of_the_CDU.2FCSU_Group_in_the_Bundestag"></span>Leader of the CDU/CSU Group in the Bundestag</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Leader of the CDU/CSU Group in the Bundestag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Leader in the Bundestag </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">1 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a><br /><small>(First term)</small> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1949–1955 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">2 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Heinrich Krone</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1955–1961 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">(1) </th> <td style="width:200px;">Heinrich von Brentano<br /><small>(Second term)</small> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1961–1964 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">3 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1964–1973 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">4 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1973–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">5 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1976–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">6 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dregger" title="Alfred Dregger">Alfred Dregger</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1982–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">7 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">1991–2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">8 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a><br /><small>(First term)</small> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2000–2002 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">9 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2002–2005 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">10 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Volker_Kauder" title="Volker Kauder">Volker Kauder</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2005–2018 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">11 </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brinkhaus" title="Ralph Brinkhaus">Ralph Brinkhaus</a> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2018–2022 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518; color:white;">(8) </th> <td style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a><br /><small>(Second term)</small> </td> <td style="width:125px;">2022–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1966, membership totals in the CDU organisation were only estimated. The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year. In 2023, the CDU had 363.101 members.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_organizations">Special organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Special organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junge_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Junge Union">Junge Union</a> (JU), the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Employees%27_Association" title="Christian Democratic Employees' Association">Christian Democratic Employees' Association</a> (CDA), an association in the tradition of Christian traded unionism, representing Christian-democratic wage earners.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Working_Group_of_the_CDU/CSU" title="Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU">Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU</a> (EAK, together with the CSU), representing the Protestant minority in the party.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Christian_Democratic_Students" title="Association of Christian Democratic Students">Association of Christian Democratic Students</a> (RCDS), the student organisation of the party.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesbian_and_Gay_Members_of_the_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesbian and Gay Members of the Union (page does not exist)">Lesbian and Gay Members of the Union</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesben_und_Schwule_in_der_Union" class="extiw" title="de:Lesben und Schwule in der Union">de</a>]</span> (LSU), neither an organization within the party (Vereinigung) nor an officially affiliated group (Sondergruppe) there of, as of Dec. 2020 party caucus vote still listed as "other" (Sonstige Gruppen), representing LGBT+ members of the CDU.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Konrad Adenauer Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053560-0013,_Rh%C3%B6ndorf,_Sitzung_Stiftung_Adenauer-Haus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053560-0013%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Sitzung_Stiftung_Adenauer-Haus.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053560-0013%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Sitzung_Stiftung_Adenauer-Haus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053560-0013%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Sitzung_Stiftung_Adenauer-Haus.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053560-0013%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Sitzung_Stiftung_Adenauer-Haus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053560-0013%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Sitzung_Stiftung_Adenauer-Haus.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F053560-0013%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Sitzung_Stiftung_Adenauer-Haus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1978 conference in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Honnef" title="Bad Honnef">Rhöndorf</a> with eminent historian <a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Golo Mann</a> (center)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a> is the think-tank of the CDU. It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU. The foundation offers political education, conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects, grants scholarships to gifted individuals, researches the history of <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> and supports and encourages <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European unification</a>, international understanding and development-policy cooperation. Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_CSU">Relationship with the CSU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Relationship with the CSU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Christian Democratic Union of Germany">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074010-0033,_K%C3%B6ln,_Deutschlandtag_Junge_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074010-0033%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Deutschlandtag_Junge_Union.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074010-0033%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Deutschlandtag_Junge_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074010-0033%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Deutschlandtag_Junge_Union.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074010-0033%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Deutschlandtag_Junge_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074010-0033%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Deutschlandtag_Junge_Union.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074010-0033%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Deutschlandtag_Junge_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>1986 Germany Day of <a href="/wiki/Junge_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Junge Union">Junge Union</a> in Cologne</figcaption></figure> <p>Both the CDU and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> (CSU) originated after World War II, sharing a concern for the Christian worldview. In the Bundestag, the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU. This faction is called <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>, or informally the Union. Its basis is a binding agreement known as a <i>Fraktionsvertrag</i> between the two parties. </p><p>The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Junge_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Junge Union">Junge Union</a>, a common pupil organisation, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sch%C3%BCler_Union_Deutschlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schüler Union Deutschlands (page does not exist)">Schüler Union Deutschlands</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCler_Union_Deutschlands" class="extiw" title="de:Schüler Union Deutschlands">de</a>]</span>, a common student organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Ring_Christlich-Demokratischer_Studenten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten">Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten</a> and a common <i><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand">Mittelstand</a></i> organisation, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mittelstands-_und_Wirtschaftsvereinigung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mittelstands- und Wirtschaftsvereinigung (page does not exist)">Mittelstands- und Wirtschaftsvereinigung</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstands-_und_Wirtschaftsvereinigung" class="extiw" title="de:Mittelstands- und Wirtschaftsvereinigung">de</a>]</span>. </p><p>The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict. The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976, when the CSU under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef Strauß">Franz Josef Strauß</a> ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth. This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria. </p><p>The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous <a href="/wiki/Christian-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian-democratic">Christian-democratic</a> parties in Germany, with the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> having served as a national Catholic party throughout the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> functioning as the Bavarian variant. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since its formation, the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU. The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a> as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag, the German government, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a>, the parliamentary elections of the German President, the European Parliament and meetings with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_presidents_from_the_CDU">Federal presidents from the CDU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Federal presidents from the CDU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></td> <td>1959–1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></td> <td>1979–1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></td> <td>1984–1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></td> <td>1994–1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a></td> <td>2004–2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a></td> <td>2010–2012 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_chancellors_from_the_CDU">German chancellors from the CDU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: German chancellors from the CDU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a></th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></td> <td>1949–1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></td> <td>1963–1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a></td> <td>1966–1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></td> <td>1982–1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></td> <td>2005–2021 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice-chancellors_from_the_CDU">Vice-chancellors from the CDU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vice-chancellors from the CDU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor of Germany</a></th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></td> <td>1957–1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Hans-Christoph Seebohm</a></td> <td>1966 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_parliament_(Bundestag)"><span id="Federal_parliament_.28Bundestag.29"></span>Federal parliament (<i>Bundestag</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Federal parliament (Bundestag)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th rowspan="2">Leader </th> <th colspan="2">Constituency </th> <th colspan="2">Party list </th> <th rowspan="2">Seats </th> <th rowspan="2">+/– </th> <th rowspan="2">Government </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a> </th> <td rowspan="6" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> </td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>5,978,636 </td> <td>25.2 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">115 / 402</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 29%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a> </th> <td>9,577,659 </td> <td>34.8 (#1) </td> <td>10,016,594 </td> <td>36.4 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">197 / 509</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 82 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a> </th> <td>11,975,400 </td> <td>39.7 (#1) </td> <td>11,875,339 </td> <td>39.7 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">222 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 25 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">DP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a> </th> <td>11,622,995 </td> <td>36.3 (#2) </td> <td>11,283,901 </td> <td>35.8 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">201 / 521</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 21 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">12,631,319 </td> <td rowspan="2">38.9 (#2) </td> <td rowspan="2">12,387,562 </td> <td rowspan="2">38.0 (#2) </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">202 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965–66)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966–69)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> </td> <td>12,137,148 </td> <td>37.1 (#2) </td> <td>12,079,535 </td> <td>36.6 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">201 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> </td> <td>13,304,813 </td> <td>35.7 (#2) </td> <td>13,190,837 </td> <td>35.2 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">186 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a> </th> <td rowspan="8" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> </td> <td>14,423,157 </td> <td>38.3 (#2) </td> <td>14,367,302 </td> <td>38.0 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">201 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">13,467,207 </td> <td rowspan="2">35.6 (#2) </td> <td rowspan="2">12,989,200 </td> <td rowspan="2">34.2 (#2) </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">185 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 16 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980–82)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982–83)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a> </th> <td>15,943,460 </td> <td>41.0 (#1) </td> <td>14,857,680 </td> <td>38.1 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">202 / 520</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a> </th> <td>14,168,527 </td> <td>37.5 (#2) </td> <td>13,045,745 </td> <td>34.4 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">185 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a> </th> <td>17,707,574 </td> <td>38.3 (#1) </td> <td>17,055,116 </td> <td>36.7 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">268 / 662</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 83 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a> </th> <td>17,473,325 </td> <td>37.2 (#2) </td> <td>16,089,960 </td> <td>34.2 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">244 / 672</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 24 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a> </th> <td>15,854,215 </td> <td>32.2 (#2) </td> <td>14,004,908 </td> <td>28.4 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">198 / 669</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 46 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a> </th> <td rowspan="5" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> </td> <td>15,336,512 </td> <td>32.1 (#2) </td> <td>14,167,561 </td> <td>29.5 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">190 / 603</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a> </th> <td>15,390,950 </td> <td>32.6 (#2) </td> <td>13,136,740 </td> <td>27.8 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">180 / 614</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 29%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a> </th> <td>13,856,674 </td> <td>32.0 (#1) </td> <td>11,828,277 </td> <td>27.3 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">194 / 622</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a> </th> <td>16,233,642 </td> <td>37.2 (#1) </td> <td>14,921,877 </td> <td>34.1 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">254 / 630</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 61 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a> </th> <td>14,027,804 </td> <td>30.2 (#1) </td> <td>12,445,832 </td> <td>26.8 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">200 / 709</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 54 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU/CSU–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Armin_Laschet" title="Armin Laschet">Armin Laschet</a> </td> <td>10,445,571 </td> <td>22.6 (#2) </td> <td>8,770,980 </td> <td>19.0 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">151 / 735</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 49 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>EP Group </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a> </th> <td>10,883,085 </td> <td>39.08 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">33 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>New </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">EPP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a> </th> <td>9,308,411 </td> <td>37.46 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">32 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a> </th> <td>8,332,846 </td> <td>29.54 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">24 / 81</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a> </th> <td>11,346,073 </td> <td>32.04 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">39 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a> </th> <td>10,628,224 </td> <td>39.28 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_-_European_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party - European Democrats">EPP-ED</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a> </th> <td>9,412,009 </td> <td>36.51 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">40 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a> </th> <td>8,071,391 </td> <td>30.65 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">34 / 99</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">EPP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a> </th> <td>8,807,500 </td> <td>30.02 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">29 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a> </th> <td>8,437,093 </td> <td>22.57 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">23 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany">2024</a> </th> <td>9,431,567 </td> <td>23.70 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">23 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_parliaments_(Länder)"><span id="State_parliaments_.28L.C3.A4nder.29"></span>State parliaments (<i>Länder</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: State parliaments (Länder)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>State parliament </th> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2021_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_state_election" title="2021 Baden-Württemberg state election">2021</a> </td> <td>1,168,745 </td> <td>24.1 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">42 / 154</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Greens–CDU </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin" title="Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin">Berlin</a> <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2023_Berlin_repeat_state_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Berlin repeat state election">2023</a> </td> <td>428,100 </td> <td>28.2 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">52 / 147</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 35%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 22 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–SPD </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg" title="Landtag of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2024_Brandenburg_state_election" title="2024 Brandenburg state election">2024</a> </td> <td>181,632 </td> <td>12.10 (#4) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 88</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td>TBD </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bremen</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2023_Bremen_state_election" title="2023 Bremen state election">2023</a> </td> <td>331,380 </td> <td>26.7 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">24 / 84</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 29%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Hamburg</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2020_Hamburg_state_election" title="2020 Hamburg state election">2020</a> </td> <td>445,631 </td> <td>11.2 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">15 / 123</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hesse</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2023_Hessian_state_election" title="2023 Hessian state election">2023</a> </td> <td>972,595 </td> <td>34.6 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">52 / 133</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–SPD </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="2022-10-09" align="center"><a href="/wiki/2022_Lower_Saxony_state_election" title="2022 Lower Saxony state election">2022</a> </td> <td>1,017,276 </td> <td>28.1 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">47 / 146</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2021_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" title="2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">2021</a> </td> <td>121,566 </td> <td>13.3 (#3) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 79</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="2022-05-15" align="center"><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">2022</a> </td> <td>2,552,276 </td> <td>35.7 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">76 / 195</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–Greens </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2021_Rhineland-Palatinate_state_election" title="2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election">2021</a> </td> <td>535,345 </td> <td>27.7 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">31 / 101</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Saarland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landtag of the Saarland">Saarland</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="2022-03-27" align="center"><a href="/wiki/2022_Saarland_state_election" title="2022 Saarland state election">2022</a> </td> <td>129,156 </td> <td>28.5 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">19 / 51</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Landtag of the Free State of Saxony">Saxony</a> <sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2024_Saxony_state_election" title="2024 Saxony state election">2024</a> </td> <td>749,216 </td> <td>31.9 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">41 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td>TBD </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2021_Saxony-Anhalt_state_election" title="2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election">2021</a> </td> <td>394,810 </td> <td>37.1 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">40 / 97</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–SPD–FDP </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="2022-05-08" align="center"><a href="/wiki/2022_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election">2022</a> </td> <td>601,943 </td> <td>43.4 (#1) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">34 / 69</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">CDU–Greens </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Thuringia" title="Landtag of Thuringia">Thuringia</a> <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/2024_Thuringian_state_election" title="2024 Thuringian state election">2024</a> </td> <td>285,141 </td> <td>23.6 (#2) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">23 / 88</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>2 </td> <td>TBD </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Best historic results for state parties </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Seats / Total </th> <th>% </th> <th>Position/Gov. </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Lead Candidate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">71 / 121</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>56.7 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU absolute majority </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Hans Filbinger</a> (Minister‑President 1966–1978) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin" title="Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">65 / 132</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>48.0 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU minority<br /><small><i>with FDP confidence and supply</i></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1981_West_Berlin_state_election" title="1981 West Berlin state election">1981</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a> (Governing Mayor 1981–1984) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg" title="Landtag of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">25 / 89</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 28%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>26.5 (#2) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">SPD–CDU </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1999_Brandenburg_state_election" title="1999 Brandenburg state election">1999</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Sch%C3%B6nbohm" title="Jörg Schönbohm">Jörg Schönbohm</a> (Deputy Minister‑President 1999–2009) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bremen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">42 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>37.1 (#2) </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">SPD–CDU </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1999_Bremen_state_election" title="1999 Bremen state election">1999</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Perschau" title="Hartmut Perschau">Hartmut Perschau</a> (Deputy Mayor 1997–2004) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Hamburg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">63 / 121</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>47.2 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU absolute majority </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2004_Hamburg_state_election" title="2004 Hamburg state election">2004</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ole_von_Beust" title="Ole von Beust">Ole von Beust</a> (First Mayor 2001–2010) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hesse</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">56 / 110</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>48.8 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU absolute majority </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2003_Hesse_state_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Hesse state election">2003</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roland_Koch" title="Roland Koch">Roland Koch</a> (Minister‑President 1999–2010) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">87 / 171</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>50.7 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU absolute majority </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Albrecht_(politician,_born_1930)" title="Ernst Albrecht (politician, born 1930)">Ernst Albrecht</a> (Minister‑President 1976–1990) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><span class="nowrap">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">29 / 66</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>38.3 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU-FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1990_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" title="1990 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">1990</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gomolka" title="Alfred Gomolka">Alfred Gomolka</a> (Minister‑President 1990–1992) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia"><span class="nowrap">North Rhine-Westphalia</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">104 / 200</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>50.5 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU absolute majority </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Arnold" title="Karl Arnold">Karl Arnold</a>† (Minister‑President 1947–1956) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">57 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 57%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>51.9 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU absolute majority </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1983_Rhineland-Palatinate_state_election" title="1983 Rhineland-Palatinate state election">1983</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Vogel" title="Bernhard Vogel">Bernhard Vogel</a> (Minister‑President 1976–1988) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Saarland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landtag of the Saarland">Saarland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">25 / 50</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>49.1 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU-FDP/DPS </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_R%C3%B6der" title="Franz-Josef Röder">Franz-Josef Röder</a> (Minister‑President 1959–1979) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_the_Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Landtag of the Free State of Saxony">Saxony</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">77 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 64%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>58.1 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU absolute majority </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1994_Saxony_state_election" title="1994 Saxony state election">1994</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf" title="Kurt Biedenkopf">Kurt Biedenkopf</a> (Minister‑President 1990–2002) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">48 / 106</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>39.0 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU-FDP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1990_Saxony-Anhalt_state_election" title="1990 Saxony-Anhalt state election">1990</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Gies" title="Gerd Gies">Gerd Gies</a> (Minister‑President 1990–1991) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">40 / 73</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>51.9 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU absolute majority </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg" title="Gerhard Stoltenberg">Gerhard Stoltenberg</a> (Minister‑President 1971–1982) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Thuringia" title="Landtag of Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">49 / 88</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #151518; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>51.0 (#1) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">CDU absolute majority </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1999_Thuringian_state_election" title="1999 Thuringian state election">1999</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Vogel" title="Bernhard Vogel">Bernhard Vogel</a> (Minister‑President 1992–2003) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philipp Mißfelder (editor): <i>60 Jahre Junge Union Deutschlands</i>, Berlin 2007 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CDU+and+the+Politics+of+Gender+in+Germany%3A+Bringing+Women+to+the+Party&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76582-4&rft.au=Sarah+Elise+Wiliarty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4xYAlBYDvrkC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-KesselmanKrieger2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KesselmanKrieger2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiliarty2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiliarty2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist.com_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/01/22/friedrich-merz-takes-over-as-leader-of-germanys-christian-democrats">"Friedrich Merz takes over as leader of Germany's Christian Democrats"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 22 January 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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VS Verlag. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konservatismus&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=VS+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Sven-Uwe+Schmitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeelects.eu/germany/">"Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Europe_Elects" title="Europe Elects">Europe Elects</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdu.de/system/tdf/media/dokumente/170519_cdu_guideline_werbelinie_btw2017.pdf?file=1&type=field_collection_item&id=12248">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+Corporate+Design+der+CDU+Deutschlands&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdu.de%2Fsystem%2Ftdf%2Fmedia%2Fdokumente%2F170519_cdu_guideline_werbelinie_btw2017.pdf%3Ffile%3D1%26type%3Dfield_collection_item%26id%3D12248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steven18_96-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steven18_96_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Steven2018" class="citation book cs1">Martin Steven (2018). Mark Garnett (ed.). <i>Conservatism in Europe – the political thought of Christian Democracy</i>. 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"The Rise and Fall of Christian Democracy in Europe". <i>Orbis</i>, fall 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/adenauer_konrad.shtml">"Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967)"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Konrad+Adenauer+%281876%E2%80%931967%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fadenauer_konrad.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4325600.stm">"Merkel named as German chancellor"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Merkel+named+as+German+chancellor&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F4325600.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4434812.stm">"German parties back new coalition"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=German+parties+back+new+coalition&rft.date=2005-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F4434812.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4458430.stm">"Merkel becomes German chancellor"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Merkel+becomes+German+chancellor&rft.date=2005-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F4458430.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelanie_Haas2009" class="citation book cs1">Melanie Haas (2009). Ralf Thomas Baus (ed.). <i>Die CDU in der großen Koalition zwischen 2005 und 2007</i>. 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Angela Merkel in the TV Show <i>Anne Will</i>, 22 March 2009. Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Wagner2014" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Wagner (2014). <i>Wandel und Fortschritt in den Christdemokratien Europas: Christdemokratische Elegien angesichts fragiler volksparteilicher Symmetrien</i>. 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Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swr.de/wissen/9-franz-josef-strauss-rechts-von-der-csu/-/id=253126/did=22646582/nid=253126/1hd2kxd/index.html">SWR2 Archivradio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619212700/https://www.swr.de/wissen/9-franz-josef-strauss-rechts-von-der-csu/-/id=253126/did=22646582/nid=253126/1hd2kxd/index.html">Archived</a> 19 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 15 October 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.n-tv.de/politik/AfD-zaehlt-2800-Uberlaeufer-article10590971.html">"Auch ein Landtagsabgeordneter wechselt AfD zählt 2800 Überläufer"</a>. <i>N-tv</i>. 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N-tv&rft.atitle=Auch+ein+Landtagsabgeordneter+wechselt+AfD+z%C3%A4hlt+2800+%C3%9Cberl%C3%A4ufer&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.n-tv.de%2Fpolitik%2FAfD-zaehlt-2800-Uberlaeufer-article10590971.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/06/30/why-angela-merkel-known-for-embracing-liberal-values-voted-against-same-sex-marriage/">"Analysis | Why Angela Merkel, known for embracing liberal values, voted against same-sex marriage"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+Why+Angela+Merkel%2C+known+for+embracing+liberal+values%2C+voted+against+same-sex+marriage&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F06%2F30%2Fwhy-angela-merkel-known-for-embracing-liberal-values-voted-against-same-sex-marriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46020745">"Angela Merkel to step down in 2021"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Angela+Merkel+to+step+down+in+2021&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-46020745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/deutschlandtrend-1489.pdf">"ARD-DeutschlandTREND Januar 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tagesschau</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tagesschau&rft.atitle=Kramp-Karrenbauer+so+unbeliebt+wie+nie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Finland%2Fdeutschlandtrend-1861.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/heute/projektion-vom-politbarometer-union-verliert--zugewinn-fuer-linke-100.html">"Union verliert, Zugewinn für Linke"</a>. <i>ZDF</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDF&rft.atitle=Union+verliert%2C+Zugewinn+f%C3%BCr+Linke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdf.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fheute%2Fprojektion-vom-politbarometer-union-verliert--zugewinn-fuer-linke-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49010801">"MEPs back von der Leyen as EU Commission head"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=MEPs+back+von+der+Leyen+as+EU+Commission+head&rft.date=2019-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-49010801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/dpa/wirtschaft-handel-und-finanzen-kramp-karrenbauer-entscheidung-ist-seit-geraumer-zeit-in-mir-gereift/25530192.html">"Kramp-Karrenbauer: Entscheidung ist seit geraumer Zeit in mir gereift"</a>. <i>Handelsblatt.de</i>. 10 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Parteitag der CDU Deutschlands</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Frankfurter Rundfunk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Schnellstm%C3%B6glich%22%3A+Union+bereitet+R%C3%BCckkehr+zur+Atomkraft+vor&rft.pub=Frankfurter+Rundfunk&rft.date=2024-10-11&rft.au=Tadhg+Nagel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fr.de%2Fpolitik%2Funion-rueckkehr-atomkraft-kernenergie-cdu-csu-gruene-kohlekraft-industrie-wirtschaft-erneuerbare-zr-93349910.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Eisel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/wf/de/33.7688/">Reale Regierungsopposition gegen gefühlte Oppositionsregierung</a> <i>Die Politische Meinung,</i> Dezember 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121015446/https://www.cdu.de/artikel/praesidium-und-bundesvorstand-der-cdu-deutschlands-zum-tod-von-walter-luebcke">"Präsidium und Bundesvorstand der CDU Deutschlands zum Tod von Walter Lübcke"</a>. <i>Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands</i>. 24 June 2019. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christlich+Demokratische+Union+Deutschlands&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A4sidium+und+Bundesvorstand+der+CDU+Deutschlands+zum+Tod+von+Walter+L%C3%BCbcke&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdu.de%2Fartikel%2Fpraesidium-und-bundesvorstand-der-cdu-deutschlands-zum-tod-von-walter-luebcke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebhardHoffhaus2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gebhard, David; Hoffhaus, Patricia (20 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/deutschland/afd-cdu-zusammenarbeit-brandmauer-100.html">"Abgrenzung zur AfD: So bröckelt die CDU-Brandmauer"</a>. <i>ZDFheute</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=AfD+und+CDU%3A+Im+Osten+viel+Zustimmung+f%C3%BCr+Zusammenarbeit&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft.aulast=Kinkartz&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fde%2Fafd-und-cdu-im-osten-viel-zustimmung-f%25C3%25BCr-zusammenarbeit%2Fa-66433913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorreyer" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vorreyer, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/bautzen-asyl-cdu-afd-100.html">"Asylpolitik in Bautzen: Nach dem Tabubruch"</a>. <i>tagesschau.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+opposition+leader+faces+criticism+over+his+comments+on+cooperation+with+the+far+right&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.aulast=Moulson&rft.aufirst=Geir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fgermany-opposition-merz-far-right-afd-c17fa4cbd2eef1c79424d7c28f644f95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittle2023" class="citation web cs1">Whittle, Helen (23 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/why-copying-the-far-right-doesnt-work-for-mainstream-parties/a-66311564">"The 'firewall' to Germany's far right is crumbling"</a>. <i>DW</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=The+%27firewall%27+to+Germany%27s+far+right+is+crumbling&rft.date=2023-07-23&rft.aulast=Whittle&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fwhy-copying-the-far-right-doesnt-work-for-mainstream-parties%2Fa-66311564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuent2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quent, Matthias (13 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.republik.ch/2023/12/13/deutschland-kippt-nach-rechts">"Deutschland kippt nach rechts"</a>. <i>Republik</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127023042/https://www.republik.ch/2023/12/13/deutschland-kippt-nach-rechts">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Republik&rft.atitle=Deutschland+kippt+nach+rechts&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft.aulast=Quent&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.republik.ch%2F2023%2F12%2F13%2Fdeutschland-kippt-nach-rechts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cdu.de/artikel/fuer-mehr-politisches-engagement-in-der-cdu">https://www.cdu.de/artikel/fuer-mehr-politisches-engagement-in-der-cdu</a>, Retrieved 4t July 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/upload/dokumente/jahresbericht2010/Namen.pdf">"2010 Annual Report"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306033525/http://www.kas.de/upload/dokumente/jahresbericht2010/Namen.pdf">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in German). p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Wunderlich (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dieterwunderlich.de/bundesrepublik_deutschland.htm">"Gründung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland"</a>. Retrieved 23 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/german-elections-blog-2013/2013/sep/03/angela-merkel-diamond-german-election-campaign">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Merkel diamond' takes centre stage in German election campaign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 3 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Merkel+diamond%27+takes+centre+stage+in+German+election+campaign&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fgerman-elections-blog-2013%2F2013%2Fsep%2F03%2Fangela-merkel-diamond-german-election-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since September 2023<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially before September 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(formerly part of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(formerly part of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(formerly part of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(formerly part of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(formerly part of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(formerly part of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBösch2004" class="citation book cs1">Bösch, Frank (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). <i>Two Crises, Two Consolidations? Christian Democracy in Germany</i>. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 55–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5867-377-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-5867-377-4"><bdi>90-5867-377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Crises%2C+Two+Consolidations%3F+Christian+Democracy+in+Germany&rft.series=Christian+Democratic+Parties+in+Europe+Since+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=55-78&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-5867-377-4&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6sch&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCary1996" class="citation book cs1">Cary, Noel D. (1996). <i>The Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Christian+Democracy%3A+German+Catholics+and+the+Party+System+from+Windthorst+to+Adenauer&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=Noel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenTurner2015" class="citation book cs1">Green, Simon; Turner, Ed, eds. (2015). <i>Understanding the Transformation of Germany's CDU</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Transformation+of+Germany%27s+CDU&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinmann1993" class="citation book cs1">Kleinmann, Hans-Otto (1993). <i>Geschichte der CDU: 1945–1982</i>. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-06541-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-06541-1"><bdi>3-421-06541-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+CDU%3A+1945%E2%80%931982&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3-421-06541-1&rft.aulast=Kleinmann&rft.aufirst=Hans-Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLappenküper2004" class="citation book cs1">Lappenküper, Ulrich (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser (eds.). <i>Between Concentration Movement and People's Party: The Christian Democratic Union of Germany</i>. Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. pp. 21–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5662-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5662-3"><bdi>0-7146-5662-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Concentration+Movement+and+People%27s+Party%3A+The+Christian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany&rft.series=Christian+Democracy+in+Europe+since+1945&rft.pages=21-32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7146-5662-3&rft.aulast=Lappenk%C3%BCper&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2012" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Maria (2012). <i>The Origins of Christian Democracy: Politics and Confession in Modern Germany</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11841-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11841-0"><bdi>978-0-472-11841-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Christian+Democracy%3A+Politics+and+Confession+in+Modern+Germany&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11841-0&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiliarty2010" class="citation book cs1">Wiliarty, Sarah Elise (2010). <i>The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CDU+and+the+Politics+of+Gender+in+Germany%3A+Bringing+Women+to+the+Party&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wiliarty&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Elise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Democratic+Union+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218184444/http://www.cdu.de/">Official website of the Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epp.eu/">Official website of the European People's Party</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_Democratic_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#151518;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Template:Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_Democratic_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;">Christian Democratic Union</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">President of Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Chancellor of Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Federal chairmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer" title="Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer">Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Laschet" title="Armin Laschet">Armin Laschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Leaders in the <br /> Bundestag</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Heinrich Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dregger" title="Alfred Dregger">Alfred Dregger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Kauder" title="Volker Kauder">Volker Kauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brinkhaus" title="Ralph Brinkhaus">Ralph Brinkhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heck" title="Bruno Heck">Bruno Heck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Kraske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Kraske (page does not exist)">Konrad Kraske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf" title="Kurt Biedenkopf">Kurt Biedenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_Gei%C3%9Fler" title="Heiner Geißler">Heiner Geißler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_R%C3%BChe" title="Volker Rühe">Volker Rühe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hintze" title="Peter Hintze">Peter Hintze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruprecht_Polenz" title="Ruprecht Polenz">Ruprecht Polenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurenz_Meyer" title="Laurenz Meyer">Laurenz Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Kauder" title="Volker Kauder">Volker Kauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pofalla" title="Ronald Pofalla">Ronald Pofalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gr%C3%B6he" title="Hermann Gröhe">Hermann Gröhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tauber" title="Peter Tauber">Peter Tauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer" title="Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer">Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ziemiak" title="Paul Ziemiak">Paul Ziemiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Czaja" title="Mario Czaja">Mario Czaja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adenauer (<a href="/wiki/First_Adenauer_cabinet" title="First Adenauer cabinet">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Second Adenauer cabinet">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Third Adenauer cabinet">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Fourth Adenauer cabinet">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Adenauer_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Adenauer cabinet">V</a>)</li> <li>Erhard (<a href="/wiki/First_Erhard_cabinet" title="First Erhard cabinet">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Erhard_cabinet" title="Second Erhard cabinet">II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiesinger_cabinet" title="Kiesinger cabinet">Kiesinger</a></li> <li>Kohl (<a href="/wiki/First_Kohl_cabinet" title="First Kohl cabinet">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kohl_cabinet" title="Second Kohl cabinet">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Kohl_cabinet" title="Third Kohl cabinet">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Kohl_cabinet" title="Fourth Kohl cabinet">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Kohl_cabinet" title="Fifth Kohl cabinet">V</a>)</li> <li>Merkel (<a href="/wiki/First_Merkel_cabinet" title="First Merkel cabinet">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Merkel_cabinet" title="Second Merkel cabinet">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Merkel_cabinet" title="Third Merkel cabinet">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet" title="Fourth Merkel cabinet">IV</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Affiliated organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Union" title="Young Union">Young Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Christian_Democratic_Students" title="Association of Christian Democratic Students">Association of Christian Democratic Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Employees%27_Association" title="Christian Democratic Employees' Association">Christian Democratic Employees' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Working_Group_of_the_CDU/CSU" title="Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU">Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Council_Germany" title="Economic Council Germany">Economic Council Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_group" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party group">European People's Party group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_coalition_(politics)" title="Jamaica coalition (politics)">Jamaica coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-red-green_coalition" title="Black-red-green coalition">Kenya coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#151518;color:white;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">Cultural mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity of labor">Dignity of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">Human dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">Popularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">State</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">Arizmendiarrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Baader" title="Franz Xaver von Baader">Baader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eivind_Berggrav" title="Eivind Berggrav">Berggrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd" title="Herman Dooyeweerd">Dooyeweerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gebhardt" title="Stanisław Gebhardt">Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Nell-Breuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tischner" title="Józef Tischner">Tischner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beel" title="Louis Beel">Beel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Frei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Letta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Gert_P%C3%B6ttering" title="Hans-Gert Pöttering">Pöttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Söder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">von der Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Windthorst</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish" title="Christian Democratic and Flemish">Christian Democratic and Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Democratic_Rebirth_Party" title="Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li>Christian Democratic Union of Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Party" title="Christian Social People's Party">Christian Social People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Liechtenstein)" title="Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_democratic_parties" title="List of Christian democratic parties">More</a></i></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America" title="Christian Democrat Organization of America">Christian Democrat Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens_Centre_for_European_Studies" title="Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies">Centre for European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Ideas_Network" title="European Ideas Network">European Ideas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Foundation_(European_People%27s_Party)" title="Robert Schuman Foundation (European People's Party)">Schuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Justice" title="Center for Public Justice">Center for Public Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Catholic Church and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_People&#039;s_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#3399FF;color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_People%27s_Party" title="Template:European People's Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_People%27s_Party" title="Template talk:European People's Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_People%27s_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European People's Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_People&#039;s_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party"><span style="color:white">European People's Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#3399FF;color:white"><div><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group"><span style="color:white">Parliamentary group</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3399FF;color:white;width:1%">National parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Member_parties_(EU)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3399FF;color:white;width:1%">Member parties (<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><span style="color:white">EU</span></a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">ÖVP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christen-Democratisch_en_Vlaams" class="mw-redirect" title="Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams">CD&V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/GERB" title="GERB">GERB/ГЕРБ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_for_a_Strong_Bulgaria" title="Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria">DSB/ДСБ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_for_Citizens_Movement" title="Bulgaria for Citizens Movement">BCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">SDS/СДС</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">HDZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Demochristian_Party" title="Croatian Demochristian Party">HDS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">DISY/ΔΗ.ΣΥ.</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Democratic_Union_%E2%80%93_Czechoslovak_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party">KDU–ČSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOP_09" title="TOP 09">TOP 09</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Christian Democrats (Denmark)">KD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)" title="Conservative People's Party (Denmark)">C</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Isamaa" title="Isamaa">Isamaa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Finland)" title="Christian Democrats (Finland)">KD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">Kok./Saml.</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">LR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">CDU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">ND/Ν.Δ.</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">FG</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">FI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Alternative" title="Popular Alternative">AP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_(2002)" title="Union of the Centre (2002)">UdC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populars_for_Italy" title="Populars for Italy">PpI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_People%27s_Party" title="South Tyrolean People's Party">SVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trentino_Tyrolean_Autonomist_Party" title="Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party">PATT</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Unity_(Latvia)" title="Unity (Latvia)">V</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Union" title="Homeland Union">TS-LKD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Party" title="Christian Social People's Party">CSV</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">PN</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">CDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">PSL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CDS_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party" title="CDS – People's Party">CDS-PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">PPD-PSD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">PNL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_Party" title="People's Movement Party">PMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_of_Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania">UDMR/RMDSz</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Movement" title="Christian Democratic Movement">KDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_(Slovakia)" title="Democrats (Slovakia)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Alliance_(Slovak_political_party)" title="Hungarian Alliance (Slovak political party)">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_(political_party)" title="Slovakia (political party)">Slovensko</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Slovenia" title="New Slovenia">NSi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_People%27s_Party" title="Slovenian People's Party">SLS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">PP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Sweden)" title="Christian Democrats (Sweden)">KD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party" title="Moderate Party">M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3399FF;color:white;width:1%">Associated parties (non-EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">PD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">XD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO - DPMNE/ВМРО - ДПМНЕ</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">H</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party" title="Serbian Progressive Party">SNS/СНС</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Vojvodina_Hungarians" title="Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians">VMSZ/SVM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/11px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/17px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/The_Centre_(political_party)" title="The Centre (political party)">DM-LC-AdC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3399FF;color:white;width:1%">Observer parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia" title="Republican Party of Armenia">HHK/ՀՀԿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_(Armenia)" title="Heritage (Armenia)">Heritage/Ժառանգություն</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Christian_Democracy" title="Belarusian Christian Democracy">BCD/БХД</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Civic_Party_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="United Civic Party of Belarus">AHP/АГП</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Movement_for_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Movement for Freedom (page does not exist)">За Свабоду</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina">HDZ BiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Progress" title="Party of Democratic Progress">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action" title="Party of Democratic Action">SDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union_1990" title="Croatian Democratic Union 1990">HDZ 1990</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement" title="United National Movement">ENM/ენმ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="European Georgia">EG/ევსა</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_League_of_Kosovo" title="Democratic League of Kosovo">LDK</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/15px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Moldova" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova">PLDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Action_and_Solidarity" title="Party of Action and Solidarity">PAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_and_Truth_Platform_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity and Truth Platform Party">PPDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/15px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/30px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bosniak_Party" title="Bosniak Party">BS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">KrF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/15px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/23px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/30px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party">PDCS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Batkivshchyna" title="Batkivshchyna">Batkivshchyna/Батьківщина</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Solidarity" title="European Solidarity">YeS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Democratic_Alliance_for_Reform" title="Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform">UDAR/УДАР</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_Reliance_(political_party)" title="Self Reliance (political party)">Об'єднання «Самопоміч»/Ob'yednannya «Samopomich»</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3399FF;color:white;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a> (President)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanasis_Bakolas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanasis Bakolas (page does not exist)">Thanasis Bakolas</a> (Secretary General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariya_Gabriel" title="Mariya Gabriel">Mariya Gabriel</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olgierd_Geblewicz" title="Olgierd Geblewicz">Olgierd Geblewicz</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Pons" title="Esteban González Pons">Esteban González Pons</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hahn" title="Johannes Hahn">Johannes Hahn</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Halicki" title="Andrzej Halicki">Andrzej Halicki</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_de_Lange" title="Esther de Lange">Esther de Lange</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McAllister" title="David McAllister">David McAllister</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Mure%C8%99an" title="Siegfried Mureșan">Siegfried Mureșan</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petteri_Orpo" title="Petteri Orpo">Petteri Orpo</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubravka_%C5%A0uica" title="Dubravka Šuica">Dubravka Šuica</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tajani" title="Antonio Tajani">Antonio Tajani</a> (Vice-President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Rangel" title="Paulo Rangel">Paulo Rangel</a> (Treasurer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> (<i>ex officio</i> Vice-President)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3399FF;color:white;width:1%">European Parliament<br />Group Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a> (Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Danjean" title="Arnaud Danjean">Arnaud Danjean</a> (Vice-Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Pons" title="Esteban González Pons">Esteban González Pons</a> (Vice-Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Kalniete" title="Sandra Kalniete">Sandra Kalniete</a> (Vice-Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kovatchev" title="Andrey Kovatchev">Andrey Kovatchev</a> (Vice-Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_de_Lange" title="Esther de Lange">Esther de Lange</a> (Vice-Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangelis_Meimarakis" title="Vangelis Meimarakis">Vangelis Meimarakis</a> (Vice-Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Mure%C8%99an" title="Siegfried Mureșan">Siegfried Mureșan</a> (Vice-Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Olbrycht" title="Jan Olbrycht">Jan Olbrycht</a> (Vice-Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Rangel" title="Paulo Rangel">Paulo Rangel</a> (Vice-Chair)</li> <li>see <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3399FF;color:white;width:1%">European Commissioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> (President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdis_Dombrovskis" title="Valdis Dombrovskis">Valdis Dombrovskis</a> (Vice-President, An Economy that Works for the People)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubravka_%C5%A0uica" title="Dubravka Šuica">Dubravka Šuica</a> (Vice-President, Democracy and Demography)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaritis_Schinas" title="Margaritis Schinas">Margaritis Schinas</a> (Vice-President, Promoting the European Way of Life)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hahn" title="Johannes Hahn">Johannes Hahn</a> (Budget and Administration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Hogan" title="Phil Hogan">Phil Hogan</a> (Trade)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariya_Gabriel" title="Mariya Gabriel">Mariya Gabriel</a> (Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Kyriakides" title="Stella Kyriakides">Stella Kyriakides</a> (Health and Food Safety)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adina-Ioana_V%C4%83lean" title="Adina-Ioana Vălean">Adina-Ioana Vălean</a> (Transport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliv%C3%A9r_V%C3%A1rhelyi" title="Olivér Várhelyi">Olivér Várhelyi</a> (Neighbourhood and Enlargement)</li> <li><b>see <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">von der Leyen Commission</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3399FF;color:white;width:1%">Heads of government<br />at the European Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nehammer" title="Karl Nehammer">Karl Nehammer</a> (Austria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Plenkovi%C4%87" title="Andrej Plenković">Andrej Plenković</a> (Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petteri_Orpo" title="Petteri Orpo">Petteri Orpo</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Harris" title="Simon Harris">Simon Harris</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evika_Sili%C5%86a" title="Evika Siliņa">Evika Siliņa</a> (Latvia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Frieden" title="Luc Frieden">Luc Frieden</a> (Luxembourg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Kristersson" title="Ulf Kristersson">Ulf Kristersson</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><b>see <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#3399FF;color:white"><div><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation"><span style="color:white">European political foundation</span></a>: <a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens_Centre_for_European_Studies" title="Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies"><span style="color:white"><i>Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies</i></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Democracy_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Democracy_Union" title="Template:International Democracy Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Democracy_Union" title="Template talk:International Democracy Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Democracy_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Democracy Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Democracy_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_European_Conservatives_and_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists">Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Democrat Union">Asia Pacific Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Democrat_Union" title="Caribbean Democrat Union">Caribbean Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Union_of_Africa" title="Democrat Union of Africa">Democrat Union of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Women's Democrat Union">International Women's Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Young_Democrat_Union" title="International Young Democrat Union">International Young Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Latin_American_Parties" title="Union of Latin American Parties">Union of Latin American Parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Member_parties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Member parties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:3.0em;white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla"><img alt="Anguilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palmavon_Webster" title="Palmavon Webster">Palmavon Webster</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Independence_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Independence Party">National Independence Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize"><img alt="Belize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Belize)" title="United Democratic Party (Belize)">United Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democrat Movement">Social Democrat Movement</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action" title="Party of Democratic Action">Party of Democratic Action</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democrats_(Brazil)" title="Democrats (Brazil)">Democrats</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democratic_Union" title="Independent Democratic Union">Independent Democratic Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_(Chile)" title="National Renewal (Chile)">National Renewal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Democratic Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">Civic Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica"><img alt="Dominica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominica_Freedom_Party" title="Dominica Freedom Party">Dominica Freedom Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Force" title="National Progressive Force">National Progressive Force</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:3.0em;white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Social_Christian_Party_(Ecuador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Christian Party (Ecuador)">Social Christian Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Republican_Alliance" title="Nationalist Republican Alliance">Nationalist Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Isamaa" title="Isamaa">Isamaa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement" title="United National Movement">United National Movement</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada"><img alt="Grenada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(Grenada)" title="New National Party (Grenada)">New National Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Guatemala)" title="Unionist Party (Guatemala)">Unionist Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party">Jamaica Labour Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives"><img alt="Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Democratic_Party" title="Maldivian Democratic Party">Maldivian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Moldova" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova">Liberal Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Mongolia)" title="Democratic Party (Mongolia)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:3.0em;white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Conservative Party (Nicaragua)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO–DPMNE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Peru)" title="Christian People's Party (Peru)">Christian People's Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Social_Centre_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party">CDS–PP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis"><img alt="Saint Kitts and Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Movement" title="People's Action Movement">People's Action Movement</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia"><img alt="Saint Lucia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Workers_Party_(Saint_Lucia)" title="United Workers Party (Saint Lucia)">United Workers Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"><img alt="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)" title="New Democratic Party (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)">New Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Serbia">Democratic Party of Serbia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">Slovenian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands"><img alt="Turks and Caicos Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Movement_(Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)" title="People's Democratic Movement (Turks and Caicos Islands)">People's Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party" title="Moderate Party">Moderate Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Democratic_Change" title="Forum for Democratic Change">Forum for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Project_Venezuela" title="Project Venezuela">Project Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_political_parties" title="Template:German political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_political_parties" title="Template talk:German political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties in Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a><br />(733 seats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (206)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CDU</a> (153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (117)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stefan_Seidler" title="Stefan Seidler">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a><br />(96 seats for Germany)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CDU</a> (23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">PMUT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Everding" title="Sebastian Everding">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">ÖDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manuela_Ripa" title="Manuela Ripa">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helmut_Geuking" title="Helmut Geuking">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Progress_(Germany)" title="Party of Progress (Germany)">Party of Progress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lukas_Sieper" title="Lukas Sieper">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the 16 <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">state parliaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (16/16)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CDU</a> (15/16; not in Bavaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (14/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (13/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (9/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (7/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (6/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (3/16)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regional parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (85; only in <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">BD</a> (10; only in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bremen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a> (4; only in <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor parties (without representation<br />above the district level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_C_%E2%80%93_Christians_for_Germany" title="Alliance C – Christians for Germany">Alliance C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Human_Rights,_Animal_and_Nature_Protection" title="Alliance for Human Rights, Animal and Nature Protection">Animal Protection Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Pogo_Party_of_Germany" title="Anarchist Pogo Party of Germany">APPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Alliance" title="Basic Income Alliance">Basic Income Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergpartei,_die_%C3%9CberPartei" title="Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei">Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerrechtsbewegung_Solidarit%C3%A4t" title="Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität">BüSo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_United_Civic_Movements/Free_Voters" title="Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters">BVB/Free Voters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_Diversity_and_Awakening" title="Democratic Alliance for Diversity and Awakening">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Motion" title="Democracy in Motion">Democracy in Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">dieBasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Party_of_Germany" title="Feminist Party of Germany">Feminist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freie_Sachsen" title="Freie Sachsen">Free Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">German Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(East_Germany)" title="German Social Union (East Germany)">DSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wir_B%C3%BCrger" title="Wir Bürger">Wir Bürger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">NPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Biomedical_Rejuvenation_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Party for Biomedical Rejuvenation Research">Verjüngungsforschung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Humanists" title="Party of Humanists">The Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Reason" title="Party of Reason">Party of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Urbane._Eine_HipHop_Partei" title="Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei">The Urbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(Germany)" title="Socialist Equality Party (Germany)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statt_Party" title="Statt Party">Statt Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Notes: <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>CDU</b>: does not participate in the state election in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>; instead, an associated party CSU is participating here.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Greens</b>: are currently not in the state parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a></span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>FDP</b>: is currently not in state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg" title="Landtag of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony" title="Landtag of Saxony">Saxony</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>AfD</b>: is currently not in the state parliament of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>The Left</b>: is currently not in the state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Free Voters</b>: are currently only in the state parliaments of Bavaria and Rhineland-Palatinate.</span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49762#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121726298">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142479629">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140382436">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7230-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92048904">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80075902">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137362561">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137362561">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001135006">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36588942">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003163574&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Německá spolková republika)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003163575&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90698254">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000014458&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs686jfd1skzw8c">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810573090405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259623505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058613809306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09948007?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027520161">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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